development & development objectives

8/12/2019 Development & Development Objectives

1/51

1111

mgptpUj;jpAk;mgptpUj;jpAk;mgptpUj;jpAk;mgptpUj;jpAk;>>>> mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fSk;mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fSk;mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fSk;mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fq;fSk;

((((Development & Development Objectives))))

mgptpUj;jpg;nghUspay;gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fs; mlk;];kpj;fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

19 k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu Ma;Tfspy; mgptpUj;jp Kf;faj;Jtk;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy ,Ue;jNghjpYk;1930k;Mz;by;Vw;gl;l cyfg;ngUke;jj;ij njhlh;e;J

Nghpdg; nghUshjhu Ma;Tfspy; mgptpUj;jp rpe;jidfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,e;j epiyapy;,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; Muk;gkhdJ. ,g;Nghhpy; INuhg;gpa ehLfSk; Vida gy

ehLfSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ld. ,t;topia kPsf;fl;bnaOg;g khh;~y; jpl;lk; ((((Mashal Planning))))

nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. ,jd;thpirapy; 1940k; Mz;bd;gpd; gy mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghd

Nfhl;ghLfs;cUthfpd.

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;>nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;>nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;>nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;> mgptpUj;jpAkmgptpUj;jpAkmgptpUj;jpAkmgptpUj;jpAk;;;;

Muk;g fhyj;jpy;nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;,ilNa NtWghL

,Uf;ftpy;iy. 1970 tiu nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAk;> mgptpUj;jpAk;xd;W vd;w mbg;gilapy;

tpsf;fk;nfhLf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. mjhtJ nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpNa xU ehl;bd;nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpahf fUjg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 1970 fspypUe;J nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;Fk;>nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;,ilapyhd NtWghL czug;gl;lJ.

Vnddpy;1970 fspd;gpd;dh;gy ehLfspd;jyhtUkhdk;mjpfhpj;jJ. cjhuzkhf xNgf;

ehLfisf; $wyhk;. ,e;ehLfspy; jyhtUkhdk; mjpfhpj;j NghjpYk; tho;f;ifj;juk;

vjph;ghh;j;jstpy; mjpfhpf;ftpy;iy. mjpfhpj;j tUkhdk; xU rpyh; iffspy; khj;jpuk;

Ftpe;jpUe;jJ. mjhtJ nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpkl;Lk; mgptpUj;jpad;W> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp

mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Kd;Njitg;ghlhdJk;Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJkhFk;.

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpnghUshjhu tsh;r;rpnghUshjhu tsh;r;rpnghUshjhu tsh;r;rp ::::----

nka;j; jyhNjrpa cw;gj;jpay; Vw;gLk; njhlh;r;rpahd tsh;r;rp/nkhj;j nka;j;Njrpa

cw;gj;jpapy;Vw;gLk;ePz;lfhy njhlh;r;rpahd mjpfhpg;G nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpMFk;.

mgptpUj;jp vd;why;mgptpUj;jp vd;why;mgptpUj;jp vd;why;mgptpUj;jp vd;why;vd;dvd;dvd;dvd;d????

xU nrad;Kiwahf ,Ue;J tUfpwJ. xU ehl;by; epytptUk; epiyikapd; r%f>

nghUshjhu> murpay; Jiwfspy; Vw;gLk; rpwe;j> mNjNghy msT hPjpahd khw;wq;fs;

my;yJ Kd;Ndw;wk;vd;gjid mgptpUj;jpnad;W fUjKbAk;.

mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J $wg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;tUkhW:mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J $wg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;tUkhW:mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J $wg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;tUkhW:mgptpUj;jp Fwpj;J $wg;gl;l tiutpyf;fzq;fs;tUkhW:----

Datli Siyars(ll;yp rpah;];)(ll;yp rpah;];)(ll;yp rpah;];)(ll;yp rpah;];)::::----

xU ehl;by; tWik Fiwtile;J r%f Vw;wj;jho;T ,y;yhky;Ngha;> Ntiyapy;yhj;

jpz;lhl;lk; Fiwtile;J fhzg;gl;lhy; me;ehl;il mgptpUj;jpmile;Js;s xU ehlhff; fUjKbAk;. ,J jtpu xU ehl;by; tho;e;J tUk; xt;nthU

FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; Nghjpastpy; tUkhdk; fpilj;jy;> ciof;ff;$ba xt;nthU egUf;Fk;

njhopy; ,Ue;JtUjy;> mf;FLk;g cWg;gpdh;fSf;F fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhd

tha;g;Gf;fpilj;jy;> murhq;f mgptpUj;jpr;nrad;Kiwapd;NghJ kf;fs;gy;NtW KbTfis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;gspj;jy; Nghd;w epiyikfs;fhzg;gl;L> me;ehL xU Njrk; vd;w

Kiwapy; Rje;jpukhfr; nraw;gLtjw;fhd Mw;wiyf; nfhz;bUe;jhy; me;epiyikia

mgptpUj;jpnad ll;yp rpah;];ll;yp rpah;];ll;yp rpah;];ll;yp rpah;];Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.


2/51

2222

C.P. Kinleberger:-

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ mjpf ntspaPl;ilAk;> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ mjpf

ntspaPl;Lld;$ba njhopy;El;g> kw;Wk; epWtd fl;likg;Gfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisAk;

gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. mz;ikf; fhykhf mgptpUj;jp vd;w vz;zf;fU

NkYk; tphpthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ jdpNa tWik> Ntiyapd;ik> kw;Wk;

tUkhd rkkpd;ik vd;gtw;wpNyw;gLk;tPo;r;rpia kl;Lk;cs;slf;fhJ. mjDld;Rj;jkhd#oy;> rpwe;j fy;tp kw;Wk; rpwe;j Nghrhf;F trjpfSld;$ba tho;f;ifj; juj;jpNyw;gLk;

Kd;Ndw;wNk mgptpUj;jp vd;w fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

vdNt nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAld; fPo;tUtdtw;iw

cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

tUkhd rkkpd;ikia Fiwj;jy;

tWik Fiwjy;

Ntiyapd;ik Fiwjy;

gztPf;fk; Fiwjy;

rpRkuz tPjk; Fiwjy;

vjph;ghhf;Fk;MAs;fhyk;mjpfhpj;jy;

kf;fspd;Nghrhf;F kl;lk;mjpfhpj;jy;.

ey;yhl;rp ,lk;ngWjy;( [dehafk;,lk;ngWjy;)

xU ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;F ghy; rkj;Jtk; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ typAWj;jg;gl;L

tUtJld;> ngz;fSf;nfjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUk; Ngjq;fs;> nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jpf;F mth;fshy;toq;fg;gl;L tUk;gq;fspg;gpid jilnra;a toptFf;Fk; vdTk;

$wg;gLtJld; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpahdJ ghy; rkj;Jtj;ij Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ vdTk;

vLj;Jf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ. FbAhpik> murpay; chpikfs;> mjpfstpyhd fUj;Jr; Rje;jpuk;

Nghd;wit xU ehl;bd;mgptpUj;jpapd;xU mk;rkhf fUjg;gl;L tUtJ Kf;fpakhdnjhUtplakhFk;. rpq;fg;G+h;> jha;yhe;J kw;Wk;njd;nfhhpah Nghd;w ehLfspd;ntw;wpf;F ,itNa

gpujhd fhuzpahf ,Ue;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

mgptpUj;jpf;fhdmgptpUj;jpf;fhdmgptpUj;jpf;fhdmgptpUj;jpf;fhd tiutpyf;fzq;fspy;tiutpyf;fzq;fspy;tiutpyf;fzq;fspy;tiutpyf;fzq;fspy; NkYk;NkYk;NkYk;NkYk;

AAAAnd];Nfh :nd];Nfh :nd];Nfh :nd];Nfh :---- ehl;bd; nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;Jld;

r%f Kd;Ndw;wKk;cz;lhjy; Ntz;Lk;.

UN ::::---- mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ tWik> tUkhd rkkpd;ikia xopj;jy;> Ntiyapd;ikia

Fiwj;jy;.

nghUspay;mwpQh;nghUspay;mwpQh;nghUspay;mwpQh;nghUspay;mwpQh; Todaro:-

nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; mgptpUj;jpapd; mbj;jskhf tpsq;Ffpd;wNghJk; ,tw;Wf;F

mg;ghy; nghUshjhu r%f khw;wq;fis kPsikf;fpd;w> khw;wpaikf;fpd;w xOq;F Kiw

mgptpUj;jpf;F NjitahdJ vdTk;> ,th;$WtNjhL gpd;tUk;4 mk;rq;fs;mgptpUj;jpapd;

ghpkhzq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd vdTk;$Wfpwhh;.


3/51

3333

01. mgptpUj;jpapd;gd;Kfj;jd;ik

02. nka;j;Njrpa tUkhdj;Jldhd tsh;r;rp nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahf tpsq;FfpwJ.

03. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpg; gz;gpy; r%f> nghUshjhu khw;wq;fis tpistpf;Fk; gz;GKf;fpakhdJ.

04. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpa Fwpf;Nfhs;fis miltjpy; tUkhd Vw;wj;jho;tpidf; Fiwj;jy;> tWik xopg;G vd;git Kf;fpa mk;rq;fshFk;. ,tw;iwf;

Fiwf;f mbg;gilj;Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;jy;mtrpakhFk;.

Prof Goulet:-

kf;fs; jkJ kjpg;Gld; fl;Lg;ghLfspypUe;J Rje;jpukhf rpe;jpf;fTk;> nraw;glTk;

Kbfpd;wjh vd;w KbTfspypUe;Nj cz;ikahd mgptpUj;jpia kjpg;gply;KbAk;vd;fpwhh;.

mgptpUj;jpapd;mgptpUj;jpapd;mgptpUj;jpapd;mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;Nehf;fq;fs;

Muk;gj;jpy; mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf fUjg;gl;l tplak; ahnjdpy; nghUshjhu

tsh;r;rpia cah;j;JtNj MFk;.

nghUshjhunghUshjhunghUshjhunghUshjhu tsh;r;rptsh;r;rptsh;r;rptsh;r;rp

jdpahh;Jiw

muR

Nkw;gb tiuglk; Rl;LtJ ahnjdpy; muR> r%fk;> jdpahh; Jiw ,ize;j ey;yhl;rpnghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F cu%l;Lk;vd;gjhFk;.

%yjdj; rpwe;jts nkhj;jntspaPL nghUshjhujpul;rp gad;ghL mjpfhpg;G tsh;r;rp

,q;F nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp nka; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;ig Fwpg;gjhf ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lk;. gy ehLfspy; cw;gj;jpfspd; ngWkjp njhlh;e;J mjpfhpj;Jr; nry;fpwJ.

Mdhy;cw;gj;jpapd;msT mjpfhpf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; tpiykl;l mjpfhpg;G MFk;.

ey;yhl;rp

r%fk;


4/51

4444

,NjNeuk; rdj;njhif mjpfhpg;ig tpl ntspaPl;L mjpfhpg;Gk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;.

nghUshjhu ey mstPLfis cah;j;JtJ (Measurement of Economic

Welfare) mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

Muk;gj;jpy; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhshf fhzg;gLfpwJ. Mdhy;

1970 fspy; te;j Muk;gfhy Fwpfhl;bfspy; khw;wq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. nghUshjhueydpypUe;J kf;fspd; eyd; vd;gjpy; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp

mtrpak;> Mdhy; mJ NghJkhdjy;y. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpAld; r%f eyDk;

mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;> mj;Jld; kf;fspd; eyDk; mjpfhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

tWik jzpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. tUkhd gq;fPl;by; rkj;Jtk; Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j

tifapy; mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;wtifapy; tWik xopg;G 1970 fspy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

mgptpUj;jpapd; Fwpf;Nfhs; kf;fSf;F chpj;Jilikia ((((Ownership)))) toq;Fjy; vd

mkh;j;jpahnrd; (1990) $Wfpwhh;.

rkfhyj;jpy;mgptpUj;jpapd;Fwpf;Nfhs;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;FtJ vd $wg;gLfpwJ.

fle;j Ehw;whz;by; mgptpUj;jpapd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jp

Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. epiyj;jpUf;Fk;mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ vjph;fhy re;jjpapdiu ghjpf;fhj

tz;zk; epfo;fhy re;jjpapdh;fsJ Njitfs; g+h;j;jp nra;ag;glyhdJ #oiy

mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.

kpNydpakkpNydpakkpNydpakkpNydpak;mgptpUj;jp;mgptpUj;jp;mgptpUj;jp;mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ff,yf;Ff,yf;Ff,yf;Ffssss;;;;/Gj;jhapukhk;Mz;LGj;jhapukhk;Mz;LGj;jhapukhk;Mz;LGj;jhapukhk;Mz;L mgptpUjmgptpUjmgptpUjmgptpUj;jp;jp;jp;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

2000k; Mz;L Gul;lhjp ((((September)))) y; If;fpa ehLfspd; Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;L cr;rp

khehl;by; cyfj; jiyth;fs; tWik> gl;bdp> Neha;> vOj;jwptpd;ik> #oy; rPuopT>

ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd ghugl;rk; Nghd;wtw;iw ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd fhytiuaiw

tFf;fg;gl;lJk;> mstplj;jf;fJkhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk;> ,yf;FfisAk;mila ,zq;fpf;

nfhz;ldh;.

,tw;wpw;F Gj;jhapukhk;Mz;L mgptpUj;jpf;Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;vdg;ngahplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tw;wpy;

8 Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk;> 18 ,yf;FfSk;cs;sd.

Gj;jhapukhGj;jhapukhGj;jhapukhGj;jhapukhk;Mz;Lk;Mz;Lk;Mz;Lk;Mz;L mgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;tUkhWmgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;tUkhWmgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;tUkhWmgptpUj;jp Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;tUkhW ::::----

01. Nkhrkhd tWikfisAk;> gl;bdpiaAk;,y;yhnjhopj;jy;.02. cyfshtpa Muk;gf;fy;tpia milag;ngwy;

03. ghy;epiyr; rkj;Jtj;ij Nkk;gLj;jYk;> ngz;fis tYt+l;LjYk;

04. Foe;ij ,wg;G tPjj;ij Fiwj;jy;

05. kfg;Ngw;W Rfhjhuj;ij Kd;Ndw;wy;

06. Vr;.I.tp //// vapl;];> kNyhpah kw;Wk;Vida Neha;fSf;F vjpuhfg;Nghuhly;.

07. Rw;whly;cWjpg;ghl;bid cWjpg;gLj;jy;

08. mgptpUj;jpf;fhd cyfshtpa gq;Filikia mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;


5/51

5555

mgptpUj;jpiamgptpUj;jpiamgptpUj;jpiamgptpUj;jpia mstpLk;mstpLk;mstpLk;mstpLk;Fwpfhl;bfs;Fwpfhl;bfs;Fwpfhl;bfs;Fwpfhl;bfs;

mgptpUj;jpia mstpLk;Fwpfhl;lfis ,uz;L tifg;gLj;jp Nehf;fyhk;.

01.01.01.01. nghUnghUnghUnghUshjhuf;shjhuf;shjhuf;shjhuf;Fwpfhl;bfsFwpfhl;bfsFwpfhl;bfsFwpfhl;bfs;;;;

nkhj;j nka;cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp /tUkhdk;

nkhj;j nka;j;Njrpa cw;gj;jp /tUkhdk;

jyh tUkhdk; gztPf;f tPjk;

nkhj;j nka;cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp :nkhj;j nka;cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp :nkhj;j nka;cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp :nkhj;j nka;cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp :----

xU ehL jkJ ehl;by;cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs;Nritfspy;Vw;gl;l cz;ikahd

khw;wj;ij ,J Fwpg;gpLk;.

nkhj;j nka;j;Njrpa cw;gj;jp :nkhj;j nka;j;Njrpa cw;gj;jp :nkhj;j nka;j;Njrpa cw;gj;jp :nkhj;j nka;j;Njrpa cw;gj;jp :----

xU ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpf; fhuzpfshy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; Nritapy; Vw;gl;l

mjpfhpg;ig Fwpg;gpLtjhf mikAk;.

jyhtUkhdk;:jyhtUkhdk;:jyhtUkhdk;:jyhtUkhdk;:----

xU ehl;bd;xU tUl fhyg;gFjpapyhd nkhj;j cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;Nritfspd;ngWkhdj;jpy;

xU egUf;Fhpa ruhrhp tUkhdk; jyhtUkhdk; my;yJ xU jiy tUkhdk;vdf;nfhs;sg;gLk;

jyh tUkhdk;:- nkhj;j Njrpa tUkhdk;

tUl kj;jp rdj;njhif

3500 nlhyh; ($) mjpfkhd jyhtUkhdk; nfhz;lehLfs; nghUshjhu hPjpapy;mgptpUj;jp

mile;j ehLfshf nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

gztPf;f tPjk; :gztPf;f tPjk;:gztPf;f tPjk;:gztPf;f tPjk;:----

gztPf;fj;jhy; Vw;gLk; mjpfhpg;G ehl;bd; nka; cw;gj;jpapy; tPo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jp

tho;f;ifj;ju tPo;r;rpf;F fhuzkhfp mgptpUj;jpapd;ik my;yJ Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jpf;F

,l;Lr; nry;Yk; vdNt gztPf;f tPjk; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia mstpLfpd;w Xh;

nghUshjhu Fwpfhl;bahf mike;Js;sJ.

