Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

Development and Managementof Disaster-Proof-Infrastructuresto make Disaster-Resilient-City

Masaki TAKEMURA, 　Deputy Director,

Disaster Prevention and Relief Division,

Water and Disaster Management Bureau,

　 Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

(MLIT)

Class B Rivers 　

Class A Rivers（ Direct Management ）Class A Rivers（ Designated Section ）

Provisional Rank Rivers 　

General Rivers

Class A River

Class BRiver

Managed byThe National Government

Provisional Rank River

Managed by Prefecture or Ordinance-Designated Cities(Designated Section ）

渚滑

川

湧別

川 常呂

川 網走

川

釧路川

十勝川沙流

川鵡川

天塩川

留萌川

石狩川

尻別川

後志利別川

高瀬川

馬淵川

北上川

鳴瀬

川

名取

川阿

武隈

川

岩木川

米代川

雄物川子吉川最上川赤川

信濃

川阿

賀野

川

荒川

関川姫

川黒

部川

常願

寺川

庄川

小矢

部川

神通

川

手取

川梯川

久慈川那珂川

利根川多摩川

荒川

鶴見

川

富士

川

新宮

川

紀の川大和川

淀川

加古

川

揖保

川円

山川

由良

川 北川

九頭

竜川

吉井

川

旭川

高梁

川

太田

川

小瀬

川

佐波

川高

津川

江の

川

斐伊川

日野

川天

神川

千代

川

吉野川

那賀

川

渡川

肱川 物

部川

土器川

遠賀

川

小丸

川大淀川

肝属川

五ヶ瀬川

大野川大分川

番匠川

山国

川

松浦

川

川内川

球磨川

六角川

嘉瀬

川

狩野

川安

倍川大井

川菊

川天

竜川

豊川

矢作

川

庄内川

木曽

川

鈴鹿川雲出川櫛田川宮川

重信川

本明川

芦田川

仁淀

川

相模

川矢部川菊池川白川緑川

筑後川

Class A Rivers in Japan （ 109 rivers ） Division of River Management (As of 30, April, 2015) 　

First Class River

Class A Rivers and Division of River Management

Managed by Municipalities

10,581.8km （ approx.7% ）

7,491.6km （ approx.54% ）

Managed by Prefecture or Ordinance-Designated Cities

35,858.9km （ approx.25% ）20,099.0km （ approx.14% ）

(River Law is not applied ）

2

Above 　：　 Yodogawa River, flows throw Shiga, Kyoto, and

Nara Prefectures. The river managed by the national government.

Right 　：　 Sahogawa River, flows in Nara Prefecture.　　　 The river managed by the prefecture.

Examples of MLIT-managed River and Prefecture-managed River

3

Installing structural measures for river facilities in order to extend time to burst.Taking 5 years, Approx.1800 km long zone, where has high flood risk but is unavailable to replace levees due to the balance of rivers, will be improved by 2020.

To reduce infiltration of rain water into levee and to delay the progress of levee edge breaking in the case of overflow

Protecting levee crest with asphalt etc.

To delay the progress of deep excavation in the case of overflow

Blocks to reinforce the foot of landside slopeAsphalt etc. remain for a certain amount of time if the crest of levee is covered with such material

Asphalt, etc

Total Implementation Zone Ｌ＝Approx1800km

※Zones of each measures are overlapped

Approx. １，３１０km

Approx. ６３０ km

粘性土

Structural Measures for Crisis management

Reinforcing the foot of landside slope with blocks

Cohesive soil

Sandy soil

Cohesive soil

Surface soil Surface soilCohesive soil

Sandy soil

Cohesive soil

Sea

Land

4

○ In order to protect people’s life, we have been constructing Super Levees in the area below sea level in Tokyo and Osaka, which amount approx. 120km long.

○ Super Levee is effective not only for improvement of levee’s safety, but also for provision of good residential environment for residents in the area.

Before

After

Improving urban scape and offering good environment(ex, Shinden, arakawa ）

Expected to provide evacuation places and hubs for rescue operation for affected people

◆Multiple Effects of Super Levee◆Almost all the area in East Tokyo is below sea level

If levees burst, the damage will be catastrophic, and also the impact for our socio-economic activity will be enormous.

