developing a sustainable solution for food packaging waste, massachusetts state science fair, may...
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Motivations:• Reducing the growing landfill problem
• Why PHB and PLA?
• Why backyard composting?• Current challenges of composting PLA
• Most ecological and least expensive
degradation process
• Reducing carbon footprint (CO2e)
• Enriching garden soil
Versatile and
Strong
Bio-Based and
Biodegradable or
Compostable
Used in Variety of
Applications
Reduce the
landfill problem
with backyard
composting
PLA:
• Formation of lactic acid by
fermentation
• Formation of the PLA by
either direct condensation
or ring-opening
polymerization
Introduction of PLA and PHB Synthesis:
PHB:
• Genetically modified
bacteria produce PHB
monomer from corn or
switchgrass
• Direct Condensation
Reaction Both
made by
bacteria
from
starch
PLA:
• Cost: $2-3/kg
• Low Tg and High WVTR
• Can only be degraded in an
industrial composting
facility (hydrolysis)
Biopolymer Challenges:
PHB:
• Cost: $5-7/kg
• Mostly made from corn
(food source)
• Little popularity and
exposure in market
Molecular
Weight
Modulus
(GPa)
Melting
Point
(°C)
Tg
(°C)
WVTR
(g/m2*
day)
100k to
300k~ 2
130 to
215
55 to
70325
Performance
Bio
deg
rad
ab
ilit
y
Objectives and Hypotheses:• Relative Degradability of Plastics
• PHB is biodegradable while PLA is compostable
• Effectiveness of Different Compost Compositions
• Organic material provides necessary
microorganisms for biodegradation
• Proposing an Optimal Backyard Composting Process
1. PHB
Copolymer
2. PHB and
PLA3. PLA
1. N-Rich 2. C-Rich 3. Standard
Propose
optimal
compost
process
Composting:• Surface Area
• C:N Ratio
• Microbes need C as energy source
• Microbes need N to create proteins
• Fast composting: 30:1
• Slow composting: 50:1
Degradation
Su
rface
Are
a
30:1 Ratio
C:N Ratio Formula
Results- Optical Microscope Study:
PHB
PLA
Developing a Sustainable Solution for Food Packaging Waste
Catherine Zhang, Shrewsbury High School
Mass Science Fair, May 2013
Safety and Experimental Procedures:
Making Composts:
Composts are turned
twice a week, moisture
level is 60%
Samples massed
every week
Preparing Polymers:
Experimental Plan:• 3 Composts: Standard (Processed Cow Manure), N-Rich (Coffee
Grounds and Dry Leaves), C-Rich (Dry Leaves)
• Place 3 samples of each type of plastic in each compost: heated
throughout the day
• Massed and then analyzed under SEM
Results- Mass Loss (Influence of Polymer Type): Results- Mass Loss (Influence of Compost Type):
• PHB copolymer is the best in terms of its bio-degradability. It lost 28.6%mass at standard, 14.0% in C-Rich, and 7.5% in N-Rich compost followed by PLA+PHB.
• PLA is the worst in terms of its bio-degradability, only mass gain observed (13.0% at standard compost)
• PHB copolymer lost 28.6% in
standard compost, 7.5% in
N-Rich, 14.0% in C-Rich
• Standard is most effective,
followed by C-Rich, followed
by N-Rich
Results- Surface Morphology Study I – Influence of
Compost Types on the PHB at Week 12 :
Results- Surface Morphology Study II – Influence of Composting Time and Type of Polymers:
PLA+PHB
Copolymer:
Control (Week 0):
PHB
Copolymer:
Week 4 Std. Compost: Week 8 Std. Compost :Observations:• Very little change in
PLA+PHB (mass loss:
6.7% at 12 weeks)
• Significant change in
PHB (mass loss:
28.6% at 12 weeks)
• Surface Erosion
Occurred
• Initiated from
Amorphous Region
Surface
Erosion in
PHB
Copolymer
• PLA has become more brittle and wrinkled causing
discoloration and cracks formed.