02.02.02.02. r%f eyf;Fwpfhl;bfs;r%f eyf;Fwpfhl;bfs;r%f eyf;Fwpfhl;bfs;r%f eyf;Fwpfhl;bfs;

00001. ngsjPf1. ngsjPf1. ngsjPf1. ngsjPf tho;f;if gz;Gr;Rl;nlz; (PQLI)tho;f;if gz;Gr;Rl;nlz;(PQLI)tho;f;if gz;Gr; Rl;nlz;(PQLI)tho;f;if gz;Gr;Rl;nlz;(PQLI)

,J 1977 k;Mz;L If;fpa ehLfs; rigahy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,r;Rl;nlz;zpy; gpd;tUk;03 tplaq;fs;cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

vOj;jwpT tPjk;.

rpR kuztPjk.; (gpwf;Fk; xt;nthU Foe;ijfspy; vj;jid Foe;ijfs; xU

taJf;Fs;,wf;fpd;wdh;vd;gij Fwpg;gpLk;)

gpwg;gpypUe;J vjph;ghh;f;Fk;MAl;fhyk;.

,d;W ,yq;ifapd;vOj;jwpT tPjk;90.8 % ,jpy;Mz;fs; 92.7 %

ngz;fs;89.1%

gpwg;gpy; tho;ehs; vjph;ghh;g;G

Mz; :- 68.2 Mz;Lfs;

ngz; :- 75.8 Mz;Lfs;

rpRkuztPjk;(jw;NghJ) :- 12

1000


6/51

6666

00002. kdpjts mgtp2. kdpjts mgtp2. kdpjts mgtp2. kdpjts mgtpUj;jp Rl;nlz;Uj;jp Rl;nlz;Uj;jp Rl;nlz;Uj;jp Rl;nlz; ((((HDI)

tsh;e;J tUk;nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F Vw;wtifapy;nghUshjhu mgtpUj;jp vd;w

vz;zf;fUTf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;LtUk; tpsf;fq;fSk; mjd; mstPLfSk; khw;wk; ngw;Nw

te;Js;sd. ,e;j mbg;gilapy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp Fwpfhl;bahf

kdpjts mgptpUj;jp Rl;nlz; vd;gJ tpsq;FfpwJ. 1990 k; Mz;L UNDP ,dhy;

cUthdJ. gpwg;gpypUe;J mstplg;gLk;MAs; vjph;ghh;f;iff;fhyk;

fy;tpawpT tPjk;

nfhs;tdT rf;jp (jyhtUkhdk;)

,yq;ifapdJ kdpjts mgptpUj;jp Rl;nld; 2006 y; 0.742 MFk;. 179 ehLfspy;,yq;if

104 tJ ,lj;jpYs;sJ. 0 ,w;Fk;1 ,w;Fkpilapy; ngWkhdj;ij cilaJ.

00003.3.3.3. khdpl tWikr;Rl;nlkhdpl tWikr;Rl;nlkhdpl tWikr;Rl;nlkhdpl tWikr;Rl;nlzzzz;(HPI)

,jd;%yk; xU ehl;L kf;fspd; tWik epiyikAk; mjd; msitAk; fzpf;f KbAk;.

,jd; gpufhuk;mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfspd;tUkhdk;jdpahfTk;> mgptpUj;jp milAk;ehLfspd;tUkhdk;NtwhfTk;fzpf;fg;gl;L xg;gPl;L hPjpahf mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;.

I. mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk; ehLfspd;tsf; fzpg;gPlhf fUjg;gLtd

40 Mz;LfSf;F Fiwe;j MAs; vjph;ghh;g;G

KjpNahh;vOj;jwpT

FbePH;kw;Wk;Rfhjhuk;

5 tajpw;F Fiwe;j rpWth;fspd;vil

HPItsh;e;JtUk;ehLfspytsh;e;JtUk;ehLfspytsh;e;JtUk;ehLfspytsh;e;JtUk;ehLfspy;

,y,y,y,y ehLehLehLehL ngWkhzk;ngWkhzk;ngWkhzk;ngWkhzk;

01 ie[Phpah 61.4

02 gq;fshNj\; 42.2

03 ,e;jpah 31.4

04 ,yq;if 18.2

II. tsh;e;j ehLfspd;fzPg;gPl;L mk;rq;fs;

60 tajpw;F Fiwe;j MAs;

vOj;jwpT

tWikf;Nfhl;bw;F fPo;cs;Nshh;njhif

njhopyw;Nwhh;

04.04.04.04. khdpl mKf;fr;Rl;nlz;khdpl mKf;fr;Rl;nlz;khdpl mKf;fr;Rl;nlz;khdpl mKf;fr;Rl;nlz;

toikahdJk; rk;gpujhaG+h;tkhd msTr; Rl;nlz;fSf;F Nkyjpf tpgukhf ,k;Kiw

gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;nghUl;L fPo;tUk;ts ikaq;fs;ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

gztPf;f tpfpjhrhuk;

rpRkuz tPjk;


7/51

7777

njhopw;gilapy;tsh;r;rp tpfpjk;

efu rdj;njhif tsh;r;rp tpfpjk;

jyh tUkhdk;

jdpegh;rf;jp Efh;T

md;whl fNyhhp epuk;gy;

Rj;jkhd FbePh;

njhopy;rhh; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk;

murpay;Rje;jpuk;

,e;j epajpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xU ehl;bd; khdpl mKf;fr; Rl;nlz;

jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

05.05.05.05. ,yq;ifapd;RgPl;rr;Rl;nlz;,yq;ifapd;RgPl;rr;Rl;nlz;,yq;ifapd;RgPl;rr;Rl;nlz;,yq;ifapd;RgPl;rr;Rl;nlz;

,yq;ifapd; RgPl;r Rl;nlz; 2008.09.08 k; ehsd;W ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fp ntspapl;lJ.

,r;Rl;nlz;id cUthf;fpajd; Nehf;fk; khfhzq;fshy; milag;gl;l RgPl;rj;jpDila

kl;lj;ij xg;gPl;;L mbg;gilapy; mstPl;Lf;nfhs;tjhFk;.

,UgJ khwpfis cs;slf;fp ,yq;iff;fhd Rgpl;rr; Rl;nlz;id kj;jpa tq;fpcUthf;fpAs;sJ. ,k;khwpfs; kf;fSila tho;f;ifapy; NtWgl;l tplaq;fis

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,r;Rl;nlz;dpy; cs;slq;Fk; khwpfs; %d;W gpujhd

Jizg;gphpTfSf;Fs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd

mitahtd :-

nghUshjhu kw;Wk;tpahghur;#o;epiy

kf;fspd;eyd;fs;

r%f nghUshjhu cl;fl;likg;G

,yq;if RgPl;r Rl;nlz;Clhf ngwg;gl;l jug;gLj;jy;fs;khfhzq;fspd;gw;whf;Fiwahdtplaq;fis fz;lwpa cjTtJld; mt;thwhd Fwpj;j tplaq;fis epth;j;jp nra;tjw;F

cjTfpwJ.

,yq;if RgPl;rr; rl;nlz; jug;gLj;jy; khfhzq;fSf;fpilapy; xg;gPLfis cUthf;fp

mjd;%yk; mj;jifa khfhzq;fspy; mjpfhu rigfshy; milag;gl Ntz;ba khfhz

kl;lj;jpyhd ,yf;Ffis eph;zapg;gjw;F gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

,t;,yq;if RgPl;rr; rl;nlz;dhdJ RgPl;rj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjpy;> r%f nghUshjhuk;

nfhs;iffspy; nraw;wpwid mstpLtjw;Fk;gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

,yq;if RgPl;r,yq;if RgPl;r,yq;if RgPl;r,yq;if RgPl;r RRRRl;nlz;dpd;ngWkjp 2000l;nlz;dpd;ngWkjp 2000l;nlz;dpd;ngWkjp 2000l;nlz;dpd;ngWkjp 2000 2007200720072007

,y,y,y,y khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk;khfhzk; 2000200020002000 2222007007007007

01 Nky; khfhzk; 55.3 66.1

02 kj;jpa khfhzk; 42.4 52.9

03 tlf;F khfhzk; 35.4 43.6

04 fpof;F khfhzk; 35.1 44.2

05 rg;gpufKt khfhzk; 39.1 48.2


8/51

8888

mgptpUj;jp milahj ehLfspd;nghJg;gz;Gfs;mgptpUj;jp milahj ehLfspd;nghJg;gz;Gfs;mgptpUj;jp milahj ehLfspd;nghJg;gz;Gfs;mgptpUj;jp milahj ehLfspd;nghJg;gz;Gfs; (FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs;)(FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs;)(FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs;)(FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs;)

kf;fs; tho;f;ifj;juk; Fiwe;j kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jw;F mth;fsJ

jyhtUkhdk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLtJk; gpujhd fhuzkhFk;. mgptpUj;jp

mile;JtUk;ehLfspy; 80%rdj;njhif fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;> mth;fsJ nkhj;j

cw;gj;jp 20% MFk;. 20% khd kf;fs; thOk; mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehl;by;

mth;fsJ cw;gj;jp 80%MFk;.

Jhpj rdj;njhif tsh;r;rp fhzg;gLk;.

tsq;fspd;Fiwg;gad;ghL fhzg;gLk;.

FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs; ntspehl;L re;ijapy;jq;fp fhzg;gLk;. (jq;fpapUj;jy;)

FiwtpUj;jp ehLfs; tptrhaj;jpy;jq;fp ,Uj;jy;.

%yjdg;gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gLk;.

nghUshjhuj;jpy;,ul;ilj;jd;ik fhzg;gLk; .

a) ngUe;Njhl;l Jiw (tsh;e;j etPd Jiw)

b) fpuhkpa Jiw (gpd;jq;fpa kuGrhh;e;j Jiw)

#OYk;#OYk;#OYk;#OYk; mgptpUj;jpAk;mgptpUj;jpAk;mgptpUj;jpAk;mgptpUj;jpAk;Environment & Development

1992 w;F gpd;jhd; mgptpUj;jpAld; #oYk; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. epiyj;J

epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdiug; ghjpf;fhf tifapy; ,lk;ngWk;

epfo;fhyg; nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpahFk;. ,d;W ehl;bYs;s nghUshjhu tsq;fs; ahTk;

gad;gLj;jg;glhky;> jpwikahf Fwpg;gpl;lsT tsq;fis gad;gLj;Jjy;Ntz;Lk;.

vjph;fhy Njitiaf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L tsq;fspd; xUgFjp xJf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. xU

ehl;bd;nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpia me;ehl;bd;#oy;gy tiffspy; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.

mgptpUj;jpia ,aw;if tsk; vd;w mbg;gilapy; tsf; fpilg;gdT ghjpf;fpwJ. vdNt,aw;iftsk; mjpfsthf fpilj;jhy;> me;j ehL Jhpjkhf nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia

milAk;. cjhuzkhf ngw;Nwhypa tsq;fis nfhz;l ehLfs; Jhpjkhf nghUshjhu

tsh;r;rpailfpwJ.

#oyhdJ kf;fsJ tUkhd gq;fPl;by; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp tho;f;ifj;juj;jpy;ghjpg;ig

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

#oyhdJ vjph;fhy nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpapy;> cw;gj;jp jpwdpy;jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

cjhuzk;:-

ePh;Cw;W kpd;cw;gj;jp cw;gj;jp

tw;Wjy; ghjpf;fg;gly; ghjpf;fg;gly;

vdNt ,t;thwhd eltbf;if fhuzq;fshy; cyftq;fp 1992 ,y;nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp

njhlh;ghf cjtp toq;Fk;NghJ #oy; jhf;fk; gw;wpa tplaq;fisAk; fUj;jpw;

nfhs;sNtz;Lk;vdf;$wpaJ.


9/51

9999

eeeepiyNgwhdpiyNgwhdpiyNgwhdpiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jp

Sustainable Developmentepiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilf; Fwpf;Nfhs; mbg;gil kdpj Njitfis

epiwTnra;J itg;gJk;> mth;fSila tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;JtJk;> Rw;Wr;#oiy

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;j tpjj;jpy; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;Jr;

nry;tjhFk;.

vhprpl;[dpgh (1990) :vhprpl;[dpgh (1990) :vhprpl;[dpgh (1990) :vhprpl;[dpgh (1990) :----xU ehl;by;epiyahd mgptpUj;jpia vLj;JtUtJld;Kf;fpakhd

gy gbfs;rk;ge;jg;gl;bUg;gjhf Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;.

mitahtd :-

01. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpr;nrad;Kiwapy;kf;fspd;gq;Nfw;gpidg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

02. me;j nghUshjhu fl;likg;G ehl;bd; kPJ Nkhrkhd tpisTfis vLj;Jtuhj xU

fl;likg;ghf ,Ue;J tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzkhf> mgptpUj;jpapd; mD$q;fs; rpW njhifapdhpd; iffspy; kl;Lk; xd;W

jpuz;bUe;jhy;> ehl;by; tWik ngUfp> Vw;wj;jho;T mjpfhpf;f fhuzkhFk;.

03.Rw;Wr; #oiy ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; mbg;gilapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l cw;gj;jpfl;likg;nghd;W ,Ue;J tUjy;.,e;j mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;nghOJ> epiyj;J

epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jpapy; Rw;Wr;#oiy ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tplaj;jpw;F cah;

Kd;Dhpik mspf;fg;gl;L tUtijf;fhzKbfpwJ.

mNjNghy cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapy; xU tsh;r;rp Vw;gLtjhf ,Ue;jhYk;> me;j tsh;r;rpia

fUj;jpw;nfhs;tjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; njhopy;El;gk; Rw;Wr;#oypd; kPJ NfLfis

vLj;Jtuhj xU njhopy;El;gkhfTk;> Ml;fspd; jpwd;fis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F

cjTk;xU njhopDl;gkhfTk;,Ue;J tUjy; Ntz;Lk;.

04.04.04.04. ,q;F r%f rf;jpA+l;ly;mtrpa,q;F r%f rf;jpA+l;ly;mtrpa,q;F r%f rf;jpA+l;ly;mtrpa,q;F r%f rf;jpA+l;ly;mtrpak;k;k;k;

If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G (1997) vLj;Jf; $WtJNghy> epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba khdpl

mgptpUj;jpapy; tWikia xopg;gJ njhlh;ghf tpNrlkhf ftdk; nrYj;Jg;gl

Ntz;baJ mtpakhFk;.

05. r%fj;jpy; nghUshjhu hPjpapYk;> murpay; hPjpapYk;> r%f hPjpapYk; ve;jtpjkhd

mjpfhuj;ijAk;nfhz;buhj kf;fSf;F mjpfhuj;ijg;ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;my;yJ r%f

rf;fpA+l;ly; mtrpakhf ,Ue;J tUtJld;> mth;fSila tho;f;ifj;juj;ij

Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Njitahd khw;W topfSk; mjpfhpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mjw;nfd

mk;kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisg; ngw;W mgptpUj;jpia jpl;lkpLtJld; mjid mKy;

nra;aTk;Ntz;Lk;.

twpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if khjphpAld;> Rw;Wr;#oy; kpfTk; neUf;fkhd tpjj;jpy;gpizf;fg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; Rw;Wr;#oy; rPh;NfL fhuzkhf mth;fs; gy gpur;rpidfis

vjph;nfhs;s Ntz;ba epiyik Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.

vt;thwpUg;gpDk;twpakf;fspd;mbg;gilf;Nghuhl;lk;jkJ mLj;jNtis czit ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tJ vg;gb vd;w Nfs;tpf;F tpilNjLtjhf ,Ue;J tUtjdhy;> ,j;jifa xU

#o;epiyapd;fPo; Rw;Wr;#oy; rPuopT Njhd;WtJ jtph;f;f KbahjjhFk;. vdNt mgptpUj;jp

nrad;Kiwapy; tWik xopg;G epiwT nra;Jitf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk; cldb

Njitnahd;whf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.


10/51

10101010

mgptpUj;jp :mgptpUj;jp :mgptpUj;jp :mgptpUj;jp :---- r%f mgptpUj;jp

epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba mgptpUj;jp

epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba khdpl mgptpUj;jp

mjhtJ kdpj tsq;fspd; juj;jpidAk;> Mf;fj;jpwidAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;> tWikia

xopj;jy;> Rw;Wr;#oiy ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;L cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis mjpfhpj;Jf;

nfhs;sy; vd;gjhFk;.

,yq;if Nghd;w xU ehl;by;,yq;if Nghd;w xU ehl;by;,yq;if Nghd;w xU ehl;by;,yq;if Nghd;w xU ehl;by;epiyj;J epw;ff;epiyj;J epw;ff;epiyj;J epw;ff;epiyj;J epw;ff;$ba$ba$ba$bamgptpUj;jpiamgptpUj;jpiamgptpUj;jpiamgptpUj;jpia vLj;JtuvLj;JtuvLj;JtuvLj;Jtu mtrpakhdmtrpakhdmtrpakhdmtrpakhd cj;jpfscj;jpfscj;jpfscj;jpfs;

01. cs;ehl;L Nfs;tpfSf;F Kd;Dhpik toq;Fjy;.

02. tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;l ifj;njhopYf;F Kd;Dhpik mspj;jy;.

03. kpjkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp Ntfnkhd;iw guhkhpj;jy;

kdpjh;fSf;Fk;> r%fj;jpw;Fk;> #oYf;Fk; jPq;F Vw;glhj tpjj;jpy; nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffis tFj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.04. Fbj;njhif tsh;r;rpia fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

cjhuzk;:- ngz;fy;tpj;jpl;lk;>

ngz;fSf;fhd njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fis gutyhf;Fjy;.

05. ngz;fspd;gq;Nfw;gpidg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

06. kf;fspd;gutyhd gq;Nfw;gpid ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

kf;fspd;Ra rf;jpiaAk;> gq;Nfw;gpidAk;mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiwf;F ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F

,jd;%yk; vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

mgptpUj;jpia jpl;lkpLtjw;Fk;> Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw mKy;nra;tjw;Fk;kjPg;gPL nra;tjw;Fk;

mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lq;fspy; mD$yq;fis ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

khdpl mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffis gutyhf mKy;nra;jy;

epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpepiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpepiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpepiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpr%f Kiwikr%f Kiwikr%f Kiwikr%f Kiwik

r%f hPjpahdr%f hPjpahdr%f hPjpahdr%f hPjpahdrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ik

nghUshjhuhPjpahdnghUshjhuhPjpahdnghUshjhuhPjpahdnghUshjhuhPjpahd #oy;hPjpahd#oy;hPjpahd#oy;hPjpahd#oy;hPjpahdrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ik rhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ikrhj;jpa jd;ik

nghUnghUnghUnghUshjhu Kiwikshjhu Kiwikshjhu Kiwikshjhu Kiwik caphpay;Kiwikcaphpay;Kiwikcaphpay;Kiwikcaphpay;Kiwik

,it xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;gpy;yhj tifapy; ,zq;fpdhy; mJ epiyj;J epw;fhjmgptpUj;jp vdg;gLk;. ,tw;wpw;fpilNa xU xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jpdhy;epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jia ngwKbAk;. vdNt Jiwfs;xd;Wf;nfhd;W tpl;Lf;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.


11/51

11111111

,d;W,d;W,d;W,d;W mgptpUmgptpUmgptpUmgptpUj;jp vd;gJ #oy;rhh;e;j gpur;rpidj;jp vd;gJ #oy;rhh;e;j gpur;rpidj;jp vd;gJ #oy;rhh;e;j gpur;rpidj;jp vd;gJ #oy;rhh;e;j gpur;rpidfis ikag;gLj;jpajhf Nehf;ff;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhf Nehf;ff;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhf Nehf;ff;fis ikag;gLj;jpajhf Nehf;ff;

fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;ahit?ahit?ahit?ahit?

#oypy;fhzg;gLk;tsq;fs;gjpyPl;Lj;jd;ik mw;wit.

tsq;fs; Kbe;Jtplf;$bait. vdNt mtw;iw vjph;fhyr; re;jjpapdUk;

NgzNtz;Lk;vd;gJk;xU fhuzk;.#oy;fspy; tsq;fs; kPz;Lk; cUthf;f Kbahjit xUjlit moe;jit

mope;jitjhd;.

nry;te;jh;fistpl twpath;fs;jhd;#oy; ghjpg;gpdhy;ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. vdNt

rkj;Jtj;ijg;Ngz #oy;gpur;rpizfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.

epiyj;J epwepiyj;J epwepiyj;J epwepiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jp gpd;tUk;Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.;Fk;mgptpUj;jp gpd;tUk;Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.;Fk;mgptpUj;jp gpd;tUk;Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.;Fk;mgptpUj;jp gpd;tUk;Njitfis g+h;j;jp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk;> #oYf;FkpilNa xUq;fpizg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;.

epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jp mbg;gilj;Njitfis G+h;j;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

epiyj;J epw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpahdJ rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> r%f epjpiaAk; ngw;Wj;ju

Ntz;Lk;.r%f RajPh;khdj;ij epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jp ghjpf;f$baJ.

epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpapd;,yf;Ffs;epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpapd;,yf;Ffs;epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpapd;,yf;Ffs;epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpapd;,yf;Ffs;

nghUshjhu ,yf;F mbg;gilj;Njit

#oy;rhh;e;j ,yf;F

r%f ,yf;F

#oy;#oy;#oy;#oy; kw;Wk;kw;Wk;kw;Wk;kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffis filg;gpbg;gjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fs;nfhs;iffis filg;gpbg;gjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fs;nfhs;iffis filg;gpbg;gjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fs;nfhs;iffis filg;gpbg;gjw;fhd je;jpNuhghaq;fs;

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpia kPsNehf;Fjy;Ntz;Lk;.

tsh;r;rpapd;juj;ij khw;Wjy;Ntz;Lk;.

jPh;khdk;vLf;Fk;NghJ nghUshjhuj;ijAk;#oiyAk;,ize;J ,Uj;jy;.

%yts jsq;fis ghjfhj;jy.;

epiyj;J epw;f$ba rdj;njhif kl;lq;fis cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.

epiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpia cWjpg;gepiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpia cWjpg;gepiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpia cWjpg;gepiyj;J epw;Fk;mgptpUj;jpia cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk;Lj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk;Lj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk;Lj;jpf;nfhs;tjw;F mgptpUj;jp mile;JtUk;

ehLfs;nra;a Ntz;bait ?ehLfs;nra;a Ntz;bait ?ehLfs;nra;a Ntz;bait ?ehLfs;nra;a Ntz;bait ?

%ytsq;fSf;F rhpahd tpilaply;Ntz;Lk;

nrhj;JhpikAk;> %yts chpikiaAk;njspthf fhl;lg;gl;bUj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

ViofSf;F nghUshjhu khw;Wtopapy;Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;

ngz;fspd;nghUshjh epiyia mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk;

fopT Kfhikj;Jtk;.


12/51

12121212

fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpfpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpfpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpfpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp

fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ cj;jkkw;w tsg;ghtidia fpilf;ff;$ba kdpj> ngsjPf

tsk; rhh;ghf cj;jkkhf gad;gLj;jp fpuhk kf;fspd; fpuhkpa cw;gj;jp mjpfhpg;G>

tho;f;ifj;ju mjpfhpg;G> tUkhd kl;l mjpfhpg;G Nghd;wtw;iw miltjd; %yk;

Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,j;jifa nfhs;if cUthf;fk;> jpl;lq;fSk; fpuhk kf;fspd;

cr;rkl;l gq;Fgw;wypd; Clhf fpuhkpa ,yf;Ffis miltjhFk;.

fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ FWq;fhy jpl;lq;fspd; %yk;mila KbahJ. Kd;ida

fhy fpuhk mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspd; tPo;r;rpf;F fpuhk mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lkplyhsh;fs;>

nghUshjhu ty;Ydh;fs;>

murpay;];jPuj;jd;ik vd;gdNt fhuzkhf mike;jJ vd;W Rural Development

And The Development Country vDk; Ehypy; ,uhr; G+rpr; vd;gth;

$Wfpd;whh;. ,th;fpuhk mgptpUj;jp rk;ge;jkhf rh;tNjr hPjpahf> Njrpa hPjpahf> fpuhk

hPjpahf gy;NtW nraw;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yNk fpuhk mgptpUj;jpia

Nkw;nfhs;s KbAnkdf;fUJfpwhh;.

,th;gpd;tUk;mk;rq;fis fpuhk mgptpUj;jpapd;nghJthd gz;Gfshff;nfhs;fpwhh;.

cyfpd; rdj;njhifapy; miug;gq;fpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs; tWikAld; njhlh;Ggl;l

gy;NtW gbepiyfspy; cs;sdh;. ,th;fsJ tho;f;if epiyia vt;thW cah;j;JtJ?

fyhrhu ghuk;ghpa r%fq;fis tsh;r;rpailar; nra;tjpy; Gjpa khw;wq;fis etPd

njhopy;El;gk;> Nritfs;vd;gtw;wpDhlhf vt;thW khw;wp mikg;gJ?

mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffs;fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpYs;s vy;yh kf;fshYk;milaf;$ba tifapy;

kPs; xOq;fikj;J nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfs; jukhd tho;f;if epiyia miltjw;F

fyhrhu r%f hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk;> nghUshjhu hPjpahf

czuf;$bajhfTk;fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

fpuhkpa kf;fSf;fhd Ntiytha;g;Gr; re;jh;g;gq;fspYk; efu kf;fSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ

nghUshjhu> r%f fyhrhu NtW epfo;r;rpfspYk;rkj;Jtk;toq;fg;gLjy;.

fpuhkpa tptrhapfshy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$baJk;> eilKiwf;F rhj;jpag;glf;$baJkhd

cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis toq;fp mJ tptrha cw;gj;jp nraw;ghl;il Cf;Ftpf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

Ntiytha;g;G> r%fNrit vd;gdtw;Wf;fhf fpuhkpa> efu> r%fq;fis xd;wpizj;J

mgptpUj;jpia Cf;Ftpg;gjd;%yk;r%f> nghUshjhu hPjpahf Kd;Ndw;wq;fhzy;.

Nkw;$wpa mk;rq;fs; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy; ftdj;jpy; vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l nghJthdmk;rq;fshf fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk;gpd;tUtdtw;iw fpuhkpa hPjpapy; ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;vd ,uhr;g+rpf;$Wfpwhh;.


13/51

13131313

ehl;bd; khfhzq;fs; gpuNjrq;fs;> fpuhkq;fs; hPjpahf mgptpUj;jp kl;lk; NtWgl;Lfhzg;gLk;NghJ mit mgptpUj;jp khjphpia jPh;khdpj;J mjid nrhe;jmZFKiwapy;tpUj;jpnra;J fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; rpwpajhfTk; ,yFthdjhfTk; njhlh;Ggl;ljhfTk;,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. r%f nghUshjhu nraw;ghLfs; fpuhkkf;fspd; NjitfSf;Fkjpg;gspg;gjhfTk;mika Ntz;Lk;.

fpuhkpa kf;fspw;F Ntiy toq;FtjhfTk; Vida tsq;fis jpwk;glgad;gLj;jf;$ba tifapYk; jpl;lq;fs; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;. fpuhk kf;fs; fpuhkpamgptpUj;jpapd;ed;ikfis ngw tha;g;gspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

fpuhkpa kf;fs;fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy; ,Ue;J ed;ikfis ngWtjw;F mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lq;fspy; jiyapl;L nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;. fpuhkkf;fs; gzr; nrytPL murcjtpfspd;wpAk; fpuhkpa mgptpUj;jpapy


14/51

14141414

kdpj tsj;jpid mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;

ngsjPf tsq;fis tphpthf;fk;nra;jy;

ngsjPf #oy; kPjhd r%fj;jpd; nrhe;j fl;Lg;gLj;jypd; ,aYikia tphptilar;

nra;tjd;%yk; fpuhkq;fspd;ngsjPf tsf;fpilg;gdit mjpfhpf;fr;nra;jy;

fpuhk kf;fspd; ntspr; #oYldhd njhlh;Gfspy; rpwe;j Kd;Ndw;wfukhd

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.

gpuNjrgpuNjrgpuNjrgpuNjr mgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jp ((((Regional Development))))

gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; rkd;ghbd;ik mgptpUj;jpapYk; jhf;fj;ijr;

nrYj;Jtjid fhzyhk;. nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpapd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ

NtWgl;l gpuNjrq;fisf; nfhz;l ehnlhd;wpy; gpuNjr hPjpahd rkd;ghbd;ik rhh;e;j

gpur;rpidfis vjph;Nehf;f Ntz;ba epiyikfs;cs;sd.

rpy gpuNrjq;fspy; ifj;njhopy;fs; nrwpthf mike;jpUg;gJk;> Vidatw;wpy; mit

tsuhky; fhzg;gLtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gpur;rpidfshFk;. ,jdhy; xU ehl;by; rpygpuNjrq;fs; RgPl;rKw;wpUf;Fk;> rpy gpuNjrq;fs; gpd;jq;fpAk; my;yJ FiwtpUj;jp

epiyapYk;fhzg;gLk;.

xU gpuNjrj;jpd;gpd;jq;fpa epiyikf;F gpd;tUtd fhuzkhfyhk;.

%ytsq;fs; gw;whf;Fiwahff;fhzg;gLjy;;.

miktplk;nghUj;jkw;jhf fzg;gLjy;.

rdj;njhifg;guk;gy;NtWgl;l Kiwapy;fhzg;gLjy;.

tuyhw;Wf;fhuzpfs;.

r%ff;fhuzpfs;.

xU ehl;bdJ nghUshjhukhdJ ,lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngw Ntz;bajidr;

rhh;e;jjhd Nehf;fq;fis nfhz;lnjd gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpapid vspikahf tpsf;fyhk;.

ehLfspy; cs;s muray;hPjpahd mjpUg;gjpahsh;fis jpUg;jp nra;tjw;Fk;> gphptpidthjf;

Nfhhpf;iffis xopg;gjw;Fk;> muRfs; gpuNjr hPjpahd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis xopf;f

Ntz;bAs;sJ.

ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;w rkkpd;ikapidtpl

efuq;fSf;Fk; fpuhkg;Gwq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapNyjhd; tUkhdg;guk;gy; epiyikfspd;

mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gplj;jjf;f tifapyhd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. efuq;fSf;Fk;

fpuhkq;fSf;FkpilNaahd gphpTw;w epiyikfNs gpujhd gpuNjr gpur;rpid vd

,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sJ.

gpuNjr Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ePf;f Ntz;Lkhdhy;mjw;fhf nghUshjhuj; jp;l;lkpliy gpd;gw;w

Ntz;bAs;sJ. mgptpUj;jpf;fhd KjyPLfisAk; mtw;wpd; guk;gy;fisAk; rhpahd

Kiwapy; Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa mtw;wpd; tsh;r;rp tPjq;fis

cah;j;jf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.


15/51

15151515

jfty;> juTjfty;> juTjfty;> juTjfty;> juT Nrfhpg;GNrfhpg;GNrfhpg;GNrfhpg;G

Collection of Information Data

juTfis Nrfhpj;jy; ((((Data Collection)))) mjid jftyhf ((((Information)))) khw;Wjy; vd;gJ,d;W r%f> nghUshjhu Jiwfspy; Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.,jdbg;gilapy; juT vd;gJ> Fb xd;wpd; kPJ Ma;nthd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJngwg;gLk;mtjhdq;fs;juTfs;vdyhk;.

cjhuzkhf :-

khzth; Mrphpah;tpfpjk;( ghlrhiyfspy;) fpuhkpa Ntiykl;lk; fpuhkk;xd;wpYs;s nfhq;fpwPl;tPjpfspd;vz;zpf;if

jfty;(jfty;(jfty;(jfty;(Information))))

jfty; vd;gJ xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gila juTfs; Xh; fUj;Js;s tifapy;xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk;NghJ fpilf;fg;ngWk;tpisT MFk;.

juTjuTjuTjuT jfty;jfty;jfty;jfty;

gy juTfs; xU jfty;

jPh;khdq;fs;vLg;gJ fbdk; jPh;khdk;vLg;gJ Rygk;

epuw;gLj;jg;glhjit epuw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ

kPz;Lk;kPz;Lk;NtWghpNrhjidfSf;F gad;gLj;jf;$baJ

kPz;Lk;kPz;Lk;gad;gLj;jKbahJ

nghJthfnghJthfnghJthfnghJthf juTfs;gpd;tUk;3 Nfhzq;fspy;MuhjuTfs;gpd;tUk;3 Nfhzq;fspy;MuhjuTfs;gpd;tUk;3 Nfhzq;fspy;MuhjuTfs;gpd;tUk;3 Nfhzq;fspy;Muhag;glyhkag;glyhkag;glyhkag;glyhk;.

01. mtw;wpd; jd;ik02. mit ngwg;gLk;topfs;03. mit guhkhpf;fg;gLk;Kiw

msTrhh; juT01. mtw;wpd;jd;ik

gz;Grhh;juT

msTrhh;juT :msTrhh;juT :msTrhh;juT :msTrhh;juT :----juTfs;nghJthf msTrhh;e;J mstplf;$banjdpy;mit msTrhh;juTfshFk;.

cjhuzk;:-

a) tFg;nghd;wpYs;s khtzth;fspd;vz;zpf;ifb) Fwpg;gpl;l fpuhkNrtfh;gphptpYs;s Kjpath;fspd;vz;zpf;if

gz;grhh;juT :gz;grhh;juT :gz;grhh;juT :gz;grhh;juT :----gz;Gfis khj;jpuk;czh;j;jty;y juTfs;gz;Grhh;juTfs;MFk;

cjhuzk;:-

a) tFg;gpy;epiw$batd;epkyd;


16/51

16161616

nghJthf msTrhh; juTfNs Gs;sptpgu juTfnsd miof;fg;gLk;.

02. mit ngwg;gLk;topfisg;nghUj;J Kjd;ikj;juTfs;(Primary Data),

Jizj;juTfs;(Secondary Data)vd Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.

03. juTfs;Nrfhpf;fg;gl;L mit guhkhpf;fg;gLk;Kiwia mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L

,Utifahfg;gphpf;fg;glyhk;.

gr;irj;juT :gr;irj;juT :gr;irj;juT :gr;irj;juT :----Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfs; vt;tpj xOq;FgLj;jYf;Fk; cl;glhJ Nrfhpf;fg;gl;lthNwguhkhpf;fg;gl;lhy;mit gr;irj;juT vdg;gLk;.

ge;jpj;juT :ge;jpj;juT :ge;jpj;juT :ge;jpj;juT :----Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfs;VNjhnthU xOq;FKiwf;F khw;wg;gl;L guhkhpf;fg;gLk;NghJ mitge;jpj;juTfs;vd miof;fg;gLk;.

