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Credit: Aldo Leopold Legacy Center

Developing Low Carbon City in China: Policies and Actions

Chen Hongbo

Institute for Urban and Environmental Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

UlaanBaartar, Mongolia

October 12, 2010

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Low carbon development: a right way for China’s urbanization

China’s policies for low carbon development

Actions in China’s cities

Low carbon city planning: an example

内容提要

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1Low carbon development: a right way for China’s urbanization

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Last 10 years, 1% increase in urbanization rate every year in China;

In 2008, China's urbanization rate was 46 percent, still far below the 61 percent in middle-income countries and 78 percent in wealthy countries.

By 2020, there will be an estimated 300 million people (equal to the US population) in China moving to cities.

A fast urbanization process

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Buildings: annual increase in building floor area is around 2 billion square meters, most in cities;

Transport: in 2009, China's automotive output topped 10 million units; the automobile stock in Beijing more than 4.5 million;

Industry: due to construction of infrastructure and buildings, the energy-intensive industries (such as steel and cement) grow fast;

Household: The energy consumption of urban residents is around 3.5 to 4 times that of the rural population.

Energy demand and carbon emission will be huge

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Energy security: as BP estimated, China’s reserve of coal can be used for 41 years; gas, 32; oil, 11. who can meet China’s demand for energy?

Climate change: China faces big pressure from international community, and China also sets targets for 2020 (carbon intensity will drop 40-45%; the share of non-fossil energy will rise up to 15%; area of forest will increase 40 million hectare.

Local environmental and social issues: air pollution, water quality, traffic and so on.

Challenge China’s urbanization faced

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Low carbon development is a key to unclose puzzles in the process of urbanization as well as international issues;

As a Chinese minister said: “the development of the city's low carbon methods has become a new platform for us to deal with climate change and promote sustainable urban development”.

A new way, a right way

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2China’s policies for low carbon development

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August 2010, NDRC launched China’s Low carbon experiment at province level (Guangdong, Liaoning, Hubei, Shaanxi and Yunnan) as well as city level (Tianjin, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Xiamen, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Guiyang and Baoding) in order to promote low carbon technology innovation, recast the traditional industries and encourage low carbon lifestyle and consumption model.

MOST launched a programme of low carbon technology demonstration and dissemination in several cities, related to building and transport areas.

MEP started the construction of ecological city, and low carbon development is one of the most important parts.

Ministry of industry and information is studying on taking on a programme of low carbon experiment at industry park level.

Launch low carbon experiments

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In 2007 the Chinese government allocated 1.6 billion RMB to EEB and increased the entire budget to 2.5 billion in 2008. According to the Ministry of Finance (MOF), five EEB schemes actually receive funding from the MOF and MOHURD:

Financial support for the retrofitting of existing buildings; Tax refunds for companies that promote EEB; Financial support for model cities: Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin and

Shenzhen to meet the 65 percent building standard; Funding for the development of regulations in public buildings and

the establishment of monitoring mechanisms for model projects; Model projects for the use of renewable energy: developers which

comply with the 65 percent standard can apply for funding. 1.6 billion RMB equate to 162 million Euro (December 2009).

Other programmes

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At the end of 2007, NDRC jointly with other departments concerned formulated the “Administration Methods for the Financial Subsidy Fund for the Promotion of High Efficiency Lighting Products” and the promotion plan. Financial subsidies will be introduced with the aim of substituting 50 million incandescent lamps with the high efficiency lighting products annually over next 3 years.

the MOF and the MOHURD issued "Suggestions of Accelerating the Implementation of Solar PV Building". It states that the central government will arrange funds for photovoltaic building demonstration project and will provide subsidies, financial priority to supporting advanced technology, and to encourage local governments to introduce relevant fiscal policies.

Other programmes

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3 Actions in China’s cities

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From 2008, Jilin, Shanghai and Baoding respectively launched low-carbon city pilots, many cities across China have put forward the concept of building low-carbon cities, creating the new layout of coordinated development between energy consumption and economic growth. Now, at least 20 cities have completed or are doing low carbon city planning.

Cities shown great interest in low carbon city

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Shanghai: through low-carbon technologies and vast green land, the Expo will offset 60 to 70 percent of carbon emission before the event ends on October 31 and finally reach carbon balance in four to five years after the World Expo closes.

Tianjin: the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city, a strategic project between the Chinese and Singaporean governments. The 30 square- kilometer Eco-City is envisioned to create a harmonious and sustainable community that meets the needs of an urbanizing China and will be a modern township where 350,000 residents can live, work and play.

Baoding: launched China Power Valley construction project to develop photovoltaic, silicon and relevant industries, and become renewable energy economy zone.

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Hangzhou municipal government has launched a low carbon emission campaign in a bid to develop into a model city with low carbon emission rates. Hangzhou officially launched the widely-applauded public bicycle traffic system. Now over 1,600 public bicycle rental service stations are located across the city, providing over 40,000 bicycles for citizens and visitors.

