development and evaluation of an integrated chassis control … · 2019-09-10 · better...

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1 Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Chassis Control System Youseok Kou 1 Huei Peng 2 5 DoHyun Jung 3 1 Graduate Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA 10 2Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA 3Senior Researcher, Body & Chassis Engineering Center, Korea Automotive Technology Institute, South Korea 15 Abstract The development and worst-case evaluation of an Integrated Chassis Control (ICC) system is reported in this paper. The ICC control system was designed based on a lateral-yaw-roll vehicle model with nonlinear tires. The 20 ICC controller was developed based on balanced objectives in controlling vehicle motions, with carefully selected thresholds and targets. The sliding mode control technique is used to design the brake torque servo loop to achieve the desired outputs. Vehicle response under the ICC control 25

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Page 1: Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Chassis Control … · 2019-09-10 · better cost-leveraging and improved reliability and performance. The integration of these chassis

1

D e v e l o p m e n t a n d E v a l u a t i o n o f a n I n t e g r a t e d C h a s s i s

C o n t r o l S y s t e m

Y o u s e o k K o u 1

H u e i P e n g 2 5

D o H y u n J u n g 3

1 G r a d u a t e S t u d e n t , D e p t . o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n , A n n A r b o r , M I 4 8 1 0 9 U S A 10

2 P r o f e s s o r , D e p t . o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g , U n i v e r s i t y o f

M i c h i g a n , A n n A r b o r , M I 4 8 1 0 9 U S A

3 S e n i o r R e s e a r c h e r , B o d y & C h a s s i s E n g i n e e r i n g C e n t e r ,

K o r e a A u t o m o t i v e T e c h n o l o g y I n s t i t u t e , S o u t h K o r e a

15

A b s t r a c t

T h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d w o r s t - c a s e e v a l u a t i o n o f a n

I n t e g r a t e d C h a s s i s C o n t r o l ( I C C ) s y s t e m i s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s

p a p e r . T h e I C C c o n t r o l s y s t e m w a s d e s i g n e d b a s e d o n a

l a t e r a l - y a w - r o l l v e h i c l e m o d e l w i t h n o n l i n e a r t i r e s . T h e 20

I C C c o n t r o l l e r w a s d e v e l o p e d b a s e d o n b a l a n c e d o b j e c t i v e s

i n c o n t r o l l i n g v e h i c l e m o t i o n s , w i t h c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d

t h r e s h o l d s a n d t a r g e t s . T h e s l i d i n g m o d e c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e

i s u s e d t o d e s i g n t h e b r a k e t o r q u e s e r v o l o o p t o a c h i e v e t h e

d e s i r e d o u t p u t s . V e h i c l e r e s p o n s e u n d e r t h e I C C c o n t r o l 25

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i s e v a l u a t e d u s i n g t h e C a r S i m s o f t w a r e . T h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s

o f t h e I C C s y s t e m w a s e x a m i n e d b y a p p l y i n g t h e w o r s t - c a s e

d y n a m i c e v a l u a t i o n ( W C D E ) p r o c e d u r e , w h i c h i d e n t i f i e s t h e

w o r s t - p o s s i b l e e x c i t a t i o n ( e . g . , s t e e r i n g ) t o t h e v e h i c l e

w i t h I C C a n d t h u s r e p r e s e n t s a p r o c e d u r e s u i t a b l e f o r t h e 5

e v a l u a t i o n o f a c t i v e s a f e t y s y s t e m s .

1 . I N T O R D U C T I O N

T h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c a n d g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s h a v e

d e m o n s t r a t e d s u s t a i n e d i n t e r e s t i n a c t i v e s a f e t y t e c h n o l o g y 10

f o r g r o u n d v e h i c l e s . M a n y c h a s s i s c o n t r o l d e v i c e s t h a t

m a n i p u l a t e b r a k i n g , s t e e r i n g a n d s u s p e n s i o n s y s t e m s w e r e

d e v e l o p e d a n d a p p l i e d t o i m p r o v e v e h i c l e s a f e t y ,

c o n v e n i e n c e s a n d c o m f o r t . A s t h e s e d e v i c e s b e c o m e m o r e

m a t u r e , t h e y n e e d t o s h a r e i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h e a c h o t h e r f o r 15

b e t t e r c o s t - l e v e r a g i n g a n d i m p r o v e d r e l i a b i l i t y a n d

p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e s e c h a s s i s c o n t r o l

f u n c t i o n s i s l o o s e l y r e f e r r e d t o a s I n t e g r a t e d C h a s s i s

C o n t r o l s y s t e m s , a n d h a s b e e n a n a r e a o f i n t e n s i v e

d e v e l o p m e n t b y m a n y c o m p a n i e s i n r e c e n t y e a r s ( 1 ) . M a j o r 20

a u t o m o t i v e c o m p a n i e s h a v e d e v e l o p e d a w i d e a r r a y o f

c h a s s i s c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s , m a n y o f w h i c h a r e a l r e a d y

c o m m e r c i a l i z e d ( 2 ) .

A c r i t i c a l i s s u e o f t h e s e a c t i v e s a f e t y s y s t e m s i s t o

e n s u r e t h e i r f u n c t i o n a l i t y u n d e r e x t r e m e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . 25

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T y p i c a l l y , l a r g e - s c a l e t e s t m a t r i c e s w e r e d e f i n e d a n d t h e

a c t i v e s a f e t y s y s t e m s w e r e e v a l u a t e d u s i n g t h e s e t e s t

m a t r i c e s i t e r a t i v e l y . T o a v o i d t i m e - c o n s u m i n g f i e l d t e s t i n g ,

c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n s c a n b e u s e d t o s y s t e m a t i c a l l y s e a r c h

f o r w o r s t - c a s e s s i t u a t i o n s , i . e . , p o t e n t i a l c a s e s w h e n t h e 5

a c t i v e s a f e t y s y s t e m s m i g h t f a i l t o p e r f o r m s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

T h e w o r s t - c a s e d y n a m i c e v a l u a t i o n ( W C D E ) m e t h o d o l o g y i s

a n e m e r g i n g f i e l d w h i c h h a s t h e p o t e n t i a l t o a c c e l e r a t e t h e

d e v e l o p m e n t o f v e h i c l e a c t i v e s a f e t y s y s t e m s ( 3 ) , b y

r e p l a c i n g l e n g t h y f i e l d t e s t s a n d c a l i b r a t i o n w i t h 10

e l a b o r a t i v e n u m e r i c a l s i m u l a t i o n s .

V e h i c l e m o d e l s s u i t a b l e f o r I C C d e s i g n a n d

e v a l u a t i o n m u s t b e a c c u r a t e e n o u g h u n d e r e x t r e m e

m a n e u v e r s a n d i n t h e m e a n t i m e e a s y t o b e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h

I C C c o n t r o l l e r a n d p o s s i b l y o t h e r s o f t w a r e w r a p p e r s . 15

B e c a u s e I C C s y s t e m s o p e r a t e u n d e r n e a r - i n c i d e n t

c o n d i t i o n s , t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e m o d e l u n d e r s e v e r e

m a n e u v e r s i s c r u c i a l .

T h e v e h i c l e m o d e l d e v e l o p e d i n t h i s p a p e r i s a 3 D O F

( y a w , r o l l , l a t e r a l ) v e h i c l e d y n a m i c m o d e l w i t h a n o n l i n e a r 20

t i r e s u b - m o d e l . T h e m o d e l i s v e r i f i e d a g a i n s t t h e C a r S i m

s o f t w a r e , w h i c h h a s 1 6 D O F a n d c o m p r e h e n s i v e n o n l i n e a r

t i r e a n d s u s p e n s i o n m o d u l e s . I t i s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e C a r s i m

m o d e l o u t p u t r e p r e s e n t s t h e t r u e v e h i c l e r e s p o n s e u p t o

w h e e l l i f t - o f f a n d w i l l b e u s e d t o a s s e s s t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e 25

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3 D O F m o d e l .

I n t h e I C C d e s i g n , w e f o c u s o n t h e i n t e g r a t i o n o f a

d i f f e r e n t i a l b r a k i n g f u n c t i o n ( E l e c t r i c S t a b i l i t y P r o g r a m ,

E S C ) a n d a s u s p e n s i o n f u n c t i o n ( C o n t i n u o u s D a m p i n g

C o n t r o l , C D C ) . T h i s r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l e I C C c o n f i g u r a t i o n 5

m a k e s i t e a s i e r t o s t u d y t h e i n t e g r a t i o n a n d i n t e r a c t i o n o f

t h e v e h i c l e c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s . T h e f u n c t i o n a l

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s u b - s y s t e m s a r e c a t e g o r i z e d b y r i d e

c o m f o r t , l a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y , s i d e - s l i p c o n t r o l , y a w c o n t r o l ,

r o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n a n d w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l . T h e I C C c o n t r o l 10

w a s d e s i g n e d a t t w o l e v e l s . A t t h e u p p e r l e v e l , t h e

d e s i r e d s u s p e n s i o n d a m p i n g a n d b r a k e t o r q u e s a r e

c a l c u l a t e d b a s e d o n y a w , s i d e s l i p , r o l l a n d r i d e

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . T h e s e r v o c o n t r o l f o r t h e b r a k i n g c o n t r o l i s

r e a l i z e d b a s e d o n a s l i d i n g m o d e c o n t r o l t e c h n o l o g y , w h i c h 15

i s m o d i f i e d s l i g h t l y t o a v o i d t h e c o m p l e x n o n l i n e a r f o r m ( 4 ) .

T h e b r a k i n g f o r c e s a r e o b t a i n e d b y u s i n g t h e t i r e e l l i p s e

c o n c e p t ( 5 ) . T h i s I C C s y s t e m i s i n t e n d e d t o e m u l a t e t h e

t y p i c a l f u n c t i o n s o f a p r o d u c t i o n I C C , a n d i s d e s i g n e d t o b e

m o d u l a r s o t h a t a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r o l s y s t e m s c a n b e a d d e d . 20

T h i s m o d e l w i l l b e u s e d i n o u r s i m u l a t i o n b a s e d w o r s t - c a s e

s t u d y a n d c o u l d b e i n t e g r a t e d i n H I L S s y s t e m w i t h t h e I C C

p a r t i m p l e m e n t e d i n h a r d w a r e ( 6 ) . T h e w o r s t - c a s e

e v a l u a t i o n s , H I L t e s t , a n d r o a d t e s t a r e f u t u r e t a s k s o f o u r

r e s e a r c h t h a t a r e n o t r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r . 25

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T h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h i s p a p e r i s a s f o l l o w s . I n

S e c t i o n 2 , a l a t e r a l y a w r o l l m o d e l i s d e v e l o p e d , w h i c h i s

c r i t i c a l f o r t h e I C C c o n t r o l d e v e l o p m e n t . I n S e c t i o n 3 ,

t h e I C C s y s t e m d e s i g n i s d e s c r i b e d . I n S e c t i o n 4 , s t a n d a r d

t e s t s a n d W C D E p r o c e d u r e f o r v e h i c l e r o l l o v e r i s d i s c u s s e d . 5

I n S e c t i o n 5 , t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f I C C r o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n i s

e v a l u a t e d v i a s i m u l a t i o n s b a s e d o n b o t h s t a n d a r d t e s t s a n d

W C D E . A c o n c l u s i o n s e c t i o n i s i n c l u d e d a t S e c t i o n 6 .

2 . V E H I C L E M O D E L 10

A s i m p l e v e h i c l e m o d e l i s d e v e l o p e d t o d e s c r i b e

v e h i c l e h a n d l i n g a n d r o l l b e h a v i o r , w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e

l a t e r a l , r o l l a n d y a w m o t i o n s a s s h o w n i n E q . ( 1 )

F i g . 1 V e h i c l e m o d e l 15

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2 4

1 11 3

2 4

1 3 2 41 3

2 4

11 3

xx x p cf yi cr yii i

zz yi yi f x r x f x r xi i

x f yi r yii i

mh v I p mh u r L L p h F h F

I r a F b F t F t F t F t F

mv mh p mu r h F h F

φφ= =

= =

= =

+ + = + + +

= − − − + +

+ + = +

∑ ∑

∑ ∑

∑ ∑ E q . ( 1 )

w h e r e , , , 1, 2,3, 4R p Rp L mgh K L C iφφ= = − = − = . RK i s t h e r o l l

s t i f f n e s s a n d RC i s t h e r o l l d a m p i n g c o e f f i c i e n t .