Kjd;ikj;Kjd;ikj;Kjd;ikj;Kjd;ikj;juTfSk;juTfSk;juTfSk;juTfSk; JiJiJiJizj;zj;zj;zj;juTfSk;juTfSk;juTfSk;juTfSk;

Kjd;ikj;juTfs;:Kjd;ikj;juTfs;:Kjd;ikj;juTfs;:Kjd;ikj;juTfs;:----

Xh; Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tf;fhf Ma;thsd; my;yJ juT Nrfhpg;ghsd; Gs;sp tpguq;fisr;Nrfhpg;gjw;F Neubahfr; nrd;W Nrfhpf;Fk; Gj;jk; Gjpa juTfs; Kjd;ikj; juTfs;vdyhk;.

Kjd;ijj;Kjd;ijj;Kjd;ijj;Kjd;ijj; juTfis fPo;tUk;juTfis fPo;tUk;juTfis fPo;tUk;juTfis fPo;tUk;Kiwfshy;Kiwfshy;Kiwfshy;Kiwfshy;Nrfhpf;fNrfhpf;fNrfhpf;fNrfhpf;f KbAkKbAkKbAkKbAk;

01.01.01.01. jdpg;gl;ljdpg;gl;ljdpg;gl;ljdpg;gl;l Neub Gydha;T KiwNeub Gydha;T KiwNeub Gydha;T KiwNeub Gydha;T Kiw::::----,jd; fPo;mtjhdk;> nrt;tpfhzy; Nghd;w ,U topfspy;cWg;gpdiu Neubahfr;re;jpj;J gy;NtWgl;l Nfs;tpfs;> nrt;tp %ykk; juTfs; ngwg;gLk;. ,r;Nrfhpg;GKiwapy;xOq;fhd> Kiwahd Nrhpg;G Ngzg;gLk;.

02. kiwKfkhd tprhuizg;Gydha;T KiwkiwKfkhd tprhuizg;Gydha;T KiwkiwKfkhd tprhuizg;Gydha;T KiwkiwKfkhd tprhuizg;Gydha;T Kiw::::----khjphp cWg;G xd;wpid Neubahf re;jpf;f Kbahj #o;epiyapy; ,d;ndhUth;%ykhfNth my;yJ nghUj;jkhd rhl;rpfis gad;gLj;jpNah juTfs;ngwg;gLk;.

03. cs;@h; Kfth; njhlh;ghsh; Clhf Nrfhpg;G Kiw xt;nthUgFjpapYk;Kfth;fSk;> njhlh;ghsh;fSk;epakpf;fg;gl;L mth;fs;%yk;jfty;fs;jahhpf;fg;gLk;. ,r;Nrfhpg;G Kiw ,yhgfukhdJk;tpiuthdJkhFk;.

04. jghy;%y Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J mDge;j Kiw:-Nfs;tpf; nfhj;Jf;fs; Ma;thsuhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;L jghy;%yk; njhpT nra;ag;gl;lkhjphp cWg;GfSf;f mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk;.

05. Neubf;Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J Kiw :-Ma;thsdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Nfs;tpf;nfhj;J Neubahf cWg;gpdh;fis re;jpj;Jjfty;fs; ngwg;gLk;.

06. njhiyNgrp ciuahly; Kiw :-Neubahf cWg;gpdh;fis fhzhky; njhiyNgrp Clhf tprhuiz nra;Jjfty;fisg;ngWk; KiwahFk;.


17/51

17171717

Neh;Kfk;Neh;Kfk;Neh;Kfk;Neh;Kfk;fhzy;fhzy;fhzy;fhzy;

NeUf;F Neuhd fye;Jiuahly;%yk; xUth; tpdhNfl;f kw;wth; tpilaspf;Fk;KiwNaNeh;Kfk;fhzy; vdg;gLk;.

ed;ikfs;:ed;ikfs;:ed;ikfs;:ed;ikfs;:----

a) gjpy;ngWk;jd;ik mjpfk;.

b) tpsf;fk;mjpfkhf toq;fg;glyhk;.c) fbdkhd tplaq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fs;nfhLf;f KbAk;.d) midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; gjpy; ngWk;tha;g;G.e) jpUj;jkhd njspthd gjpy;ngWjy;.f) juTfspd;ek;gpf;ifj;jd;ik.

jPikfs;:jPikfs;:jPikfs;:jPikfs;:----

a) cah;nryT.b) Neuk;tpuakhFk;.c) tprhuizahshpd; xUgf;fr;rhh;G fhzg;glyhk;.d) rpytifahd gjpy;fis toq;Fifapy; mnrsfhpaq;fs;Vw;gly;.

tpdhf;nfhj;Jtpdhf;nfhj;Jtpdhf;nfhj;Jtpdhf;nfhj;J ((((Questionnaire))))tpdhf;nfhj;J vd;why;vd;d ?tpdhf;nfhj;J vd;why;vd;d ?tpdhf;nfhj;J vd;why;vd;d ?tpdhf;nfhj;J vd;why;vd;d ?

gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;fhf gaDs;s jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F tpNrlkhftbtikf;fg;gLk;tpdhf;fisj;jhq;fpa xU gj;jpuk;tpdhf;nfhj;J vdg;gLk;.

njhpahjnjhd;iwj; njhpe;Jnfhs;s KaYjNy tpdh vdg;gLk;. ,j;jifatpdhf;fspd;njhFjpNa tpdhf;nfhj;J MFk;.

,J juTfis jpul;Ltw;fhd nghJthd Kiwahff;fUjg;gLfpwJ.

tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiwapy;jfty;fs;jpul;lypy; ,Uth; gq;Fgw;Wfpd;wdh;.

Nfl;gth;((((Reporter))))

Nfl;fg;gLgth;((((Respondent))))

,e;j tpd,e;j tpd,e;j tpd,e;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;%yk;fPo;tUtdtw;iwhf;nfhj;jpd;%yk;fPo;tUtdtw;iwhf;nfhj;jpd;%yk;fPo;tUtdtw;iwhf;nfhj;jpd;%yk;fPo;tUtdtw;iw ngwyhkngwyhkngwyhkngwyhk;

cz;ikj;juTfisg;ngwKbAk;. Nfl;fg;gLgthpd;fUj;Jf;fisg;ngwyhk;.

rpwe;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;rpwe;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;rpwe;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;rpwe;j tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;gz;Gfsgz;Gfsgz;Gfsgz;Gfs;;;;

Nehf;fk;njspthf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;fspd; nkhopeil njspthdjhfTk;> Nfl;fg;gLgth;fSf;F tpsq;ff;$bajha;,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;fs; kaf;fkhdjha;,Uj;jy;$lhJ. njspthd tpiliag; ngwf;$ba tpjj;jpy;mike;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.


18/51

18181818

tpdhf;fs; gbKiw thpirapy; Nfl;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. mq;nfhd;Wk; ,q;nfhd;Wkha;Nfl;fg;glf;$lhJ.

tpdhf;fs;,U nghUs;gl> ,U tpilfs;tuf;$bajha;,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

Nfl;fg;gLgth; ,yFtpy; rypg;gilahJ> Nfhtg;glhJ> fisg;gilahJ> jpz;lhlhJtpilaspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;fs;Nfl;fg;gLgth;fSld;njhlh;Gilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;nfhj;Jtpdhf;nfhj;Jtpdhf;nfhj;Jtpdhf;nfhj;J mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G

tpdhf;nfhj;jhdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iwf;nfhz;bUg;gjd;%yk; rpwe;jitahff;fUjg;gLfpwJ.

Ma;tpw;fhd gpur;rpid

Ma;tpw;fhd Nehf;fk;

Ma;tpw;fhd Nfs;tp

Ma;tpw;fhd juT> jfty;fs;

tpdhf;nfhj;jpd; Kf;fpa mikg;G Ma;tpw;fhd Nehf;fj;ij epiwT nra;Ak; juTfs;>jfty;fisg;ngWk;gFjpahff;fhzg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;mD$yq;fs;mD$yq;fs;mD$yq;fs;mD$yq;fs;

Ma;thsUf;F nryT Fiwe;jJ.

ngUe;njhifapdUf;F mDg;gp jfty;fisg;ngwKbAk;.

kpfj;njhiytpy;cs;sth;fsplkpUe;Jk;jfty;fisg;ngwyhk;

gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; rpwg;ghf tpdhf;nfhj;J tbtikj;jy; kpfTk;gpuNahrdkhdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.

tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;gad;gLj;jf;$batpdhf;nfhj;jpy;gad;gLj;jf;$batpdhf;nfhj;jpy;gad;gLj;jf;$batpdhf;nfhj;jpy;gad;gLj;jf;$ba tpdhf;fs;tpdhf;fs;tpdhf;fs;tpdhf;fs;

jpwe;j my;yJ mikg;G tpdhf;fs;.

Rje;jpukhd Jyq;fy;fSf;F fl;Lg;ghL tpjpf;Fk;tpdhf;fs;. Kw;WKOjhf mikg;ghf;fk; ngw;w tpdhf;fs;.

$w;W tpdhf;fs;. Mk;my;yJ ,y;iy tpdhf;fs;.

tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;tpdhf;nfhj;jpy;jtph;f;fg;gljtph;f;fg;gljtph;f;fg;gljtph;f;fg;gl Ntz;Ntz;Ntz;Ntz;babababa tpdhf;fs;tpdhf;fs;tpdhf;fs;tpdhf;fs;

topfhl;Lk;tpdhf;fs; fbdkhd tpdhf;fs;

rpf;fy; jd;ikahd tpdhf;fs; ,ul;il tpdhf;fs; Nfhg%l;Lk; tpdhf;fs;


19/51

19191919

tpdhf;nfhj;jpd;Kf;fpatpdhf;nfhj;jpd;Kf;fpatpdhf;nfhj;jpd;Kf;fpatpdhf;nfhj;jpd;Kf;fpa mk;gq;fs;mk;gq;fs;mk;gq;fs;mk;gq;fs;

Nehf;fj;jpd;mbg;gilapy; tpdhf;fisj;jahhpf;f Ntz;Lk;

vy;yh tpdhf;fSk; jahhpf;fg;gl;l gpd;G Kd;Ndhbg; ghPl;ir %yk; ghPl;rpf;fg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;

tpdhf;fspy; gy nghUs;gLk;jd;ik> f\;;lkhd jd;ik ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

tpdhf;nfhj;J fth;r;rpahf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

njspT> RUf;fkhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;

Ma;thshpd;ngah;> Kjypy;my;yJ ,Wjpapy; Fwpg;gplg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

tpdhf;fs; Kiwahf mikf;fg;LtJld; ,yFtpy; tpilaspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;.

mtjhdk;mtjhdk;mtjhdk;mtjhdk; ((((Observation))))

gd;Kfj; njhlh;Gfspd;mbg;gilapy; Vw;gLk; ,ay;Gfspd;epiyikfsJ fhuzq;fisAk;>tpisTfisAk;rhpahf Nehf;fp Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;nray;KiwNa mtjhdk;MFk;.

Neub mtjhdpg;GNeub mtjhdpg;GNeub mtjhdpg;GNeub mtjhdpg;G

mtjhdpg;G Kiwfs;mtjhdpg;G Kiwfs;mtjhdpg;G Kiwfs;mtjhdpg;G Kiwfs; kiwKf mtjhdpg;GkiwKf mtjhdpg;GkiwKf mtjhdpg;GkiwKf mtjhdpg;Ggq;Fgw;wy;mtjhdpg;Ggq;Fgw;wy;mtjhdpg;Ggq;Fgw;wy;mtjhdpg;Ggq;Fgw;wy;mtjhdpg;G

,jd;mD,jd;mD,jd;mD,jd;mD$yq;fs;:$yq;fs;:$yq;fs;:$yq;fs;:----

gyiu xNu Neuj;jpy; cldbahf mtjhdpj;J Ma;Tf;Fj;Njitahd jfty;fisg;

ngwKbAk;.

mtjhdpf;fg;gLNthh;nra;Ak;xU Ntiyia xNu rkaj;jpy;gyh; mtjhdpj;J

jfty;fisg;ngwKbAk;.

kiwKf mtjhdpg;gpd;%yk;ngwg;gLk;jfty;fs; ek;gfKk;jFjpAk;nfhz;ljhf

,Uf;Fk;.

NgrKbahjth;fisAk;> nkhop NtWghLilth;fisAk;mtjhdpj;J jfty;fisg;

ngwKbAk;.

,jd;gpujp$yq;fs;:,jd;gpujp$yq;fs;:,jd;gpujp$yq;fs;:,jd;gpujp$yq;fs;:----

jtwhd mtjhdpg;G %yk;jtwhf tpsf;fk; ngw tha;g;Gz;L.

mtjhdpg;gth;jkJ tpUg;G> ntWg;GfSf;Nfw;g mtjhdk;nra;a,lKz;L. ,jdhy;

rhpahd jfty;fs;ngWtJ fbdk;.

Neub mtjhdpg;gpy; jhk;mtjhdpf;fg;gLfpd;Nwhk;vd;w czh;T fhuzkhf

mtjhdpf;fg;gLgth;ajhh;j;j epiyia ntspf;fhl;lkhl;lhh;.


20/51

20202020

Jizj;juT (,uz;lhk;Jizj;juT (,uz;lhk;Jizj;juT (,uz;lhk;Jizj;juT (,uz;lhk;juT)juT)juT)juT)

Vw;fdNt NtnwhU Ma;Tf;fhf NtW juT Nrfhpg;ghshpdhy;Kd;G Nrfhpf;fg;gl;l juTfs;

jw;NghJ Xh; Gjpa Ma;Tf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mt;tifj; juTfs; Jizj;juTfs;

vdg;gLk;.

nghJNehf;fpy;murpdhy;my;yJ epWtdq;fspdhy;Vw;fdNt Nrfhpj;J itf;fg;gl;l juTj;

jpul;bypUe;J ((((Data Bank)))) Ma;thsd; juTfisg; ngWk;Kiw Jizj;juTfs; (,uz;lhk;

epiyj;juTfs;) vdg;gLk;.

juTfisg; ngWtJ Jizj;juitg; nghWj;jtiu Rygk;. nryT FiwT> ngw;Wf;

nfhs;Sk; Neuk;FiwT.

Jizj;juT toq;fy;Jizj;juT toq;fy;Jizj;juT toq;fy;Jizj;juT toq;fy;%%%%yq;fs;yq;fs;yq;fs;yq;fs;

jpizf;fs VLfs;> Mz;lwpf;iffs;> Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;..

xyp> xspg;gjpT ehlhf;fs

xspg;glq;fs;

Fwpg;Gf;fs;

Nfhg;G

gpuRhpf;fg;gl;litfs;

cjhuzk;:- gj;jphpf;iffs;> Gj;jfk;.

Gs;sp tpgutpay;Gs;sp tpgutpay;Gs;sp tpgutpay;Gs;sp tpgutpay; (Statistics))))

Gs;sp tpgutpay; vd;gJ juTfisr; Nrfhpj;j gpd;dh; mjid xOq;FgLj;jy;>

xOq;FgLj;jpa juTfis Muha;jy;> gpd; jFe;j Kbtpid vLj;jy; Mfpa

eltbf;iffisf;nfhz;lJ.

Gs;sp tpgutpaypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:Gs;sp tpgutpaypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:Gs;sp tpgutpaypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:Gs;sp tpgutpaypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;:----

Gs;sptpgutpayhdJ rpf;fy;fis ,yFthf;FfpwJ.

jplkhd KbTfisg;ngwf;$bajhftpUf;fk;.

juTfis xg;gplyhk;.

fUJNfhs;fis ghPl;rpf;f cjTfpwJ.

vjph;T$w Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;jJ.


21/51

21212121

gq;Fgw;Wjy;mgptpUj;jpgq;Fgw;Wjy;mgptpUj;jpgq;Fgw;Wjy;mgptpUj;jpgq;Fgw;Wjy;mgptpUj;jp nfhs;iffSk;je;jpNuhghaq;fSknfhs;iffSk;je;jpNuhghaq;fSknfhs;iffSk;je;jpNuhghaq;fSknfhs;iffSk;je;jpNuhghaq;fSk;;;;

Particimatary Development Polices and Stretegies

gq;Nfw;wy;mgptpUj;jpgq;Nfw;wy;mgptpUj;jpgq;Nfw;wy;mgptpUj;jpgq;Nfw;wy;mgptpUj;jp

gq;Nfw;G vd;gJ kf;fisg; gq;fhsh;fshfTk; vy;NyhiuAk; rkkhdth;fshfTk;

mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;thq;Fk;xU KiwahFk;.

