design of water distribution system environmental engineering

8/13/2019 Design of Water Distribution System Environmental Engineering

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CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Project Report on

:-

WATER

DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM

-:

PREPARED BY :JAIN. NIKHIL. R.

(MEMBER. PROJECTGROUP)

-: GUIDEPROF

:-

B. K. SAMTANI

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

S V REGIONAL COLLEGE F ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY O 5SURAT - 395 007. (GUJARAT)

..

1998 - 99


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DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI REGIONAL COL~EGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SURAT

- 395007

CERTIFICATE

s s ~o certify that the project, entitled "Design5.; s:e""J

of WaterRoll. No.

Distribution26 ,a final

has been prepared

by~.

v/(2iJd./.!C.

ear student of Civil Engineering, during the year 1998-99, as a partial fulfillment of the

'"'90 _'"'e,...entfor the award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Civil Engineering ofSOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, SURAT. His work has been found to be satisfactory.

3JIDED BY:~

~.

,,::

_' '


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AcknowledgmentRight from the procurement of material to the clearing of conceptual difficulties, we cannot withhold our sincerest thanks to Prof. B.K Samtanil Civil Engineering department, SVRCE~ Surat, without whose invaluable guidance and

cooperation the project would not have been accomplished

we would also like to thank Dr.B.K.Katti, Prof. and Head, Civil Engg. Department, whose support and encouragement are transparent in the work it self.In~

PROJECT GROUP

ROLL

NO.

-:';:'~.!I!i.~:.'Io~":'~--"---"-iiJ!('


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INDEX1.

INTRODUCTION TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION 2.1 2.2 2.3Gravity

1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 8 11 15 15 15 16 19 19 19 29

2.

System

Pumping SystemDual System

3..

LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Dead end or Tree System Grid ironSystem Circular System Radial System

4.

PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM VALVES AND FITTINGS DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 6.1 Manual Design 6.1.1 Design of Pipe Lines 6.1.2 Analysis & Design of Pi

pe Network 6.2 Software Design 6.2.1 Software Details 6.2.2 Input and Output Files

5.6.

7.

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

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--

1.

INTRODUCTION

After complete treatment of water, it becomes necessary to distribute it to a number of houses, estates, industries and public places by means of a network of distribution system. The distribution system consists of pipes of various sizes,values, meters, pumps etc. The following are the "equirements of a good distribution system.1

)

It should convey the treated water upto the consumers with the same degree of purity.

(2)

The water should reach to every consumer with the repaired pressure head.

(3)

Sufficient quantity of treated water should reach for the domestic and industrial use.

(4) \5)

It should be economical and easy to maintain and use. It should be able to transport sufficient quantity of water during emergency such as fole fighting etc.

(6) (7) (8) (9)

During repair work, it should bot cause obstruction to the traffic. It should besafe against any future pollution. The quantity of pipes laid should be good and it should not trust. It should be water tight and the water losses due to leak

age should be minimum as for as possible.

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2.

TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

For efficient distribution it is required that water should reach to every consumer with repaired rate of how. Depending upon the methods of distribution, the distribution system is classified as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) Gravity System Pumping System Dual System on Combined Gravity and Pumping System.

2.1

Gravity System

When some ground sufficiently high above the city area is available, this can bebest utilized for the distribution system in maintaining pressure in water pipes. The water flows in the mains due to quaitational force. As no pumping is repaired, there fore it is the most reliable system for the distribution of water.

The water head available at the consumers door is just minimum required and theremaining head is consumed in frictional and other losses.

Fig. 2.1 of Gravity System of Distribution

.

2.


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2.2

Pumping System

In this system water is directly pumped in the mains. The maintenance cost is high. High lift pumps are required and their operations are continuously watched.If the power fails, the whole supply of the town will be stopped. Therefore stand bye diesel pumps should be kept.

Fig. 2.2 of Pumping System of Distribution

CLE~R \YATER RI: S fR VOIR

23

DualSystem

This is also known as combined gravity and pumping system. In the beginning whendemand is small the water is stored in the elevated reservoir, but when demandincreases the rate of pumping, the flow in the distribution system comes both from the pumping station as well as . elevated reservoir. As in this system watercomes from two sources one from reservoir and second from pumping station, it isclosed dual system.