東京東部低地帯地盤高（出典：江戸川区）

Super Levee

As 30 times wide as its height, the crest of the levee can be used as usual land

Construction of Super Levee

Low Water AP 0m

High Water AP 5.1m

Storm Tide AP 5.1m

Low Land Level Area in East Tokyo(Source:Edo ward)

Construction Zone

River Management

Prevent catastrophic impact by averting levee fall down Overflow

Earthquake Prevent large damage for levee by liquefaction

River Management

Urban Management

Safety

Amenity

Water Disaster Reduce flood damage

Earthquake Prevent large damage for urban area by liquefaction

Disaster Provide evacuation space

Normal Time

Implement urban renewal, fixing overcrowded wooden residential area and narrow roads

Improve town scape and make good urban space

5

〇 Making intensive effort to implement measures to prevent and mitigate impact of disaster in the area, where people’s life were damaged by large water disaster and immersion frequently in the past.

➢Flood by heavy rainfall in 2015 in Kanto and Tohoku region.（ 8,800 houses were submerged ）

➢Raised levee and dug river deeper intensively in a short period of time 　　　

Damage situation（ Joso City, Ibaragi ）

Kinu River（ Ibaragi Pref. ）（ ex. ）

鬼怒川

決壊箇所

　 Uji River of Niyodogawa River line（ Kochi Pref. ）（ ex. ）

　 Yura River（ Kyoto-pref. ）（ ex. ）

Damage Situation（ Fukuchiyama City, Kyoto ）

由良川

➢Flood by heavy rainfall in August, 2014 in tributary rivers of Yuragawa

（ 1,600 houses were submerged in urban district ）

➢The national government, Kyoto Prefecture, and Fukuchiyama city implemented measures. Direct project was to extend drainage pumping station. 　　　　

➢ Inundation by Typhoon No.12 in August, 2014 in Ujigawa.(142 houses flooded above floor level, and 114 houses flooded under floor level)

➢ The national government, Kochi Prefecture, and Ino-cho shared implementation of measures. A subsidized project is a repair of Tenjingatanigawa river.

Measures to Mitigate Reoccurring Disaster

※ “Special emergency projects to prevent from major river disaster” and “Special emergency project to prevent from flood above floor level” are generally held in 5 years.

（ Kinugawa 　 special emergency project

to prevent from major river disaster)(Yuragawa, Kobogawa, Norigawa special

emergency project to prevent from flood above floor level)

(Niyodogawa, Ujigawa, special emergency project to prevent from flood above floor level)

Damage Situation（ Ino-machi, Kochi ）

Kinu

Damaged Area

6

Collapse of Storm-Surge-Levee along Yodogawa River due to Liquefaction

（ January, 1995 ）

Damages to Levee by the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake

7

■ River levees in wide range from Tohoku to Kanto area were damaged in the Great East Japan Earthquake. Some of them were serious to lose capability to protect against water.

■ The cause of the large-scale damage was liquefaction, including not only liquefaction of foundation ground, but also liquefaction of soil in the levee body.

Eaigawa River

Liquefaction on Levee Body

Liquefaction of Base Soil

Narusegawa （ Right ） near 20k

Narusegawa （ Right ） near 11k

Eaigawa （ Left ） near 27k

Countermeasures against Earthquake and Liquefaction on River Levee

Levee Body

Foundation Ground (Sandy Soil)

Narusegawa River

Liquefaction

LiquefactionLevee Body(Sandy Soil)

Foundation Ground (Cohesive Soil)

NarusegawaRiver

Narusegawa River

Narusegawa （ Right ） near 11k

8

腹付け， 緩勾配化，嵩上げなど

安定材の混合（ラップ施工）

充填材の挿入・拡径，振動締固めなど ドレーン材の挿入

Holding Mound Compaction

Installing steel material

Lowering Crevice Water Pressure

Solidification

Levee side cannot displace due to the load of the mound. Also the mound resist to sliding slope.

