Design & Implementation of Design & Implementation of Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning

(Challenge-Based/Problem-Based (Challenge-Based/Problem-Based Example)Example)

Karl SmithKarl SmithUniversity of MinnesotaUniversity of Minnesota

Civil EngineeringCivil Engineeringksmith@umn.edu

http://www.ce.umn.edu/~smith

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Backdrop – Recent ReportsBackdrop – Recent ReportsNational Research Council Reports:National Research Council Reports:1.1. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, How People Learn: Brain, Mind,

Experience, and School (1999).Experience, and School (1999).2.2. How People Learn: Bridging Research How People Learn: Bridging Research

and Practice (2000).and Practice (2000).3.3. Knowing What Students Know: The Knowing What Students Know: The

Science and Design of Educational Science and Design of Educational Assessment (2001).Assessment (2001).

4.4. The Knowledge Economy and The Knowledge Economy and Postsecondary Education (2002). Postsecondary Education (2002). Chapter 6 – Creating High-Quality Chapter 6 – Creating High-Quality Learning Environments: Guidelines from Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn Research on How People Learn

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44

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Designing Learning Designing Learning Environments Based on HPL Environments Based on HPL

(How People Learn)(How People Learn)

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Challenged-Based LearningChallenged-Based Learning Problem-based learningProblem-based learning Case-based learningCase-based learning Project-based learningProject-based learning Learning by designLearning by design Inquiry learningInquiry learning Anchored instructionAnchored instruction

John Bransford, Nancy Vye and Helen Bateman. Creating High-Quality Learning Environments: Guidelines from Research on How People Learn

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Workshop LayoutWorkshop Layout OverviewOverview Participant SurveyParticipant Survey PBL Example – PBL Example – PBL – Modeling/Design PBL – Modeling/Design Backward Design ApproachBackward Design Approach CDROM Vignette – CDROM Vignette – PBL groups in actionPBL groups in action Tools for using groups in PBLTools for using groups in PBL Video Preview – Video Preview – Facilitators & Groups in Facilitators & Groups in

PBLPBL Wrap-upWrap-up

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Survey of ParticipantsSurvey of Participants

Familiar with problem based learning Familiar with problem based learning literature?literature?

Experienced pbl or case based Experienced pbl or case based learning?learning?

PBL Workshop(s)?PBL Workshop(s)? McMaster UniversityMcMaster University University of DelawareUniversity of Delaware Other Workshops/conferences?Other Workshops/conferences?

Teach / Taught using PBL or CBL?Teach / Taught using PBL or CBL?

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Knowledge ProbeKnowledge Probe

PBL Knowledge ProbePBL Knowledge Probe Example from MOT 8221Example from MOT 8221 What would you like to know about What would you like to know about

the students in your courses?the students in your courses?

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Participant Information Sheet MOT 8221, Spring 2004 Name __________ Work Experience (describe briefly): (use back if necessary) Previous Coursework/Experience in Project Management, Knowledge Management, Engineering Systems, Industrial Engineering/Operations Research (IE/OR), Management Science, and Quality Management (Six Sigma/TQM):

For the following areas, please rank your level of understanding according to the following scale:

1 = Little or no coursework/experience in this area. 2 = (Between 1 & 3). 3 = Moderate coursework/experience in this area 4 = (Between 3 & 5). 5 = A great deal of coursework/experience in this area.

Project Management 1 2 3 4 5 Knowledge Management 1 2 3 4 5 PMI-PMBOK 1 2 3 4 5 Engineering Systems 1 2 3 4 5 IE/OR 1 2 3 4 5 Modeling/Simulation 1 2 3 4 5 Mgmt Science 1 2 3 4 5 Six Sigma/ TQM 1 2 3 4 5 Computing Experience:

For each of the following, rate your proficiency and list any computer software:

1 = Never have used it. 2 = Know a little about it. 3 = Have used it some. 4 = Am very comfortable using it.