T h e v a r i a b l e s a n d p a r a m e t e r s a l l f o l l o w t h e S A E

s t a n d a r d a s s h o w n i n F i g . 1 . E q . ( 1 ) c a n b e w r i t t e n i n t h e 5

s t a t e s p a c e f o r m . F o r t h i s 3 D O F s y s t e m , 4 s t a t e v a r i a b l e s

a r e n e e d e d . T h e s t a t e s p a c e m o d e l i s

1 2m y y x xM X M X M F M F= + + E q . ( 2 )

w h e r e

[ ]TX r v pφ= E q . ( 3 ) 10

[ ]

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

T

y y y y y

Tx x x x x

F F F F F

F F F F F

⎡ ⎤= ⎣ ⎦

= E q . ( 4 )

1

1 11 2

0 0 0 0 00 0 0

,0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

x

xx x pm

zz zz

m mh mumh I mh u L L

M MI I

φ

ε

−⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥= =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

E q . ( 5 )

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 0 0 0

,

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

f f r rx y

f f r r

h h h hM M

t t t t a a b b

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥= =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥− − − −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

E q . ( 6 )

T h e t i r e f o r c e s s h o w n i n F i g . 2 a r e c a l c u l a t e d f r o m

t h e t i r e f o r c e e q u a t i o n s : 15

w j b w xjJ T r Fω = − + E q . ( 7 )

Page 7: Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Chassis Control … · 2019-09-10 · better cost-leveraging and improved reliability and performance. The integration of these chassis

7

, 1, 2,3, 4x w jj

x

u rj

λ−

= = E q . ( 8 )

T h e w h e e l s l i p , iλ i n E q . ( 8 ) d e t e r m i n e s t h e t i r e

l o n g i t u d i n a l f o r c e a n d i s u s e d f o r w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l . I n

o u r t i r e m o d e l , t i r e l o n g i t u d i n a l f o r c e s a n d t h e l a t e r a l

f o r c e a r e c a l c u l a t e d v i a t h e t i r e e l l i p s e c o n c e p t : 5

2

max ( , ) 1 xjyj y zj

zj

FF F F

μ⎛ ⎞

= − ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎝ ⎠

E q . ( 9 )

w h e r e bT i s t h e b r a k i n g t o r q u e , wJ i s t h e a n g u l a r

m o m e n t i n e r t i a o f t h e w h e e l , α i s t h e s l i p a n g l e , μ i s

r o a d f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , a n d wr i s t h e w h e e l r a d i u s .

10

Fig. 2 Wheel model & Ellipse of tire

F o r t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n s , t h e i n p u t s f o r t h e b o d y

m o t i o n a r e t h e t i r e f o r c e s a n d t h o s e f o r t h e w h e e l m o t i o n s

a r e t h e b r a k i n g t o r q u e s . L a t e r a l t i r e f o r c e s a n d

l o n g i t u d i n a l t i r e f o r c e a r e r e l a t e d t h r o u g h t h e f r i c t i o n 15

e l l i p s e E q . ( 9 ) . T h e t i r e m o d e l c o n s i s t s o f 3 m a j o r

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8

c o m p o n e n t s , w h i c h c a l c u l a t e t i r e v e r t i c a l f o r c e s , s l i p

a n g l e s , a n d t h e t i r e r e l a x a t i o n l e n g t h . I n t h i s p a p e r , w e

u s e l o o k - u p t a b l e s i d e n t i c a l t o t h o s e u s e d i n t h e C a r S i m

s o f t w a r e .

T h e v e h i c l e m o d e l i s w r i t t e n i n M A T L A B b a s e d o n E q . 5

( 1 ) - ( 9 ) . I t h a s f o u r m a j o r s u b - s y s t e m s f o r v e h i c l e

l a t e r a l / y a w / r o l l d y n a m i c s , l o n g i t u d i n a l v e l o c i t y , w h e e l

d y n a m i c s , a n d t i r e f o r c e c o m p u t a t i o n s . I n t h e v e h i c l e s t a t e

s p a c e b l o c k , t h e v e h i c l e m o d e l i s p r o c e s s e d l i n e a r l y u s i n g

t h e t i r e f o r c e s a n d t h e v e h i c l e l o n g i t u d i n a l v e l o c i t y . I n 10

a d d i t i o n t o t h e 4 s t a t e v a r i a b l e s s h o w n i n E q . ( 3 ) ,

l o n g i t u d i n a l v e l o c i t y i s a n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t v a r i a b l e , w h i c h

i s a s s u m e d t o b e s l o w - v a r y i n g i n t h e l i n e a r l a t e r a l / y a w / r o l l

m o d e l c o m p u t a t i o n . T h e l o n g i t u d i n a l v e l o c i t y a n d t h e w h e e l

s p e e d s a r e c a l c u l a t e d s e p a r a t e l y b a s e d o n t i r e f o r c e s a n d 15

w h e e l r o t a t i o n a l d y n a m i c s . S i n c e t h e s e d y n a m i c v a r i a b l e s

a r e i n c l u d e d , t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f b r a k e c o n t r o l s y s t e m s

s u c h a s A B S a n d E S C c a n b e i n c l u d e d a n d e v a l u a t e d .

I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t e v e n t h o u g h w e r e f e r t o t h e

m o d e l p r e s e n t e d a b o v e a s a 3 D O F m o d e l , w h i c h r e f l e c t s t h e 20

m a j o r d y n a m i c c a p t u r e d , i t i s s o m e w h a t m i s l e a d i n g . I n

r e a l i t y , w e a l s o s i m u l a t e v e h i c l e f o r w a r d s p e e d a n d t h e

w h e e l s p e e d s , a n d t h u s t h e o v e r a l l D O F i s 8 , i n s t e a d o f 3 .

T h e d e v e l o p e d m o d e l i s v e r i f i e d b y c o m p a r i n g i t s

s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s a g a i n s t t h o s e o f t h e C a r S i m s o f t w a r e . 25

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9

W e p e r f o r m e d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s i m u l a t i o n s , w i t h f r e q u e n t

r o l l o v e r , s p i n o u t a n d p l o w o u t .

T h e t a r g e t v e h i c l e i n t h i s p a p e r i s a n S U V , w h i c h

h a s a h i g h e r c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y ( C . G ) . T o m a t c h t h e r e s p o n s e

f r o m t h e t w o m o d e l s , w e n e e d t o c a r e f u l l y a d j u s t t h e t i r e 5

c o r n e r i n g s t i f f n e s s , s p r u n g m a s s h e i g h t ,f rh h a n d

s u s p e n s i o n r o l l s t i f f n e s s a n d d a m p i n g r a t e .

F i g . 3 s h o w s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e r e s p o n s e s f r o m

t h e t w o m o d e l s , m e a s u r e d i n i n f i n i t y - n o r m . T h e d i f f e r e n c e

i n t h e v e h i c l e l a t e r a l s p e e d i s a s l a r g e a s 2 0 % . T h i s 10

d i f f e r e n c e m a y c a u s e s o m e d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n t h e I C C s y s t e m

r e s p o n s e w h e n t h e v e h i c l e s i d e s l i p a n g l e i s u s e d i n t h e

c o n t r o l d e c i s i o n .

Fig. 3 e∞

, difference between CarSim and the 3DOF model under step steer of 100 15

degrees.

3. I C C S Y S T E M D E S I G N

T h e I C C s y s t e m s t u d i e d i n t h i s p a p e r c o n s i s t s o f a

C o n t i n u o u s D a m p i n g C o n t r o l ( C D C ) s y s t e m , a n d a n

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1 0

E l e c t r o n i c S t a b i l i t y C o n t r o l ( E S C ) s y s t e m . T h e C D C s y s t e m

m a n i p u l a t e s s u s p e n s i o n d a m p i n g b a s e d o n t w o

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s : l a t e r a l m o t i o n c o n t r o l a n d v e r t i c a l

v i b r a t i o n s u p p r e s s i o n . T h e E S C s y s t e m a d j u s t s h y d r a u l i c

p r e s s u r e a t t h e b r a k e c y l i n d e r o f f o u r w h e e l s i n d e p e n d e n t l y 5

t o a s s i s t v e h i c l e l a t e r a l , y a w a n d r o l l m o t i o n . T h e s e t w o

c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g

s e c t i o n s .

3 . 1 C D C S y s t e m

T h e C o n t i n u o u s D a m p i n g C o n t r o l s y s t e m c o n t r o l s t h e 10

s p r u n g m a s s m o t i o n b y c h a n g i n g t h e s e t t i n g o f t h e v a r i a b l e

d a m p e r u s i n g a s o l e n o i d v a l v e . T h e c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m u s e s

i n f o r m a t i o n s u c h a s v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n a n d v e l o c i t y , a n d

s t e e r i n g i n p u t t o m a n i f e s t t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e v e h i c l e a n d

t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e d r i v e r . 15

R i d e c o n t r o l i s b a s e d o n S k y h o o k d a m p i n g c o n c e p t ,

w h i c h u s e s a d e s i r e d d a m p i n g f o r c e t h a t i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o

t h e v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e s p r u n g m a s s ( 3 9 ) . K i n e t i c

e n e r g y o f t h e s p r u n g m a s s i s d i s s i p a t e d b y t h e i m a g i n e d

s k y - h o o k d a m p e r w h i c h e n s u r e s d e c a y i n g e n e r g y c o n t e n t 20

a n d t h u s i m p r o v e d r i d e q u a l i t y f o r t h e o c c u p a n t s . T h e

s k y - h o o k d a m p e r i s r e a l i z e d t h r o u g h t h e v a r i a b l e

s u s p e n s i o n d a m p e r s o f C D C s y s t e m .

T h e s p r u n g m a s s v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t i e s a t t h e f o u r c o r n e r s

n e c e s s a r y f o r r e a l i z i n g t h e s k y h o o k d a m p i n g s t r a t e g y a r e 25

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1 1

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e c o r n e r a c c e l e r a t i o n s e n s o r s t h r o u g h

b a n d - p a s s f i l t e r e d i n t e g r a t o r s . R i d e c o n t r o l o f t h e

d e v e l o p e d C D C i s b a s e d o n d a m p i n g o f v e h i c l e m o t i o n s i n

t h r e e d i r e c t i o n s : h e a v e , p i t c h a n d r o l l , w h i c h a r e

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m 5

( )4 2 4 4

heave ptch roll1 1 3 1

, , 1 ii i i i

i i i i

z z z z z z z= = = =

= = − = −∑ ∑ ∑ ∑ E q . ( 1 0 )

T h e c o n t r o l g a i n s , heave pitch rollride ride ride, ,K K K f o r e a c h c o n t r o l m o d e

a r e a d a p t i v e l y c a l i b r a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o v e h i c l e s p e e d a n d

t h e n t h e d e s i r e d d a m p i n g f o r c e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o e a c h

m o d e a r e c a l c u l a t e d a s CDCride , heave,pitch,rolll

l lF K z where l= ⋅ = . T h e 10

a v e r a g e d d e s i r e d d a m p i n g f o r c e s a r e f i n a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d t o

e a c h a x l e s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r i d e c o n t r o l g a i n o f e a c h

c o r n e r , rideiK w h e r e 1 ~ 4i = .

L a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y c o n t r o l o f C D C a i m s t o s t a b i l i z e

v e h i c l e m o t i o n r e s u l t e d f r o m d r i v e r ’ s s t e e r i n g d u r i n g h i g h 15

s p e e d c o r n e r i n g . T h e a c t i v a t i o n o f l a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y c o n t r o l

i s d e c i d e d b a s e d o n v e h i c l e l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n , e s t i m a t e d

f r o m t h e b i c y c l e m o d e l :

( )( ) 122 1ˆ 1 /y x x cha u u uL

δ−

= ⋅ ⋅ + E q . ( 1 1 )

T h i s e s t i m a t e d a c c e l e r a t i o n i s a b e t t e r s i g n a l t o u s e 20

t h a n t h a t f r o m a n a c c e l e r o m e t e r b e c a u s e o f i t s p r e d i c t i v e

n a t u r e a n d b e c a u s e i t i s l e s s v u l n e r a b l e t o r o a d g r a d e a n d

c r o s s - t a l k d i s t u r b a n c e s . T h e q u a l i t y o f t h e e s t i m a t i o n

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1 2

p r o v i d e d b y E q . ( 1 1 ) d e p e n d s o n t h e a c c u r a c y o f o u r

e s t i m a t e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p e e d , w h i c h d e p e n d s o n t i r e

c o r n e r i n g s t i f f n e s s . T h e g a i n s c h e d u l i n g p r o c e s s f o r l a t e r a l

s t a b i l i t y c o n t r o l f o l l o w s a s i m i l a r p r o c e s s e x e c u t e d i n t h e

r i d e c o n t r o l . L a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y c o n t r o l g a i n s , latK i s 5

a d a p t i v e l y c a l i b r a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o v e h i c l e s p e e d a n d t h e n

t h e d e s i r e d d a m p i n g t o r q u e w h i c h i s c a l c u l a t e d a s CDC

lat ˆlat yT K a= ⋅ a r e d i s t r i b u t e d t h r o u g h f i n a l g a i n s a l l o c a t i o n .

