detectors for tomorrow and after tomorrow… amos breskin radiation detection physics group weizmann...
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Detectors for Tomorrow and After Tomorrow…
Amos BreskinRadiation Detection Physics Group
Weizmann Institute
Amos Breskin
Scientific activities
Research topics:
Basic detection-related phenomena: New detector concepts
Detector applications: HEP (LHC, ILC, RHIC);
“Astro” (DM, SN); Homeland security…
Prostate
Tumor
Zn X-ray beam
X-ray detector
Zn characteristic X-ray
Rectal wall
WIMP
Gas
Liquid
eE
photomultiplier
photomultiplier
Xe
Prostate cancerDNA damage
MAIN INTEREST: GAS-AVALANCHE DETECTORS
e- multipliers
Gasphotomultipliers
Optical-TPC
Noble-liquid detectors
n-imaging
Ionization patterns
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Thick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM)
SIMPLE, ROBUST, LARGE-AREAPrinted-circuit technology*
1e- in
104- 105 e-s out
E
THGEM
Double-THGEM: 10-100 higher gains
~ 10-fold expanded GEM
A.B. et al. Weizmann
Effective single-electron detectionFew-ns time resolutionSub-mm position resolution>MHz/mm2 rate capabilityCryogenic operation: OKBroad pressure range: 1mbar - few bar
Thickness 0.5-1mm
GOAL: simple detector with moderate (sub-mm) resolution
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* production:• CERN PCB workshop• Print Electronics, Israel
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Double-THGEM photon-imaging detector RICH
UV photon
e-
Segmented readout electrode
CsI photocathode
THGEM
Currently R&D for upgrade of CERN-COMPASS RICH
Important FACTS for RICH:- Single-photon sensitivity- Simple, robust, compact, large area- Fast, good localization- Photon detection efficiency : ~ 20% @ 170 nm- Lower discharge probability than MWPC/CsI UV detector & faster recovery
S. Dalla Torre, INFN Trieste
Amos Breskin
Digital Hadron Calorimetry for ILC
(If) ILC: Precision studies of new physics
Hadron calorimetry requires 2-fold improved JET-energy resolution:
present 60%/E 30%/E
Digital calorimetry @ SiD:
Requires: thin, efficient, highly-segmented, compact, robust sampling elements. candidates: RPC, D-GEM, Micromegas, THGEM
~7mm
Fe
Fe
Sampling jets + advanced pattern recognition algorithms Very high-precision jet energy measurement. CALICE simulations: σ/Ejet ~3-4%
With Andy White (UTA) + Coimbra & Aveiro 6
Amos Breskin
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Few-mm thin, THGEM-based sampling elements
- High efficiency (>96%/98%) with minimal multiplicity (~1.1/1.2) for muons - Discharges: rare; do not affect electronics- Micro-discharges: do not affect performance - Total thickness (excluding electronics) : 5-6 mm.
Underway: optimization studies & R&D on large-area detectors.
Ne/5%CH4
A competitive robust techniqueAmos Breskin
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cryogenic gas-photomultipliers (GPM)
for noble-liquid scintillators
- Generic R&D- Compton camera for medical imaging- UV detectors for DM search (XENON, DARWIN)- Combined fast-neutron & Gamma radiography
Amos Breskin
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XENON100Kg: running with PMTs!PROBLEM: exorbitant cost of future multi-ton detectors!
WIMPinteraction LXe
e-
GPM Detector
Primary scintillation
EG
EL
Secondary scintillation Xe-gas
GPM Detector
UV-window
UV-window
Ne/CF4
RD51: Weizmann/Nantes/Coimbra
Vacuum PhotodetectorsPMTs or QUPID
GPM: Dark Matter search
?
Two-phase XENON1t Dark Matter Detector
concept E. Aprile/XENON(incl. Weizmann)
1m
S1
S2
S2/S1 background rejection
LXe
Amos Breskin
γ
γ & FAST-n CONVERTER
GAS PHOTOMULTIPLIER
LXe
CsI- PHOTOCATODE
Double-THGEM
READOUTELECTRODE
Pulsed
γ/fast-n beam
hνfast-n
UV-WINDOW
hν
γ
γ & FAST-n CONVERTER
GAS PHOTOMULTIPLIER
LXe
CsI- PHOTOCATODE
Double-THGEM
READOUTELECTRODE
Pulsed
γ/fast-n beam
hνfast-n
UV-WINDOW
hν
Combined gamma & fast-neutron imaging detector. Gammas and neutrons interact with liquid-xenon; the resulting UV photons are detected with a double-THGEM, CsI-coated gaseous photomultiplier.
Great Challenge: Combined g/n imaging detectors
possibly thin capillaries filled with liquid xenon (LXe)
10m TOF:Gammas: ~30nsFast-n: ~200-500ns “Moderate” electronics
LXe SCINTILLATOR:- High density (3 g/cm3)- Fast (2ns)- Good spectral match w CsI-photocathode: QE~30% @ 175nm- 3cm LXe: high efficiencies:- n: 15-25%- :g 30-40%
11B(d,n)12C
Detection of explosives & nuclear materials
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Cryo-GPM with LXe
Duval 2011 JINST 6 P4007
GPM: THGEM/PIM/Micromegas
GPM
200 ns 200 ns
Gain 106 @ 170K
FIRST Scintillation induced signals in LXe by 5.5MeV alphas GPM vs PMT @ 173K
INTENSE R&D in a novel LXe Cryostat @ WeizmannAmos Breskin
Weizmann Institute Liquid Xenon Facility (WILiX) TPC-GPM testing ground
Inner chamber (LXe)
Vacuum insulation
Gate valveGPM load-lock
GPM guide, gas, cables
Xe heat exchangerXe liquefier
TPC
Basic consideration: allow frequent modifications in GPM without breaking the LXe equilibrium state
GPM
L Arazi, M Rappaport
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Towards single-phase TPCs
• Simpler techniques?• Sufficient signals?• Lower thresholds?• Cheaper?• How to record best scintillation & ionization S1, S2?
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Cascaded Liquid Hole-Multipliers LHMModest charge multiplication + Light-amplification in sensors immersed in the noble liquid, applied to the detection of both scintillation UV-photons (S1) and ionization electrons (S2). - UV-photons impinge on CsI-coated
THGEM electrode; - extracted photoelectrons are
trapped into the holes, where high fields induce electroluminescence (+possibly small charge gain);
- resulting photons are further amplified by a cascade of CsI-coated THGEMs.
- Similarly, drifting S2 electrons are focused into the hole and follow the same amplification path.
- S1 and S2 signals are recorded optically by an immersed GPM or by charge collected on pads.
Holes:- Small- or no charge-gain- Electroluminescence (optical gain)
ETPC Anode
S1 photon S2 Ionization electrons
Light or charge readout (GPM or pads)
CsI
Liquid xenon
E
E
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S1 & S2 with LHM
Detects S1&S2
Detects S1&S2
A dual-sided single-phase TPC DM detector with top, bottom and side THGEM-LHMs. The prompt S1 scintillation signals are detected with all LHMs. The S2 signals are recorded with bottom and top LHMs.
Highlights:• Higher S1 signals lower expected detection threshold• Shorter drift lengths lower HV applied & lower e- losses
Amos Breskin
Liquid xenon
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CSCADED LHMs
L
E
LHM
LHM
LHM
LHM
LHM
S1, S2
S1
LOW HV for large-volumeRelaxed electron lifetimeNeed: low radioactivity and pad-readout
C
C
C
C
Amos Breskin
Liquid xenon