designing lithium-ion battery cathodesdesigning lithium-ion battery cathodes. john b. goodenough....
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DESIGNING LITHIUM-ION BATTERY CATHODESJOHN B. GOODENOUGH
Presented by Arumugam ManthiramDirector, Texas Materials InstituteThe University of Texas at Austin
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LITHIUM-ION BATTERY01
A DISCOVERY THAT CHANGED THE WORLD
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EARLY WORK01
1950-1980
• Magnetic materials for first RAM memory
• Cooperative atomic orbital ordering
• Rules for sign of magnetic interactions
• Solid sodium-ion electrolyte: NASICON
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THE LITHIUM-ION BATTERY01
HOW IT WORKS
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WHAT FACTORS01
DETERMINE CHOICES FOR NEW BATTERY CHEMISTRY?
1. Cost
2. Energy
3. Power
4. Cycle Life
5. Safety
6. Environment
MA
TE
RIA
LS
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ENERGY DENSITY01
User Time = (Cell Voltage) x (Amount of Lithium ions Stored)
E
Density of States, N(E)
V2+/3+
cathodeV3+/4+
V4+/5+
Li/Li+
anode
Cell Voltage
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INSERTING LITHIUM01
HOW THE CHEMISTRY WORKS
Titanium SulfideTiS2
Lithium Titanium SulfideLiTiS2
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ENERGY DENSITY01
FROM SULFIDE TO AN OXIDE
E
Density of States, N(E)
Li/Li+
Co2+/3+: 3d
Co3+/4+: 3d
O2-: 2p S2-: 3p
Voltage limit in a sulfide,< 2.5 V Increase in
voltage to 4 V in an oxide
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Lithium-deficient Cobalt OxideLi0.5CoO2
Lithium Cobalt OxideLiCoO2
MATERIALS CLASS 101
1980: LAYERED OXIDECitation: Mizushima, Jones, Wiseman, Goodenough — Materials Research Bulletin 15, 783 (1980)
DISCHARGE
CHARGE
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Lithium Manganese OxideLiMn2O4
Manganese OxideMn2O4
MATERIALS CLASS 201
1983: SPINEL OXIDECitation: Thackeray, David, Bruce, Goodenough — Materials Research Bulletin 18, 461 (1983)
DISCHARGE
CHARGE
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Lithium Iron SulfateLi2Fe2(SO4)3
MATERIALS CLASS 301
1987-89: POLYANION OXIDECitation: Manthiram, Goodenough — Journal of Solid State Chemistry 71, 349 (1987)
Manthiram, Goodenough — Journal of Power Sources 26, 403 (1989)
CHARGE
DISCHARGE
Iron SulfateFe2(SO4)3
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Lithium Iron PhosphateLiFePO4
Iron PhosphateFePO4
MATERIALS CLASS 301
1997: POLYANION (OLIVINE) OXIDECitation: Padhi, Nanjundaswamy, Goodenough — Journal of the Electrochemical Society 144, 1188 (1997)
DISCHARGE
CHARGE
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KEY FINDINGS01
AND HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• A fundamental study of the properties of transition-metal oxides led to the identification of oxide cathodes
• Pushed boundaries at the intersection of solid-state chemistry and physics
• The three classes of materials discovered still remain the only viable cathodes — and the basis for future development- Layered oxide- Spinel oxide- Polyanion oxide
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MOVING FORWARD01
• Liberating society from fossil fuels
• Harvesting electric power from solar and wind energy
• Electricity storage as chemical energy is the key
• Affordable, safe battery technologies
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