Ground strength against liquefactionis increased by raising sand density and pressure

Increased permeability result in containing the rise of crevice water pressure in sand layer, and avoid liquefaction.

Solidify ground and make it anti- liquefying. Remake ground with grid and block is effective to prevent from displacement of mound and ground.

Installing steel materials into ground prevents slide collapse as well as side flowage associated with deterioration of ground strength due to liquefaction.

鋼矢板、鋼管矢板など

Countermeasures to Liquefaction of Foundation Ground

Widen the levee, lower the gradient, rise the height

Insert or widen fillers, compact ground with vibration

Insert drains

Insertsteel sheet pile, steel pipe sheet pile

Mix stabilization material

9

■Lower Groundwater Level（ Install drains at the end of slope of landside ）

■Stabilize Slope End

Countermeasures to Liquefaction of Levee Body

Range of liquefaction is reduced by lowering water level in levee body.

In order to contain deformation of liquefied levee body, stabilize near the lower end of slope.

・ Drains are installed in the lowerend of slope on land side. Minimize subsidence and deformation

when liquefaction occurs by replacing material into drain material with strong sheer strength.

・ Install holding mold mainly on the lower end of slope on sea side.

Levee side cannot displace due to the load of the mound.

Sea Land

Sea Land

Sea Land10

Level 　：　 occur very few, extensive damageestablish comprehensive counter-Tsunami-measures that protect people’s life by mainly securing evacuation ways

BasicIdea

Level 2 : The Maximum TsunamiLevel 2 : The Maximum Tsunami

Level 　：　 occur at relatively high frequent intervals, height is low but damage is seriousconstruct coastal protection facilities in terms of protection of people’s property, stability of regional economic

activity, and securing effective manufacturing base.

Basic Idea 　 　

Level 1: Relatively High Frequent TsunamiLevel 1: Relatively High Frequent Tsunami

As unpredicted powerful earthquake and Tsunami gave us extensive damage in the Great East Japan Earthquake, we are in a direction based of “disaster mitigation” to minimize damage using multiple defenses including hardware and software measures to the maximum class(L2) Tsunami.

To Tsunami that is occur more often(L1), it is decided to keep construct levee along coast, in terms of protection of people’s property, stability of regional economic activity, and so on.

Supposition of Tsunami for planning Tsunami Countermeasures

: Keep construct coastal protection against Lavel1 Tsunami. And proceed engineering development of structure that is tenacious against Tsunami even if the Tsunami’s height is over supposition.

: It is important to implement measures based on the idea of “disaster mitigation.” Thus, we should construct coastal protection facilities to reduce damages, as well as improve people’s action towards Tsunami by creating hazard map, and so on.

11

Coastal levee before disaster

Coastal levee after disaster

Meiji Sanriku Earthquake in 1896 （ T.P. ）

Showa Sanriku Earthquake in 1933 （ T.P. ）

Chili Earthquake in 1960 （ T.P. ）

Tsunami Height in The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 （ T.P. ）

＜ The Maximum Tsunami ＞・ set in order to establish comprehensive disaster risk management measures

＜ Relatively High Frequent Tsunami ＞・ set for construction of coastal levees（ occur in several decades ～ one hundred and several years ）

Coastal levee to be reconstructed

Setting of the Height of Coastal Levee

L2

L1

※T.P. = Tokyo Peil

Subsidence

12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

唐桑半島東部

唐桑半島西部①

唐桑半島西部②

気仙沼湾

気仙沼湾奥部

大島東部

大島西部

本吉海岸

志津川湾

追波湾

雄勝湾

雄勝湾奥部

女川湾

牡鹿半島東部

牡鹿半島西部

万石浦

石巻海岸

松島湾

七ヶ浜海岸①

七ヶ浜海岸②

仙台湾南部海岸①

仙台湾南部海岸②

Storm Surge （ Meiji Sanriku in1896 ）

Tsunami （ Chili in 1960 ）

Tsunami 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （ Meiji Sanriku in1896 ）

