3/17/17

1

Detectionofoilinseaice(remote)

JeremyWilkinsonOSICA(OilSpillsinIce-CoveredArcticwaters)Workshop

13-14MarchKlausHochheim Theatre,CEOS,UniversityofManitoba

Oilspillsandseaice

Needaholisticapproachtounderstandoilandseaice::

•Oil-iceinteraction,weatheringandmodelling,•Oildetectionandmonitoring,•OilSpillResponseTechniques.

3/17/17

2

Differenttypesofoilspillaccidents

• Shippingaccident:• Onknownshippinglanes,• generally(butnotexclusively)undersummerconditions.

•Pipelinebreach:• Closetoshore• Anytimeofyear,butbreachduetoicescouringwillhaveahighprobabilityduringtheseaiceseason

•Blow-out:• knownlocation,• generallydrillingundersummerconditions• Oilwillbemixedwithgas.

Differentoilandicetypes

• Tremendousamountofoiltypes• Crudeoilsofdifferentoriginvarywidelyintheirphysicalandchemicalproperties.

• Refinedproductstendtohavewell-definedpropertiesirrespectiveofthecrudeoilfromwhichitwasderived.

• Tremendousamounticetypes.• Newice:frazil,nilas andpancakeice• Levelfirstyearice• reasonablylevelmultiyearice• Ridgediceandrubblefields• Marginalicezone:mixtureoficetypes,concentrationchangequickly• Drifting andfastice

NeedtounderstandhowdifferentoiltypeswillinteractwiththeseicetypesThencanbetterunderstandhowbesttodetectoil

spilledin,onandundertheseicetypes

3/17/17

3

Conditions:openwater,summerandwinterOpen%water%condi.ons%

Ice%condi.ons:%Summer%

Ice%condi.ons:%Winter%Wind%and%%Ice%dri+%

Mul.year%ice%

New%Snow%Second%year%ice%

First;year%%ice%

Frazil%ice%Pancake%ice%New%ice%sheet%

Oil%trapped%in%rubble%begins%to%%be%encapsulated%

Oil%trapped%in%rubble%%

Previously%encapsulated%oil%

Previously%encapsulated%oil%

Mel.ng%snow%Oil%in%%

melt%ponds%

Oil%migra9on%via%brine%channels%

Wind%and%%Ice%dri+% Broken%floes%of%the%marginal%ice%zone% Open%ocean%

Open%ocean%

Mul.year%ice%

Pumping%%under%ice%

Lead%

Lead%+%frazil%

Some%oil%incorporated%in%new%ice%

Absorp.on%by%snow%Oil%under%snow%

Crack%

Ponded%oil% Oil:%spreading%%under%ice%

Oil%:%spreading%or%%being%encapsulated%%

Crack%Freezing%up%

Ponded%oil%

Pumping%%under%ice%

Oil%migra9on%stops%

Decreasing%wave%energy%due%to%sea%ice%Decreasing%turbulence%

Decreasing%wave%energy%due%to%sea%ice%Decreasing%turbulence%

Low%sea%state:%•  Low%turbulence%•  Low%emulsifica9on%•  Low%dispersion%

Spreading%Oxida.on%

Spreading%Enhanced%emulsifica.on%

Reduced%emulsifica.on%

Biodegrada.on%Sedimenta.on%dissolu.on%

Enhanced%%dispersion%

Reduced%%dispersion%

High%sea%state:%•  High%turbulence%•  High%emulsifica9on%•  High%dispersion%

Sinking%emulsions%

Rising%emulsions%

Summer%ice%condi9ons:%•  Up%to%24Lhour%solar%input%•  ‘Warm’%condi9ons%•  Ice%and%snow%melt%•  Less%dense%surface%waters%•  Sea%ice%more%mobile%

Winter%ice%condi9ons:%•  No%solar%input%•  Cold%condi9ons%•  Ice%growth%and%snowfall%•  More%dense%surface%waters%•  Sea%ice%less%mobile%

Melt%ponds%refreeze%

Reduced%evapora9on%

Evapora.on%

Further%reduced%

evapora9on%

•  Reduced%%dispersion%•  Reduced%emulsifica9on%•  Reduced%dispersion%•  Enhanced%dissolu9on%(possibly)%%•  Unknown%biodegrada9on%or%sedimenta9on%rates%

24Lhour%oxida9on%%

No%oxida9on%%

•  Reduced%%dispersion%•  Reduced%emulsifica9on%•  Reduced%dispersion%•  Enhanced%dissolu9on%(possibly)%%•  Unknown%biodegrada9on%or%sedimenta9on%rates%

Oil%under%snow%

Oil%in%snow%

Oilspreading:dependsonicetopography• Equilibriumthickness:aboutacentimetre• Movementverymuchdependentonundericetopography• Thicknessofoilvaries,butgathersthickestindepressions.• Driftingpack:Thicknessofoildependentontheriserateanddriftvelocityoftheice