• PHB-PLA has widespread discoloration
• PHB has small holes and cracks most likely from
degradation
Standard N-Rich C-Rich
Black Kow
Manure Organic
Compost
100% 40% 50%
Coffee Ground 0% 40% 0%
Tree Leaves 0% 20% 50%
Total Weight (g) 2500 2500 2500
Formulations (wt.%)Ingredients
MaterialMaterial
FormManufacturer
PLASandwich
BagsNatureWorks
PLA+PHB
(medium
crystallinity)
Shopping
BagsMetabolix
PHB
(medium
crystallinity)
Sheets Metabolix
Week 12 Std. Compost :
Standard N-Rich C-Rich
Size: 6x6 cm
1. PHB
2. PHB+PLA
3. PLA
1. Standard
2. C-Rich
3. N-Rich
PHB Copolymer -
0 weeks
PLA+PHB - 12
weeksPHB Copolymer-
12 weeks
PLA+PHB - 0
weeks
Small Holes
in PHB Film
&
Discoloration
PLA - 0 weeks
PLA - 12 weeks
Std. Compost: C-Rich Compost: N-Rich Compost:
Mass Loss: 28.6% Mass Loss: 14.0% Mass Loss: 7.5%
0.0 wt%
24.5 wt%0.0 wt%
6.7 wt%3.3 wt%3.3 wt%
28.6 wt%28.6 wt%
Compost
TypePlastic Type
Mass
Change
Mass Change
after Ultrasonic
Clean
Surface
MorphologyTGA
PLA
PLA+PHB
PHB
PLA
PLA+PHB
PHB (F)
PLA
PLA+PHB
PHB
PLA
PLA+PHB
PHB
Mass at Week 4,
8, and 12
Only
perform on
the samples
when mass
loss is
observed
Yes
Standard
Mass at
Week 0, 1,
2, 4, 6, 8
and 12
Week 12
on
selected
samples
N-Rich
C-Rich
Control No
Degradation Study (TGA):
Degradation Mechanisms:
• PLA:
• 2 Stage Degradation
• Slight mass gain observed may
indicate that the degradation is still in
Stage I
• PHB:
• 1 Stage Degradation, and non-uniform
• Curve fitting revealed PHB degradation
rate at the standard compost: y =
0.4844x-0.178 (x: composting time) @ R²
= 0.9791
PLA 2 Stage
Degradation vs.
PHB 1 Stage
Degradation
References:Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation. (2009). Product
Overview and Market Projection of Emerging Bio-Based Plastics. Utrecht, The
Netherlands: Shen, L., Haufe, J. & Patel, M.K.
Endres, H., & Siebert-Raths, A. (2011, March). Basics of PHA. Bioplastics, 6, 42-45.
Fraser, A. (2012). Describe why food spoils. Retrieved from
http://www.foodsafetysite.com/educators/competencies/general/spoilage/spg1.html.
Greentech GmbH & Cie KG. (2010). Bioplastics: Bioplastics: Economic opportunity or
temporary phenomenon. Ostfalia: Widdeck, H., Otten, A., Marek, A. & Apelt, S.
Stevens, E. S. (2002, December). How green are green plastics? Biocycle, 42-45.
Washam, G. (2010, April). Plastics go green. ChemMatters, 10-12.
Wool, R. P., & Sun, X. S. (2005). Bio-based Polymers and Composites. Amsterdam: Elsevier
Academic Press.
Zhang, C., & Carter, J. (2012, March). Effectiveness of biodegradable plastic in preventing
food spoilage. Journal of Emerging Investigators. Retrieved from
http://emerginginvestigators.org/articles/2012/03/effectiveness-of- biodegradable-plastic-
In-preventing-food-spoilage.
Acknowledgements:I would like to thank Professor HJ Sue from Texas A&M University for his
guidance. I would especially like to thank Dr. Olly Peoples from Metabolix for
both his advice and help in attaining plastic samples. Thanks also to Dr. Raj
Krishnaswamy from Metabolix and Mr. Allen King from NatureWorks for donating
PLA samples. Thanks to Mr. Bob Lituri from Bose for experimental assistance. I
would also like to thank my parents for both allowing me to run my experiment at
home and for their encouragement throughout this project.
Conclusions:• Biodegradability of Plastics
• PHB Copolymer degrades most rapidly (28.6%), followed by PLA + PHB Copolymer (6.7%), followed by PLA
• The degradation mechanisms of PHB and PLA+PHB are through the surface erosion
• OM observation showed cracks on the PLA, which may indicate its degradation is still at stage I - absorbed water (weight gain @ 13.0%)
• Effectiveness of Composts• PHB: Standard composition is most effective, followed by C-
Rich, followed by N-Rich
• PLA+PHB: Standard composition is most effective, followed by N-Rich, followed by C-Rich
• Possible Errors• Scale is a bit inaccurate (mass readings, 0.01 g)
• Future Work• Use unprocessed cow manure for compost to take
advantage of the exothermic nature of the composting process to degrade PLA
• Research needs to focus on creating a new polymer, which is made of non-food renewable sources, and that can be degraded truly naturally
Most
Successful:
PHB
Copolymer
in Standard
Compost
PLA+
PHB
• There is no thermal stability change
of the PLA
• Decrease of thermal stability of PHB
(257.3 vs. 227.2oC) indicating that
degradation occurred
• Increase of thermal stability of
PLA+PHB (224.8 vs. 234.8oC) indicating the degradation may only
occur on the PHB
PLA @ 0 week
PLA @ 12 weeks
PLA
PLA + PHB @ 0 week
PLA + PHB @ 12 weeks
PLA+PHB
PHB @ 0 week
PHB @ 12 weeks
PHB
Molecular
Weight (Da)
Rate of
MW
Decrease
Mass
LossReaction
Degradation
MechanismDuration
Stage I100,000 to
200,000Slow No Hydrolysis
Bulk (chain
scission)
weeks to
months
Stage II < 20,000 Fast Yes EnzymaticSurface
ErosionWeeks
PHB Stage I100,000 to
500,000Fast Yes Enzymatic
Surface
ErosionWeeks
PLA