T h e o v e r a l l p r o c e d u r e o f t h e C D C a l g o r i t h m i s

d e s c r i b e d i n t h e f l o w c h a r t i n F i g . 5 . A d e s i r e d f o r c e i s 10

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m b o t h t h e l a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y a n d r i d e c o n t r o l

p a r t s . T h e l a t e r a l s t a b i l i t y t a k e s p r i o r i t y o v e r r i d e

c o n t r o l w h e n t h e e s t i m a t e d l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n i s h i g h e r

t h a n a s p e e d - d e p e n d e n t s a f e t y t h r e s h o l d v a l u e .

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1 3

ˆ ( , )y xa f uδ= ˆ thry ya a>

ride ( )r xK g u=

2 22s

s sζω ω+ +1za

2za

3za

3za

Front Right

Rear Left

Rear Right

ptchrideK

heaverideK

rollrideK

latK

lat ( )l xK g u=

δ

xu

xu

Lateral stability Control ?

Desired damping force for ride control

lat

CDCT

Damping Control

Lateral stability control

Ride control

Lateral Acc. estimation

Rejection of DC offset & integration

4 Vertical Acc.

Severity check

Adaptive gain based on speed

Adaptive gain based on speed

: 1, 2,3,4zia i =

rollz

Heave mode

heavez

Pitch mode

pitchz

Roll mode

Yes

No1sz

2sz ( )CDC CDC CDCheave ptch roll

4

F F F+ +

CDCrollF

CDCptchF

CDCheaveF

irideK

ilatK

irideF

Desired Damping torquefor lateral stability

irideF

ilatF

ilatF

Desired damping force for lateral stability

F i g . 4 F l o w c h a r t o f t h e C D C a l g o r i t h m

3 . 2 E S C S y s t e m

T h e E S C s y s t e m c o n t r o l s t h e b r a k i n g f o r c e s o f t h e 5

f o u r t i r e s t o s t a b i l i z e v e h i c l e r o l l a n d y a w m o t i o n s .

B a s e d o n E q . ( 1 ) - ( 9 ) , w e o b t a i n a v e h i c l e m o d e l o f f o u r

s t a t e s . A d d i n g t h e w h e e l s p e e d s , a n e i g h t - s t a t e m o d e l i s

u s e d f o r o u r c o n t r o l s y n t h e s i s . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g w e w i l l

d e f i n e t h e m a j o r f u n c t i o n s o f t h e E S C s y s t e m a n d t h e 10

t a r g e t s t a t e v a l u e s . T h e g e n e r a l E S C s y s t e m ( w h i c h

i n c l u d e s t h e A B S f u n c t i o n s ) i n c l u d e s f o u r c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e s .

I n t h e o r d e r o f d e s c e n d i n g p r i o r i t y , t h e s e f o u r f u n c t i o n s

a r e : w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l , r o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n c o n t r o l , y a w

c o n t r o l a n d s i d e s l i p c o n t r o l . T h e w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l i s 15

i m p o s e d t o l i m i t m a g n i t u d e o f t h e w h e e l s l i p t o b e b e l o w

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1 4

0 . 1 . T h e o t h e r t h r e e c o n t r o l f u n c t i o n s a r e a c t i v e w h e n

t h r e s h o l d v a l u e s a r e e x c e e d e d ( r o l l a n d s i d e s l i p ) o r w h e n

t h e e r r o r i s l a r g e ( y a w ) . A d e s i r e d y a w r a t e i s c a l c u l a t e d

f i r s t f r o m l i n e a r v e h i c l e s t e a d y - s t a t e c o r n e r i n g :

( )2

11 /

xd

x ch

urLu u

δ ⋅= ⋅

+ E q . ( 1 2 ) 5

T h i s v a l u e i s t h e n s a t u r a t e d b a s e d o n a n o m i n a l r o a d

f r i c t i o n v a l u e a n d v e h i c l e f o r w a r d s p e e d

limy

dx x

agr ru uμ ⋅

≤ = = E q . ( 1 3 )

T h e o b t a i n e d d e s i r e d y a w r a t e i s u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e a y a w

e r r o r , d mr r rΔ = − w h e r e mr m e a s u r e d y a w r a t e , b a s e d o n w h i c h 10

a y a w c o n t r o l c o m m a n d w i l l b e c a l c u l a t e d .

T h e l i m i t f o r t h e s i d e s l i p a n g l e , threshλ i s c h o s e n t o b e

5 d e g r e e s . W h e n t h i s t h r e s h o l d v a l u e i s e x c e e d e d , y a w

m o m e n t w i l l b e r e q u e s t e d t o r e d u c e t h e m a g n i t u d e o f t h e

s i d e s l i p a n g l e t o m a i n t a i n d r i v e r ’ s c o n t r o l a u t h o r i t y . 15

Fig. 5 Analysis of rollover dynamics

F i g . 5 s h o w s t h e c h a n g e o f g e o m e t r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

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1 5

b a s e d o n C e n t e r o f G r a v i t y ( C . G ) p o i n t d u r i n g a r o l l o v e r o f

g r o u n d v e h i c l e . T h e r o l l o v e r t h r e a t i s m e a s u r e d b y t h e

t o t a l a m o u n t o f e n e r g y s t o r e d i n t h e v e h i c l e — i n c l u d i n g

b o t h p o t e n t i a l e n e r g y a n d k i n e t i c e n e r g y . A s s u m i n g t h a t

sK i s t h e s u s p e n s i o n r o l l s t i f f n e s s a n d cφ i s t h e r o l l a n g l e , 5

t h e v e h i c l e c r i t i c a l r o l l r a t e , b e y o n d w h i c h e n o u g h k i n e t i c

e n e r g y e x i s t s t o r o l l o v e r t h e v e h i c l e , c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d

f r o m

( )2 2 2

04 2 2 ( )c s c

cxx xx xx

mg h T h mg h h KI I I

φφ+ − −

= = + E q . ( 1 4 )

T o i m p r o v e t h e r e s p o n s i v e n e s s o f t h e c o n t r o l s y s t e m , 10

p r e d i c t e d v e h i c l e r o l l r a t e , i n s t e a d o f m e a s u r e d v e h i c l e r o l l

r a t e , i s u s e d . T h e p r e d i c t e d r o l l r a t e i s c a l c u l a t e d f r o m

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )( )

p

Rcy

xx xx

t t t

k t b t mht aI I

φ φ

φ φ τ φ φ τ

φ φφ τ

= + = + ⋅

⎛ ⎞⋅ + ⋅= + − + ⋅ ⋅⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟

⎝ ⎠

E q . ( 1 5 )

w h e r e t i s t h e p r e s e n t t i m e a n d τ i s t h e p r e d i c t i o n t i m e .

T h e r o l l r a t e i s p r e d i c t e d b a s e d o n r o l l r a t e a t t h e p r e s e n t 15

t i m e a n d t h e r o l l a c c e l e r a t i o n . T h e r o l l a c c e l e r a t i o n

i n f o r m a t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d f r o m a s i m p l e r o l l d y n a m i c m o d e l .

T h e E S C c o n t r o l l o g i c i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 6 . T h e

d e s i r a b l e y a w r a t e i s f i r s t i n f e r r e d f r o m s t e e r i n g i n p u t a n d

f o r w a r d s p e e d , w h i c h i s s a t u r a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o E q . ( 1 3 ) . I n 20

p a r a l l e l , t h e s i d e s l i p t h r e s h o l d , 5 [ d e g ] a n d t h e c r i t i c a l

r o l l r a t e o f t h e v e h i c l e a r e d e r i v e d . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s

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1 6

b e t w e e n y a w r a t e , s i d e s l i p a n d r o l l r a t e a n d t h e i r

t h r e s h o l d v a l u e s a r e t h e n c a l c u l a t e d . I f t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s

l a r g e r t h a n a t h r e s h o l d g a p , , ,thr thr thrrβ φΔ Δ Δ , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

c o n t r o l m o d u l e i s t u r n e d o n . B a s e d o n t h e p r i o r i t i e s o f t h e

f o u r c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e s , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e r v o c o n t r o l l e r s 5

i n S e c t i o n 3 . 3 a r e c h e c k e d t o s e e w h e t h e r t h e y s h o u l d b e

a c t i v a t e d . T h e d e s i r a b l e b r a k e f o r c e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e

s e r v o c o n t r o l l e r i s p a s s e d o n t o t h e b r a k e s y s t e m . T h e

c o n t r o l l e r d e t e c t s t h e v e h i c l e t u r n i n g d i r e c t i o n b a s e d o n

t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n t o s e l e c t t h e 10

w h e e l s t o b e b r a k e d . T h e b r a k e f o r c e i s f i n a l l y r e g u l a t e d b y

w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l t o p r e v e n t w h e e l l o c k - u p , w h i c h i s b a s e d

o n A B S s y s t e m .

( , )d xr G uδ=

dr r rΔ = −

yd

x

ar

u=

x

vu

β = ( , , )p yf aφφ φ φ=

thrΔβ Δβ> p cΔφ Δφ>_thr or rΔ Δ>

/d y xr a u≤

x w jj

x

u ru

ωλ

−=

xu v δ yaφ φir ω⋅ xu

thrΔβ β β= − cΔφ φ φ= −

j dλ λ→

Fig. 6 Flow chart of the ESC control algorithm 15

B e f o r e t h e C D C a n d E S C c o n t r o l c o m m a n d c a n b e s e n t t o

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1 7

t h e s e r v o l o o p , a n I C C m a s t e r n e e d s t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f i n a l

c o n t r o l c o m m a n d b a s e d o n p r i o r i t i z e d c o n t r o l o b j e c t i v e s .

T h e E S C c o n t r o l c o m m a n d w i l l t a k e p r i o r i t y o v e r t h a t o f

C D C a n d t h e r e s p e c t i v e c o n t r o l s y s t e m i s o p e r a t e d i n i t s

p r i o r i t y s e q u e n c e a s e x p l a i n e d a b o v e . N e t w o r k b e t w e e n r i d e 5

c o n t r o l o f C D C a n d r o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n c o n t r o l o f E S C

e n a b l e s t w o m o d u l e s t o s h a r e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t v e h i c l e

r o l l m o t i o n . N e t w o r k s o f v a r i o u s c o n t r o l i n f o r m a t i o n f o r

p e r f o r m a n c e i m p r o v e m e n t a n d f a u l t t o l e r a n c e s y s t e m a r e

a l s o p o s s i b l e . I n t e g r a t i o n s t r a t e g y i n t h i s p a p e r i s b a s e d 10

o n o r g a n i z i n g t h e c o n t r o l e l e m e n t s i n p r i o r i t y s e q u e n c e a s

s h o w n i n F i g . 8 .

Yaw stability Control

Rollover prevention Control

Side slip Control

Wheel slip control

Ride control

Lateral stability control

CDC control

ESC control

ICC Master

Networking for sharing sensor

informationPriority sequence based on

safety first

Fig. 7 ICC master strategy

15

3 . 3 S l i d i n g M o d e C o n t r o l ( S M C ) S t r a t e g y

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1 8

I n t h e p r e v i o u s t w o s e c t i o n s , w e p r e s e n t e d t h e C D C

a n d E S C a l g o r i t h m s . I n t h i s s e c t i o n , w e w i l l p r e s e n t a

s l i d i n g m o d e c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m , w h i c h c a l c u l a t e s t h e

b r a k i n g t o r q u e t o a c h i e v e t h e d e s i r e d s l i p r a t i o s a n d o t h e r

d e s i r e d v e h i c l e s t a t e . T h e C D C c o n t r o l i s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h 5

s e r v o v a l v e s a n d d o e s n o t n e e d a d d i t i o n a l s e r v o - c o n t r o l

a l g o r i t h m s . H o w e v e r t h e E S C c o n t r o l l e r n e e d s t h e

a d d i t i o n a l s e r v o - c o n t r o l a l g o r i t h m s u c h a s t h e r o b u s t

c o n t r o l t o o v e r c o m e t h e p a r a m e t r i c u n c e r t a i n t i e s a n d

u n - m o d e l e d d y n a m i c s . 10

I n t h i s p a p e r w e u s e S M C a s t h e s e r v o - c o n t r o l

b e c a u s e o f i t s r o b u s t n e s s . C h a t t e r i n g , w h i c h i s s o m e t i m e s a

c o n c e r n f o r p r a c t i c a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s , i s n o t h i n g

u n c o m m o n f o r b r a k e c o n t r o l . T o a p p l y t h e S M C a l g o r i t h m ,

w e f i r s t r e - c o m p o s e t h e l i n e a r v e h i c l e m o d e l w h e r e t h e 15

b r a k i n g f o r c e xF i s d e f i n e d a s t h e c o n t r o l i n p u t . T h i s l i n e a r

m o d e l e n a b l e s u s t o a v o i d c o m p l e x i t y a n d d i f f i c u l t y f o u n d

i n t h e n o n l i n e a r t i r e m o d e l - b a s e d S M C d e s i g n , w h e r e

n o n l i n e a r o b s e r v e r - b a s e d d e s i g n s u c h a s e x t e n d e d K a l m a n

f i l t e r s a n d s l i d i n g o b s e r v e r s m a y b e n e c e s s a r y . U s i n g t h i s 20

l i n e a r m o d e l , t h e n o n l i n e a r i t i e s s u c h a s t i r e f r i c t i o n

e l l i p s e w i l l b e l u m p e d t o t h e u n c e r t a i n t y t e r m , w h i c h w i l l

b e a d d r e s s e d b y t h e h i g h - g a i n s w i t c h i n g .

