determination of contents of cold drinks
TRANSCRIPT
CertificateCertificate
This This is is hereby hereby to to certify certify that that the the original original andand
genuine investigation work has been carried out togenuine investigation work has been carried out to
investigate investigate about about the the subject subject matter matter and and thethe
related data collection and related data collection and investigation investigation has has beenbeen
completed completed solely, solely, sincerely sincerely and and satisfactorily satisfactorily byby
Vikas BisoiVikas Bisoi of of CLASS CLASS XII – Science,XII – Science, Welspun VidyaWelspun Vidya
Mandir,Mandir, SalavSalav,, regarding regarding his his project project titledtitled
“DETERMINARION “DETERMINARION OF OF THETHE CONTENTS CONTENTS OF COLDOF COLD
DRINKS”. DRINKS”.
Teacher’s SignatureTeacher’s Signature
AcknowledgemeAcknowledgeme
ntnt
It would beIt would be my my utmost utmost pleasure pleasure to to express express my my
sincere thankssincere thanks to to my my chemistry chemistry teacher teacher MD Shakir Ali MD Shakir Ali
in in providing providing a a helping helping hand hand in in thisthis project. project.
His valuable guidance, support and supervision allHis valuable guidance, support and supervision all
through this project are responsible for through this project are responsible for attaining itsattaining its
present present form. I form. I would would also also like like to to thank thank my parentsmy parents
as they encouraged me to put forward my project.as they encouraged me to put forward my project.
ContentsContents1.1. IntroductionIntroduction
2.2. TheoryTheory
3.3. AimAim
4.4. ApparatusApparatus
5.5. Chemicals RequiredChemicals Required
6.6. Detection of pHDetection of pH
7.7. Test for Carbon DioxideTest for Carbon Dioxide
VIII. Test for GlucoseVIII. Test for Glucose
1.1. Test for PhosphateTest for Phosphate
2.2. Test for AlcoholTest for Alcohol
3.3. Test for SucroseTest for Sucrose
4.4. ResultResult
XIII. PrecautionsXIII. Precautions
XIV.XIV. ConclusionConclusion
1.1. BibliographyBibliography
IntroductionIntroduction
The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but theThe era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the
Industrialization in India marked its beginning withIndustrialization in India marked its beginning with
Launching of Limca and Gold spot by parley group ofLaunching of Limca and Gold spot by parley group of
companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinkscompanies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks
waswas highly highly profitableprofitable and and luring, luring, many many
multinational companies launched their brands inmultinational companies launched their brands in
India like Pepsi and Coke.India like Pepsi and Coke.
Now days, it is observed in general that majority ofNow days, it is observed in general that majority of
People viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to givePeople viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to give
feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up tofeeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to
activate pulse and brain.activate pulse and brain.
TheoryTheory
Cold Cold drinks of differentdrinks of different brandsbrands are are composed composed ofof
alcohol,alcohol,
Carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc.Carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc.
These softThese soft
Drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have aDrinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a
tangy tastetangy taste
This is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsibleThis is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible
for thefor the
formation of froth on shaking the bottle.formation of froth on shaking the bottle.
The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to formThe carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form
carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangycarbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy
taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organictaste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic
compounds and are major source of energy to our body.compounds and are major source of energy to our body.
General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O) Y.General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O) Y.
On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates areOn the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are
classified as:-classified as:-
Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.
Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .ItGlucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It
occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones andoccurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and
also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in humanalso in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human
blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of theblood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the
most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widelymost useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely
distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowersdistributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers
of many plants. The of many plants. The main main source source of of sucrose sucrose is is sugarsugar
cane cane juice juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugarwhich contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar
beet beet which which has has about about 10-17 % sucrose. 10-17 % sucrose. TheThe
molecularmolecular formula formula of of sucrose is C12H22O11. sucrose is C12H22O11. It isIt is
produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-
reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Coldreducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold
drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can bedrinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be
measured by finding their pH value. The pH values alsomeasured by finding their pH value. The pH values also
depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid anddepend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and
phosphoric acid.phosphoric acid.
AimAimComparative Study and Qualitative AnalysisComparative Study and Qualitative Analysis
of different brands of Cold Drinksof different brands of Cold Drinks
available in market.available in market.
ApparatusApparatus Test TubesTest Tubes
Test Tube HolderTest Tube Holder
Test Tube StandTest Tube Stand
Stop WatchStop Watch
BeakerBeaker
Bunsen BurnerBunsen Burner
pH PaperpH Paper
Tripod StandTripod Stand
China DishChina Dish
Wire GaugeWire Gauge
Water BathWater Bath
ChemicalsChemicals
RequiredRequired
Iodine SolutionIodine Solution
Potassium IodidePotassium Iodide
Sodium HydroxideSodium Hydroxide
Lime WaterLime Water
Fehling’s A & B SolutionFehling’s A & B Solution
Concentrated Nitric AcidConcentrated Nitric Acid
Benedict SolutionBenedict Solution
Ammonium MolybdateAmmonium Molybdate
Detection Of pHDetection Of pHExperimentExperiment
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands wereSmall samples of cold drinks of different brands were
taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. Thetaken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The
change in colour of pH paper was noticed and waschange in colour of pH paper was noticed and was
compared with standard pH scale.compared with standard pH scale.
