detecting radiation
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Detecting Radiation. in our Radioactive World. Nuclear Technology in our Lives. Eaten Eggs? Driven over a Metal Bridge? Attached a Postage Stamp? Use Contact Lens Solution? Used a Photocopier?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Detecting Radiation
Detecting Radiation
in our
Radioactive World
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Nuclear Technology in our Lives
Eaten Eggs?
Driven over a Metal Bridge?Attached a Postage Stamp?Use Contact Lens Solution?
Used a Photocopier?
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The Anticipatory Set:Which of these things is not like the other,
which of these things are kind of the same?
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Detecting Radiation
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What makes up glow sticks, ceramic plates, & people?
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ATOMS! That’s what!
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Fe
ELEMENT NAME
ATOMIC NUMBER
(# of protons)
ATOMIC
SYMBOL
ATOMIC MASS
(total # of protons & neutrons)
26 55.85
IRON
Atomic Structure of Iron
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ATOMIC PARTICLES
• PROTON: within the nucleus, large mass, positive charge, identifies the element.
• NEUTRON: within the nucleus, large mass, no charge.
• electron: outside the nucleus, very small mass, negative charge.
+
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RADIATION is the transmission of
energy by means of:
particles
waves
OR
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• Visible Light• Microwaves• Infrared• TV – Radio Waves• Radar Waves
• High Energy UV• Radioactive Atoms• Gamma Rays• Neutrons • X-Rays
RADIATION
IonizingNon-Ionizing
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Radiation with enough energy to remove an electron from its atom.
Ionizing RadiationIonizing Radiation
Ionization Radiation
Neutronsand Protons Ejected
Electron
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Ionizing Radiation
Radioactivity vs. RadiationRadioactivity vs. Radiation
Alpha Particle
Neutron Particle
Beta Particle
Radioactive Atom
Gamma Ray
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Characteristics
• +2 charge• 2 protons• 2 neutrons• Large mass
Alpha Particle Alpha Particle
Range
• Very short range• 1" -2" in air
Shielding
• Paper• Outer layer of skin
Hazards
• Internal
Sources
• Plutonium• Uranium• Radium• Thorium• Americium
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Characteristics
• -1 charge• Small mass
Beta Particle Beta Particle
Range
• Short range• About 10' in air
Shielding
• Plastic safety glasses• Thin metal
Hazards
• Skin and eyes• Can be internal
Sources
• Radioisotopes• Activation Products• Sealed sources
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Characteristics
• No charge• No mass• Similar to x-rays
Gamma Ray Gamma Ray
Range
• Long range• About 1100' in air
Hazards
• External (whole body)• Can be internal
Sources
• X-ray machines• Electron microscopes• Sealed sources• Accelerators• Nuclear reactors• Radioisotopes
Shielding
• Lead• Steel• Concrete
Paper Plastic Lead
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Characteristics
• No charge• Found in nucleus
Neutron Particle Neutron Particle
Range
• Extended range
Shielding
• Water• Plastic
Hazards
• External (whole body)
Sources
• Fission• Reactor operation• Sealed sources• Accelerators
Paper Lead Water
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•Radioactive atoms ON or IN an unwanted place or material.
•Nearby objects may be irradiated.
Radioactive ContaminationRadioactive Contamination
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Irradiation Exposure of a material to ionizing radiation. Does NOT make the material radioactive. May cause a chemical or physical change in
the material. Possible to remove the material away from
the radioactive atoms.
Radioactive
Atoms
Radiation
=
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millirem - is the basic unit of radiation dose equivalent. It measures biological risk in humans.
Abbreviation:mrem
1000 mrem = 1 rem
milliremmillirem
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Terrestrial Sources
The average annual dose to the general population from natural background and man-made sources is 620 mrem.
The average annual dose to the general population from natural background and man-made sources is 620 mrem.
Cosmic Radiation
Internal Sources
Other
Radon
Radon
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Average Annual DoseAverage Annual Dose
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Comparison of Radiation DoseComparison of Radiation Dose
Lethal Dose
RadiationWorker Limit
ArgonneControl Limit
NaturalBackground
Average ANLRadiation Worker
GeneralEmployee Limit
Chest X-Ray
110 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
800,000 mrem = 800 rem
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Time
Basic Protective MeasuresBasic Protective Measures
Distance
Shielding
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Detecting Radiation
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Geiger-Muller Tube¨
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Inhalation• Breathing• Smoking
Four Ways Radioactive Material Can Enter the Body
Four Ways Radioactive Material Can Enter the Body
Wound or Cut
Absorption
Ingestion• Eating• Drinking• Chewing
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Factors Affecting Biological DamageFactors Affecting Biological Damage
• Total radiation dose• Dose rate• Type of radiation• Area of body exposed• Cell sensitivity• Individual sensitivity
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Biological Effects of Radiation
• Cells are undamaged.
• Cells are damaged, repair damage, & operate normally.
• Cells are damaged, repair damage, & operate abnormally
• Cells are damaged & die.
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Acute Radiation DoseAcute Radiation Dose
Acute radiation dose refers to persons who receive large amounts of Radiation over a short period of time.
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Chronic Radiation DoseChronic Radiation Dose
Chronic radiation dose refers to persons who receive small amounts
of radiation over a long period of time.
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Health EffectsHealth Effects
Somatic Effects observed in the exposed individual
Heritable Effects observed in future generations of exposed individual
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