T h e s i m p l e v e h i c l e m o d e l d e r i v e d e a r l i e r i n E q . ( 2 )

w i l l n o w b e r e w r i t t e n w i t h s t e e r i n g a n g l e a s t h e 25

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1 9

d i s t u r b a n c e i n p u t .

1 11 2 1 3X M M X M M AX Bδδ δ− −= + = + E q . ( 1 6 )

w h e r e δ i s t i r e s t e e r i n g a n g l e , 1M i s g i v e n i n E q . ( 3 ) ,

a n d 2M a n d 3M a r e d e f i n e d a s f o l l o w s

2

&

1 12 2

&

0

0

0

0 0 0 1

f ar f rx R C

x x

R x p

f r f rR C

x x

MaC bC C C

mu Cyu u

m h u L mgh La C b C aC bC

Cnu u

α α αφ

φ

α α α αφ

=

− + +⎡ ⎤− −⎢ ⎥

⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥− − + −⎢ ⎥

+ − +⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

E q . ( 1 7 ) 5

3 0 0T

f fM C aCα α⎡ ⎤= ⎣ ⎦ E q . ( 1 8 )

w h e r e fCα , rCα : C o r n e r i n g s t i f f n e s s , &R CCy φ , &R CCn φ : R o l l s t e e r

f a c t o r , Lφ , pL : r o l l s t i f f n e s s a n d d a m p i n g c o e f f i c i e n t .

E q . ( 1 6 ) i s i d e a l i z e d w i t h o u t a n y p l a n t u n c e r t a i n t i e s a n d n o

c o n t r o l i n p u t . I t c a n b e r e w r i t t e n a s 10

1 2 3M X M X M δ= + E q . ( 1 9 )

w h e r e 0yF i s t h e p u r e - s l i p l a t e r a l t i r e f o r c e . W i t h xF

i n p u t , E q . ( 1 9 ) b e c o m e s

xX AX B BF Fδδ= + + + E q . ( 2 0 )

w h e r e t h e m o d e l u n c e r t a i n t y , F a n d t h e m a t r i x B a r e 15

d e r i v e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g .

T h e o v e r a l l t i r e i n p u t U i s d e f i n e d a s

x x y yU M F M F= + E q . ( 2 1 )

T h e t r u n c a t e d T a y l o r ’ s s e r i e s a t t h e o p e r a t i n g p o i n t

i s 20

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2 0

0 0( )yx x y y x x y y x x

x

FM F M F M F M F F F

F∂⎛ ⎞

+ = + + −⎜ ⎟∂⎝ ⎠ E q . ( 2 2 )

0 0

11

y yy x y x y x

x x

yx y

x

F FU M F F M M F

F F

FB M M M

F−

∂ ∂⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞+ ⋅ − ≈ +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

∂⎛ ⎞= +⎜ ⎟∂⎝ ⎠

E q . ( 2 3 )

w h e r e 0, 0x yF F : T h e t i r e f o r c e s o f t h e o p e r a t i n g p o i n t , w h e r e

b r a k i n g f o r c e i s g e n e r a t e d

1

0 1

2

2

0 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 0

l L

y l R

l Lx

l R

cF c

cFc

⎡ ⎤⎢ ⎥∂ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥∂⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

,( )

( )0 max 1

2 20

,xi y zili

zi zi xi

F F Fc

F F F

α

μ μ

−=

− 5

A n d t h e n t h e l i n e a r i z e d t i r e m o d e l u s i n g E q . ( 2 2 ) .

T h e l a t e r a l f o r c e yF c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f r o m

0 0y y

y y y y x y xx x

F FM F M F F M F

F F∂ ∂⎛ ⎞

≈ − +⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠ E q . ( 2 4 )

I f w e e l i m i n a t e t h e e f f e c t o f xF f r o m t h e r i g h t - h a n d

s i d e o f E q . ( 2 4 ) , t h e e s t i m a t e d f r e e r o l l i n g v e h i c l e m o d e l i s 10

02

2 2 0 0

m y y

y ym y y y x m y y x

x x

M X M F

F FM X M F M F M X M F F

F F

+

∂ ∂⎛ ⎞≈ + − = + −⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠

E q . ( 2 5 )

w h i c h c a n b e w r i t t e n u s i n g E q . ( 1 9 ) a s

2 3 2 0 0y

m y y xx

FM X M M X M F F

∂⎛ ⎞+ ≈ + −⎜ ⎟∂⎝ ⎠

E q . ( 2 6 )

I f w e i n s e r t E q . ( 2 6 ) t o t h e l i n e a r i z e d v e h i c l e f o r m

E q . ( 2 7 ) . 15

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2 1

1 2 0 0y y

m y y x y x x xx x

F FM X M X M F F M F M F

F F∂ ∂⎛ ⎞

≈ + − + +⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠ E q . ( 2 7 )

W e c a n t h e n g e t t h e f i n a l v e h i c l e m o d e l

1 2 3

2( )

yy x x x

x

m y y x x

FM X M X M M F M F

FM X M F M F

δ∂

= + + +∂

+ +∵ E q . ( 2 8 )

T h e n o m i n a l l i n e a r v e h i c l e m o d e l i s t h e n

( , )x xX AX B BF f X t BFδδ= + + ≡ + E q . ( 2 9 ) 5

w h e r e ( , )f X t i s u n k n o w n b u t c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e d b y a

n o m i n a l v a l u e f̂ , t h e e s t i m a t i o n e r r o r i s a s s u m e d t o b e

b o u n d e d b y F , i . e . , ˆ( , )f X t f F− ≤ .

T o a c h i e v e t h e c o n t r o l t a r g e t r e s p e c t t o t h e d e s i r e d

y a w , s i d e - s l i p , r o l l r a t e a n d w h e e l s l i p r a t i o , t h e b r a k e 10

t o r q u e a t e a c h w h e e l i s d e s i g n e d f r o m t h e S M C s t r a t e g y .

F o r s l i d i n g m o d e c o n t r o l s , w e f i r s t d e f i n e a s w i t c h i n g

s u r f a c e :

dS X X X= = − E q . ( 3 0 )

w h e r e dX d e n o t e s t h e d e s i r e d v a l u e o f t h e s t a t e v e c t o r . 15

T

d d d dX r v φ⎡ ⎤= ⎣ ⎦ E q . ( 3 1 )

T h e s l i d i n g s u r f a c e is d e f i n e d t h e e l e m e n t o f t h e

s l i d i n g s u r f a c e v e c t o r S . S u p e r s c r i p t , , ,i N Y L= r e p r e s e n t s

t h e t h r e e c o n t r o l m o d u l e s s h o w n i n F i g . 7 ( N : Y a w m o t i o n ,

Y : S i d e s l i p m o t i o n , L : r o l l m o t i o n ) . T h e s l i d i n g m o d e 20

c o n t r o l g a i n i s a s s u m e d t o b e b o u n d e d b y

min maxi i ic c cb b b≤ ≤ E q . ( 3 2 )

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2 2

w h e r e icb i s t h e c o l u m n v e c t o r o f t h e c o n t r o l g a i n v e c t o r B .

T h e p a r a m e t e r s f o r c o n t r o l g a i n , ii cbβ c a n b e w r i t t e n a s

1 maxmin max

min

ˆ, ,i

i ii i i ic c

i c c ci ic c

b bb b bb b

β β β− ≤ ≤ = = E q . ( 3 3 )

T h e d y n a m i c s w h i l e i n t h e s l i d i n g m o d e c a n b e w r i t t e n a s

0c dS AX B b u Xδδ= + + − = E q . ( 3 4 ) 5

T o s a t i s f y E q . ( 3 4 ) , t h e e q u i v a l e n t c o n t r o l i n p u t

w i t h o u t m o d e l e r r o r n e e d s t o s a t i s f y

c eq db u AX B Xδδ= − − + E q . ( 3 5 )

T h e e q u i v a l e n t c o n t r o l i n p u t iequ a r e d e f i n e d a s t h e

e l e m e n t o f equ . T h e e q u i v a l e n t c o n t r o l i n p u t o f 10

y a w / l a t e r a l / r o l l m o t i o n a r e t a k e n a s

N NNr Nv N N c eq d

Y YYr Yv Y Y c eq dY

L LLr Lv L L c eq dL

a r a v a b b u r

a r a v a a b b u v

a r a v a a b b u

φ δ

φ δφ

φ δφ

φ δ

φ φ δ

φ φ δ φ

+ + + = − +

+ + + + = − +

+ + + + = − +

E q . ( 3 6 )

T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f E q . ( 3 6 ) a r e g i v e n i n t h e

f o l l o w i n g .

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2 3

( ) ( )

2 2

21

1 1

1

( ), ,

( ) ( ), ,

,

( )

af ar f r NRCNr Nv N

zz x zz x zz

f r xx f rxx xYr x Yv

x x

f r f rxx yrY Y

f rLr x

x

a C b C aC bC Ca a a

I u I u IaC bC I C CI h mua mu a

m D u D mu D

h K K mgh h B BI Ca a

m D D DaC bC hha mu

m D u

α α φφ

α α α α

φφ φ

α α

+ − += − = =

− + +⎛ ⎞= − − = −⎜ ⎟⋅ ⎝ ⎠

− − − − −= − + =

⋅− +⎛ ⎞

= − −⎜ ⎟⋅ ⎝ ⎠

( ) ( )

1

11

1 21

( ), ,

,

, , ,

f rxLv

x

f r f ryrL L

f xx af afN Y L xx

zz

h C Cmu aD u D

h K K mgh B Bh Ca a

m D D DaC I C h C

b b b D mh II m D D

α α

φφ φ

αδ δ δ

+= −

− − − − −= − − = −

= = − = − = −⋅

T h e f i n a l c o n t r o l l a w w h i c h s a t i s f i e s t h e s l i d i n g

c o n d i t i o n i s ( 9 ) :

/ ( )

( ) ( 1)

1 1( ) 1 1

1 1

i i i i ieq c

i i i i i ieq

u u k b isat s

with k F u

if swhere isat s s if s

if s

β η β

= − ⋅

≥ + + −

≥⎧⎪= − < <⎨⎪− ≤ −⎩

E q . ( 3 7 )

H e r e , ( )isat s i s u s e d i n s t e a d o f a s i g n f u n c t i o n i n 5

o r d e r t o a v o i d c h a t t e r i n g p r o b l e m d u e t o a s w i t c h i n g

c o n t r o l .

T h e f i n a l w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l r e g u l a t e s t h e b r a k i n g

f o r c e , t o m a i n t a i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l s l i p r a t i o z o n e

( 0 . 1 ~ 0 . 1 5 ) o f m a x i m i z i n g t h e b r a k i n g f o r c e . I n o r d e r t o 10

r e a l i z e t h e w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l , w e d e f i n e a n e w s l i d i n g

s u r f a c e a s

dsλ λ λ= − E q . ( 3 8 )

A n d t h e w h e e l d y n a m i c s a l o n g t h e s l i d i n g s u r f a c e i s

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2 4

( )( 1)x wd w x b d

x w x

u r r F Tu J u

λ λ λ λ− = − − − − − E q . ( 3 9 )

T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g e q u i v a l e n t b r a k e t o r q u e a s

( 1)w xeq w x

w

J uu r Fr

λ λ= + − E q . ( 4 0 )

T h e w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l i n p u t , uλ c a n b e o b t a i n e d i n

t h e s a m e w a y i n s h o w n a s E q . ( 3 4 ) ~ E q . ( 3 6 ) a n d i t i s u s e d a s 5

t h e b r a k i n g f o r c e b a s e d o n b b wT F r∝ ⋅ .

T h e f i n a l c o n t r o l i n p u t s f o r m s i n c l u d i n g t h e b o d y

m o t i o n a n d t h e w h e e l m o t i o n a r e t a k e n a s

1

1

1

1

( )

( )

( )

( )

1, 2,3, 4

N N Nr eq c d

Y Y Yv eq c d

L L LRI eq c d

j eq c

u u b k isat r r

u u b k isat v v

u u b k isat

u u b k isat s

j

λ λ λ λλ

φ φ

= − ⋅ −

= − ⋅ −

= − ⋅ −

= − ⋅

=

E q . ( 4 1 )

w h e r e ru : Y a w c o n t r o l i n p u t , vu : S i d e s l i p c o n t r o l i n p u t 10

RIu : R o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n c o n t r o l i n p u t , juλ : L o n g i t u d i n a l

s l i p c o n t r o l i n p u t .