,jdbg;gilapy; mth;fs; mgptpUj;jpapd; rpf;fy;fis milahsk; fhZjy;> mtw;iw

ePf;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lq;fisj;jpl;lkpLjy;> eilKiwg;gLj;jy;kw;Wk;kjpg;gpLjy;vd;gtw;wpy;

ngWkhdq;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. kf;fspd; Ra cjTjpwid Vw;Wf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

mDgtq;fisAk;El;gq;fisAk;gfph;e;J fye;Jiuahly;.mDgtq;fisAk;El;gq;fisAk;gfph;e;J fye;Jiuahly;.mDgtq;fisAk;El;gq;fisAk;gfph;e;J fye;Jiuahly;.mDgtq;fisAk;El;gq;fisAk;gfph;e;J fye;Jiuahly;.,q;F ghuk;ghpa mwpTk; etPd mwpTk; ,izf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ntt;NtW ghh;itapy;gpur;rpizfs;rPh;JHf;fpg;ghh;f;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.

kf;fis nray;gl itf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;ntspahh;newpg;gLj;jy;.kf;fis nray;gl itf;Fk;Nehf;fpy;ntspahh;newpg;gLj;jy;.kf;fis nray;gl itf;Fk; Nehf;fpy;ntspahh;newpg;gLj;jy;.kf;fis nray;gl itf;Fk;Nehf;fpy;ntspahh;newpg;gLj;jy;.fpuhk mgptpUj;jp njhlh;ghfTk; gpur;rpidfs; vd;dntd;Wk; fpuhkj;jth;fs;Rakhf Muhanewpg;gLj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

rhj;jpakrhj;jpakrhj;jpakrhj;jpakhd jPh;it Nehf;fp Kd;ndLj;jy;.hd jPh;it Nehf;fp Kd;ndLj;jy;.hd jPh;it Nehf;fp Kd;ndLj;jy;.hd jPh;it Nehf;fp Kd;ndLj;jy;.gpur;rpizfisAk;mjw;F rhj;jpakhdtw;iwAk; Muha;tjpy; ftdk;nrYj;Jjy;Ntz;Lk;.jPh;Tfis fz;Lgpbj;jypYk;> Muha;tjpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;. rhj;jpakhd vspikahdnraw;jpl;lq;fspy; fz;Nzhl;lk;nrYj;Jjy;.

mz;zsthf rhpahf ,Uj;jy;


22/51

22222222

Njitahdit vit> Njitaw;wit vit vdj;njhpjy;. #o;epiyfspw;F jFe;jtpjkhdcrpjkhd jPH;khdq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;.

jtWfspypUe;J fw;wy;epiyikfSf;F Vw;g nraw;ghLfis rhpnra;jy;.

gq;Nfw;wy;xU KbTwhj nraw;ghLfhyj;jpw;Nfw;g gpur;rpizfSk;NjitfSk;khWgLk;.

gq;Nfw;wy;mgptgq;Nfw;wy;mgptgq;Nfw;wy;mgptgq;Nfw;wy;mgptpUj;jpf;fhd Xh;pUj;jpf;fhd Xh;pUj;jpf;fhd Xh;pUj;jpf;fhd Xh;je;jpNuhghak;je;jpNuhghak;je;jpNuhghak;je;jpNuhghak;

fpuhkpa gq;Nfw;Gfpuhkpa gq;Nfw;Gfpuhkpa gq;Nfw;Gfpuhkpa gq;Nfw;G kjkjkjkjpg;gPLpg;gPLpg;gPLpg;gPL /Ma;TMa;TMa;TMa;T

(Participating Rural Appraisal)

fpuhkp gq;Nfw;G Ma;T (PRA) vd;gJ Jhpj fpuhkpa kjpg;gPL (Rapid Rual Appraisal)

KiwapypUe;J Njhw;wk;ngw;wjhFk;. gq;Nfw;Gldhd fpuhkpa Ma;T vd;gJ (PRA)gy;NtWtpjkhd gq;Nfw;G Kiwfis cs;slf;fpa fUtpfspd;ngl;lfkhFk;.

nghUj;jkhd Njitahd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp fpuhkk; gw;wpa xU KOikahdkjpg;gPl;il gq;Nfw;G hPjpapy;Nkw;nfhs;Sk;xU nraw;ghlhFk;.

fpuhkpa kf;fis Cf;Ftpj;J fpuhkj;jpd;mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghl;bd; rfy gbepiyfspYk;mth;fis nghWg;ig Vw;gth;fshfTk;mjw;F gjpy;$Wgth;fshfTk; khw;w Cf;Ftpf;Fk;kf;fis ikakhff;nfhz;l xU nraw;ghlhFk;.

PRA ahdJ gapw;wg;gl;l gy;Jiwrhh; cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis cs;slf;fpa FOtpd;topfhl;lYld; fpuhkj;jpd; kf;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L rpy nra;Kiwfspd; Clhf

mth;fis gad;ghLfisAk; ,dq;fhd fpuhk kf;fis xd;Wgl itj;JCf;Ftpf;Fk;nraw;ghlhFk;.

PRA ,d;mbg;gil,d;mbg;gil,d;mbg;gil,d;mbg;gil nfhs;iffs;nfhs;iffs;nfhs;iffs;nfhs;iffs;

Key Tenets of PRA

gq;Nfw;wy; (Participation)

FONtiy (Team WorK) gy%l;ly; ,ize;J fw;wy;

ntspg;gilj;jd;ik ciuahly;

[jhh;j;jj;ij fl;bnaOg;Gjy; tpl;Lf;nfhLj;jy;

khWghLfis kjpj;jy;.

Muk;g Ma;TMuk;g Ma;TMuk;g Ma;TMuk;g Ma;T tp[ak;tp[ak;tp[ak;tp[ak;(PIV)

Muk;g Ma;T tp[ak; vd;gJ fpuhkpa kf;fis xU nraw;ghl;bw;fhf jahh;gLj;JtJk;>mr;nraw;ghl;bw;fhd topKiwfis cWjpg;gLj;JtJkhFk;.

njhpT nra;ag;gl;l fpuhkk;,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F (PRA)cfe;jjh vdTk;> mr;nraw;ghl;bw;fhdFOit xOq;fikj;jYk;> kf;fs;mr;nraw;ghl;by;


23/51

23232323

Fwpg;ghf juTfis jpul;ly;> NkNyhl;lkhfg; ghh;j;jy;> nraw;ghL gw;wp tpsf;fkspj;jy;>ngw;w juTfis Muha;jYk;cWjpg;gLj;jYkhFk;.

PRA kjpg;gPl;Lf;kjpg;gPl;Lf;kjpg;gPl;Lf;kjpg;gPl;Lf;ffffUtpfs;Utpfs;Utpfs;Utpfs;

XusT xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Neh;fhzy; (Semistructed in Terviewing)

Njit kjpg;gPLk;Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;jYk;(Preference ranking)

tiuglkhf;fYk;khjphp jahhpj;jYk;(Mapping and Modeling)

FO fye;Jiuahly;(Group Discussion)

tuyhw;W> gUtfhy tbtkhf;fy; (Seasonal and Historical Diagramming)

epWtdq;fspd;gFg;gha;T (Matrix) FWf;F eil

FWf;FFWf;FFWf;FFWf;F eeeeilililil

PRA FOtpdh;fs;,U FOf;fshfg;gphpe;J fpuhkj;jpy;cs;shfr;Rw;Wtl;l mikg;Gf;fised;F mwpe;j fpuhkj;jth;fspd;cjtpAld;FWf;F eil Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fpuhkj;ijr;

Rw;wp FWf;F eil Ngha;f;nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghJ fpuhkj;jth;fSld;ciuahb gpd;tUk;rpyMuk;gj;jfty;fisg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;

fpuhkj;jpd;jw;Nghja #o;epiy

fpuhkpa tsq;fs;. fpuhk rKjhaj;jpw;fhd tUkhd mbg;gilfs;

vd;gdtw;Wld;fpuhk Fzhjpraj;jpid mtjhdpg;gpd;%yk;fzpg;gPl;Lf;nfhs;syhk;.

PRA ,d;,d;,d;,d;mD$yq;fs;mD$yq;fs;mD$yq;fs;mD$yq;fs;

fpuhk kf;fSila NjitfSk; gpur;rpizfSk; Muhag;gl;L> mjw;fhdrhj;jpaj;jd;ikfSk; milahsk;fhzg;gLk;.

fpuhk kf;fSf;F ,ilNaAk;mur kw;Wk; murrhh;gw;w epWtd cj;jpNahfj;jh;fSf;F,ilapyhd ek;gpf;ifAk;cwTk;tsu Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.

gytPdkhd FOf;fSk; mth;fSila gpur;rpizfis Fwpg;ghf milahsk; fhzTk;mjw;F rhjfkhdtw;iw MuhaTk;KbAk;.

xU epWtdk; fpuhkj;jpDs;Sk; ,yf;Ff; FOf;fsplKk; njhlh;ig Vw;gLj;Jtw;fhdKjw;gbPRA

nray;Kiw njspthfTk; gq;Nfw;wy; KiwapYk; mike;jhy; vy;NyhuhYk; ,yFtpy;Ghpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

,J ed;F jpl;lkpl;lgl;lJk;Kd;juTfs;ngWk; KiwAkhFk;.

PRA ,d;,d;,d;,d;tiuaiwfs;tiuaiwfs;tiuaiwfs;tiuaiwfs;

gapw;wg;gl;l cj;jpNahfj;jh;fis ve;jNeuj;jpYk; PRA Ma;Tf;F miog;gJ vd;gJ,yFthdnjhd;wy;y. fhuzk; mth;fis jkJ ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfisAk; ftdpf;fNtz;bapUg;gJ rpy eilKiwr;rpf;fy;fis Njhw;Wtpf;fpwJ.

fpuhkk;gw;wpa kjpg;gPl;il FWfpa ehl;fspy;FOtha; G+uzkhf nra;a KbahJ.


24/51

24242424

fpuhk mgptpUj;jpf;F PRA apd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vy;yh kl;lq;fspYk; cs;scj;jpNahfj;jh;fs;czh;e;J nfhs;tjpy;iy

PRA vd;w ngaiug; ghtpj;J fpuhkpa Ma;T nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Mdhy; ,f;fUtpfs;Kiwahf mjd;Nehf;fj;jpw;F Vw;g ghtpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

rKjharKjharKjharKjha mgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jp

rKjha mgptpUj;jp vd;gJ ,yhg Nehf;fkw;w Jiwfis> mgptpUj;jp rq;fq;fisgyg;gLj;jYk; mjw;fhf fLk;Kaw;rp vLj;jYk; cs;@h; rKjhaj;ij nghUshjhu hPjpapy;fl;bnaOg;Gk;nrad;KiwAkhFk;.

rKjharKjharKjharKjha mgptpUj;jpapd;mbg;gilf;mgptpUj;jpapd;mbg;gilf;mgptpUj;jpapd;mbg;gilf;mgptpUj;jpapd;mbg;gilf;nfhs;iffnfhs;iffnfhs;iffnfhs;iffs;s;s;s;

nraw;ghLfs;rKjhaj;jpd;mbg;gilj;NjitfSld;njhlh;GgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

rKjha mgptpUj;jp nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffSlDk;> gy;NtW Nehf;fk; nfhz;lnraw;jpl;lq;fSlDk;rkkhf efuy; Ntz;Lk;.

efu rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; fpuhkpa rKjhaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlh;G tYg;gLj;jg;gLjy;mj;Jld;tsq;fSk;> NritfSk;xOq;fhd Kiwapy;ifahsg;gLjy;.

rKjha mgptpUj;jpapd; Nehf;fk; r%fr; nraw;ghLfspy; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;igey;yKiwapy; mjpfhpg;gJkhFk;.

cs;@h; jiyikj;Jtj;ij milahsk; fhzy;> tsh;j;jy;> Cf;Ftpj;jy; gapw;rptoq;Fjy;,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpd;mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;.

gytPdKWk; FOf;fspd; mjpfsT ftdk; nrYj;JtJld; ngz;fs;> ,isQh;gq;Nfw;igAk;jpl;lq;fspy; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.

SWOT Ma;TMa;TMa;TMa;T

#ow;fhuzpfspd;rhfkhd fhuzpfs;> mr;RWj;jy;fs;vd;gd gw;wp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;Ma;T#oy; Ma;T vdTk;> epWtdj;jpd; gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fs; vd;gdgw;wp mwpAk; nghUl;LNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;T cs;sf Ma;T vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,t; ,U Ma;TfSk;,ize;J SWOT Ma;T vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

S Strengths gyq;fs;

W Weakenesses gytPdq;fs;

O Opportunities re;jh;g;gq;fs;/tha;g;Gf;fs;

T Threats mr;RWj;jy;fs;

epWtdq;fs; nghUj;jkhd jpl;lj;jpid jahhpg;gjw;F Kd;G epWtdk; #ow;fhuzpfshy;vjph;Nehf;fg;gLk; rhjfkhd fhuzpfs; mr;RWj;jy;fs; vd;gdtw;wpidAk;> epWtdq;fspd;gyq;fs;> gytPdq;fisAk; Ma;Tnra;J mjd;%yk; ngwg;gLk; jfty;fisrpYitAUTila ml;ltid %yk;vspikahf vLj;Jf;fhl;l KbAk;. ,jd;mbg;gilapy;Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdk; jpl;lq;fisj; jahhpg;gjw;Fk;> gytPdq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J mtw;wpidePf;Ftjw;Fk;cjTfpwJ.

ve;J xU epWtdj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhYk;


25/51

25252525

gyq;fs;:- %yjdk;> gapw;wg;gl;l Copah;

gytPdk;:- jpwdw;w juf;fl;Lg;ghL> tpidj;jpwdw;w njhlh;ghly;

mr;RWj;jy;fs; :- gpujhd Nghl;bahsh;

tha;g;Gfs;:- thp tpLjiy> rpwe;j murpay;nghUshjhu #o;epiy

xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ jdpkdpjdpd; cs;epiyia mwptjw;F ,J nghJthf

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. PRA / PNA,y;CBO,d;gyk;> gytPdk;> re;jh;g;gk;> mr;RWj;jy;fs;vd;gtw;iw MuhaTk;> gyj;ijAk;> re;jh;g;gj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp gq;Fgw;wYhlhf vt;thWNkYk;rq;fj;ij tsh;f;fyhk;vd;gijAk;> rq;f tsh;r;rpf;F gytPdkhfTk;mr;RWj;jyhfTk;vit fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij fz;lwpaTk;> vt;thW mtw;iw epth;j;jp nra;ayhk;vd;gijAk;fz;lwpa ,r;nraw;ghL cjtp GhpfpwJ.

gyk;> gytPdk; epWtdj;jpd; cs;sf fhuzpfis Muha;tjhfTk; re;jh;g;gk;> mr;RWj;jy;epWtdj;jpw;F ntspNa cs;s fhuzpfis Muha;tjhfTk;cs;sJ.

gyk; re;jh;g;gk;

gytPdk; mr;RWj;jy;

nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk; (Project)

nray;jpl;lk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidiaj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd njhlh;r;rpahdnraw;ghLfis Fwpj;j fhytiuaiwf;Fs;Sk;> Fwpj;j epjp epiyikfSf;Fs;Sk;> epd;WFwpj;j Xh; ,lj;jpy;nray;gLj;Jfpd;w xU nraw;ghlhFk;.

tsq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhf gad;gLj;jTk;> epjp ifahSifia ,yFgLj;jTk;> kf;fs;

gq;fspg;ig Jhpjg;gLj;jTk;> ,d;iwa mgptpUj;jp cghaj;jpd;fUtpahf ,r;nray;jpl;lk;gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

xU nray;jpl;lkhdJ 03 fhuzpfspd;mbg;gilapy;,dq;fhzg;gLk;.

Njit mbg;gilapy;

tsq;fspd;mbg;gilapy; re;ij mbg;gilapy;

nray;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fs;nray;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fs;nray;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fs;nray;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fs;

,q;F ,uz;L tifahd Nehf;fq;fis fhzyhk;.