Rating Specific Packages

Spreadsheet 1 2 3 4 Project Management 1 2 3 4 Statistical 1 2 3 4 Modeling/simulation 1 2 3 4 Data base 1 2 3 4 Programming language 1 2 3 4 Expectations from the course (use back if necessary):

1111

0

5

10

15

20

25

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8

1

2

3

4

5

PMPM Q1Q1

KMKM Q2Q2

PMIPMI Q3Q3

EngSysEngSys Q4Q4

IE/ORIE/OR Q5Q5

Mod/SimMod/Sim Q6Q6

MgmtSciMgmtSci Q7Q7

6 Sigma6 Sigma Q8Q8

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0

5

10

15

20

25

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6

1

2

3

4

SpreadSpread Q1Q1

PMPM Q2Q2

StatStat Q3Q3

Mod/SimMod/Sim Q4Q4

DBDB Q5Q5

ProgProg Q6Q6

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Designing PBL ExperiencesDesigning PBL Experiences

Design of the Design of the Teamwork AspectTeamwork Aspect of of PBLPBL

Backward DesignBackward Design Learning outcomesLearning outcomes Acceptable evidenceAcceptable evidence Instructional strategiesInstructional strategies

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Problem-Based Learning (PBL)-- Small Group Self-Directed Problem Based

Learning --

Problem-based learning is the learning that results from the

process of working toward the understanding or resolution

of a problem. The problem is encountered first in the learning process. (Barrows and Tamblyn, 1980)

Core Features of PBLCore Features of PBL Learning is student-centered Learning occurs in small student groups Teachers are facilitators or guides Problems are the organizing focus and stimulus for learning Problems are the vehicle for the development of clinical

problem-solving skills New information is acquired through self-directed learning

Conversations in Teaching and Learning [MSU] - 3/14/03

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Problem-Based Learning

Problem posed

Identify what weneed to know

Learn it

Apply it

START

Subject-Based Learning

Told what weneed to know

Learn it

Given problem toillustrate how to use it

START

Normative Professional Curriculum:

1. Teach the relevant basic science,

2. Teach the relevant applied science, and

3. Allow for a practicum to connect the science to actual practice.

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PBL-Example - ModelingPBL-Example - Modeling

Experience PBL:Experience PBL:

Participate and attend to what the group Participate and attend to what the group is doing.is doing.

Pay attention to what the instructor is Pay attention to what the instructor is doing.doing.

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Backward Design Approach:Backward Design Approach:An OverviewAn Overview

OutcomesOutcomes 5 minute university5 minute university

EvidenceEvidence Learning TaxonomiesLearning Taxonomies

Plan InstructionPlan Instruction Cooperative Learning Planning Format & Cooperative Learning Planning Format &

FormsForms

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Effective Course Effective Course DesignDesign

Students

Goals andObjectives

Assessment

EC 2000

Bloom’sTaxonomy

Course-specificgoals & objectives

Cooperative learning

Lectures

Labs

Other experiences

Classroomassessmenttechniques

Tests

Instruction

Other measures

Technology

(Felder & Brent, 1999)

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Model 1

The Key Components Of INTEGRATED COURSE DESIGN

One of the benefits of this model is that it allows us to see the importance S i t u a t i o n a l F a c t o r s

Teaching and

Learning Activities

Feedback & Assessment

Learning Goals

A Self-Directed Guide to Designing Courses for Significant LearningL. Dee Fink. 2003. Creating significant learning experiences. Jossey-Bass.

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Worksheet 1Worksheet for Designing a Course/Class Session

Ways of Assessing Actual Teaching-Learning

Helpful Resources:

Learning Goals for Course/Session:

This Kind of Learning: Activities: (e.g., people, things)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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Backward Design

Stage 1. Identify Desired Results

Stage 2. Determine Acceptable Evidence

Stage 3. Plan Learning Experiences and Instruction

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Backward Design

Stage 1. Identify Desired Results

Filter 1. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process represent a big idea or having enduring value beyond the classroom?

Filter 2. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process reside at the heart of the discipline?

Filter 3. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process require uncoverage?

Filter 4. To what extent does the idea, topic, or process offer potential for engaging

students?

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Understanding Understanding

Stage 1. Identify Desired ResultsFocus Question: What does it mean to “understand”?

Stage 2. Determine Acceptable EvidenceFocus Questions: “How will we know if students have achieved the desired results and met the standards? What will we accept as evidence of student understanding and proficiency (Wiggins & McTighe)

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Backward DesignStage 2. Determine Acceptable Evidence

Types of Assessment

Quiz and Test Items: Simple, content-focused test items

Academic Prompts: Open-ended questions or problems that require the student to think critically

Performance Tasks or Projects: Complex challenges that mirror the issues or problems faced by graduates, they are

authentic

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Understanding Misunderstanding

A Private Universe – 21 minute video available from www.learner.org

Also see Minds of our own (Annenberg/CPB Math and Science Collection – www.learner.org)

1. Can we believe our eyes? 2. Lessons from thin air3. Under construction

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Taxonomies

Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives: Cognitive Domain (Bloom & Krathwohl, 1956)

A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001).