Qingdao: upgrading industrial structures, shutting down a draft for high-energy-consuming and high-polluting enterprises, including several heat-engine plants with 395,000 kW capacities, through administrative, legal and economic means, and issued a special funds totaling 127 million yuan for the recycling economy.

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Guangyuan: after quake-hit, started low carbon reconstruction.According to their plan, 35 local big and medium-sized enterprises will gradually turn their energy supply from coal to natural gas, estimating the reduction of carbon dioxide to reach 1.23 million ton per year. By 2015, about 90 percent of local taxies and buses will also use gas instead of oil.

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4 Low carbon city planning: an example

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Zhengding new district under planning belongs to Shijiazhuang city, the planned area is about 110 km2, now 78% area is farm land. By 2030, it will be constructed a new city with population of 1.15 million, including business center, industry park and residential area.

1919Technology route

Carbon intensityDrop 84%

Overall target

Low carbon concept

Low carbon threshold

Low carbon urbanization route

Theoretical analysis

Case study

Current situation analysis

Low carbon space

Low carbon transport

Low carbon buildings

Low carbon infrastructure

Low carbon industry

Key areas

Core indicators（15）General planning

Supporting indicators（63）Detailed planning

Main measuresManagement level

Cost analysis and suggestions

20Shijiazhuang’s carbon intensity: domestic comparison

沈阳

银川

重庆 中国

西安

河北省

西宁

呼和浩特

天津

北京

广州

上海

苏州

乌鲁木齐

贵阳

石家庄

银川

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8人均GDP(万元/人)

碳排放强度(tCO2/万元GDP)

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丹麦

英国日本

新加坡

挪威

美国

巴西肯尼亚

越南印度

印尼墨西哥

世界

中国

南非

石家庄

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4人均GDP(万国际元/人)

人均GDP碳排放(tCO2/万国际元)

Shijiazhuang’s carbon intensity: international comparison

22Carbon emission trends of Shijiazhuang石家庄碳排放强度变化趋势(tCO2/万元)

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5

5.1

2005 2006 2007 2008

石家庄人均碳排放变化趋势(tCO2/人)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

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2005 2006 2007 2008

石家庄二氧化碳总排放变化趋势(万吨CO2)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

2005 2006 2007 2008

23Overall targets: carbon intensity

By 2020：1.17 tCO2/ten thousand yuan GDPBy 2030：0.82 tCO2/ten thousand yuan GDP

0

1

2

3

4

5

6200

5

200

6

200

7200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6

201

7201

8

201

9

202

0

202

1

202

2

202

3

202

4

202

5

202

6

202

7202

8

202

9

203

0

碳排

放强

度(t

CO2

/万元

GDP)

- 84%- 77%

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碳排放强度比较

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2029

年份

碳排放强度(tCO2/万元GDP) 常规情景 规划情景

说明：常规情景时，碳排放强度从2005年5 tCO2/万元GDP，经2020年2.85下降到

2030年1.6 ；规划情景时，2005年5 tCO2/万元GDP，经2020年1.17下降到2030年

的0.82

Two scenarios comparison: BAU and planning

25Two scenarios comparison: BAU and planning

Per capita emissions

说明：常规情景时，人均碳排放量从2005年9.29tCO2/人上升到2020年45.22，随后随着新区人口增多，

经济增速放缓，人均碳排放量下降到2030年35.54tCO2/人；规划情景时，人均碳排放量从2005年

9.29tCO2/人上升到2020年18.56，随后随着人口增多，经济增速放缓，人均碳排放量下降到2030年

17.66tCO2/人

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

2005

2007

2009

2011

2013

2015

2017

2019

2021

2023

2025

2027

2029

年份

人均碳

排放强

度(tCO2/人) 常规情景 规划情景

26Core indicators指标类型 核心指标 指标单位 指标值 备注

总体目标 碳排放强度 tco2/万元GDP ≤1.17 2030年(≤0.82)

低碳空间

职住平衡指数 0.8~1.2

土地混合使用街区比例 % ≥80

城市中心与公交枢纽耦合度

% 100

城市林木覆盖率 % ≥35

低碳交通

绿色出行率 ％ ≥90 含公共交通、非机动车和步行出行

交通清洁能源利用率 %公共交通工具：100

社会车辆：20

低碳建筑

绿色建筑比例 % ≥80

建筑综合节能率 % ≥75

建筑可再生能源利用率 % ≥85

低碳产业

第三产业比重 ％ ≥75 与法国、丹麦2005年经济结构相近

单位工业增加值能耗tce/万元工业

增加值≤0.63

较2005年降低84％。生态工业区标准为0.5，过于严格，天津、北京2007年水平为

1.25

低碳市政

清洁能源供应比例 ％ 95

给水节能率 ％ 30 单位供水综合能耗较常规水厂降低30％

污水处理节能率 ％ 30 单位污水处理综合能耗较常规水厂降低30％

固体废弃物利用率 ％ ≥95 见支撑指标解释

27低碳指标体系：支撑指标

28低碳指标体系：支撑指标

29低碳指标体系：支撑指标

30低碳指标体系：支撑指标

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Many thanks！