Fig. 2.3 Dual System of Distribution.I"'I..U.. DRAfT

"",~T~T~C ~~T:R:~Aj 7MAXIMUM ORAFT~

--

~ -:. -:.:.:.

- -Jt: : : =

- - - _ _;j

~HF

TOW N

it I. I I

3


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3.

LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

There are four different systems of distribution which are used. Depending upontheir layout and direction of supply, they are classified as follows: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Dead End or Tree System Grid iron System Circular or Ring System Radial System Dead End or Tree System

3.1

Fig. 3.1 Layout of Dead end systemThe above figure shows the layout of this system. It is suitable for irregular developed towns or cities. In this system one main starts from require reservoiralong the main road. Sub mains are connected to the main in both the directionsalong other roads which meet the main road. Sub mains, branches and minor distributors are connected to sub mains. They are cheap in initial cost. When the pipebreaks down or is closed for repair the whole locality beyond the point goes without water. It cannot meet the five demand.

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3.2

Grid Iron SystemBUILDINGS DISTRIBUTOR

MAIN

~

Fig. 3.2 of Layout of Grid Iron SystemThis system is also known as reticulated system and is most convenient for townshaving rectangular layout of roads. This system is an improvement or dead end system. All the dead ends are interconnected and water circulates freely throughout the system. Main line is laid along the main road. Sub mains are taken in both the directions along other minor roads and streets. From these sub mains branches are taken out and are inter connected as shown in figure. This system removes all the disadvantages of dead end system.

3.3. WATERMAIN

-+

WATER MAINS-+Fig. 3.3 of Layout of Circular or Ring System.

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~,S system can be adopted only in well planned locality of cities. In this system each locality is divided into square or circular blocks and the water mains are laid around all the four sides of the square or round the circle.

This system requires many values and more pipe length. This system is suitable for towns and cities having well planned roads.

3.4

Radial SystemBUILDINGS BUILDINGS

~IFig. 3.4 of Layout of Radial SystemThis system is not adopted in India, because for this system the roads should belaid out radial from the center. This system is the reverse of ring system. Theentire district is divided into various zones and one reservoir is provided foreach zone. Which is placed in the center of zone.

By considering the advantages and disadvantages of all these systems, we have found out that grid iron system is most suitable for our site. Therefore we have adopted grid iron system.

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-

The advantages of Grid iron system: ;', As water is supplied from both the sidesat every point, very small area will be affected during repair. (ii) Since water reaches every point from more than one route, the friction losses and the sizes of the pipes are reduced. (iii) All the dead ends are completely eliminated, therefore the water remain in continuous flow and there is no stagnation and chance of pollution is reduced to minimum. (iv) In case of fire, more quantity of water can be diverted to wards the affected area, by closing the valves of nearbylocalities.

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.. t

4.

PRESSURE IN THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

When the water enters in the distribution main, the water head continuously is lost due to friction m pipes,-at-entrance-of-reducers;-due-to valves, bends, meters etc. till it reaches the consumer's tap. The net available head at the consumer's tap is the head at the entrance of the water main minus all the losses in the way. The effective head available at the service connection to a building isvery important, because the height up to which the water can rise in the building will depend on this available head only. The greater the head the more will bethe height up to which it will rise. If adequate head is not available at the connection to the building, the water will not reach the upper storeys (Le. 2nd,3rd, 4th etc.). to

overcome this difficulty the required effective head is maintained in the streetpipe lines.

The water should reach each and consumer therefore it should reach on the uppermost storey. The pressure which is required to be maintained in the distributionsystem depends upon the following factors: (1) The height of highest building upto which water should reach without boosting. (2) (3) The distance of the local

ity from the distribution reservoir. The supply is to be metered or not. Higherpressure will be required to compensate for the high loss of head in meters. (4)How much pressure will be required for fire-hydrants.

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...

5

The funds available for the project work.

