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Determining Baseline Concentrations of Perfluorinated Compounds in English Sole Fish (Parophrys vetulus) Livers
Perfluorinated acids, especially those of longer chain lengths, are persistent, bioaccumulative, and carcinogenic compounds. They have been shown to accumulate in the livers of fish. Three of six P. vetulus (English Sole fish) liver samples from the Puget Sound were spiked with 17 perfluorinated compounds. They were then homogenized and analyzed using a liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer. After all samples have been studied, they will be used to establish baseline concentrations in these bottom feeders. A method developed by the EPA could yield alternative results and must be considered before future analysis.
Abstract
Jessica Bryan and Joyce Dinglasan-‐Panlilio, PhD
Environmental Science, University of Washington Tacoma
Perfluorinated compounds, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are found in various consumer products, such as water repellents and non-stick pans (Delinsky et al 2010).
They are also used as anti-static agents for surface treatment and as components of fire fighting foams (Becker et al 2008).
Pefluorinated compounds are anthropogenic, and they are resistant to microbial degradation (Weremuik et al 2006).
They are widely distributed throughout the environment in biological tissues of humans and wildlife, though concentrations are low in lower trophic-level organisms (Kannan et al 2005).
Background
Nine 15mL polypropylene centrifuge tubes were labeled with sample names and weighed on an analytical balance with the caps on. 4mL of 0.25M sodium carbonate, 1mL of 0.25 tetrabutylammonium sulfate (TBAS), and 25µL of a Recovery standard were added to each tube.
Approximately 0.5g of P. vetulus liver samples were added to six tubes, but 12.5µL of 200ppb PFAC-MXB in methanol was only added to three tubes. 5mL of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) was added to each tube with a glass pipette, which were then shaken by hand for 5 minutes.
Methods Results
Becker AM, Gerstmann S, Hartmut F. 2008. Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Two Fish Species Collected from the Rotar Main River, Bayreuth, Germany. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 84: 132-135.
Delinsky AD, Stryner MJ, McCann PJ, Varns JL, McMillan L, Nakayama SF, Lindstrom AB. Geographical Distribution of Perfluorinated Compounds in Fish from Minnesota Lakes and Rivers. Environmental Science and Technology 44:2549-2554.
Kannan K, Tao L, Sinclair E, Pastva SD, Jude DJ, Giesy JP. Perfluorinated Compounds in Aquatic Organisms at Various Trophic Levels in a Great Lakes Food Chain. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48:559-566.
Weremiuk AM, Gerstmann S, Hartmut F. 2006. Quantitative determination of perfluorinated surfactants in water by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Journal of Separation Science 29: 2251-2255.
References
Acknowledgments Shristi Prakash for mentoring and guidance on the
methods Chris and Steven LaRocque for providing and
extracting livers for the practice run U.S. Fish and Wildlife for the opportunity to work on
this project
Figure 5: Compounds of interest and chemical structures
The remaining contents of each tube was reconstituted with 500µL of methanol and placed in a vortex for 30 seconds. These were then transferred by syringe to 1mL polypropylene vials and analyzed using a liquid chromatograph tandem mass spectrometer. The data was transferred to a computer and then evaluated to determine the concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in each tube.
The organic and aqueous layers were separated for 5 minutes at 3500rpm in a centrifuge system. The MTBE layer was removed from each tube, and placed in a clean centrifuge tube. These steps were then repeated, leaving approximately 10mL of MTBE in nine new centrifuge tubes. The MTBE extracts were then brought to dryness using a nitrogen evaporator.