T h e o b t a i n e d b r a k i n g c o n t r o l i n p u t s a r e a p p l i e d

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r i o r i t y s e q u e n c e s o f t h e b r a k i n g c o n t r o l

( w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l , r o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n , s i d e - s l i p c o n t r o l , 15

y a w c o n t r o l ) , w h i c h i s s u p e r i o r t o C D C c o n t r o l a p p l i c a t i o n

f o c u s i n g o n p r o v i d i n g t h e r i d e c o m f o r t a n d t h e s t a b l e

m a n e u v e r f o r t h e d r i v e r . E s p e c i a l l y w h e n w e n e e d t h e m u l t i

w h e e l b r a k i n g , ( e x : o n e w h e e l b r a k i n g i s n o t e n o u g h t o

c o n t r o l t h e v e h i c l e ) t h e n e c e s s a r y b r a k i n g f o r c e s a r e 20

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2 5

a l l o c a t e d a t t h e a d d i t i o n a l l y a p p l i e d w h e e l .

4 . S T A N D A R D T E S T A N D W O R S T - C A S E D Y N A M I C

E V A L U T I O N

4 . 1 S t a n d a r d t e s t p r o c e d u r e 5

T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f v e h i c l e s i s f r e q u e n t l y a s s e s s e d

b y g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s t h r o u g h w e l l - d e f i n e d s t a n d a r d

t e s t s . T h e t e s t r e s u l t s a r e t h e n p u b l i s h e d t h r o u g h N e w

C a r A s s e s s m e n t P r o g r a m s , w h i c h h a s b e c o m e a c r i t i c a l

f a c t o r i n c o n s u m e r p u r c h a s e d e c i s i o n s . I n t h e U S , 10

r o l l o v e r p r o p e n s i t y i s a s s e s s e d t h r o u g h a 5 - s t a r r a t i n g

s y s t e m , w h i c h i s b a s e d o n s t a t i c s t a b i l i t y f a c t o r p l u s a

c o r r e c t i o n b a s e d o n f i s h h o o k t e s t . T h e f i s h h o o k m a n e u v e r

i s s e l e c t e d b y N a t i o n a l H i g h w a y T r a n s p o r t a t i o n

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( N H T S A ) b a s e d o n o b j e c t i v i t y , r e p e a t a b i l i t y , 15

p e r f o r m a b i l i t y a n d d i s c r i m i n a t o r y c a p a b i l i t y ( 2 1 ) . S t a r t i n g

f r o m t h e l a t e 1 9 9 0 ’ s , e l e c t r o n i c s t a b i l i t y c o n t r o l ( E S C )

s y s t e m s q u i c k l y p e n e t r a t e t h e m a r k e t a s a n i m p o r t a n t

a c t i v e s a f e t y d e v i c e . C a r c o m p a n i e s s o o n r e a l i z e E S C i s a

r e l a t i v e l y c h e a p w a y t o i m p r o v e t h e r o l l o v e r s t a r - r a t i n g o f 20

a S U V o r l i g h t t r u c k s . I n s t e a d o f r e d e s i g n i n g t h e v e h i c l e

c h a s s i s o r w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n s , E S C c a n b e c a l i b r a t e d t o

a f f e c t v e h i c l e h a n d l i n g a n d r o l l b e h a v i o r s t o b o o s t t h e

v e h i c l e s t a r r a t i n g .

N H T S A n o w f a c e s a n e w a n d d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m : d e s i g n 25

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a s i m p l e , r e p e a t a b l e a n d r e l i a b l e w a y t o a s s e s s t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e o f v e h i c l e s w i t h s m a r t c h a s s i s c o n t r o l s y s t e m s .

T h e p r o b l e m i s a n a l o g o u s t o a s s e s s i n g t h e l e a r n i n g o f

s t u d e n t s . T r a d i t i o n a l “ s t a n d a r d t e s t ” p r o c e d u r e i s a k i n t o

a n n o u n c i n g t h e e x a m q u e s t i o n s a h e a d o f t i m e , a n d t h e n 5

t r y i n g t o a s s e s s l e a r n i n g b y g r a d i n g t h e e x a m p a p e r s . I s

i t p o s s i b l e s o m e “ s t u d e n t s ” m a y d o a g r e a t j o b a n s w e r i n g

t h e e x a m q u e s t i o n s b u t o t h e r w i s e l e a r n v e r y l i t t l e a b o u t

t h e r e s t i f t h e c o u r s e m a t e r i a l ? W i t h “ s t u d e n t s ” a r m e d

w i t h a d v a n c e d c h a s s i s c o n t r o l s y s t e m s w h i c h c a n b e e a s i l y 10

t u n e d f o r a n y p r e - a n n o u n c e d s t a n d a r d t e s t , t h e t e a c h e r

( N H T S A ) n e e d s t o f i n d a r e v o l u t i o n w a y t o a s s e s s l e a r n i n g

( s a f e t y p e r f o r m a n c e ) .

T h e n e w t e s t i n g m e t h o d , w e b e l i e v e , n e e d s t o h a v e

t h r e e m a j o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s : 1 ) T h e t e s t c a n n o t b e 15

o n e - s i z e - f i t - a l l . I n s t e a d , i t n e e d s t o c r e a t e c u s t o m i z e d

t e s t m a n e u v e r s f o r e a c h v e h i c l e ; 2 ) T h e t e s t n e e d s t o b e

s i m u l a t i o n b a s e d , i n s t e a d o f e x p e r i m e n t - b a s e d ; a n d 3 ) T h e

t e s t n e e d s t o b e b a s e d o n c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n d r i c h t e s t

m a n e u v e r s ; i n s t e a d o f r e l y i n g o n a h a n d f u l o f t e s t 20

m a n e u v e r s . T h e s e t h r e e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e d i s c u s s e d

s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e f o l l o w i n g .

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Fig. 8 NHTSA Fishhook tests for rollover

N H T S A s t a r t e d t o m o v e a w a y f r o m o n e - s i z e - f i t - a l l

t o w a r d c u s t o m i z e d t e s t s i n r e c e n t y e a r s . A s a n e x a m p l e ,

F i g / 8 s h o w s t h e f i s h h o o k t e s t m a n e u v e r d e f i n e d b y N H T S A 5

f o r v e h i c l e r o l l o v e r p r o p e n s i t y t e s t . T h e h a n d - w h e e l

s t e e r i n g m a g n i t u d e ‘ A ’ , a n d d w e l l t i m e ‘ T 1 ’ a r e s e l e c t e d

b a s e d o n v e h i c l e r e s p o n s e a n d t h u s a r e d i f f e r e n t f o r e a c h

v e h i c l e . T h i s c u s t o m i z a t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y t o e n s u r e t h e

t e s t i s s o m e w h a t n o r m a l i z e d , a n d v e h i c l e s w i t h l o w 10

s t e e r i n g r a t i o o r h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e t i r e s a r e n o t p e n a l i z e d

i n a d v e r t e n t l y . W e b e l i e v e m o r e c u s t o m i z a t i o n i s

n e c e s s a r y , t o t h o r o u g h l y a s s e s s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f s m a r t

c o n t r o l s y s t e m s .

T h e c u r r e n t s t a n d a r d t e s t p r a c t i c e a l s o f a c e s a n o t h e r 15

m a j o r h u r d l e : e x p e r i m e n t a l e v a l u a t i o n s a r e , b y n a t u r e ,

e x p e n s i v e , t i m e - c o n s u m i n g a n d l o w r e p e a t a b i l i t y b e c a u s e o f

t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f u n c o n t r o l l e d v a r i a b l e s a n d p a r a m e t e r s

s u c h a s t i r e w e a r a n d r o a d f r i c t i o n .

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4 . 2 W o r s t - c a s e d y n a m i c e v a l u a t i o n ( W C D E )

T h e w o r s t - c a s e d y n a m i c e v a l u a t i o n ( W C D E ) p r o c e s s ,

w e b e l i e v e , i s a g o o d a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e c u r r e n t

e x p e r i m e n t s - b a s e d e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e s s f o r f u t u r e v e h i c l e s ,

e s p e c i a l l y w h e n t h e y a r e e q u i p p e d w i t h a c t i v e s a f e t y 5

d e v i c e s . T h e W C D E m e t h o d i s a s i m u l a t i o n - b a s e d

e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e s s t h a t i d e n t i f i e s w e a k n e s s e s o f a v e h i c l e

t h r o u g h e x t e n s i v e n u m e r i c a l s e a r c h . T h e s i m u l a t i o n - b a s e d

a p p r o a c h e l i m i n a t e s t h e e f f e c t o f h u m a n u n c e r t a i n t i e s . I n

a d d i t i o n , i t a l l o w s a w i d e v a r i e t y o f s c e n a r i o s , i n c l u d i n g 10

t h o s e t h a t a r e n o t f e a s i b l e o r t o o c o s t l y i n f i e l d t e s t i n g .

T h r o u g h e x t e n s i v e n u m e r i c a l s e a r c h , W C D E c h a l l e n g e s t h e

v e h i c l e w i t h a l a r g e s e t o f s e v e r e m a n e u v e r s a n d i s a

v a l u a b l e a s s e t i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a c t i v e s a f e t y s y s t e m s .

M a t h e m a t i c a l l y , W C D E c a n b e f o r m u l a t e d a s a 15

t r a j e c t o r y o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o b l e m , w h i c h s e a r c h e s f o r t h e

w o r s t - p o s s i b l e d r i v e r ’ s m a n e u v e r s t h a t m a x i m i z e a c o s t

f u n c t i o n , e . g . , t h e 2 - n o r m o f v e h i c l e r o l l a n g l e t h r o u g h t h e

o p t i m i z a t i o n h o r i z o n . W C D E f o r g r o u n d v e h i c l e s a n d t h e i r

c o n t r o l s y s t e m h a d b e e n a t t e m p t e d ( 3 6 ) ( 3 7 ) . T h e f o c u s o f 20

( 3 6 ) w a s r o l l o v e r a n d j a c k k n i f i n g o f a r t i c u l a t e d v e h i c l e s

u s i n g t h e w o r s t - c a s e e v a l u a t i o n m e t h o d o l o g y . I n ( 3 7 ) ,

v a r i o u s o p t i m i z a t i o n m e t h o d s s u c h a s d i r e c t m e t h o d a n d

i n d i r e c t m e t h o d w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d c o m p a r e d f o r W C D E

a p p l i c a t i o n s . 25

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T h e n u m e r i c a l m a c h i n e o f W C D E m u s t b e a b l e t o

a c c o m m o d a t e p r o b l e m s w i t h o n e o r m o r e o f t h r e e f e a t u r e s :

( i ) n o n l i n e a r p r o b l e m s w i t h c o m p l e x n u m e r i c a l s u b r o u t i n e s

( e . g . , C a r S i m , A d a m s , e t c . ) ; ( i i ) P r o b l e m s w i t h e q u a l i t y

a n d / o r i n e q u a l i t y c o n s t r a i n t s ; a n d ( i i i ) p e r f o r m a n c e i n d e x 5

i n n o n - a c c u m u l a t e d f o r m ( e . g i n f i n i t y n o r m ) . I n a d d i t i o n ,

b a s e d o n o u r p a s t e x p e r i e n c e , t h e D y n a m i c P r o g r a m m i n g

m e t h o d , w h i c h e n s u r e s g l o b a l o p t i m a l i t y , i s n o t p r a c t i c a l

f o r h i g h - d i m e n s i o n d y n a m i c s y s t e m s d u e t o t h e c u r s e o f

d i m e n s i o n a l i t y . B a s e d o n a l l t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , w e 10

c h o o s e t h e S e q u e n t i a l Q u a d r a t i c P r o g r a m m i n g ( S Q P )

m e t h o d w h i c h i s a l o c a l s e a r c h m e t h o d b u t i s v e r y e f f i c i e n t

e v e n f o r h i g h - d i m e n s i o n a l p r o b l e m d u e t o i t s r i c h

d e v e l o p m e n t h i s t o r y .