Facets of understanding (Wiggins & McTighe, 1998)

Taxonomy of significant learning (Dee Fink, 2003)

A taxonomic trek: From student learning to faculty scholarship (Lee Shulman, 2002)

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The Six Major Levels of Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain(with representative behaviors and sample objectives)

Knowledge. Remembering information Define, identify, label, state, list, match Identify the standard peripheral components of a computer Write the equation for the Ideal Gas Law

Comprehension. Explaining the meaning of information Describe, generalize, paraphrase, summarize, estimate

In one sentence explain the main idea of a written passage Describe in prose what is shown in graph form

Application. Using abstractions in concrete situations Determine, chart, implement, prepare, solve, use, develop

Using principles of operant conditioning, train a rate to press a bar

Derive a kinetic model from experimental data Analysis. Breaking down a whole into component parts Points out, differentiate,

distinguish, discriminate, compare Identify supporting evidence to support the interpretation of a literary passage Analyze an oscillator circuit and determine the frequency of oscillation

Synthesis. Putting parts together to form a new and integrated whole Create, design, plan, organize, generate, write

Write a logically organized essay in favor of euthanasia Develop an individualized nutrition program for a diabetic patient

Evaluation. Making judgments about the merits of ideas, materials, or phenomena Appraise, critique, judge, weigh, evaluate, select

Assess the appropriateness of an author's conclusions based on the evidence given Select the best proposal for a proposed water treatment plant

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Facets of UnderstandingWiggins & McTighe, 1998, page 44

When we truly understand,weCan explainCan interpretCan applyHave perspectiveCan empathizeHave self-knowledge

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Dee Fink – Creating Significant Learning Experiences

A TAXONOMY OF SIGNIFICANT LEARNING

1. Foundational Knowledge

• "Understand and remember" learning

For example: facts, terms, formulae, concepts, principles, etc.

2. Application

Thinking: critical, creative, practical (problem-solving, decision-making)

Other skills

For example: communication, technology, foreign language

Managing complex projects

3. Integration

Making "connections" (i.e., finding similarities or interactions) . . .

Among: ideas, subjects, people

4. Human Dimensions

Learning about and changing one's SELF

Understanding and interacting with OTHERS

5. Caring

Identifying/changing one's feelings, interests, values

6. Learning How to Learn

Becoming a better student

Learning how to ask and answer questions

Becoming a self-directed learner

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Shulman's Table of Learning

1. Engagement and Motivation2. Knowledge and Understanding3. Performance and Action4. Reflection and Critique5. Judgment and Design6. Commitment and Identity

MAKING DIFFERENCES: A Table of Learning. Lee S. Shulman. Change, November/December 2002. Volume 34, Number 6. Pages 36-44

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Shulman's Table of Learning

(Online version)1. Engagement2. Understanding3. Performance4. Reflection5. Design and Judgment6. Commitment

http://www.pitt.edu/AFShome/n/t/ntlforum/public/html/v11n4/diagrams.htm

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Backward Design

Stage 3. Plan Learning Experiences & Instruction What enabling knowledge (facts, concepts, and

principles) and skills (procedures) will students need to perform effectively and achieve desired results?

What activities will equip students with the needed knowledge and skills?

What will need to be taught and coached, and how should it be taught, in light of performance goals?

What materials and resources are best suited to accomplish these goals?

Is the overall design coherent and effective?

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PBL Groups in ActionPBL Groups in Action(Allen & White, 2002 – www.udel.edu/pbl)(Allen & White, 2002 – www.udel.edu/pbl)

Water StridersWater Striders

Video trios – watch to answer:Video trios – watch to answer:

What’s happening with/in this group?What’s happening with/in this group? How does the tutor try to deal with How does the tutor try to deal with

what’s happening?what’s happening? What would you do if faced with the What would you do if faced with the

same situation as the tutor?same situation as the tutor?