Figure 2: Sole Fish samples prepared with solvents
Figure 1: Sample baseline concentration ratios for a sulfonoic and carboxylic acid
PFTrDa (663>619)
PFTeDA (713>669)
PFTDHxA (813>769)
213.5 65
287 73 99
792.5 231
3101 867
14803.5 4175.5 1445
27370 7627.5 2430.5
PFDoA /MPFDoA
PFTrDa (663>619)
PFTeDA (713>669)
0.075582638 213.5 65
0.121283624 287 73
0.286725482 792.5 231
1.285468616 3101 867
6.064856533 14803.5 4175.5
10.72976382 27370 7627.5
Figure 3: Sole Fish samples in Nitrogen Evaporator
Figure 1: Sole Fish samples
Figure 4: Homogenizer for livers
y = 0.051x + 0.1035 R² = 0.99223
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 50 100 150 200 250
Area Re
spon
se
Concentra=on (ppb)
PFOS/MPFOS
y = 0.046x + 0.1779 R² = 0.9962
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
0 50 100 150 200 250
Area Re
spon
se
Concentra=on (ppb)
PFNA/MPFOA
Results
Figure 2: English Sole Fish in natural environment http://www.scubaboard.com/gallery
Figure 2: Recovery percentages of carboxylic compounds of interest
Name Acronyms Structure
Perfluorobutanoic Acid PFBA C3F7COOH
Perfluoropentanoic Acid PFPeA C4F9COOH
Perfluorohexanoic Acid PFHxA C5F11COOH
Perfluoroheptanoic Acid PFHpA C6F13COOH
Perfluorooctanoic Acid PFOA C7F15COOH
Perfluorononanoic Acid PFNA C8F17COOH
Perfluorodecanoic Acid PFDA C9F19COOH
Perfluoroundecanoic Acid PFUndA C10F21COOH
Perfluorododecanoic Acid PFUndoA C11F23COOH
FF
F F
F F
F F
F F
F
FF
F
FF
F
O
SOH
O
Figure 1: Compounds of interest
-‐1000
-‐800
-‐600
-‐400
-‐200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
PFBA
PFBA
/MPFHxA
PFPeA
PFPeA/M
PFHxA
PFHxA
PFHxA/M
PFHxA
PFHpA
PFHpA
/ MPFOA
PFOA
PFOA/M
PFOA
PFNA
PFNA/M
PFNA
PFDA
PFDA/M
PFDA
PFUdA
PFUdA
/MPU
dA
PFDoA
PFDoA
/MPFDoA
PFTrDa
PFTeDA
PFTD
HxA
Recovery (%
)
Compounds of Interest
Recovery 1
Recovery 2
Figure 3: Recovery percentages of sulfanoic compounds of interest
Perfluorinated Sulfonates (PFSAs)
Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
Conc.(μg/L)
PFBA PFBA/MFHxA
PFPeA PFPeA/ MPFHxA
PFHxA PFHxA/MPFHxA
PFHpA PFHpA/MPFOA
PFOA PFOA/MPFOA
PFNA PFNA/MPFNA
PFDA PFDA/MPFDA
PFUdA PFUdA/MPUdA
PFDoA PFDoA/MPFDoA
PFTrDa
Blank 1 54.1 24.1 -‐0.41 -‐0.98 -‐1.31 0.16 -‐0.45 -‐1.10 1.75 1.36 -‐3.20 -‐3.15 -‐3.93 -‐2.29 -‐5.59 -‐2.93 -‐1.32 -‐1.09 0.59
Blank 2 191.3 108.9 3.79 1.58 -‐1.15 0.79 0.14 -‐0.65 1.86 1.43 -‐4.78 -‐3.83 -‐4.51 -‐2.87 -‐6.24 -‐3.50 -‐1.75 -‐1.56 -‐0.61
Blank 3 85.3 35.7 3.43 0.62 -‐0.95 3.83 -‐0.76 -‐1.24 2.00 1.48 -‐4.79 -‐3.84 -‐4.29 -‐2.66 -‐6.18 -‐3.47 -‐1.53 -‐0.49 -‐5.94
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
PFBS
PFHxS
PFHxS/M
PFHxS
PFOS
PFDS
MPFHxS
Recovery (%
)
Compounds of Interest
Recovery 1
Recovery 2
Figure 1: Concentrations of sulfanoic and carboxylic controls
Conc. (μg/L)
PFBS PFHxS PFHxS/MPFHxS
PFOS PFDS MPFHxS
Blank 1 0 -‐1.76 -‐2.08 3.39 0.31 -‐1.77
Blank 2 -‐1.89 -‐1.79 -‐2.09 1.37 -‐0.62 -‐2.07
Blank 3 -‐1.86 -‐1.79 -‐2.09 1.83 -‐0.68 -‐2.02