T h e W C D E p r o b l e m i s s e t u p a s f o l l o w s . T h e t i m e 15

h o r i z o n i s d i s c r e t i z e d i n t o g r i d p o i n t s

0 1 1... N N ft tτ τ τ−= < < < = E q . ( 4 2 )

0where : intial time : final timeft t . T h e d i s t u r b a n c e ( e . g . , s t e e r i n g

w h e e l a n g l e ) a t t h e s e d i s c r e t e t i m e g r i d p o i n t s , sww , a r e

d e s i g n v a r i a b l e s t o b e s o l v e d f o r t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o b l e m 20

b u t t h e a p p l i e d i n p u t i s s m o o t h e d t h r o u g h i n t e r p o l a t i o n

( s e e F i g u r e 9 )

1 2 1sw sw sw sw sw[ , ,..., , ]N Nw w w w−=w E q . ( 4 3 )

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3 0

Fig. 9 WCDE problem setup

A f t e r s u r v e y i n g v a r i o u s m e t h o d s , t w o n u m e r i c a l

m e t h o d s b a s e d o n M e s h A d a p t i v e D i r e c t S e a r c h i n g ( M A D S )

a n d S e q u e n t i a l Q u a d r a t i c P r o g r a m m i n g ( S Q P ) a r e s e l e c t e d 5

( 2 6 ) . T h e M A D S a l g o r i t h m i s a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c l a s s

o f G e n e r a l i z e d P a t t e r n S e a r c h ( G P S ) a l g o r i t h m s , a

d e r i v a t i v e - f r e e m e t h o d ( 2 8 ) . T h e S Q P m e t h o d h a s b e e n

w i d e l y a p p l i e d t o m a n y o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o b l e m s ( 2 6 ) ( 2 7 ) a n d

e f f i c i e n t s o f t w a r e s a r e a v a i l a b l e . H o w e v e r , b o t h m e t h o d s 10

a r e l o c a l s e a r c h m e t h o d s a n d t h u s g l o b a l o p t i m a l i t y c a n n o t

b e g u a r a n t e e d . T h e r e f o r e , i t i s c r i t i c a l t o p r o v i d e a r i c h

s e t o f i n i t i a l g u e s s o f d i s t u r b a n c e i n p u t s , a n d b o t h

n u m e r i c a l m e t h o d s w i l l b e u s e d t o f i n d l o c a l o p t i m u m .

T h e m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s o f W C D E p r o g r a m a r e a 15

c o n s t r a i n t b l o c k a n d a n i n i t i a l p o i n t g e n e r a t i o n b l o c k . I n

t h e s e b l o c k s , c o n s t r a i n t s s u c h a s m a g n i t u d e s a t u r a t i o n a n d

r a t e l i m i t s a r e i m p o s e d . T h e i n i t i a l p o i n t g e n e r a t i o n i s

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3 1

t h e m o s t c r i t i c a l p a r t o f W C D E . S i n c e b o t h n u m e r i c a l

m e t h o d s o n l y s e a r c h l o c a l l y , s m a r t i n i t i a l p o i n t s t h a t a r e

r i c h a n d “ b a d e n o u g h ” a r e c r i t i c a l f o r r e a c h i n g a n a r r a y o f

l o c a l o p t i m a l t h a t t r u l y r e f l e c t t h e s a f e t y p e r f o r m a n c e .

T h e g e n e r a t i o n o f i n i t i a l p o i n t s i s e x p l a i n e d i n d e t a i l s i n 5

t h e n e x t s e c t i o n .

4 . 3 . G e n e r a t i o n o f i n i t i a l p o i n t s

A c o m m o n p r a c t i c e i n g e n e r a t i n g i n i t i a l p o i n t s f o r

l o c a l s e a r c h m e t h o d s s u c h a s S Q P i s t o s t a r t f o r m 10

p s e u d o - r a n d o m p o i n t s . T h e i d e a i s t o c o v e r t h e h i g h

d i m e n s i o n a l i t y o f t h e d i s t u r b a n c e i n p u t s i n a s y s t e m a t i c a l

w a y . T h e g e n e r a t e d i n p u t s , h o w e v e r , w i l l h a v e c e r t a i n

l e v e l o f r a n d o m n e s s f o r r i c h n e s s . S o m e o f t h e i n i t i a l

p o i n t s u s e d i n o u r W C D E p r o g r a m w i l l b e g e n e r a t e d i n t h i s 15

p s e u d o - r a n d o m f a s h i o n . H o w e v e r , w e p u t m o r e e m p h a s i s

o n a n o t h e r g e n e r a t i o n m e t h o d — t o l e v e r a g e e x i s t i n g

s t a n d a r d t e s t , e n g i n e e r i n g p r a c t i c e a n d c o n t r o l s t h e o r y .

A d o p t i o n o f c o m m o n t e s t i n g m a n e u v e r s d e v e l o p e d b y

v e h i c l e s a f e t y r e s e a r c h g r o u p s u c h a s N H T S A a n d 20

U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e

( U M T R I ) a r e v e r y a p p r o p r i a t e . I n a d d i t i o n , l i n e a r s y s t e m s

a n a l y s i s , e . g . , w o r s t a l l o w a b l e p e r s i s t e n t b o u n d e d

d i s t u r b a n c e ( W A P B D ) ( 2 5 ) a l s o p r o v i d e s u s e f u l i n s i g h t i n t o

d i s t u r b a n c e i n p u t g e n e r a t i o n . T h i s c o n c e p t g e n e r a t e s 25

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w o r s t - c a s e i n p u t b a s e d o n i m p u l s e r e s p o n s e o f l i n e a r t i m e

i n v a r i a n t ( L T I ) s y s t e m . T h e p r o c e d u r e i s d e s c r i b e d i n F i g .

1 0 . F i r s t , ( )g t , t h e i m p u l s e r e s p o n s e d u e t o s t e e r i n g i n p u t

i s o b t a i n e d . T h e r e s p o n s e i s t r i m m e d a t 3 % s t e a d y - s t a t e

e r r o r a n d t h e t i m e s p a n , T i s d e t e r m i n e d . T h e w o r s t 5

p e r s i s t e n t d i s t u r b a n c e , 0 ( , ) for [0,T]w t T t∈ i s t h e n o b t a i n e d

f r o m 0 ( , ) sign{ ( )}w t T g T t= − . A s s u m i n g t h a t t h e m a x i m u m

s t e e r i n g v a l u e i s maxδ , t h e n a g o o d i n i t i a l p o i n t i s

max { ( )}sign g T tδ ⋅ − .

10

0 max( ) ( , ) ( ) { ( )}g t w t T g T t sign g T tδ⇒ = − ⇒ ⋅ −

Fig. 10 The initial point obtained from the impulse-response based WAPBD approach.

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e W A P B D m e t h o d , i n i t i a l g u e s s i s

a l s o g e n e r a t e d b a s e d o n J - t u r n , f i s h - h o o k ,

f i s h - h o o k - w i t h - d w e l l , U M T R I d r a s t i c m a n e u v e r , s i n u s o i d a l 15

s t e e r i n g , a n d d o u b l e l a n e - c h a n g e . S e a r c h f o r l o c a l

o p t i m a l a r o u n d t h e s e c o m m o n l y u s e d t e s t i n g m a n e u v e r s , a s

w e l l a s a s e t o f p s e u d o - r a n d o m i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s p r o v i d e

r i c h a n d c u s t o m i z e d s e a r c h n e e d e d t o p r o v i d e r i g o r o u s

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e v a l u a t i o n s .

D e s p i t e o f t h e f a c t b o t h S Q P a n d M A D S a r e

l o c a l - s e a r c h m e t h o d s , i f l a r g e n u m b e r o f i t e r a t i o n s i s

a l l o w e d , b o t h m e t h o d s m a y f i n d l o c a l o p t i m u m t h a t i s q u i t e

d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e i n i t i a l g u e s s . O n e s u c h e x a m p l e i s 5

i l l u s t r a t e d b e l o w . I n t h i s e x a m p l e , t h e c o s t f u n c t i o n t o b e

m i n i m i z e d i s s e l e c t e d t o b e 2max

1000Jφ

= . F r o m t h e i n i t i a l

c o n d i t i o n u s i n g W A P B D e x p l a i n e d i n t h e a b o v e , b o t h M A D S

a n d S Q P m e t h o d s a r e i n v o k e d . T h e m a x i m u m s t e e r i n g a n g l e

a n d s t e e r i n g r a t e a r e l i m i t e d t o 2 9 0 [ d e g ] a n d 1 0 0 0 [ d e g / s ] 10

b a s e d o n N H T S A F i s h h o o k t e s t s t a n d a r d i n F i g . 1 1 .

Fig. 12 MADS searching history 21000J

φ=

T h e s e a r c h i n g h i s t o r y o f t h e M A D S m e t h o d i s

s h o w n i n F i g . 1 2 . I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n m a y b e 15

s t u c k a t a c e r t a i n c o s t f u n c t i o n v a l u e f o r e x t e n d e d n u m b e r

o f i t e r a t i o n s b e f o r e i t s u d d e n l y b r e a k l o o s e a n d f i n d a

b e t t e r o p t i m u m p o i n t . T h i s i s t y p i c a l o f l o c a l s e a r c h

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3 4

m e t h o d s , w h i c h d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e n e e d t o a l l o w l a r g e

n u m b e r s o f i t e r a t i o n s . I t e r a t i o n

N u m b e r E v a l u a t i o n

F u n c t i o n C o n v e r g e n c e

T o l e r a n c e F i n a l C o s t

f u n c t i o n S Q P 7 4 2 0 1 9 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 3 1

M A D S 3 4 9 7 2 9 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 3 1

Table 1. WCDE searching results

B o t h S Q P a n d M A D S m e t h o d s w e r e a b l e t o c a u s e

r o l l o v e r , u n d e r t h e s a m e i n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n . D e t a i l e d 5

e v a l u a t i o n r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e

o f t h e t w o s o l u t i o n s i s t h e s a m e ( J = 0 . 3 1 ) d e s p i t e o f t h e f a c t

t h e s t e e r i n g a n g l e a n d v e h i c l e r o l l m o t i o n s a r e d i f f e r e n t

( s e e F i g . 1 3 ) . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e y c o n v e r g e t o

d i f f e r e n t l o c a l m i n i m u m , b o t h o f w h i c h m i g h t b e o f i n t e r e s t 10

i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e v e h i c l e I C C

s y s t e m .

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-400

-200

0

200

400

time[sec]

Ste

erin

g A

ngle

[deg

]

Worst cae:SQPWorst case: MADS

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4-100

-50

0

50

time[sec]

Rol

l ang

le[d

eg] Worst case:SQP

Worst case: MADS

Fig. 13 Worst case maneuver result from SQP & MADS 82[ ], 0.9xu kph μ= =

T h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e o b t a i n e d w o r s t - c a s e 15

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3 5

m a n e u v e r ( f r o m S Q P ) i s c o m p a r e d a g a i n s t a s t a n d a r d

r o l l o v e r t e s t , t h e N H T S A F i s h h o o k t e s t . A s s h o w n i n F i g .

1 4 , I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e v e h i c l e r o l l s o v e r u n d e r t h e

W C D E s t e e r i n g b u t n o t u n d e r t h e s t a n d a r d f i s h h o o k t e s t .

W h a t i s e v e n m o r e i n t e r e s t i n g i s t h a t w e a r e a b l e t o r e p e a t 5

t h e s a m e p r o c e s s a n d a c h i e v e s r o l l o v e r e v e n w h e n t h e

i n i t i a l v e h i c l e s p e e d i s 1 0 k p h l o w e r t h a n t h a t o f t h e

f i s h h o o k t e s t ( s e e F i g . 1 4 ) .

0 1 2 3 4-400

-200

0

200

400

time[sec]

Ste

erin

g W

heel

Ang

le[d

eg]

FishhookWorst case maneuver

0 1 2 3 4-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

time[sec]

Rol

l ang

le[d

eg]

0 1 2 3 40

20

40

60

80

100

time[sec]

Long

itudi

nal s

peed

[kph

]

0 1 2 3 4-150

-100

-50

0

50

time[sec]

Yaw

rat

e[de

g/se

c]

Fig. 14 Comparison simulation between standard Fishhook and the worst-case 10

maneuver for rollover

5 . S I M U L A T I O N R E S U L T S

I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t w o s e t s o f s i m u l a t i o n s a n d o n e

s u m m a r y t a b l e a r e p r e s e n t e d . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s e 15

s i m u l a t i o n s i s t o d e m o n s t r a t e h o w t h e d e v e l o p e d W C D E

p r o c e d u r e c a n b e u s e d t o a s s e s s t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e I C C

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3 6

s y s t e m d e v e l o p e d i n S e c t i o n 3 .

T h e s i m u l a t i o n s a r e a l l b a s e d o n t h e C a r S i m S U V

v e h i c l e m o d e l a n d t h e I C C s y s t e m , i f u s e d , i s c a l i b r a t e d

b a s e d o n t h i s t a r g e t v e h i c l e . T h e f i r s t s i m u l a t i o n i s b a s e d

o n a d o u b l e l a n e - c h a n g e m a n e u v e r o n l o w - µ s u r f a c e , w h i c h 5

i s a “ c l o s e d - l o o p ” t e s t u s i n g t h e M a c A d a m p r e v i e w d r i v e r

m o d e l . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s i m u l a t i o n i s t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e

e f f e c t o f I C C i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h a h u m a n d r i v e r .