ObservationObservation
Sr. No.Sr. No. Name Of Name Of The DrinkThe Drink
Colour Colour ChangeChange
pH ValuepH Value
11 Coca ColaCoca Cola PinkishPinkish 2 – 32 – 3
22 SpriteSprite Dark OrangeDark Orange 33
33 LimcaLimca Light OrangeLight Orange 44
55 FantaFanta OrangeOrange 3 – 43 – 4
InferenceInference
Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presenceSoft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence
of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values ofof citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold cold
drinksdrinks of of different brand different brand areare different different due due to to the the
variationvariation in in amount amount of of acidic content acidic content
** Test ForTest For
Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide ** ExperimentExperiment
As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one theAs soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the
samples were passed through lime water. The limesamples were passed through lime water. The lime
water turned milky.water turned milky.
ObservationObservation
Sr. No.Sr. No. Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink
Time TakenTime Taken
(sec)(sec)
ConclusionConclusion
11 Coca ColaCoca Cola 2828 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT
22 SpriteSprite 2020 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT
33 LimcaLimca 3838 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT
44 FantaFanta 3636 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT
InferenceInference
All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide inAll the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in
water. The carbonwater. The carbon
dioxide dioxide (CO2) (CO2) dissolves dissolves in in water water to to form form carboniccarbonic
acid, acid, which which is responsible for its tangy taste.is responsible for its tangy taste.
Chemical ReactionChemical Reaction
Ca (OH) 2 (s) + CO2 (g) Ca (OH) 2 (s) + CO2 (g) →→ CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
* Test For* Test For
Glucose*Glucose*
ExperimentExperiment
Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence isGlucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is
detected by the following test:-detected by the following test:-
1.Benedict’s Reagent Test1.Benedict’s Reagent Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brandsSmall samples of cold drinks of different brands
were taken in a test tube and a few drops ofwere taken in a test tube and a few drops of
benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube wasbenedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was
heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish colourheated for few seconds. Formation of reddish colour
confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
ObservationObservation
Sr.Sr. No.No.
Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink
ObservationObservation ConclusionConclusion
11 Coca ColaCoca Cola Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
22 SpriteSprite Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
33 LimcaLimca Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
44 FantaFanta Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
InferenceInference
All the samples gave positive test for glucose withAll the samples gave positive test for glucose with
Benedict’s reagent. Hence all the drinks containBenedict’s reagent. Hence all the drinks contain
glucose.glucose.
2. Fehling’s Solution Test2. Fehling’s Solution Test
Small samples of cold drinks of different brands wereSmall samples of cold drinks of different brands were
taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s Ataken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A
solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equalsolution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal
amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10
minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmedminutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed
the presence of glucose in cold drinks.the presence of glucose in cold drinks.
ObservationObservation
Sr.Sr. No.No.
Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink
ObservationObservation ConclusionConclusion
11 Coca ColaCoca Cola ReddishReddish BrownBrown
PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
22 SpriteSprite ReddishReddish BrownBrown
PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
33 LimcaLimca ReddishReddish BrownBrown
PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
44 FantaFanta ReddishReddish BrownBrown
PrecipitatePrecipitate
Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent
Inference :-Inference :-All samples gave positive test for glucoseAll samples gave positive test for glucose
with Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the coldwith Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold
drinks contain glucose.drinks contain glucose.
*Test For*Test For
Phosphate*Phosphate*ExperimentExperiment
Small Small samples samples of of each each brand brand of cold of cold drinks drinks werewere
taken taken in separate in separate test test tubes tubes and and AmmoniumAmmonium
Molybdate Molybdate followed followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3)by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3)
was added was added to to it. The solution was heated. Appearanceit. The solution was heated. Appearance
of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presenceof canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence
of phosphate ions in cold drinks.of phosphate ions in cold drinks.
ObservationObservation
Sr.Sr. No.No.
Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink
ObservationObservation ConclusionConclusion
11 Coca ColaCoca Cola CanaryCanary YellowYellow
PrecipitatePrecipitate
Phosphate isPhosphate is PresentPresent
22 SpriteSprite CanaryCanary YellowYellow
PrecipitatePrecipitate
Phosphate isPhosphate is PresentPresent
33 LimcaLimca CanaryCanary YellowYellow
PrecipitatePrecipitate
Phosphate isPhosphate is PresentPresent
44 FantaFanta CanaryCanary YellowYellow
Phosphate isPhosphate is PresentPresent
PrecipitatePrecipitate
InferenceInference
All the soft drinks samples gave positive test forAll the soft drinks samples gave positive test for
phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks containphosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain
phosphate.phosphate.