J

I

Sometimes the design pressure is determined from the fire fighting requirements.In some cities and towns the fire fighting squads are equipped with pumping sets fitted on their vehicles for lifting the water at the site itself. At such places the design pressure may be determined by the minimum required by the consumers. But in most of towns in India the people living at 2nd,3rd or 4th storey face lots of difficulties due to nonsupply of water in their storeys. At such places small lifting pumps may be individually used which directly pump the water intheir water lines.

j

In multistoreyed structures the following pressures are considered satisfactory: Up to 3 storeys From 3 to 6 storeys From 6 to 10 storeys Above 10 storeys 2.1kg/ cnf 2.1 to 4.2 kg/ cnf 4.2 to 5.27 kg/ cnf 5.27 to 7 kg/ cm2

While designing pipes of distribution systems the following points should be kept in mind : (i) The main line should be designed to carry 3 times the average demand of the city. (ii) The service pipes should be able to carry twice the average demand.

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The water demand at various points in the city should be noted.;v)

The lengths and sizes of each pipe should be clearly marked on the site plan along with hydrants, valves, meters, etc.

(v)

The pressure drops at the end of each line should be calculated and marked.

The minimum velocity in pipe lines should not be less than 0.6 ml sec and maximum velocity should not be more than 3 ml sec. For best results the velocities indifferent pipes should be as follows :

Diameter of pipes 10 cm 15 cm 25cm 40cm

velocity0.9 m/sec 1.21 ml sec 1.52 ml sec 1.82 ml sec

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5.

VALVES AND FITTINGS

Introdu(~n: Valves are required to control the flow of water, to regulatethe pressure to release or to admit air and to prevent flow of water in oppositedirection. In every noses various types of fittings such as taps bends tees sockets etc. are required for the distribution and forming network the pipes insides the noses standard specifications for most commonly used valves are publishedby Indian standard institution.

(a)

Sluice Valve:

These are also known as gate valves and most commonly used in practice. These valves are cheaper offer less resistance to flow of water than other valves used for same purposes. Gate valves control the flow of water through pipes and fixedin main lines bringing water from source town at 3 to 5 kms intervals thus dividing the pipeline into different sections. This valve is made of cast iron with bran bronze and stainless steel. It mainly consist of a wedge shaped circular disc fitted closely in a recess against the opening in the valve. Fig. 5.1 Sluice Valve

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Figure shows the sectional view of a Gate value small sized gate valves are burled underground, and can be opened from the surface through a stop box larger valves are operated in under ground chamber and are opened or closed through searing.

(b)

Pressure Relief Valve:

These valves relieve high pressure in pipe lines. Figure illustration such typeof valve which is intended to release excessive pressure that may build up in aclosed pipe. It is essentially consists of a disc controlled by a springs whichcan be adjusted for any pressure when the pressure in the pipe line exceeds thedesired pressure, the disc is forced off from its seat and excessive pressure isrelived through cross pipe, after this disc comes down automatically due to force of spring.

Fig. 5.2 Pressure Relief Valve

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-

:

Check Valve:

--;"ese are also called reflux valves are non return valves and are a..rtomaticdevices which allow water to flow only in one direction and prevent it from flowing in reverse direction. The arrow indicates thedirection of flow of water when the water flows the disc rotates round the

hinge and remain in a horizontalplane. The water therefore passes offwithout any obstruction now ifthe flow reverses the disc automatically falls down by rotating round the hinge and remains tightly pressed against the

valve seat buy the pressure of water it self, in this way it does not allowthe water to flow in reverse direction. [Fig. illustrates such type of checkvalve]

PIVO T

Fig. 5.3 Check Valve (d) Air Relief Valve:

When the water enters in the pipe lines, it also carries some air with it in whi

ch tends to accumulate at high points of pipe. These valves consist ofa cast iron chamber bolted on the pipe over the opening in the crown.These valve are automatic in action. Fig. shows tow type of air relief valves.