I t c a n b e s e e n f r o m F i g . 1 4 t h a t t h e d r i v e r ’ s s t e e r i n g

a c t i o n i s o f m u c h l o w e r m a g n i t u d e c o m p a r e d t o t h a t o f t h e 10

I C C - o f f c a s e . I n f a c t , s i n c e t h e v e h i c l e s p e e d i s r e l a t i v e l y

h i g h ( 8 5 k p h ) , t h e I C C - o f f c a s e h i t s t h e r o a d f r i c t i o n

s a t u r a t i o n b o u n d a n d t h e v e h i c l e s p i n s o u t . T h e l o s s o f

v e h i c l e s t a b i l i t y i s e v i d e n t f r o m t h e s t e e p d r o p o f v e h i c l e

s p e e d . T h e d r i v e r o f t h e I C C - o f f v e h i c l e t r i e s t o c o u n t e r 15

s t e e r b u t f a i l s t o s t a b i l i z e t h e v e h i c l e .

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0 5 10 15-400

-200

0

200

400

time[sec]

Ste

erin

g W

heel

Ang

le[d

eg]

ICC ONICC OFF

0 5 10 15-4

-2

0

2

4

time[sec]

Rol

l ang

le[d

eg]

0 5 10 15-20

0

20

40

60

time[sec]

Yaw

rat

e[de

g/se

c]

0 5 10 150

5

10

15

20

time[sec]B

raki

ng P

ress

ure[

Mps

]

Fig. 15 Simulation results, Double lane change at 85[ ]xu kph= , µ= 0.37

I n F i g . 1 5 , t h e w o r s t - c a s e m a n e u v e r f r o m

W A P B D - b a s e d i n i t i a l p o i n t a n d S Q P s e a r c h i n s e c t i o n 4 . 3

w a s s i m u l a t e d o n a h i g h - µ r o a d s u r f a c e . T h e I C C - o f f v e h i c l e 5

r o l l s o v e r w h i l e t h e I C C - o n v e h i c l e d o e s n o t .

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3 8

0 1 2 3 4-400

-200

0

200

400

time[sec]

Ste

erin

g W

heel

Ang

le[d

eg]

ICC ONICC OFF

0 1 2 3 4-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

time[sec]

Rol

l ang

le[d

eg]

0 1 2 3 4-100

-50

0

50

time[sec]

Yaw

rat

e[de

g/se

c]

0 1 2 3 40

10

20

30

time[sec]B

raki

ng P

ress

ure[

Mps

]

Fig. 16 Simulation Results, WCDE @ 85[ ]xu kph= , µ= 0.9

Table.2 Evaluation of ICC rollover prevention via standard test simulation and WCDE

0.9μ = 5

T a b l e . 2 i s a n i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e

W C D E e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e s s . T h e c o s t f u n c t i o n t o b e

m i n i m i z e d i s t h e s a m e a s t h e o n e u s e d i n S e c t i o n 4 , a i m i n g

t o g e n e r a t e l a r g e r o l l m o t i o n s . T h e r e s u l t s o f W C D E a r e

o b t a i n e d b y 1 0 i n i t i a l p o i n t c a s e s i n c l u d i n g s t a n d a r d t e s t 10

m a n e u v e r s , t h e r e s o n a n c e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n a l y s i s , W A P B D ,

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3 9

e t c . T h e S Q P a n d M A D S a l g o r i t h m s a r e t h e n u s e d t o f i n d

l o c a l o p t i m u m . T h e r e s u l t w i t h t h e h i g h e s t r o l l a n g l e i s

t h e n r e p o r t e d i n t a b l e 2 . F o r t h e “ s t a n d a r d t e s t ” r o w ,

s i m u l a t i o n r e s u l t s f r o m t h e N H T S A f i s h h o o k t e s t a n d

N H T S A s i n e - d w e l l t e s t a r e o b t a i n e d a n d t h e h i g h e s t r o l l 5

a n g l e i s r e p o r t e d . W h e n I C C i s t u r n e d o f f , W C D E i d e n t i f i e d

s t e e r i n g i n p u t s t h a t r e s u l t i n r o l l o v e r f o r t h e t a r g e t

v e h i c l e u n d e r a l l v e h i c l e s p e e d s . F o r s t a n d a r d t e s t s , t h e

v e h i c l e m i g h t r o l l o v e r o r s p i n - o u t . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e

s t a n d a r d m a n e u v e r s a r e s e l e c t e d a p r i o r i , a n d m a y n o t b e 10

t h e b e s t c h o i c e i n t e r m s o f a s s e s s i n g v e h i c l e r o l l o v e r

p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e d e v e l o p e d I C C i s

a b l e t o a c h i e v e c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w e r r o l l a n g l e , i n c o m p a r i s o n

w i t h t h e I C C - o f f c a s e . T h e r e s u l t s c o n f i r m t h a t t h e I C C i s

t u n e d p r o p e r l y , f r o m t h e w o r s t - c a s e s e n s e . I f a n y o f t h e 15

I C C - o n c a s e s h o w s h i g h e r r o l l a n g l e t h a n I C C - o f f c a s e , i t

w i l l i n d i c a t e a s e r i o u s p r o b l e m — t h e c o n t r o l - o n c a s e s h o u l d

n e v e r b e w o r s e - o f f t h a n t h e n o - c o n t r o l c a s e u n d e r a n y

c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h i s r e q u i r e d c o n d i t i o n c a n b e e a s i l y

a s s e s s e d t h r o u g h t h e W C D E p r o c e s s , b u t n o t t r a d i t i o n a l 20

s t a n d a r d t e s t p r o c e s s .

6 . C O N C L U S I O N

T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a v e h i c l e m o d e l w i t h a n

i n t e g r a t e d c h a s s i s c o n t r o l s y s t e m a n d t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f i t s 25

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4 0

p e r f o r m a n c e b a s e d o n a w o r s t - c a s e d y n a m i c e v a l u a t i o n

p r o c e s s a r e r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r .

T h e d e v e l o p e d s i m p l e v e h i c l e m o d e l a c a p t u r e s t h e

v e h i c l e l a t e r a l - y a w - r o l l m o t i o n s a s w e l l a s t h e t i r e f r i c t i o n

e l l i p s e b e h a v i o r . I t w a s f o u n d t o b e a c c u r a t e e n o u g h f o r 5

I C C d e s i g n p u r p o s e s . T h e I n t e g r a t e d C h a s s i s C o n t r o l

( I C C ) s y s t e m s t u d i e d i n t h i s p a p e r i n c l u d e s a n e l e c t r o n i c

s t a b i l i t y C o n t r o l s u b - s y s t e m a n d a s e m i - a c t i v e s u s p e n s i o n

s u b - s y s t e m . T h e I C C s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d c o n s i d e r i n g r i d e

c o n t r o l , l a t e r a l m o t i o n c o n t r o l , y a w c o n t r o l , s i d e - s l i p 10

c o n t r o l , r o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n c o n t r o l a n d w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l .

T h e s l i d i n g m o d e c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e i s u s e d f o r t h e

s e r v o - l o o p d e s i g n o f E S C f o r g u a r a n t e e d r o b u s t n e s s .

T h e s i m u l a t i o n b a s e d W o r s t - C a s e D y n a m i c

E v a l u a t i o n ( W C D E ) e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e i s a n o p t i m i z a t i o n 15

m e t h o d w h i c h a i m s t o f i n d w o r s t p o s s i b l e d i s t u r b a n c e ( e . g . ,

d r i v e r ’ s s t e e r i n g i n p u t ) f o r d e f i n e d v e h i c l e m o t i o n .

B e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h s y s t e m d i m e n s i o n , t w o l o c a l s e a r c h

m e t h o d s , S e q u e n t i a l Q u a d r a t i c P r o g r a m m i n g ( S Q P ) a n d

M e s h A d a p t i v e D i r e c t S e a r c h i n g ( M A D S ) a r e u s e d . D u e t o 20

t h e l o c a l - s e a r c h n a t u r e o f t h e s e t w o m e t h o d s , i t i s c r i t i c a l

t o p r o v i d e g o o d a n d r i c h s t a r t i n g p o i n t s . A s e t o f i n i t i a l

p o i n t s , c o m p i l e d f r o m c o m m o n p r a c t i c e u s e d i n t h e

a u t o m o t i v e f i e l d t e s t i n g , p l u s p r o c e d u r e s m o t i v a t e d b y

c o n t r o l t h e o r i e s a r e s u g g e s t e d . T h e w o r s t - c a s e e v a l u a t i o n 25

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4 1

p r o c e s s i s d e s c r i b e d a n d e x a m p l e r e s u l t s i n a s s e s s i n g

r o l l o v e r p e r f o r m a n c e o f a v e h i c l e w i t h a n d w i t h o u t I C C a r e

u s e d t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e d e s i g n p r o c e s s .

6 . C O N C L U S I O N 5

T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a v e h i c l e m o d e l w i t h a n

i n t e g r a t e d c h a s s i s c o n t r o l s y s t e m a n d t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f i t s

p e r f o r m a n c e b a s e d o n a w o r s t - c a s e d y n a m i c e v a l u a t i o n

p r o c e s s a r e r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r .

T h e d e v e l o p e d s i m p l e v e h i c l e m o d e l i s a p p l i e d f o r 10

c o n t r o l l e r d e s i g n a n d b a s i c s y s t e m a n a l y s i s i n c l u d i n g

e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e s s b a s e d o n i t s m o d e l i n g a c c u r a c y w i t h

m i n i m a l c o m p l e x i t y . I C C c o n t r o l l e r m o d e l i s c o m p o s e d b y

o r g a n i z i n g b a s e d o n s a f e t y p r i o r i t i e s s e q u e n c e s t h e

r e s p e c t i v e f u n c t i o n a l i t i e s m o d u l e s u c h r i d e c o n t r o l , l a t e r a l 15

m o t i o n c o n t r o l , y a w c o n t r o l , s i d e - s l i p c o n t r o l , r o l l o v e r

p r e v e n t i o n c o n t r o l a n d w h e e l s l i p c o n t r o l t h a t s t a b i l i t y

f o c u s i n g c h a s s i s c o n t r o l s y s t e m s , C D C a n d E S C i n c l u d e .

S l i d i n g m o d e t e c h n i q u e u s i n g 3 D O F v e h i c l e m o d e l b a s e d o n

l i n e a r i z e d t i r e e l l i p s e m o d e l a l l o w s a c o m p a c t a n d a d a p t i v e 20

s e r v o - l o o p c o n t r o l d e s i g n o f E S C , w h i c h i s b a s e d o n t h e

v e h i c l e p a r a m e t e r s .

T h e n o v e l s i m u l a t i o n b a s e d e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e ,

W C D E , w h i c h i s d e s i g n e d b y v e h i c l e m o d e l w i t h c o n t r o l

s y s t e m , t h e o p t i m i z a t i o n m e t h o d a n d a n i n i t i a l p o i n t 25

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4 2

g e n e r a t i o n , p r o v i d e d a s y s t e m a t i c a p p r o a c h t o v a l i d a t e t h e

p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e d e v e l o p e d I C C s y s t e m . F r o m t h e

w o r s t - c a s e s t u d y d e f i n e d b y r o l l o v e r , f e a s i b i l i t y o f W C D E i s

a p p r o v e d b y f i n d i n g t h e f a i l u r e m o d e t h e v e h i c l e s t a n d a r d

t e s t c a n ’ t d e t e c t . A n d b a s e d o n t h i s a p p r o v e d p r o c e d u r e t h e 5

p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e d e v e l o p e d I C C m o d e l f o r S U V v e h i c l e i s

v e r i f i e d i n t h e v a r i o u s s p e e d z o n e s .

I n a n e r a w h e n a c t i v e c o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r

g r o u n d - v e h i c l e a n d c o m p l e x e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e s s c o n t i n u e s t o

p r o l i f e r a t e , t h e w o r s t - c a s e d y n a m i c e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e i s 10

t h e n e x t s t e p f o r a c u s t o m i z e d e v a l u a t i o n a p p r o a c h v i a

c o m p u t e r s i m u l a t i o n .

R E F E R E N C E S

( 1 ) T i m G o r d o n , M a r k H o w e l l a n d F e l i p e B r a n d a o , 15

“ I n t e g r a t e d C o n t r o l M e t h o d o l o g i e s f o r R o a d V e h i c l e s ” ,

V e h i c l e S y s t e m D y n a m i c s 2 0 0 3 , V o l . 4 0 , N o s . 1 - 3 , p p .

1 5 7 - 1 9 0 .

( 2 ) A . T . v a n Z a n t e n . , “ B o s c h E S P S y s t e m : 5 Y e a r s o f

E x p e r i e n c e ” , S A E C o n g r e s s , S A E P a p e r N o . 20

2 0 0 0 - 0 1 - 1 6 3 3 , 2 0 0 0 .

( 3 ) W . M a a n d H . P e n g , “ A W o r s t - C a s e E v a l u a t i o n M e t h o d

f o r D y n a m i c S y s t e m s , ” A S M E J . o f D y n a m i c S y s t e m s ,

M e a s u r e m e n t a n d C o n t r o l , V o l . 1 2 1 , N o . 2 , J u n e 1 9 9 9 ,

p p . 1 9 1 - 1 9 9 . 25

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( 4 ) C e m U n s a l a n d P u s h i k i n K a c h r o o , “ S l i d i n g M o d e

M e a s u r e m e n t F e e d b a c k C o n t r o l f o r A n t i l o c k B r a k i n g

S y s t e m s ” , I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n o n c o n t r o l s y s t e m s

t e c h n o l o g y , V o l . 7 , N o . 2 , M a r c h 1 9 9 9 .