*Test For*Test For
Alcohol*Alcohol*ExperimentExperiment
Small Small samples samples of of each each brand brand of of cold cold drinks drinks werewere
taken taken in separate test tubesin separate test tubes and and Iodine Iodine followed byfollowed by
Potassium Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
solution was added to each test tube. Then the testsolution was added to each test tube. Then the test
tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes.tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes.
Appearance of yellow coloured precipitateAppearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed theconfirmed the
presence of alcohol in cold drinks.presence of alcohol in cold drinks.
ObservationObservation
Sr.Sr. No.No.
Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink
ObservationObservation ConclusionConclusion
11 Coca ColaCoca Cola YellowYellow Alcohol isAlcohol is
PrecipitatePrecipitate PresentPresent
22 SpriteSprite YellowYellow PrecipitatePrecipitate
Alcohol isAlcohol is PresentPresent
33 LimcaLimca YellowYellow PrecipitatePrecipitate
Alcohol isAlcohol is PresentPresent
44 FantaFanta YellowYellow PrecipitatePrecipitate
Alcohol isAlcohol is PresentPresent
InferenceInference
All the cold drinks samples gave positive test forAll the cold drinks samples gave positive test for
alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol.alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol.
Chemical ReactionChemical Reaction
CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH →→ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI +
5H2O5H2O
*Test for*Test for
Sucrose*Sucrose*ExperimentExperiment
5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks werewere takentaken inin
separate china dishes and were heated very stronglyseparate china dishes and were heated very strongly
until changes occur. Black coloured residue leftuntil changes occur. Black coloured residue left
confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.
ObservationObservation
Sr.Sr. No.No.
Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink
ObservationObservation ConclusionConclusion
11 Coca ColaCoca Cola BlackBlack ResidueResidue
Sucrose isSucrose is PresentPresent
22 SpriteSprite BlackBlack ResidueResidue
Sucrose isSucrose is PresentPresent
33 LimcaLimca BlackBlack ResidueResidue
Sucrose isSucrose is PresentPresent
44 FantaFanta BlackBlack ResidueResidue
Sucrose isSucrose is PresentPresent
InferenceInference
All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. ButAll the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But
amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fantaamount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta
contains highest amount of sucrose.contains highest amount of sucrose.
*Result**Result*
After conducting several tests, it was concluded that theAfter conducting several tests, it was concluded that the
different brands of cold drinks namely:different brands of cold drinks namely:
1. Coca Cola1. Coca Cola
2. Sprite2. Sprite
3. Limca3. Limca
4. Fanta4. Fanta
All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate andAll contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and
carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. Oncarbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On
comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Colacomparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola
is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all theis the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the
four brands taken.four brands taken.
Among the four samples of cold drinks taken,Among the four samples of cold drinks taken,
Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbonSprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon
dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolveddioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved
carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.
*Precautions**Precautions*
Some of the precautions which need to be taken care ofSome of the precautions which need to be taken care of
are –are –
1.1. Concentrated solutions should be handled withConcentrated solutions should be handled with
immense care.immense care.
2.2. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing
each experiment.each experiment.
3.3. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to If possible, one should wear hand gloves to
prevent from any possible damage.prevent from any possible damage.
4.4. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or If chemicals come into contact with your skin or
eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water.eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water.
5.5. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off
whenever you leave your workstation.whenever you leave your workstation.
6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are
heating at yourself or your neighbour.heating at yourself or your neighbour.
*Conclusion**Conclusion*DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLDDIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD
DRINKSDRINKS1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar
solution. Assolution. As
they contain sugar in large amount which causethey contain sugar in large amount which cause
problems inproblems in
diabetes patients.diabetes patients.
2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere
with thewith the
body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.
3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so
they arethey are
also harmful for our bones.also harmful for our bones.
4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH
of 2.8.of 2.8.
So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.
5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the
commercial truckcommercial truck
must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved formust use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for
highly consive material.highly consive material.
6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they 6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they
are veryare very
harmful to our body.harmful to our body.
USES OF COLD DRINKSUSES OF COLD DRINKS
1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.
2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car 2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car
humpers.humpers.
3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.
4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to 4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to
removeremove
grease from clothes.grease from clothes.
5. They can loose a rusted bolt.5. They can loose a rusted bolt.
*Bibliography**Bibliography*
Following books and websites were a source for my Following books and websites were a source for my
project .project .
Comprehensive Chemistry Lab ManualComprehensive Chemistry Lab Manual
- Dr. N. K.- Dr. N. K. Verma Verma
www. Google.comwww. Google.com
www.Wikipedia.comwww.Wikipedia.com
www. Icbse.comwww. Icbse.com
www. Unoregon.eduwww. Unoregon.edu