Tsunami （ Off Miyagi Prefecture ）

Tsunami 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（ Meiji Sanriku in1896 ）

T.P. （ m ）

Existing Levee before Disaster

Planned Levee

Legend :

Tsunami Height ofThe Great East Japan Earth Quake（ Measured near Existing Levees ）

Coastal Levee Height along Miyagi Coast as of Sep.2011

Tsunami （ Chili in 1960 ）Tsunami 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 （ Meiji Sanriku in1896 ）

Storm Surge （ Meiji Sanriku in1896 ）

13

Structure of Coastal Levee(Example)

Water Way Model (1/25) for Structural TestNILIM studied ingenious attempts on structural designs and constructional methods, conducting tests using models and analysis

Experiment conducted by Coastal Disaster Prevention Division Laboratory in the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management (NILIM)

Model with glass wall on the side:Landside slope excavation and damage to covering can be observed

Replicate water overflow to check excavation to the bottom of slope and affect to covering blocks

Blocks are locked in a manner that do not receive hydrodynamic force directly

【 land 】【 sea 】

SeaLand

Model ofWater Way

Integrate levee-shoulder-covering and levee-crown-covering

Enlarge base along with improve foundation in order to prevent from excavation by Tsunami

1:2２ｔ covering block1:2

ｔ＝５０ｃｍ（ holeφ100 ： filled with stones ）

２ｔ covering block

Landside Slope covering

Concrete cover

Seaside Slope Covering

Levee Base （ Seaside Slope End ）

Levee Base （ Landside Slope End ）

Soil

Put new thoughts to delay process of building collapse or remove possibility of complete collapse, even if the height of Tsunami exceeds given condition for structural design.

Tenacious Coastal Levee

Water

Water Way Model (1/2) Falling Down Test

14

Implement methods to resist earthquake and liquefaction for levees and water gates, as well as proceed establishing automation and remote operation system of floodgates and so on, in order to protect operators and secure quick and correct operation.

遠隔操作によるゲート開閉

The image of automation and remote operation system of floodgates, etc.

Earthquake and Liquefaction Resistance for Levees

Damaged Levee by an Earthquake

Foundation Ground (Sandy Soil)

(Cohesive Soil)

Earthquake and Liquefaction Resistance for Levees and Watergates, Automation and Remote Operation

Ground Improvement

Close automatically responding to tsunami warning

Floodgate

Shortdam

Lockgate

Switch automatically to auxiliary power during a power failure

Floodgate

基礎地盤（砂質土）

基礎地盤（粘性土）

Steel Sheet

15

Kumamoto Earthquakein 2016 in Kumamoto Prefecture

（ Technical Emergency Control FORCE ）

←Kinugaw

a River

Investigation by helicopter for disaster managementInvestigation by helicopter for disaster management Send liaison officers to municipalitiesSend liaison officers to municipalities

small satellite image transmission unitsmall satellite image transmission unit

AOZORAHelicopter for disaster management

AOZORAHelicopter for disaster management

Overview of TEC-FORCE○ Established in 2008, TEC-FORCE is aiming to offer timely support to local public organizations in case of

large natural disaster.○ TEC-FORCE take quick actions by experts of infrastructure management, actions such as gathering

status information, prevention of disaster expansion, supports to swift restoration, and others.○ Members are officials from each Regional Development Bureau from the whole country, and they act

under the direction of the general manager of disaster risk management team of MLIT.○ The number of appointed members are 9,408 from each organization in MLIT. (as of Oct. 2017)

Flood by heavy rainfall in 2015 in Kanto and Tohoku region. 　　

Volcanic activity in 2015 in Kagoshima prefecture

Investigation of disaster statusInvestigation of disaster status

Establish monitoring systemBy Ku-SAT

Establish monitoring systemBy Ku-SAT

Damage by heavy rainfall in 2015 in North Kyushu. 　　

Volcanic eruption in 2014 in Nagano Prefecture

Technical advisory support for municipalities

Technical advisory support for municipalities

Kumamoto Earthquakein 2016 in Kumamoto Prefecture

Emergency Draining by drainage pump vehicle

Emergency Draining by drainage pump vehicle

Flood by heavy rainfall in 2015 in Kanto and Tohoku region. 　　