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-

Fig. 5.4 Air Relief Valve (e) Drain Valve:

In the summits of mains, it is possible that some suspended impurities may settle down and cause obstruction to flow the water. In the distribution system at dead ends if water is not taken out it will stagnate and bacteria will be born init. To avoid the above difficulties drain valves are provided at all such points. When drain valve is opened the water rushes out thus removing all the silt, clay etc. from the main line.

,._ ;. :" , . i

r,

~

,r:"': ~.\. ..

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TEl

Fig. 5.5 Drain Valve

.

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-

6.6.1 Manual Design

DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The layout of the city of town, topography etc. wiJlgreatly effect the layout and design of the distribution system. The existing population expected future population commercial and industrial present and future water requirements all haveto be considered in the layout and design of the distribution system.

The main work in the distribution system design is to determine the sizes of thedistribution pipes which will be capable to carry the repaired quantity of water at the desired pressure. 6.1.1 Design of pipe lines Till date no direct methodare available for the design of distribution pipes. While doing the design first of all Dia. of the pipes are assumed the terminal pressure heads which could be made avaHable. t the end of each a pipe section after allowing for the loss ofpressure head in the pipe section when full peak flow discharge is flowing arethen determined. The determination of the friction losses in each pipe section is done. The total discharge flowing through main pipes is to be determined in advance.

Hazen William formula is widely used for determine the velocity through pipes. I

t states :..

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r-1eadoss due to friction is determined by 1 HL =1094

Q

Ld4.97

(_)1.85CH

6.1.2 Analysis & design of pipe networkIn the distribution system for any closed network of the pipes the following conditions must be fulfilled: (a) The quantity of water entering a junction, must be equal to the quantity of water leaving the same junction. In other words entering flow must be equal to the leaving flow Le. low of continuity is satisfied. (b) The algebraic sum of the pressure drops around closed loop must be zero. Le.there shall be continuity in the pressure. Following are the various methods forthe analysis of flow in pipe network (1) (2) (3) (4) Circle Method Equivalent Pipe Method Electrical Analogy Method Hardy Cross Method

Hardy cross method is most widely used.

Hardy Cross Method:

In this method the corrections are applied to the assumed flow in each successive trail. The head loss in each pipe is determined by pipe flow formula. The successive corrections are made in the flow in each pipe will

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~"'eheads are balanced and the principle of continuity is satisfied at each junction.

Now it Qa be the assumed flow in a pipe and Q be the actual flow in that pipe, then correction will be given by the relation. ~ = Q ~ Qa Q = Qa + ~ If the headloss in the pipe under reference is HL it can be determined by formula

When k is a constant depending upon the size of the pipe and its interval condition. The head loss can also be determined by Hazen William formula in this term.As a common practice +ve sign is given to the head losses in clockwise direction and - ve signs to those in the anti-clockwise direction. The minor losses areusually neglected. In case of network of pipes having many loops, the system must be divided in to two or more loops such that each pipe in the network is included in the circuit of one loop. We have adopted Hardy cross method for analysisof pipe network. The results obtained by the manual design is tabulated below:

Since the result obtained by manual method is found to be more economical than the latter due to have adopted the manual method in ourdesign of pipes.

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.Pipe no. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

--..---

..

..

Results obtain by the Manual Design:

Pipe Dia.400 200 250 200 350 200 200 200 200 300 200 150 150 150 200 150 100 100

HL

Ht.l1000m 9.45 6.80 4.85 3.90 8.02 8.70 2.26 6.20 1.95 5.50 3.50 11.92 11.80 1.87 3.50 3.10 5.82 6.20f-

Length 390 500 400 450 500 365 535 490 500 565 355 365 365 540 500 630 225 235

1.228 2.652 2.425 1.560 3.610 4.350 0.823 3.317 0.953 2.750 1.977 4.210 4.307 1.000 1.750 1.953 1.307 1.457

I

t. .

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5...2 5.2.1

Software Design software details

Required input data are given to the software package of distribution

networkdesign.Then computersoftwareof design gives the output file ofpipe details, pipe pressure details and node details.

Computer software package,which consider so many factors regarding the distributionsystem.Hence it gives economicaldesign as comparetothe manual design.