• Verylittleinformationonwhathappensinanoilgasmixi.e.blowoutsituationOilformsbothpondsasawellassmallrivuletsthatmove

fromonedepressiontothenext.NORCORoilundericerecoverytestsBeaufortSea,May1975

!5# !4#

!3#

!2#

!1#

0# 1# 2#

Ice#Dra/#(m)# Oil#Depth#(m)#

Distance#(m)#

Distance#(m)#Distan

ce#(m)#

Distan

ce#(m)#

Ini;al#spill#site#

Ridge#

Lead#

Level#first!year#sea#ice#

Rivulet#flow###Pon

ding#

Volume#of#spill#500#m3#Volume#of#spill#0#m3#

Undericeoiltrajectorymodelrunonrealicetopography.Left:Iceconditionsbeforeoilspillapplied.Right:Resultsafter500m3ofoilspilledattheblacksquareregioninthecentreoftheimage.Oilspreadshowsbothrivuletflowandponding.Overallmodaloilthicknessunderthislevelfirstyearicewasjustafewcentimetres.(Wilkinson2012).

3/17/17

4

Oilencapsulation:Undergrowingconditions

Icegrowingwillencapsulatetheoil

Laboratory experiment showing the cross section of an oil-ice sandwich(Izumiyama et al., 2004)

Reducing)oil)thickness)

through)migra3on) Reducing)oil)thickness)

through)migra3on)

Reducing)oil)thickness)

through)migra3on)Reducing)oil)thickness)

through)migra3on)

Secondary*reflec,on*

Oil))bo6om)

Ice))bo6om)

Oil))bo6om)

Ice))bo6om)

Oil))bo6om)

Ice))bo6om)

Oil))bo6om)

Ice)bo6om?)

9)cm

)

9)cm

)

9)cm

)

2)cm)

2)cm)

2)cm)

2)cm)

Oilverticallymigratesthroughtheiceinthesummer.

Sensorsthatshowpromise:encapsulatedandunderice

Above-icesensorsinclude:• frequencymodulatedcontinuouswave(FMCW)radars,

• groundpenetratingradars• visibleandinfraredcameras,• laserfluorescencepolarization(FP)sensor.

Below-icesensorsinclude :• spectralradianceandirradiancesensors,• laserfluorescencepolarization,• cameras,• Acoustics:narrowband,broadbandand

multibeam

Ideallysatellite,thenairborne,thenunderwater,thenonice

3/17/17

5

Exampleofdetectiontechnique:sonar

• Positivedetectionofoil• Measuresthicknessofoil• Detectedencapsulatedoil(moreworkneeded)

Nextsteps:underice

Sensors• No silver bullet: mixture of sensor types• Camera, acoustics (sonar), laser fluorometer are most

promising sensors • The advantages and limitations of these sensors under

different sea ice and oil spill scenarios needs to be established through controlled and repeatable laboratory experiments focussing on sensor signal response both for oil under, and encapsulated, within ice.

AUV/ROVsNeed to advance capabilities with respect to (1)vehicle launch and recovery, (2)navigation in complex ice conditions, and (3)mission strategies and data telemetry so that

transition of research-level AUV technology to easy-to-use operational platforms can be most effective.

3/17/17

6

Latestfindings…

• W.ScottPegau’s report“Detectionofoilon-in-and-underice.FINALREPORT5.3”

• ReportfromJointIndustryProgramme onoilspilldetectionandmappinginlowvisibilityandice:experimentalresults

• Mainlylevelicetest• Stilllotstodo…

http://www.arcticresponsetechnology.org/research-projects/oil-spill-detection-and-mapping-in-low-visibility-and-ice/research-report

Conclusions

• Windowofopportunity• Madegoodprogressoverthepastfewyears,butmuchneedstobedone.Generallyonlylookedattheeasiestofcases.

• Buildontheprogrammes thathavebeenperformedinthepast.• Aboveicesystems:idealsystem,butstillworktobedonebeforeitisoperational

• Belowicesystems:sensorswork,butneedtopushtheAUVtechnology.• Parisagreement,theworldwillmoveawayfromhydrocarbonssohowmuchdrillingwilloccurintheArctic.Thusshippingaccidentprobablymostlikely

3/17/17

7

KeyQuestionsWindowofaopportunityisopen…Butforhowlong?

q Thesethreeterminalshandled(byship)acombined230,000barrelsadayinthesecondquarterof2016.Theflowofoilhasalmostdoubledfrom130,000barrelsinJanuarylastyear.

q ProductionfromRussia'snewArcticoilfieldscouldtop400,000barrelsadayby2020.Source: https://www.bloomberg.com/gadfly/articles/2016-07-17/more-oil-is-flowing-from-

one-part-of-the-arctic-than-libya

Things are changing, and changing fast…. Look at the Russian Arctic for example…