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Thinking about Groups in Thinking about Groups in PBLPBL

What differences did you notice What differences did you notice between the “water sliders” vignette between the “water sliders” vignette and the first Modeling PBL and the first Modeling PBL ExperienceExperience

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Pseudo-group

Traditional G roup

C ooperative G roup

H igh-perform ing C ooperative G roup

Individual M em bers

PE

RF

OR

MA

NC

E L

EV

EL

TYPE O F G R O U P

Teamwork

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TeamsTeamsA team is a small number of people with

complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable.

SMALL NUMBER COMPLEMENTARY SKILLS COMMON PURPOSE & PERFORMANCE GOALS COMMON APPROACH MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY

--Katzenbach & Smith (1993)The Wisdom of Teams

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Groups & Cooperative Learning (CL)

Cooperative Learning is instruction that involves people working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome).

Key Concepts Positive Interdependence Individual and Group Accountability Face-to-Face Promotive Interaction Teamwork Skills Group Processing

Problem Based Cooperative Learning Format

TASK: Solve the problem(s) or Complete the project.

INDIVIDUAL: Estimate answer. Note strategy.

COOPERATIVE: One set of answers from the group, strive for agreement, make sure everyone is able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EXPECTED CRITERIA FOR SUCCESS: Everyone must be able to explain the strategies used to solve each problem.

EVALUATION: Best answer within available resources or constraints.

INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTABILITY: One member from your group may be randomly chosen to explain (a) the answer and (b) how to solve each problem.

EXPECTED BEHAVIORS: Active participating, checking, encouraging, and elaborating by all members.

INTERGROUP COOPERATION: Whenever it is helpful, check procedures, answers, and strategies with another group.

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Successful Teams / GroupsSuccessful Teams / Groups

Instructor gives advanced thought to Instructor gives advanced thought to team team

formation, activities & assessment.formation, activities & assessment.

Key Interpersonal Skills & Performance of Key Interpersonal Skills & Performance of Group/Team MembersGroup/Team Members (Stein & Hurd, 2000)(Stein & Hurd, 2000)

Active Listening & ClarifyingActive Listening & Clarifying Supporting & BuildingSupporting & Building Differing & ConfrontingDiffering & Confronting

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Tools for PBL and CLTools for PBL and CL

5 Key Elements of Cooperative Learning5 Key Elements of Cooperative Learning Group FormationGroup Formation Group Norms/GuidelinesGroup Norms/Guidelines Group Contract FormGroup Contract Form Group ChartersGroup Charters Others…Others… ReferencesReferences

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Problem-Based Learning: Problem-Based Learning: A Reasonable AdventureA Reasonable Adventure (Knous, (Knous,

2000)2000)

Video viewing groups (1 person per question):Video viewing groups (1 person per question): What is the group doing?What is the group doing? What is the instructor/tutor doing?What is the instructor/tutor doing? What aspects of pbl are evident in the way What aspects of pbl are evident in the way

the group functions?the group functions? What aspects of pbl are evident in the What aspects of pbl are evident in the

video?video?

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PBL Group FacilitationPBL Group Facilitation

Faculty (Course Instructor, others)Faculty (Course Instructor, others) Teaching Assistants (Graduate)Teaching Assistants (Graduate) Undergraduate Teaching Assistants / Undergraduate Teaching Assistants /

Peer FacilitatorsPeer Facilitators

TrainingTraining Incentives / CompensationIncentives / Compensation

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Groups in PBL – Your Groups in PBL – Your ThoughtsThoughts

What are the implications of what What are the implications of what you’ve experienced today?you’ve experienced today?

How can you apply this material?How can you apply this material?

What do you still need to know to use What do you still need to know to use groups effectively in problem-based groups effectively in problem-based learning?learning?

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We never educate directly, but indirectly by means of the environment. Whether we permit chance environments to do the work, or whether we design environments for the purpose makes a great difference.John Dewey, 1906

It could well be that faculty members of the twenty-first century college or university will find it necessary to set aside their roles as teachers and instead become designers of learning experiences, processes, and environments James Duderstadt, 1999

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Session Summary(Minute Paper)

Reflect on the session:

1. What were the most important points for you?

2. What is one thing you would be willing to try?3. What questions do you have?

4. Pace: Too slow 1 . . . . 5 Too fast5. Relevance: Little 1 . . . 5 Lots6. Format: Ugh 1 . . . 5 Ah