6.2.2 Input &Output FilesThe input & output files of software design are given as below:

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1

NPUT FILE

Echoing Input VariablesTitle of the Project

: Mandvi :SMC : 18 : 13 :CI

Name of the User Number of PipesNumber of nodes

Type of Pipe Materials Used Number of Commercial Dia per Material Peak Design FactorNewtor Raphson Stopping Criterion MLD

:1 : 0.001 : 15: 30 :2 :D :1

MinimumPressure (m) MaximumPressure (m) Design HydraulicGradient m in km Simlateor Design? No. of Res. Nodes with Fixed HGL No. of Res. Nodes with Variable HGLNo. of Boo&er Pumps No. of Pressure Reducing Valves No. of Check Valves Type ofFormula

: Hazen's..

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.

:o.rrrmerciaJ Diameter Data P :;e D a. Harzen's Constant 100.00000 100.00000100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000

Unit Cost

Allow Press

Pipe Material CI

.'"'t. (mm)100.0 150.0i

RS/m Length M500.00 597.93871.88 1283.32 1663.23 2539.92

30.00 30.0030.00 30.00 30.00 30.00

crCI

CI CI CI200.0250.0 300.0

i

1400.0

I 1450.0 500.0

100.00000 100.00000 100.00000

3002.83 3674.22 4896.47 7076.84 8600.00 9500.00 10000.00 12000.00 14500.00 15000.00I

30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00

CI CI CI CI MS MS MS MS MS MS

1600.0 750.0 900.0 1000.0 I 1100.0 1200.0 1500.0 1555.0

100.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000 110.00000

2.1


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."-'ode Data

r

II

" .:ce No. 1 2J

Peak

Flow MLD

Elevati on 106.00 15.00 103.00 104.00 1105.00

Min. Press m 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.0015.00

Max. Press M 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.0030.00I

11.00 I

0.000 -6.512 -0.540 -0.648 -5.068 -1.040 -0.900-0.730 -3.929 -0.557 0.000 -0.715 0.000

1.001.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

3 4 5 6

I

102.00

197.00I

17/8 9 10 111 12 13

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

101.00 101.00 103.00 103.00 104.00 104.00

15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00

30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00

I

Fixed Head Reservoir DataSource Node II

Head m

Ref Res. ?


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(R) 1 121.00 R

.

22.


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.Pipe Data':) "tY11

To

Length

Diameter

Hazen's

Pipe

Status

. 1 2 13 4 5 6 17 18 9I

Node Node M 1 2 2 3 2 6 5 5 4 5 7 I 9 910 9 8 12 12

mm

ConstMaterial (C/P)

2 3 6 4 5 7 4 7 10 9 8 10 811 12 13 11 13

130.00 390.00 500.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 365.00 535.00 490.00 500.00 565.00 355.00 365.00540.00 500.00 630.00 225.00 235.00

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000

CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CICI CI CI CI CI

10 11 12 1344

15 -i6 17 18

23..


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Q

100.0I

CICI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI

535.00420.00 500.00 565.00 355.00 365.00 540.00 500.00 630.00 225.00 235.00

267.50245.00 250.00 282.50 177.50 182.50 270.00 250.00 315.00 112.50 117.50

1904.102149.18 2399.18 2681.68 2859.18 3041.68 3311.68 3561.68 3876.68 3989.18 4106.68

S 10 11!

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

I I

1213 14 15 16

i

I 17

118

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4'

.__

9 10 11 12 13

3.929 -0.557 0.000 -0.715 0.000

101.00 103.00 103.00 104.00 104.00

119.06 119.17 119.10 119.07 119.08

18.06 16.17 16.10 15.07 15.08

Pipe

cost summary(mm) Pipe material Length (m)Cost (1000 Rs)

D.