01. nghJ Nehf;fk; (Overall Objective)02. rpwg;G Nehf;fk;(Specific Objective)

,jpy;rpwg;G Nehf;fkhdJ SMARTcilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

S - Specific(Fwpg;gpl;L nrhy;yf;$bajhf)

M - Measurable(mstpl $bajhf)

A - Achievable(milaf;$bajhf)

R - Realistic((((cz;ikahd khw;w Nehf;fj;jpid gpujpgypf;f $bajhf)

T - Time Frame(Fwpj;j fhy tiuaiwia nfhz;ljhf)


26/51

26262626

Nehf;fq;fs; tiuaiw nra;ag;gLfpd;wNghJ Fwpj;j rpy gz;GfSf;F cl;gl;Nl

MfNtz;Lk;. mJNt SMARTMFk;.

nray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;l nra;Kiwnra;Kiwnra;Kiwnra;Kiw (Process of a Project)

xU nray;jpl;lk;njhlh;ghf ftdj;jpnyLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpa tplaq;fs; Nehf;fk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy msT

nraw;ghLfspd;njhFg;G

tsq;fy;

gadhspfs;my;yJ ,yf;F FO

,lk; my;yJ Gtpapay; vy;iy

nray;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;03 fl;lq;fs;nray;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;03 fl;lq;fs;nray;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;03 fl;lq;fs;nray;jpl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;03 fl;lq;fs;

ve;jnthU nray;jpl;lKk;gpd;tUk;03 fl;lq;fSf;F cl;gl;Nlahf Ntz;Lk;.

nray;jpl;l tl;lk;nray;jpl;l tl;lk;nray;jpl;l tl;lk;nray;jpl;l tl;lk;(Project Cycle)

,jpy;gpd;tUk tplaq;fs;cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

mjhtJ

01. nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk;fhZjy;02. nray;jpl;lj;ij jahhpj;jy;

03. nray;jpl;lj;ij juq;fzpg;gPL nrajy;

04. nray;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

05. nray;jpl;lj;ij kjpg;gPL nra;jy;

Mfpa mk;rq;fs;ms;slq;Ffpd;wd.

ntspaPLntspaPLntspaPLntspaPL

nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;nghUl;fSk;NritfSk;NritfSk;NritfSk;NritfSk;

cs;sPLcs;sPLcs;sPLcs;sPL

epjpepjpepjpepjpkdpjtsk;kdpjtsk;kdpjtsk;kdpjtsk;

nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;

Project

tbtikj;jy;tbtikj;jy;tbtikj;jy;tbtikj;jy;(Design it)

tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;

gFg;gha;T

Kw;gfh;T

epahag;gLj;jy;

cld;gbf;ifnra;jy;

mgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpmgptpUj;jpnra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;

(Develop it)

kPsha;T

gpd;Dhl;ly;

nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;nra;jy;(Do it)

Muk;gpj;jy;

epiwNtw;Wjy;

G+h;j;jp nra;jy;

ifaspj;jy;


27/51

27272727

Nthk;nray;jpl;lNthk;nray;jpl;lNthk;nray;jpl;lNthk;nray;jpl;l tl;lk;tl;lk;tl;lk;tl;lk;

Boums Project Cycle

kjpg;gpLjy;kjpg;gpLjy;kjpg;gpLjy;kjpg;gpLjy;

EVALUATION

jahhpj;jy;

(PREPARATIO))))

eilKiwg;gLj;eilKiwg;gLj;eilKiwg;gLj;eilKiwg;gLj;jy;jy;jy;jy;

IMPLEMENTATION

juf;fzpg;Gnra;jy;

(APPRAISAL)

nray;jpl;lj;i

j MILAHSK;fhZjy;

(IDENTIFICATIO)


28/51

28282828

uz;bney;ypd;nray;jpl;l tl;luz;bney;ypd;nray;jpl;l tl;luz;bney;ypd;nray;jpl;l tl;luz;bney;ypd;nray;jpl;l tl;lk;k;k;k;Randinellis Project Cycle

Follow up(gpd;njhlh;jy;) Identification

Evaluation (milahsg;gLj;jy;)(kjpg;gpLjy;)

Activation Preparation (jahhpj;jy;)(,af;Fjy;)

Completion planning(KbTWj;jy;) ( jpl;lkpLjy;)

Monitoring Appraisal(fz;fhdpj;jy;)(juq;fdpj;jy;)

Implementaion Selection(mKy;gLj;jy;) (njhpT nra;jy;)

Organization(xOq;fikj;jy;)

nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk;fhZjy;nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk;fhZjy;nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk;fhZjy;nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk;fhZjy;

murhq;fk;my;yJ nray;gLj;Jk;epWtdk;gpd;tUk;fhuzpfSf;F mika nray;jpl;lj;ij

milahsk;fhz;fpd;wJ.

Njit mbg;gilapy; ts mbg;gilapy; re;ij mbg;gilapy;

nray;jpl;lk;xd;wpd;mbg;gilahd gbKiw ,JthFk;.

,jDs;gpd;tUk;mZFKiwfs;cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

NkypUe;J fPo;mZFKiw

,q;F nray; jpl;lj;ij ,dq;fhzy; mur kl;lj;jpypUe;J cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

fPopUe;J Nky;mZFKiw

nray; jpl;l gpuNjr kf;fsplkpUe;J fUj;Jf;fs;ngwg;gl;L mjdbg;gilapy;nray;jpl;lk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

gq;Fgw;Wjy;mZFKiw gpuNjr mgptpUj;jpf;F gq;F nfhs;Sk;gq;fhspfsplkpUe;J jfty; ngwg;gl;L nray;jpl;lk;jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.


29/51

29292929

njhopy;ty;Ydh;

kf;fs;

murpay;thjpfs;

%tUk;cld;gLk;epiyapy;nray;jpl;lk;milahsk;fhzg;gLk;

vg;NghJk;nray;jpl;lk;xd;wpd;ntw;wp gpur;rpidia rhpahd Kiwapy;,dq;fhz;gjpNyNajq;fpAs;sJ.

gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gpd;tUk;gy;NtW tifahd cj;jpfs;gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

01. gpur;rpid kuk;.

02. gpur;rpid ml;ltiz.03. gpur;rpid ml;il.

nray;jpl;lj;ij milahsk;fhZtjpy;nry;thf;F nrYj;Jgit :-

ehl;bd; murpay; nfhs;if> ehl;bd; Nehf;fk;> ,aYj;jd;ik> Jiwrhh; mgptpUj;jp>murpay;r%fg;gpd;zdp> ,yf;F FOf;fs;.

nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;nray;jpl;lk;jahhpj;jy;.jahhpj;jy;.jahhpj;jy;.jahhpj;jy;.

(Project Preparation )

rhj;jpats Ma;it Nkw;nfhz;L nray;jpl;lkhdJ jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,f;fl;lj;jpNyNa

fUj;jpl;lKk; cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ. ghhpa fUj;jpl;lq;fSf;Nf rhj;jpats Ma;TNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. nghUshjhu> rl;l> #oy;> njhopy;El;g re;ij> epiyf;Nfw;g fUj;jpl;lk;rhj;jpakhdjh vd ,q;F Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.

nray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;Gjuf;fzpg;Gjuf;fzpg;Gjuf;fzpg;G (Project Appraisal)

nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G rhj;jpa ts Ma;tpd; gpd;dUk; nray;jpl;lk; nray;gLj;Jtjw;FKd;dUk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. jpl;l Kd;Nahridfis njhpT nra;tjw;fhfTk;>mq;fPfhpg;gw;fhfTk; KOikahfNth my;yJ gFjpahfNth rpghhpR nra;aKd; jPtpukhfkWghprPyid nra;tjhFk;.

,J epjpaspf;Fk; Kftuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. njhopy;El;g nghUshjhu epjp> re;ij>th;j;jf> #oy; rk;ge;jkhf juf;fzpg;G ,q;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

Vd;nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ ?Vd;nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ ?Vd;nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ ?Vd;nray;jpl;l juf;fzpg;G nra;ag;gLfpwJ ?

rhpahd jftybg;gilapy; nray;jpl;lk; milahsk;fhzg;gl;Ls;sjh?

fUj;jpl;lk;ajhh;j;jkhdjh?

fUj;jpl;lk;Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajh?

Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhfNtahFk;.


30/51


31/51

31313131

fz;fhdpg;gpd;fz;fhdpg;gpd;fz;fhdpg;gpd;fz;fhdpg;gpd;tiffs;tiffs;tiffs;tiffs;(Types of Monitoring)

ngsjPf fz;fhdpg;G (Physical Monitoring)

epjpapay; fz;fhdpg;G (Financial Monitoring) nra;Kiw fz;fhdpg;G ((((Process Monitoring)

gadhsp fz;fhdpg;G (Beneficiaries Monitoring)

gq;Fgw;Wjy;fz;fhdpg;G (Participatry Monitoring)

nray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;l fz;fhzpfz;fhzpfz;fhzpfz;fhzpg;Gg;Gg;Gg;G El;gq;fs;El;gq;fs;El;gq;fs;El;gq;fs;

fd;rhl;(Gant Chart) tiyg;gpd;dy;gFg;gha;T (Network Analysis))))

jh;f;f hPjpahd fl;likg;G Kiw (Logical Frame work Approach) Work Break down Structure

fd;rhl;fd;rhl;fd;rhl;fd;rhl; (Gant Chart)

,J fd;vd;gtuhy;mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. nray;jpl;l mk;rq;fs;Jy;ypakhf ,k;Kiwapy;vLj;jwpg;gLfpd;wd. Ehyf; fl;blk; mikj;jYf;fhd khjphp fd;rhl; tiuglk; gpd;tUkhW

mikfpwJ.

,,,,yyyy nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;

fhyg;fhyg;fhyg;fhyg; gFjp 2010gFjp 2010gFjp 2010gFjp 2010 nghWg;GnghWg;GnghWg;GnghWg;G

J F M A M J J A S O N D1 jpl;lk;jahhpj;jy; PD

2 mDkjp ngwy; ACLG

3 nghUl;fs;nfhs;tdT

ACLG

4 epyk; jahh;gLj;jy; To

5 mj;jpthuk;mikj;jy;

6 RtL 7 $iuaply; 8 th;zk; jPl;Ljy;

9 fz;fhzpg;G ACLG

10 Ntiy G+h;j;jp

11 kjpg;gPL nra;jy; To


32/51

32323232

jh;f;f hPjpahd fl;likg;Gjh;f;f hPjpahd fl;likg;Gjh;f;f hPjpahd fl;likg;Gjh;f;f hPjpahd fl;likg;G (Logical Frame Work)

epiyf;Fj;jhdJk;fpilahdJk;jh;f;f Ma;T ,JthFk;. xU fUj;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd jpl;lkply;>mjid eilKiwg;gLj;jy;. kjpg;gPL nra;jy; Mfpatw;wpid Nkw;nfhs;s trjpapidVw;gLj;Jk;xU fUtpahFk;.

jh;f;fhPjpahd fl;likg;ghdJ jpl;lk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij nfhilahspf;F toq;FfpwJ.

cyf tq;fp> rh;tNjr ehza epjpak; Nghd;w ,k;Kiwia gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd. ,J xU 4x4jpl;lkply;mzpakhFk;.

,jd;fl;likg;G tUkhW

LFA :-

nray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;lnray;jpl;l kjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPLkjpg;gPL (Project Evalution)

o xU nray;jpl;lj;jpd; my;yJ epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpdJ my;yJ nfhs;ifapdJ my;yJepWtdj;jpdJ milag;gl;l rhjidfisAk; ngWNgWfisAk; gFg;gha;T nra;tNjkjpg;gPlhFk;.

o eilngwg;NghFk; my;yJ eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;lnray;jpl;lj;ij kjpg;gpLtJ mjhtJ Nehf;fj;ij G+h;j;jp nra;Js;sjh> nray;jpl;lk;tpidj;jpwdhdjh> tpidepiwNtw;wKilajh? epiyj;jpUf;f $bajh> mjd; jhf;fk;

vd;d vd;gij nray;jpwd;kjpg;gPL gFg;gha;T nra;fpwJ.

nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPL Vd;nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPL Vd;nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPL Vd;nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPL Vd;Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJKf;fpaj;JtkhdJKf;fpaj;JtkhdJKf;fpaj;JtkhdJ

fzf;fspjfik (Accoutability), ntspg;gilj;jd;ik (Transparency)>ey;yhl;rp vd;gtw;iw mjpfhpf;fyhk;.

nray;jpl;lk; njhlh;ghd gpd;Dhl;ly; ,dptUk; fhyq;fspy; nray;jpl;l juj;ijmjpfhpf;f ey;y gbg;gpidia Vw;gLj;Jk;.

vjph;ghuhky; Vw;gLk;jtWfis Fiwf;fyhk;

nray;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ On going evaluation MdJjtWfis jpUj;j cjTk;.

gadhspfis tYt+l;Lk;.

jPh;khdk;vLj;jy;nray;Kiwia Kd;Ndw;Wk;.

eilngw;W Kbe;j Ntiyf;fhd kjpg;gPL ,dptUk; nray;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd gykhdmbg;gilia Vw;gLj;Jk;.

vjph;tUk;nray;jpl;lj;jpw;fhd nfhs;if tbtikg;G (Policy Design)> jpl;lq;fs; (Plans)kw;Wk; mjd; Kfhikj;Jtk; (Management) njhlh;ghd gadhd jftiy my;yJjsj;ij my;yJ ghlj;ij toq;Fk;.

,y,y,y,y Nehf;f gbKiwfs;Nehf;f gbKiwfs;Nehf;f gbKiwfs;Nehf;f gbKiwfs; Nehf;fj;ijNehf;fj;ijNehf;fj;ijNehf;fj;ijrhpghh;f;Fk;rhpghh;f;Fk;rhpghh;f;Fk;rhpghh;f;Fk;Fwpfhl;bfs;Fwpfhl;bfs;Fwpfhl;bfs;Fwpfhl;bfs;

rhpghh;f;Fk;rhpghh;f;Fk;rhpghh;f;Fk;rhpghh;f;Fk;toptiffs;toptiffs;toptiffs;toptiffs;

mDkhdq;fSk;mDkhdq;fSk;mDkhdq;fSk;mDkhdq;fSk;mghaq;fSk;mghaq;fSk;mghaq;fSk;mghaq;fSk;

1 Nehf;fk; (Goal)2 cldb fhuzq;fs;

(Purpose)3 ntspaPL (Out put )

4 nraw;ghLfs;(Activity))))

5 cs;sPL (Input)


33/51

33333333

ey;y ngWNgw;Wey;y ngWNgw;Wey;y ngWNgw;Wey;y ngWNgw;W kjpg;gPl;lhsh;kjpg;gPl;lhsh;kjpg;gPl;lhsh;kjpg;gPl;lhsh;nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;banfhz;bUf;f Ntz;banfhz;bUf;f Ntz;banfhz;bUf;f Ntz;ba jfikfs;.jfikfs;.jfikfs;.jfikfs;.

njhopy;El;g epGzj;Jtk;(Technical Erpertise))))

Jiwrhh;epGzj;Jtk; (Sectoral Erpertise)

ghuhgl;rkw;w jd;ik (Impartiality)

njhlh;ghly;jpwd;(Communication) jpwd;(Interpersonal Skills)

kjpg;gPl;bd;kjpg;gPl;bd;kjpg;gPl;bd;kjpg;gPl;bd;jd;ikjd;ikjd;ikjd;ik

kjpg;gPl;lhdJ gpd;tUk; Njhw;w epiyg;ghl;ilf;nfhz;bUj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nghUj;jkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk; tpidj;jpwDilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk; tpid epiwNtw;wKilajhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjhf ,Uj;jy;Ntz;Lk;.

epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f jd;ikAilajhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

nray;jpl;l kjnray;jpl;l kjnray;jpl;l kjnray;jpl;l kjpg;gPl;bd;pg;gPl;bd;pg;gPl;bd;pg;gPl;bd;tifg;ghLfs;tifg;ghLfs;tifg;ghLfs;tifg;ghLfs;

nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPlhdJ 04 tifg;gLk;. mitahtd

01. nray;jpl;l Kd;kjpg;gPL

(Ex Anti Evaluation / Pre - Evaluation)

,J jPh;khdk; vLg;NghUf;F cjTfpwJ. nray;jpl;lk; milahsk; fhzg;gl;l gpd;dh;,t; juq;fzpg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. nray;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;f Kd;duhfNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;kjpg;gPL ,JthFk;.

02. nray;jpl;lj;jpd;Nghjhd kjpg;gPL

(On Going Evaluation / Mid Term Review / Interium Evaluation / Formative Evaluation)nray;jpl;lkhdJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wNghJ ,t; kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.tsq;fspd;tpidj;jpwdhd cr;rg;gad;ghl;il ,t;kjpg;gPL cWjpg;gLj;j cjTfpwJ.

03. nray;jpl;lj;jpd;gpd;duhd kjpg;gPL

(Ex Post Evaluation / Summative Evaluation)

nray;jpl;lk;epiwTngw;w (rpy Mz;Lfspd;) gpd;dh;,k;kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

fpilf;fg;ngw;w tsq;fs;> gad;gLj;jg;gl;l jd;ik vd;gtw;iw Ma;T nra;fpwJ.xt;nthU nray;jpl;l fl;lj;jpYk; khw;Wtopfs;> re;jh;g;gq;fs;> jilfs; vd;gtw;iwkjpg;gpLfpwJ. ngwg;gl;l mDgtj;ij nray;jpl;l jpl;;lkplYf;F gad;gLj;jyhk;.

04.nray;jpl;l jhf;f kjpg;gPL (Impact Evaluation)nray;jpl;lk;G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gl;L gy Mz;Lfs;fope;j gpd;dh;mjd;jhf;fk;Fwpj;JNkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;kjpg;gPl;lhFk;.


34/51

34343434

kjpg;gPl;Lkjpg;gPl;Lkjpg;gPl;Lkjpg;gPl;L KiwikKiwikKiwikKiwik (Evaluation Methodology)

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf :-Rating :-

Highly SuccessfulSuccessfulPartly SuccessfulUnsuccessful

vd ngWNgw;W kjpg;gPL ,lg;gLfpwJ.

jpl;l kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhyj;jpy;ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;jpl;l kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhyj;jpy;ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;jpl;l kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhyj;jpy;ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;jpl;l kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhyj;jpy;ftdj;jpy;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;

,yf;F FOtpd;gq;Fgw;wy;epiy ed;ik milgth;fs;ahh;?

murhq;fj;jpd;epjp cWjpg;ghLfs; murpay;hPjpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;jd;ik

fUj;jpl;lfUj;jpl;lfUj;jpl;lfUj;jpl;l Kd;nkhopTKd;nkhopTKd;nkhopTKd;nkhopT (Project Proposal)xd;wpy;xd;wpy;xd;wpy;xd;wpy;,lk;ngw Ntz;ba,lk;ngw Ntz;ba,lk;ngw Ntz;ba,lk;ngw Ntz;ba mk;rq;fs;mk;rq;fs;mk;rq;fs;mk;rq;fs;

01. fUj;jpl;l jiyg;G

02. nray;jpl;l epiNtw;Wr; RUf;fk;

jpl;l Kf;faj;Jtk;

jpl;lj;ij ,dq;fhzy;.