Technical advisory support to investigation activity

Technical advisory support to investigation activity

16

Regional Development Bureau (8,781)

NILIM(173)

MLIT(89)Local

Transportation and Civil Aviation

Bureau(365)

Total 9,408 as of Oct. 2017Members from the Meteorological Bureau and the

Geographical Survey Institute are not included as they are not appointed prior to disaster occurrence

Registered Members of TEC-FORCE 　

Hokkaido RDB666

沖縄総合事務局　４９名

Tohoku RDB927

Kanto RDB1,615

Hokuriku RDB634

Kinki RDB1,118Chugoku RDB

834

Chubu RDB1,405

Kyushu RDB1,004

Number of TEC-FORCE members○ Members of TEC-FORCE officials from each Regional Development Bureau, and gather from whole country

according to the scale of disaster.And special investigation and technical supports are provided by the members from MLIT, Local Transportation Bureaus, the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management(NILIM), the Meteorological Bureau, the Geographical Survey Institute.

17

MLIT 　　(Disaster Management

Headquarter)

Mid and Small scale disaster Large scale disasters

Support by TEC-FORCE in the region

　　　 Devastated municipality 　　　

Devastated RDB(Disaster Management

Headquarter)

Support System of TEC-FORCE

Request

Executive Director of RDB order the dispatch of TEC-FORCE

Request

　　 Support RDB 　　(Support Management Headquarter)

Executive Director of MLIT order the dispatch

of TEC-FORCE

According to the disaster condition, TEC-FORCE can be dispatched without requests.

Support by TEC-FORCE acsross the region

18

cumulative total number of

dispatched members18,115

823 md

2,414md

2,916md

2,629md1,727md

1,438md

1,152md

1,085md

2,704md

1,227md

TEC-FORCE Members ： Total 18,115 man-days （ 11,Mar. ～ 21, Nov.,2011 ） Vehicles for disaster management （ drainage pump vehicle, satellite communication vehicle,

etc. ） ： Total 5,760 car-days in a month after the Earthquake

Activity of TEC-FORCE for the Great East Japan Earthquake in March,2011

○ Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan ordered 400 members of TEC-FORCE from RDBs to the devastated area on the next day of disaster in March, 2011.

○In sow and after quake, up to 500 members /day worked for support activities, such as draining by drainage pump vehicle, making liaison between municipalities, gathering information on damages on roads and levees.

Obtained Information and records by helicopter Obtained Information and records by helicopter Helped to search missing

persons by drainage pump vehicle

Helped to search missing persons by drainage pump vehicle

Hokuriku2,414

Kanto2,916

Tohoku 2,704

Chubu2,619

Kinki 1,727

Kyushu 1,085

Shikoku 1,438

Chugoku 1,152

Hokkaido 823MLIT 227

Sent officials with special knowledge to carry out technical supportSent officials with special knowledge to carry out technical support

Established telecommunication lines by satellite communication vehiclesEstablished telecommunication lines by satellite communication vehicles

Investigated the damages to the roads and leveesInvestigated the damages to the roads and levees19

Dispatch Record of TEC-FORCE○ Started in 2008, TEC-FORCE carried out support activities for 78 devastated areas, including the area of

the Great East Japan Earthquake, until Oct. 2017.

○ Cumulative number of dispatched members is total 60,000 man-day, and main members are officials from local development bureaus.

20082009

20102011

20122013

20142015

20162017

Year of Dispatch20

Search for missing persons using a drone

Utilization of ICT for the Activity of TEC-FORCE○ Utilize GPS log (GARMIN, Smart phone) and wearable camera for site investigation.

○ Use drones to investigate damage situation and to support rescue and search for missing persons.

○ Understand the scale of disaster remotely from out of restricted area by measuring distance and height using laser measuring instruments.

○ Understand the situation of damage, combining laser profiler (LP) data and photographic 3 dimensional models.

Damage status by LP data Investigation by Laser measuring instrument

GPS log and wearable camera21