Cum. Cost (1000 Rs)

100.0 200.0 250.0CI CI CI

7075.00 450.00 130.00

3547.50 397.35 166.83

3547.50 3939.85 4106.68

Pipe wiseI Pipe no I

cost summaryDia. (mm) Pipe Length Cost Cum. cost

material : ,1i

(m) 130.00 390.00 300.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 365.00

(1000 Rs) 166.83 195.00 250.00 200.00 392.35 250.00 182.00

(1000 Rs) 166.83 361.83 611.83 811.83 1204.18 1454.18 1636.68

250.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 200.0 100.0 100.0

CI CI CI CI CI CI CI

12I \3

415 I

! 1.6 :7


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. 2.SJ


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.

OUTPUT FILELooped water distribution network design output Band width ~umber of loops...e 10n Raphson iterations Pfpe Details

=3 =6

=2

=":e-... ...

FromNode 1

ToNode 2

FlowMLD 15.325

Dia(mm) 250.0

HL(m) 0.32

HU1000 m (m) 2.45

Length (m) 130.00

Velocity (m/s) 0.58

....

-

2 2 3 2 6 5 5 4 5 7 9 9 10 9

3 6 4 5 7 4 7 10 9 8 10 8 11 12

1.803 2.013 1.263

100.0 100.0 100.0

0.51 0.80 0.27 0.51 0.21 0.27 0.50 0.73 1.12 0.57 -0.11 -0.05 0.08 -0.01

1.30 1.59 0.67 1.12 0.41 0.74 0.93 1.50 2.23 1.01 -0.32 -0.13 0.14 -0.01

390.00 500.00 400.00 450.00 500.00 365.00 535.00 490.00 500.00 565.00 355.00

0.23 0.26 0.16 0.33 0.12 0.17 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.20 -0.11

-

=:

-


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10.319 200.0 0.973 1.330 1.306 1.945 20415 1.571 -0.845 -0.530 0.543 -0.139 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

B 9 i"v 11 12 13 1415

365.00 -0.07 540.00 500.00 0.07 -0.02

2.6


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II'"

,

1617 18

8 12 12

13 11 13

0.311 -0.543 -0.311

100.0 100.0 100.0

0.03 -0.03 -0.01

0.05 -0.14 0.05

630.00

0.04

225.00 -0.07 235.00 -0.04

Note: Negative value indicates the flow in reverse direction in that pipe Pipe pressure details Pipe no. 1 2 12 3 4 5 6 7I

From To Node Node 1 2 3 I

Dia. (mm) 250.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 200.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Harzen's constant

Pipe

Max

Allow

Status

material press (m) press (m) (C/P) 16.68 17.18 17.89 17.18 16.68 22.68 15.91 22.68 16.17 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0

100.00000 CI 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 CI CI CI CI CI CI CI CI

\2

6 4 5 7 4 7 10

13 2 6 5 :5 I 14

8I

19


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I

Pipe pressure details cont'd Pipe no. 10 11 From To Node Node 5 7 9 8 Dia (mm) 100.0 100.0 Harzen's const 100.00000 100.00000 Pipe Max Allow Status (C/P)

material press (m) press (m) CI 18.06 30.00

crCI CI

22.68 18.06 18.11 16.1718.06 18.11 16.10 15.08

30.00 30.00 30.0030.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00

12 13 1415I

9 9 109 8 I 12 12

10 8 11

12 13 11 13100.0 100.0 100.0100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

100.00000 100.00000 100.00000100.00000 100.00000 100.00000 100.00000

crCI CI CI CI

I 16I

17I

18

Node details Node no. 1 2 3 4 5 6....J

Flow (MLD) 15.325 -6.512 -0.540 -0.648 -5.068

Elev. (m) 106.00 104.00 103.00 104.00 105.00 102.00

97.00

H.G.L. (m) 121.00 120.68 120.10 119.91 120.18 119.89119.68

Pressure (m) 15.00 16.68 17.18 15.91 15.18 17.8922.68

-1.040-0.908


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8

-0.730

101.00

119.11

18.11

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I

7.

CONCLUSION

Result of distribution system from manual & software show that there is a difference between them. Computer software sophistical package which consider so manyfactor regarding the distribution system. Hence it gives economical design as compare to manual design. In manual design hardy cross method is most widely usedmethod. But it is too much time consuming & so many iteration are required.

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design of water distribution system environmental engineering

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