03. epWtdj;jpd; gpd;Gyk;

epWtdj;jpd;ngah;> tpyhrk;> mjd;Nehf;fk; epWtd fl;likg;G> tsq;fs;> mjd;nray;jpl;l mDgtk;

Rating

Scoring

Indicators

EvaluationQuestions

Evaluation

Criteria


35/51

35353535

04. nray;jpl;l gpd;ddp

05. nray;jpl;lj;ij epahag;gLj;jy;

06. fUj;jpl;lj;jpd;Nehf;fq;fs; gd;Kf ,yf;Ffs; (Overall Objectives)

Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;Ffs;(Specific Objectives )

07. nray;jpl;l tpguk; miktplk; rhj;jpaj;jd;ik

njhlh;ghly;trjpfs;

Nkyjpf ts Njitg;ghLfs;

08. gadhspfs;(Neub> kiwKf)

09. nray;jpl;l eilKiwg;gLj;jy; jpl;lk;

10. kjpg;gPl;L nryT

11. nray;jpl;l fz;fhdpg;G jpl;lk;

12. nray;jpl;l kjpg;gPL

13. nray;jpl;l #oy;jhf;fk;

14. ghy; hPjpahd fUj;jpay;

15. ePbj;J epiyf;Fk; epiy

16. ,izg;Gf;fs;

Kfhikj;JtKk;Kfhikj;JtKk;Kfhikj;JtKk;Kfhikj;JtKk;mjd;mjd;mjd;mjd; njhopw;ghLfSknjhopw;ghLfSknjhopw;ghLfSknjhopw;ghLfSk;;;;

Kfhikj;Jtk;.Kfhikj;Jtk;.Kfhikj;Jtk;.Kfhikj;Jtk;.

Mary Porker Follet :-

Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ Copah;fisf; nfhz;L fUkq;fisr; nra;tpg;gJ njhlh;ghd xUfiyahFk;.

Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ epWtdj;jpd;tsq;fisj;jpl;lkpLjy;> xOq;fikj;jy;> topelj;jy;>fl;Lg;gLj;jy;vd;gd %yk;epWtdj;jpd;,yf;fpid gaDWjp kpf;fjhfTk;> jpwikahfTk;milaKw;gLk;nraw;ghlhFk;.

epWtdj;jpd; tsq;fisr; rhpahd Kiwapy; jpl;lkpl;L> topelj;jp> xOq;fikj;J>fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjd;%yNk epWtdj;jpd;,yf;fpid milayhk;.

epWtdj;jpd;tsq;fs;vd;Dk;NghJ 8888 msmjpy;cs;slq;FfpwJ.

8 ms

Men

Minds Machine

Machine

Minite Money

Market Method Material


36/51

36363636

Kfhikj;JtKfhikj;JtKfhikj;JtKfhikj;Jt njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;njhopw;ghLfs;

n`d;wp gNahy;vd;gtuJ fUj;Jg;gb Kfhikahsh;vd;Nghh;Ie;J tifahd Kfhikj;Jtnjhopw;ghLfis nra;gth;fshf fUjg;gLth;.

jpl;lkply;.

xOq;fikj;jy; fl;lisaply;

xUq;fpizj;jy; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

,J gpd;dh; jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> jiyikj;Jtk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd ehd;fhfg;fUjg;gl;lJ.

n`d;wp kpd;w;];Ngh;f; vd;gtuJ fUj;Jg;gb Kfhikahsh; vd;gth; gj;J ghq;Ffis Vw;Wnra;gLgtuhf mikfpd;whh;.mitahtd :-

egh;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlh;ghq;Ffs;:-

mjpfhuj;jiyth;

topfhl;b ,izg;ghsh;

jfty; njhlh;Gg;ghq;Ffs; newpahsh;

jfty;ghpkhw;Wdh; Ngr;rhsh;.

jPh;khdk;vLf;Fk;ghq;Ffs;

njhopy;Kaw;rpahsh;

Fog;gq;fis jzpg;gth;

ts xJf;fPl;lhsh; Ngr;R thh;j;ijahsh;.

jiyikj;Jtk;jiyikj;Jtk;jiyikj;Jtk;jiyikj;Jtk;

jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ Copaiu ek;gr; nra;jy;> Cf;Ftpj;jy;> czh;T+l;ly; Nghd;wnraw;ghLfs; %yk; Njitahd gad;jU khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jp epWtdj;ij mjd;,yl;rpak;Nehf;fpa ghijapy;topelj;jpf;nfhz;L nry;tNj MFk;.

mjhtJ jiyikj;Jtk; vdg;gLtJ epWtdj;jpYs;s mq;fj;jth;fis topelj;jpmth;fsplkpUe;J jd;dpr;irahd xj;Jiog;gpidg; ngw;W mjDhlhf epWtdj;jpd;Nehf;fj;jpid milKw;gLk;nraw;ghL MFk;.

jiyikj;Jtk;jiyikj;Jtk;jiyikj;Jtk;jiyikj;Jtk;

Copah;

Copah;jpUg;jp

epWtd ,yf;F


37/51

37373737

xU Kfhikahshpd;njhopg;ghLfspy;jiyik jhq;fpf;nry;yy;Xu; gpujhd $whFk;.

MfNt Kfhikahsh; jpl;lkpl;L> xOq;fikj;J jiyikjhq;fp> fl;Lg;gLj;jp

epWtdj;jpy;Xh;rkepiyia nfhz;bUf;f Kay;fpwhh;.

Mdhy;jiyikj;JtNkh Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fs; %yKk;czh;T+l;ly;%yKk;CopahpilNa

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp gad;jU khw;wnkhd;iw epWtdj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;epWtdj;jpd; ,yf;F Nehf;fpa jpirapy; epWtdj;ijAk;> CopaiuAk; topelj;jpr;

nry;tijf;Fwpf;Fk;.

Kfhikahsh;fs; te;jgpd; nraw;gLgth;fshf ,Uf;f jiyth;fs; tUKd;

nraw;gLgth;fshf ,Ug;gh;.

Kfhikj;Jtk; rpf;fy; epiyfis rkhspg;gjpy; nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ghhpa epWtq;fs;

cUthFk; jw;fhy #oYf;F Kfhikj;Jtk; kpf mtrpak;. Mdhy; jiyikj;Jtk;

khw;wq;fSf;F rh;tNjr Nghl;bj;jd;ik Mfpait MFk;.

epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtk;epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtk;epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtk;epWtdj;jpd; Kfhikj;Jtk;/jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.

vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;vd;gijj;jPh;khdpj;jy;

jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;lij miltjw;F Vw;wtifapy; CopahpilNa gpizg;Gf;fisAk;cwTfisAk;Njhw;Wtpj;jy;.

xt;nthUtUk; jPH;khdj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjpy; jj;jkJ gq;Ffis epiwNtw;WjiycWjpnra;jy;.

Kfhikj;Jtk;,r;nraw;ghLfis gpd;tUkhW Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.Kfhikj;Jtk;,r;nraw;ghLfis gpd;tUkhW Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.Kfhikj;Jtk;,r;nraw;ghLfis gpd;tUkhW Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.Kfhikj;Jtk;,r;nraw;ghLfis gpd;tUkhW Nkw;nfhs;Sk;.

a) jpl;lkplYk;ghjPL jahhpj;jYk;.

,yf;Ffis jPh;khdpj;jy; ,jid miktjw;fhd gbKiwfis eph;zapj;jy; jpl;lj;ij miltjw;F Njitahd tsq;fis xJf;Fjy;

b) xOq;fikj;jYk;CopahplYk;

epWtdf;fl;likg;igj;Njhw;Wtpj;jy; jpl;lj;jpw;F Njitahd gzpfis tbtikj;jy;

gzpfSf;F nghUj;jkhdth;fis mkh;j;Jjy; jpl;lj;ij mth;fSf;F Ghpaitj;J nraw;gLtjw;fhd nghWg;Gf;fis gfph;T

nra;jy;

mKyhf;fj;ij newpg;gLj;jj;Njitahd mikg;Gf;fis mikj;jy;.

c) fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;gpur;rpizfisj; jPh;j;Jitj;jYk;.

cz;ik epfo;Tfis jpl;lj;Jld;xg;gPL nra;jy; khwy;fis milahsk;fhZjy; gpur;rpizapd;jPh;Tf;F Vw;g jpl;lq;fis khw;wp mikj;jy;.


38/51

38383838

Kfhikahshpd; gzpapy; jiyik jhq;Fjy; gpujhdkhdjhFk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk; mijjpl;lkpl;L> xOq;fikj;J> fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jd;%yk;Kfhikahsh; epWtdj;jpy;Xh; epiyapy; Ngz Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; jiyikj;Jtk; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfpspy; tpNtf hPjpahdJkhd xU nraw;ghNl jpl;lkplyhFk;.

mjhtJ epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpid tiuaWj;J mjid milAk; nghUl;Lnraw;ghLfisj;jPh;khdpj;J mtw;wpid xd;dpizj;Jf;nfhs;tjidf;Fwpf;fpwJ.

jpl;lkplyhdJ

vjph;fhyj;jpy; vd;d nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk; ?vg;NghJ nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;?vq;F nra;ag;gly;Ntz;Lk; ?ahuhy;nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;?vt;thW nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;?

vd;w tplaq;fspy; ftdj;jpidj;nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.


39/51

39393939

jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ 04 nra;Kiwfs;,lk;ngWfpd;wd.jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ 04 nra;Kiwfs;,lk;ngWfpd;wd.jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ 04 nra;Kiwfs;,lk;ngWfpd;wd.jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ 04 nra;Kiwfs;,lk;ngWfpd;wd.

Nehf;fj;jpid tiuaWj;jy;Nehf;fj;jpid tiuaWj;jy;Nehf;fj;jpid tiuaWj;jy;Nehf;fj;jpid tiuaWj;jy;

Nehf;fj;jpid milAk;nghUl;LNehf;fj;jpid milAk;nghUl;LNehf;fj;jpid milAk;nghUl;LNehf;fj;jpid milAk;nghUl;L

nraw;ghLfis jPh;khdpj;jy;nraw;ghLfis jPh;khdpj;jy;nraw;ghLfis jPh;khdpj;jy;nraw;ghLfis jPh;khdpj;jy;

nnnnraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Lraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Lraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Lraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghUl;Ltsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;tsq;fis xJf;fPL nra;jy;

nraw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;jynraw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;jynraw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;jynraw;ghLfis mKy;gLj;jy;.;.;.;.

jpl;lkply;nra;Kiwjpl;lkply;nra;Kiwjpl;lkply;nra;Kiwjpl;lkply;nra;Kiw Planning Process

jpl;lkplypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;jpl;lkplypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;jpl;lkplypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;jpl;lkplypd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

jpl;lkplyhdJ epWtdj;jpd;nraw;ghLfis xd;wpidj;Jf;nfhs;s cjTfpd;wJ.

jpl;lkplyhdJ rfyiuAk;topelj;Jfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplypd;%yk; tpuaq;fis Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplypd; %yk; vjph;fhyj;jpy; Vw;glf;$ba epr;rakw;w jd;ikfis kjpg;gPL

nra;tjw;Fk;mjd;mbg;gilapy;jpl;lkplypid Nkw;nfhs;sTk;Kbfpd;wJ. jpl;lkplyhdJ fLikahd nraw;ghLfisAk;,yFthf;Ffpd;wJ.


40/51

40404040

jpl;lkplypd;tiffs;jpl;lkplypd;tiffs;jpl;lkplypd;tiffs;jpl;lkplypd;tiffs;

je;jpNuhghaj; jpl;lkply;

FWq;fhy jpl;lkply;

ePz;lfhy jpl;lkply;

jpl;lkply;kl;lq;fs;jpl;lkply;kl;lq;fs;jpl;lkply;kl;lq;fs;jpl;lkply;kl;lq;fs;

Ez;ghfj;jpl;lkply;Ez;ghfj;jpl;lkply;Ez;ghfj;jpl;lkply;Ez;ghfj;jpl;lkply;

ngUk;ghf jpl;lkply;ngUk;ghf jpl;lkply;ngUk;ghf jpl;lkply;ngUk;ghf jpl;lkply;(,iwf;nfhs;if> ehzaf; nfhs;if> nrd;kjp epYit rkdpiy rhh;ghd Njrpajpl;lkply;fs;)

Jiwrhh;jpl;lkply;Jiwrhh;jpl;lkply;Jiwrhh;jpl;lkply;Jiwrhh;jpl;lkply;(tptrha> ifj;njhopy;> Nritfs;; Jiw rhh;ghd jpl;lkply;fs;)

fUj;jpl;l jpl;lkply;fUj;jpl;l jpl;lkply;fUj;jpl;l jpl;lkply;fUj;jpl;l jpl;lkply;(rpWfUj;jpl;lq;fs;> ghhpa fUJjpl;lq;fs; -cjhuzk;:- Nky; nfhj;kiy mdy; kpd;epiyak;)

epWtdj;jpd;njhiyNehf;F> Fwpf;Nfhs;> ,yf;F> Nehf;fk;epWtdj;jpd;njhiyNehf;F> Fwpf;Nfhs;> ,yf;F> Nehf;fk;epWtdj;jpd;njhiyNehf;F> Fwpf;Nfhs;> ,yf;F> Nehf;fk;epWtdj;jpd;njhiyNehf;F> Fwpf;Nfhs;> ,yf;F> Nehf;fk;

njhiyNehf;F (Vision)

Fwpf;Nfhs; (Mission)

,yf;F (Goal)

Nehf;fk; ((((Objective)

njhiyNehf;F :-epWtdk;vjph;fhyj;jpy; vf;Fwpf;NfhismilaTs;sNjh mJNt mjd;njhiyNehf;fhFk;

Fwpf;Nfhs;:-xU epWtdk;njhopw;gLtjw;fhd mbg;gilf;fhuzk;epwtdj;jpd;Fwpf;Nfhs;%yk;vLj;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,yf;F :-ePz;lfhy Nehf;fpy;epWtdk;milaTs;s tphpthd ngWNgWfisf;Fwpf;Fk;

Nehf;fk;:-epWtdk;milaTs;s vjph;fhyg; ngWNgWfis Fwpf;Fk;.


41/51

41414141

mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lk;mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lk;mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lk;mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lk;

jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;(jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;(jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;(jPh;khdk; vLj;jy;(Decision Making)

jPh;khdk;vLj;jy;vdg;gLtJ gy khw;Wtopfspy;,Ue;J xU khw;W topapidj;njhpTnra;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. xUth; xU Fwpg;gpl;l epiyik njhlh;ghf vLf;Fk; KbNtjPh;khdk;vLj;jyhFk;.

jPhkhdk;vLj;jy; nghJthf cah;kl;l Kfhikahsh;fshy;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ vdf;

$wg;gbDk;> mjid KO mstpy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahJ. Kfhikahsh;fs; rfytifahd jPh;khdq;fisAk;jhNk Nkw;nfhs;tJ eilKiwapy;rhj;jpakw;wJ.