( 5 ) B j o r n J o h a n s s o n , “ U n - t r i p p e d S U V R o l l o v e r D e t e c t i o n 5

a n d P r e v e n t i o n ” , D e p a r t m e n t o f A u t o m a t i c C o n t r o l

L u n d I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 4 . I S S N

0 2 8 0 - 5 3 1 6 I S R N L U T F D 2 / T F R T 5 7 1 8 S E .

( 6 ) G u e n t h e r , D . A . & H e y d i n g e r , G . J . , “ V e h i c l e d y n a m i c s

m o d e l i n g f o r t h e N a t i o n a l A d v a n c e d D r i v i n g S i m u l a t o r 10

o f a 1 9 9 7 J e e p C h e r o k e e ” , S A E P a p e r N o .

1 9 9 9 - 0 1 - 0 1 2 1 .

( 7 ) H a n l o n g Y a n g a n d L o u i s Y i z h a n g L i u “ A R o b u s t A c t i v e

S u s p e n s i o n C o n t r o l l e r w i t h R o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n ” , S A E

T e c h n i c a l P a p e r 2 0 0 3 - 0 1 - 0 9 5 9 . 15

( 8 ) J i h a n R y u a n d J . C h r i s t i a n G e r d e s “ E s t i m a t i o n o f

V e h i c l e R o l l a n d R o a d B a n k A n g l e ” , P r o c e e d i n g o f t h e

2 0 0 4 A m e r i c a n C o n t r o l C o n f e r e n c e B o s t o n ,

M a s s a c h u s e t t s , J u n e 3 0 - J u l y 2 , 2 0 0 4 .

( 9 ) J e a n - J a c q u e s E . S l o t i n e a n d W e i p i n g L i “ A p p l i e d 20

N o n l i n e a r C o n t r o l ” . p p . 2 7 6 - 3 0 7 I S B N 0 1 3 - 0 4 0 8 9 0 - 5

( 1 0 ) A g r a w a l , S . K . & F a b i e n , B . C . , “ O p t i m i z a t i o n o f

d y n a m i c s y s t e m s ” , K l u w e r A c a d e m i c P u b l i s h e r s ,

N e t h e r l a n d s , 1 9 9 9 .

( 1 1 ) A l l e n , R . W . , R o s e n t h a l , T . J & S z o s t a k , H . T . , 25

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“ A n a l y t i c a l m o d e l i n g o f d r i v e r r e s p o n s e i n c r a s h

a v o i d a n c e m a n e u v e r i n g – V o l u m e 1 : T e c h n i c a l

B a c k g r o u n d ” , N H T S A , D O T H S 8 0 7 2 7 0 , A p r i l , 1 9 8 8 .

( 1 2 ) A t h a n s , M . & F a l b , P . L . , “ O p t i m a l c o n t r o l ” ,

M c G r a w - H i l l , N e w Y o r k , 1 9 6 6 . 5

( 1 3 ) A l d o S o r n i o t t i a n d M a u r o V e l a r d o c c h i a . ,

“ H a r d w a r e - I n - t h e - L o o p ( H I L ) T e s t i n g o f E S P

C o m m e r c i a l H y d r a u l i c a n d I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f N e w

C o n t r o l S t r a t e g i e s ” , 2 2 n d A n n u a l B r a k e C o l l o q u i u m &

E x h i b i t i o n , S A E P a p e r N o . 2 0 0 4 - 0 1 - 2 7 7 0 , 2 0 0 4 . 10

( 1 4 ) G u e n t h e r , D . A . & H e y d i n g e r , G . J . , “ V e h i c l e d y n a m i c s

m o d e l i n g f o r t h e N a t i o n a l A d v a n c e d D r i v i n g S i m u l a t o r

o f a 1 9 9 7 J e e p C h e r o k e e ” , S A E P a p e r N o .

1 9 9 9 - 0 1 - 0 1 2 1 .

( 1 5 ) S a g e , A . P . & W h i t e , C . C . , “ O p t i m u m s y s t e m s c o n t r o l ” , 15

P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1 9 9 7 .

( 1 6 ) A . Y . U n g o r e n a n d H . P e n g , “ E v a l u a t i o n o f V e h i c l e

D y n a m i c C o n t r o l f o r R o l l o v e r P r e v e n t i o n , ”

I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a l o f A u t o m o t i v e T e c h n o l o g y , V o l . 5 ,

N o . 2 , J u n e 2 0 0 4 , p p . 1 1 5 - 1 2 2 . 20

( 1 7 ) W i e l e n g a , T . J . , “ A m e t h o d f o r r e d u c i n g o n - r o a d

r o l l o v e r s – A n t i - r o l l o v e r b r a k i n g ” , S A E C o n g r e s s , S A E

P a p e r N o . 1 9 9 9 - 0 1 - 0 1 2 3 , 1 9 9 9 .

( 1 8 ) C e m U n s a l a n d P u s h i k i n K a c h r o o , “ S l i d i n g M o d e

M e a s u r e m e n t F e e d b a c k C o n t r o l f o r A n t i l o c k B r a k i n g 25

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S y s t e m s ” , I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n o n c o n t r o l s y s t e m s

t e c h n o l o g y , V O L . 7 , N O . 2 , M a r c h 1 9 9 9

( 1 9 ) H a n l o n g Y a n g a n d L o u i s Y i z h a n g L i u “ A R o b u s t A c t i v e

S u s p e n s i o n C o n t r o l l e r w i t h R o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n ” , S A E

T e c h n i c a l P a p e r 2 0 0 3 - 0 1 - 0 9 5 9 . 5

( 2 0 ) J i h a n R y u a n d J . C h r i s t i a n G e r d e s “ E s t i m a t i o n o f

V e h i c l e R o l l a n d R o a d B a n k A n g l e ” , P r o c e e d i n g o f t h e

2 0 0 4 A m e r i c a n C o n t r o l C o n f e r e n c e B o s t o n ,

M a s s a c h u s e t t s J u n e 3 0 - J u l y 2 , 2 0 0 4 .

( 2 1 ) N H T S A “ N H T S A P h a s e I V F i n a l R e p o r t ” O c t o b e r 2 0 0 2 10

( 2 2 ) J a s b i r S . A r o r a . , “ I n t r o d u c t i o n t o O p t i m u m D e s i g n ” ,

M c G r a w - H i l l i n t e r n a t i o n a l e d i t i o n s

( 2 3 ) P a n o s Y . P a p a l a m b r o s a n d D o u g l a s s J . W i l d e . ,

“ P r i n c i p l e o f O p t i m a l d e s i g n , ” m o d e l i n g a n d

c o m p u t a t i o n 15

( 2 4 ) J e a n - J a c q u e s E . S l o t i n e a n d W e i p i n g L i , A p p l i e d

N o n l i n e a r C o n t r o l , I S B N 0 1 3 - 0 4 0 8 9 0 - 5

( 2 5 ) J a y a s u r i y a , S . “ O n t h e D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e w o r s t

a l l o w a b l e p e r s i s t e n t b o u n d e d d i s t u r b a n c e f o r a s y s t e m

w i t h c o n s t r a i n t s ” A S M E J o u r n a l o f D y n a m i c S y s t e m s , 20

M e a s u r e m e n t a n d C o n t r o l V o l . 1 1 7 , p p 1 2 6 - 1 3 3 J U N E

1 9 9 5

( 2 6 ) J o h n T . B e t t s “ S u r v e y o f N u m e r i c a l M e t h o d s f o r

T r a j e c t o r y O p t i m i z a t i o n ” , J O U R N A L O F G U I D A N C E ,

C O N T R O L , A N D D Y N A M I C S V o l . 2 1 , N o . 2 , 25

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M a r c h – A p r i l 1 9 9 8

( 2 7 ) C h r i s t o f B u s k e n s ; H e l m u t M a u r e r “ S Q P - m e t h o d s f o r

s o l v i n g o p t i m a l c o n t r o l p r o b l e m s w i t h c o n t r o l a n d

s t a t e c o n s t r a i n t s : a d j o i n t v a r i a b l e s , s e n s i t i v i t y

a n a l y s i s a n d r e a l - t i m e c o n t r o l ” J o u r n a l o f 5

C o m p u t a t i o n a l a n d A p p l i e d M a t h e m a t i c s , 1 2 0 , p p

8 5 - 1 0 8 , 2 0 0 0

( 2 8 ) C h a r l e s A u d e t a n d J . E . D e n n i s J R . “ M e s h A d a p t i v e

D i r e c t S e a r c h A l g o r i t h m f o r C o n s t r a i n e d

O p t i m i z a t i o n ” S I A M J o u r n a l o n O p t i m i z a t i o n a r c h i v e , 10

V o l u m e 1 7 , I s s u e 1 , p p 1 8 8 - 2 1 7 , 2 0 0 6 .

( 2 9 ) I a n J . F i a l h o a n d T r y p h o n T . G e o r g i o u , S e n i o r M e m b e r ,

I E E E “ W o r s t C a s e A n a l y s i s o f N o n l i n e a r S y s t e m s ”

I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s o n A u t o m a t i c C o n t r o l , V o l . 4 4 , N o .

6 , J U N E 1 9 9 9 15

( 3 0 ) F r a n k L . L e w i s , “ A p p l i e d O p t i m a l C o n t r o l a n d

E s t i m a t i o n ” P r e n t i c e - H a l l I n t e r n a t i o n a l E d i t i o n s

( 3 1 ) Z o l t á n K . N a g y a n d R i c h a r d D . B r a a t z , “ W o r s t - C a s e

a n d D i s t r i b u t i o n a l R o b u s t n e s s A n a l y s i s o f F i n i t e - T i m e

C o n t r o l T r a j e c t o r i e s f o r N o n l i n e a r D i s t r i b u t e d 20

P a r a m e t e r S y s t e m s ” I E E E T r a n s a c t i o n s o n C o n t r o l

S y s t e m T e c h n o l o g y , V O L . 1 1 , N O . 5 , S e p 2 0 0 3

( 3 2 ) W a y n e W . L U , G a r y J . B a l a s a n d E . B r u c e L e e “ L i n e a r

q u a d r a t i c p e r f o r m a n c e w i t h w o r s t c a s e d i s t u r b a n c e

r e j e c t i o n . ” I N T . J . C o n t r o l , V o l . 7 3 , N O . 1 6 2 0 0 0 25

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( 3 3 ) G . E . I v a n o v “ S a d d l e P o i n t f o r D i f f e r e n t i a l G a m e s

W i t h S t r o n g l y C o n v e x - C o n c a v e I n t e g r a n d ”

M a t h e m a t i c a l N o t e n , V o l . 6 2 , N o . 5 , 1 9 9 7

( 3 4 ) A r t h u r E . B r y s o n , J r . , a n d Y u - C h i H o , A p p l i e d

O p t i m a l C o n t r o l , 1 9 6 9 . 5

( 3 5 ) N a t i o n a l H i g h w a y T r a f f i c S a f e t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

( N H T S A ) , D O T . F i n a l r u l e . “ F e d e r a l M o t o r V e h i c l e

S a f e t y S t a n d a r d s E l e c t r o n i c S t a b i l i t y C o n t r o l S y s t e m s

C o n t r o l s a n d D i s p l a y s ” 2 0 0 7 .

( 3 6 ) M a , W . H . , “ W o r s t - c a s e e v a l u a t i o n m e t h o d s f o r v e h i c l e s 10

a n d v e h i c l e s c o n t r o l s y s t e m s ” , P h D . D i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p t .

o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g a n d A p p l i e d M e c h a n i c s ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n , A n n A r b o r , 1 9 9 8 .

( 3 7 ) U n g o r e n , A . Y . , “ W o r s t - c a s e e v a l u a t i o n m e t h o d s f o r

r o l l o v e r p r e v e n t i o n s y s t e m ” , P h D . D i s s e r t a t i o n , D e p t . 15

o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g a n d A p p l i e d M e c h a n i c s ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f M i c h i g a n , A n n A r b o r , 2 0 0 3 .

( 3 8 ) M o r i t z D i e h l , “ A d j o i n t B a s e d S Q P M e t h o d s f o r F a s t

R e a l - T i m e O p t i m a l C o n t r o l , ” U n i v e r s i t y o f H e i d e l b e r g ,

G e r m a n y S I O P T S t o c k h o l m , M a y 1 8 , 2 0 0 5 . 20

( 3 9 ) K a r n o p p , D . C . “ A c t i v e d a m p i n g i n r o a d v e h i c l e

s u s p e n s i o n s y s t e m s ” . V e h . S y s t e m D y n a m i c s , N o v

1 9 8 2 .