Vnddpy; Neutiuaiw fhuzkhf rfy jPh;khdq;fisAk;cah;kl;l Kfhikahsh;fs;Nkw;nfhs;tJ rhj;jpakw;wJ. ,jdhy; rpy jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;nghWg;G fPo;kl;lKfhikahshplk;ifaspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; mjpfhuj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ. xUth; jdJ mjpfhuj;ijfUj;jpw;nfhz;L mjpfhu vy;iyf;Fs; cl;gl;ljhfNt jPH;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sKbAk;.

rpy Ntisfspy; fPo;kl;l> ,ilepiy Kfhikahsh;fs; jkJ mjpfhu tiuaiwfhuzkhf rpy jPH;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbahjNghJ cah;kl;l Kfhikahsh;fNsmj;jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;.

jPh;khdk; vLj;jy; vjph;fhyj;Jld; njhlh;GilaJ. mNjNtis mJ khw;WtopfSld;njhlh;GilaJ. jPH;khdk;vLj;jypy;,lh;fs;(Risk) cz;L. Mjyhy;Kfhikahsh;fs;rfy khw;WtopfisAk;kjpg;gPL nra;J rpwe;j jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

jjjjPh;khdk; vLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nra;KiwPh;khdk; vLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nra;KiwPh;khdk; vLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nra;KiwPh;khdk; vLj;jy; njhlh;ghd nra;Kiw

gpur;rpidia fz;lwpjy;

gpur;rpidf;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;jy;

gy;NtW khw;Wtopfis cUthf;Fjy;

rpwe;j khw;Wtopfisj;njhpjy;

njhpT nra;ag;gl;l khw;W topapid mKy;gLj;jy;

njhiyNehf;F,yf;F

Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

je;jpNuhghak;

epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;nray; pl;lk;

nfhs;iffs;


42/51

42424242

jPh;khd Kiwfs;jPh;khd Kiwfs;jPh;khd Kiwfs;jPh;khd Kiwfs;

epfo;r;rp jPh;khdk;:-Vw;fdNt jPh;khdpf;fg;gl;;l tpjpfs;> nfhs;iffSf;F mika vLf;fg;gLk;jPh;khdq;fisf;Fwpf;Fk;

epfo;r;rpaw;w jPh;khdk;:-

Vw;fdNt eph;zapf;fg;gl;l eilKiwfSf;F cl;glhJ vLf;fg;gLk; jPH;khdq;fisf;Fwpf;Fk;. epfo;r;rpaw;w jPh;khdk; njhlh;ghf Kfhikahsh; jPh;khdj;jpidNkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ gy;NtW khw;Wtopfspy; ,Ue;J xU khw;WtopahdJ njhpTnra;ag;gLfpwJ.

jdpahs;jPh;khdk;:-

jdpegh; xUth; kl;Lk; jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;tJ jdpahs; jPh;khdk; vdg;gLk;.vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf xU Kfhikahsh; Fwpg;gpl;l epiyapy; jd;dplk; fpilf;ff;$bajfty;fisf;nfhz;L jPh;khdk;vLg;gJz;L. ,J jdpahs;jPh;khdk; vdg;gLk;.

jdpnahUth; jPh;khj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ cldbahfj; jPh;khdj;ij Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.Mdhy;khw;Wtopfis Njhw;Wtpf;f Kbahky; Ngha;tpLk;

njhFjpj;jPh;khdk;:-jdpg;gl;l gyh; xd;WNrh;e;J jPh;khdk; vLj;jiy ,J Fwpf;fpwJ. [g;ghdpaKfhikj;Jtj;jpy; ,k;Kiw Kf;fpaj;Jtk;tha;e;jjhff;fhzg;gLfpwJ.

njhFjpj;jPh;khdknjhFjpj;jPh;khdknjhFjpj;jPh;khdknjhFjpj;jPh;khdk;vLj;jypd;mE$yq;fs;;vLj;jypd; mE$yq;fs;;vLj;jypd;mE$yq;fs;;vLj;jypd; mE$yq;fs;

njhFjpahf jPh;khdk;vLj;jypy;gy khw;Wtopfisj;Njhw;Wtpf;f KbAk;.

gpur;rpidahdJ rpf;fyhdjhfTk;> nghpjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;NghJ jdp xUth; mjidf;

ifahStJ fbdk;. njhFjpahfj; jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; rpf;fy;tha;e;j nghpagpur;rpidfis jPh;f;f KbfpwJ.

njhFjpahfj;jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy;gyh;gq;F nfhs;tjdhy;gf;fr;rhh;gpw;fhd rhj;jpak;kpff;Fiwthdjhff;fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,jpy; [dehafj;jj;Jtj;jpw;F kjpg;G mspf;fg;gLfpwJ.

njhFjpahf jPh;khdk; vLj;jypd;%yk; njhFjp mq;fj;jthplk;,Ue;J $Ljyhd msTxj;Jiog;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. mth;fs; mj;jPh;khdj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;Jmjidg;gpd;gw;Wthh;fs;.

gpujpgpujpgpujpgpujp $yq;fs;$yq;fs;$yq;fs;$yq;fs;

$ba fhyjhkjk;vLf;Fk; gyh; xd;W Nrh;e;J vLf;fNtz;b ,Ug;gjdhy; vy;NyhUk; Nrh;e;J nghJthd

cld;ghl;bw;F tUtJ fbdk;.

jPh;khdk;jtwhf mikAk;NghJ> ahh; nghWg;G vdf; fz;Lnfhs;s KbahJ njhFjpahf jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy; njhFjpahf rpe;jpj;jy; fhzg;gLk;. jdpg;gl;l KbT

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpwJ.


43/51

43434343

njhFjpahfnjhFjpahfnjhFjpahfnjhFjpahf jPh;khdk;vLj;jy;El;gq;fs;jPh;khdk;vLj;jy;El;gq;fs;jPh;khdk;vLj;jy;El;gq;fs;jPh;khdk;vLj;jy;El;gq;fs;

1. fl;Lg;ghby;yhf; fye;Jiuahly;my;yJ %isia cUl;Ljy;.2. nly;yp El;gk;3. ajhh;j;jkhf rpe;jpj;jy;

jPh;khdk;vLj;jypy;jilfs;jPh;khdk;vLj;jypy;jilfs;jPh;khdk;vLj;jypy;jilfs;jPh;khdk;vLj;jypy;jilfs;

jPh;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;gthpd; elj;ij> MSik> tpOkpaq;fs; vd;gd jPh;khdk; vLj;jypy;nry;thf;F nrYj;jty;yd. mj;jifa jilfis milahsk; fhZtjd; %yk; jPh;khdk;vLj;jypy;Vw;gLk;jtWfisf;Fiwf;fTk;> rpwe;j jPh;khdj;jpid Nkw;nfhs;sTk;KbAk;.

mjd;gb cj;jpkj;jPh;khdj;jpw;F jilahf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mjd;gb cj;jpkj;jPh;khdj;jpw;F jilahf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mjd;gb cj;jpkj;jPh;khdj;jpw;F jilahf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.mjd;gb cj;jpkj;jPh;khdj;jpw;F jilahf gpd;tUtd fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

jPh;khdk;Nkw;nfhs;gtUf;F Nghjpa jfty; ,y;iyik

NeutiuasT nryT tiuaiw

jPh;khdk;Nkw;nfhs;gthpd;NtWgl;l GyDzh;T jPH;khdk;Nkw;nfhs;gthpd;tiuaWj;j Gj;jpf;$h;ik

xOq;fikj;jy;xOq;fikj;jy;xOq;fikj;jy;xOq;fikj;jy;

xOq;fikj;jy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd xU Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghlhFk;. epWtdq;fs;rhpahd Kiwapy; xOq;fikf;fg;glhjNghJ Nehf;fj;jpid miltJ eilKiwapy;rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;.

xOq;fikj;jy;vdg;gLtJ epWtdk;jdJ Nehf;fj;jpid milAk;nghUl;L jpl;lq;fismKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhf nraw;ghLfisAk;> tsq;fisAk;Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;Ak;nraw;ghl;bidf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

epWtdk; xOq;fikj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ehd;F gpujhd nraw;ghLfisNkw;nfhs;fpwJ. mjhtJ xOq;fikj;jy; ehd;F gpujhd nraw;ghLfis cs;slf;fpaJvdf;$Wjy;nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

mitahtd :

01. epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; me;Nehf;fj;jpid milAk; nghUl;LNkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfisj;jPh;khdpj;J nfhs;sy;.

02. ,r;nraw;ghLfisAk; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tsq;fisAk;Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;jy;.

03. nraw;ghLfs; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;ljidj; njhlhe;J xj;j nraw;ghLfisnjhFjpahf;Fjy;.

04. ,Wjpahf njhFjpahf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghLfspd; mbg;gilapy; epWtdj;jpw;fhdeph;thff; fl;likg;gpidj;jPh;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F nraw;ghLfSk; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gilad. Fwpg;gpl;l xUnraw;ghlhJ rhpahd Kiwapy; jPh;khdpf;fg;glhjNghJ kw;iwa nraw;ghl;bid mJghjpg;gilar;nra;Ak;.

xOq;fikj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Kjypy; epWtdj;jpd; Nehf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;>Nehf;fj;jpid miltjw;fhd nraw;ghLfs;> rhpahd Kiwapy; jPh;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;


44/51

44444444

Ntz;Lk;. nraw;ghLfs; rhpahd Kiwapy; jPh;khdpf;fg;glhjNghJ> Copah;fSf;Fnraw;ghLfis xJf;fPL nra;jy;rhj;jpakw;wjhFk;.

nraw;ghLfis Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;Ak;NghJ> Copah;fspd; fy;tpj;jfik>jpwd;fs;> mDgtk; vd;gdtw;wpidf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfisnghUj;jkhd Copah;fSf;F xJf;fPL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,y;iyNay; eilKiwapy;mr;nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ fbdkhdjhf mike;JtpLk;.

nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis nghUj;jkhd Copah;fSf;F toq;Fk;NghJmr;nraw;ghLfis kpfj;jpwikahf Nkw;nfhs;sTk; mjDhlhf Copah;fspd;tpidj;jpwid mjpfhpf;fTk;Kbfpd;wJ.

NkYk; Copah;fs; jkJ mDgtk;> jpwd;fs;> fy;tpj;jfik vd;gdtw;wpw;Nfw;gnghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Ntiy njhlh;ghd jpUg;jpAk;milfpd;wdh;vdf;$WtJk;kpfTk;nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

nraw;ghLfSk; tsq;fSk; xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl;ljidj; njhlh;e;J xj;j nraw;ghLfs;njhFjpahf;fg;gly;Ntz;Lk;.

cjhuzkhf epWtdk; xd;wpy; fzf;Ffisj; jahhpj;jy;> nfhLg;gzTfis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;> nfhLg;gdTf;fhd Mtzq;fis rhpghh;j;jy;> nfhLg;gdtpidNkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L Mtzq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Mfpa nraw;ghLfs;Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.

,it midj;Jk;xd;Wld;xd;W njhlh;Gila xj;j nraw;ghLfshFk;. ,r;nraw;ghLfs;

midj;jidAk; xU njhFjpahf;fp fzf;Fg; gFjpmy;yJ epjpg; gFjpmy;yJepjpg;gphpTvdg; ngahpl KbAk;.

,Wjpahf njhFjpahf;fg;gl;l gy;NtWtifahd njhFjpfs; my;yJ gphpTfspd;mbg;gilapy; epWtdj;jpw;fhd eph;thff; fl;likg;gpidj; jPh;khdpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;.

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;fl;Lg;gLj;jy;fl;Lg;gLj;jy;fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;vdg;gLtJ Vw;fdNt eph;zapf;fg;gl;l epakq;fspd;mbg;gilapy;nraw;wpwidxg;gPLnra;J VNjDk; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffisNkw;nfhz;L eph;zapf;fg;gl;l epakk; milag;gLtjid cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk;nraw;ghl;bidf;Fwpf;Fk;.

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;nra;Kiwfl;Lg;gLj;jy;nra;Kiwfl;Lg;gLj;jy;nra;Kiwfl;Lg;gLj;jy;nra;Kiw

fl;Lg;gLj;jyhdJ xd;Wld; xd;W njhlh;Gila gy gbKiwfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.fl;Lg;gLj;jy; nra;Kiwapy;MW gpujhd gbKiwfs;fhzg;gLfpd;wd;.

mitahtd :-

1.1.1.1. vit fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gly;Ntz;Lk;vd;gjidj;jPh;khdpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

2.2.2.2. epakj;jpid eph;zapj;Jf; nfhs;sy; epakk; vdg;gLtJ xU nraw;ghL njhlh;ghfmilag;glNtz;ba ,yf;F> vjph;ghh;ffg;gLk; elj;ij my;yJ nraw;ghl;bidf;Fwpf;Fk;.

3.3.3.3. epakk;tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljid njhlh;e;J nraw;wpwd; mstPL nra;ag;gLk;. nraw;wpwidmstPL nra;Ak;NghJ vt;thW mstPL nra;jy;> vf;fhy ,ilntspapy;mstPL nra;jy;vd;gd eph;zapf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

4.4.4.4. nraw;wpwid epakj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;jy;. ,d;W mNefkhd epWtdq;fspy; fzdpfs;%yk; nraw;wpwdhdJ epakj;Jld; xg;gPL nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. nraw;wpwid mstPL


45/51


46/51

46464646

Cf;fg;gLj;jy;nra;KiwCf;fg;gLj;jy;nra;KiwCf;fg;gLj;jy;nra;KiwCf;fg;gLj;jy;nra;Kiw

xUth; xU Njitapid nfhz;Ls;sNghJ mjid epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;wMh;tk; my;yJ ce;jiyf; nfhz;bUg;gh;. mjd; fhuzj;jpdhy; mjhtJ mj;NjitapidepiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L gy;NtW nraw;ghl;il Nkw;nfhs;th;.

,q;F ce;jy; fhuzj;jpdhNyNa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Jhz;lg;gLfpd;whh;.xUtUila Fwpg;gpl;l NjitahdJ ce;jiy Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,e;jtifapy;Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vdg;gLtJ Njitiag; G+h;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L nraw;ghl;ilNkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd ce;jiyf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. fPNOAs;s tpsf;fg;glk; %yk;Cf;fg;gLj;jy;nra;Kiwapid vLj;Jf;fhl;lyhk;.

Njit ce;jy;Njit ce;jy;Njit ce;jy;Njit ce;jy; nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;nraw;ghLfs;

epWtdq;fisg;nghWj;jstpy;Copah;Cf;fg;gLj;jy;kpfTk;Kf;fpakhd xU mk;rkhFk;.mNdf epWtdq;fs;Copah;fs;njhlh;ghd Cf;fg;gLj;jypd;ikapdhy;my;yJ Fiwthff;fhzg;gLtjhy;jkJ Nehf;fj;ij mila KbahJs;sJ.

mJkl;Lkpd;wp epWtdk; njhlh;ghd gy gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; fhuzkhfmikfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpw;F cjhuzkhf Copah;tutpd;ik> Ntiyapy; mf;fiwapd;ik>Ntiyapd;juk;ghjpg;giljy;vd;gdtw;wpidf;Fwpg;gplyhk;.

Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;Cf;fg;gLj;jy; Nfhl;ghLfs;

Cf;fg;gLj;jYf;F vit fhuzq;fs;> Cf;fg;gLj;jy; vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJvd;gjd; mbg;gilapy; Cf;fg;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd Nfhl;ghLfs; ,uz;L tiffshftFf;fshk;.

01. cs;slf;f Nfhl;ghL02. nra;Kiwf;Nfhl;ghL

cs;slf;ff; Nfhl;ghlhdJ Cf;fg;gLj;jYf;F vit fhuzq;fs; vd;gijf; fz;L

nfhs;tjpy; ftdj;jpidr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. Copah;fspd; Cf;fj;jpw;F gy;NtW fhuzpfs;fhuzq;fshf mikayhk;.

cs;slf;ff;Nfhl;ghl;bw;F cjhuzkhf kh];Nyhtpd;gbKiwf;Nfhl;ghL N`h;];Ngh;f;fpd;,Ufhuzpf;Nfhl;ghL vd;gdtw;wpidf;$wKbAk;.

nra;Kiwf; Nfhl;ghbw;F cjhuzkhf vjph;ghh;g;Gf; Nfhl;ghL> rkepiyf; Nfhl;ghLvd;gdtw;wpidf;$wKbAk;.

kh];Nyhtpd;kh];Nyhtpd;kh];Nyhtpd;kh];Nyhtpd; ggggbKiwbKiwbKiwbKiw mikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;Gmikg;G Njitf;Nfhl;ghLNjitf;Nfhl;ghLNjitf;Nfhl;ghLNjitf;Nfhl;ghL

Mgpufhk; kh];Nyhthy; (1943) ,f;Nfhl;ghL Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. mth; kdpj Njitfs;gw;wpAk;> mit jpUg;jp nra;ag;gLk;Kiw gw;wpAk;rpy fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;jhh;.

kdpjDf;F vg;NghJk; xU Njit ,Ue;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;. xU Njit G+h;j;jpnra;ag;gl;lJk;,d;ndhU Njit cUthFk;.

xU NjitahdJ G+h;j;jp nra;ag;gbd;> mjd;%yk;mth;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j KbahJ.

kdpjdpd;Njitfs;gbKiw mikg;gpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kdpjdpd; NtiyahdJ ,j;Njitfisg; G+h;j;jp nra;a cjtKbAk;. mtd; jdJNtiyA+lhf vjid vjph;ghh;f;fpd;whd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l Ntisapy; vj;Njitiag;g+h;j;jp nra;aTs;shd; vd;gjpy; jq;fpAs;sJ.


47/51

47474747

,t;Njitfis Ie;J tiffshf tFf;fshk;.

ngsjpff;Njit (Physiological Need) ghJfhg;Gj;Njit (Safety Needs)

r%fj;Njit (Social Needs) nfsut Njit Esteem Needs)

Ra me;j];J NjitNjitNjitNjit (Self Realisation Need

fPNoAs;s tpsf;fg;glk; %yk; kdpj Njitfs; gw;wp gbKiw mikg;GvLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.

Rame;j];J Njit

nfsutj;Njti

r%fj;Njit

ghJfhg;Gj;Njit

ngsjPfj;Njit

Ra me;j];J Njit

nfsutjNjit

r%fj;Njit

ghJghf;Gj;Njit

ngsjPfNjit

ngsjpf Njit vd;gJ kdpjdpd;mbg;gilj;Njitfshd czT> cil> ,Ug;gpltrjpfisf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

ghJfhg;Gj; Njit vd;gJ nghUshjhu hPjpahd ghJfhg;G> ,aw;if mopTvd;gdtw;wpypUe;J ghJfhg;G> Neha;ffspypUe;J ghJfhg;G vd;gdtw;wpidf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

r%fj;Njit vd;gJ r%fj;Jld; ,ize;J tho;tJ> ez;gh;fisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;vd;gdtw;wpidf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

nfsutj;Njit vd;gJ gpwUila kjpg;gpidg;ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjidf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.


48/51

48484848

Ra me;j];J Njit vd;gJ jd;Dila Mw;wy;%yk; milaf;$ba mjpcr;rj;Njitapidf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ.

njhlh;ghlYk;eph;thfKnjhlh;ghlYk; eph;thfKnjhlh;ghlYk;eph;thfKnjhlh;ghlYk; eph;thfKk;k;k;k;

njhlh;ghly; vdg;gLtJ ,Uth; my;yJ ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;lth;fSf;F ,ilapy;fUj;Jf;fs;> czh;Tfs;> Nahridfs;Kjyhdit ghpkhw;wg;gLtidf;Fwpg

development & development objectives

Documents