design and use of building materials for improved ... of principal evaluations of different types of...

Copyright Norconsult AS

Utskrift 21.09.2005PhD Leif Øie

Side 1

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Design and Use of Building Materials for Improved Environmental Impact

Based on case “Utsyn” – Pilestredet Park Contractor PEAB

Presented by;

Leif Øie, PhDHead of Division Environment, water and safety

Norconsult AS

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Energy

MATERIALS- Energy use in LC

- Use of virging resources- Use of non-renewable resources

Water

Land

Resources

Air emissions

Water emissions

Soil emissions/soil pollutions/

waste

Pollution of outdoorenvironment

(Ecological impact)

Carcinogenic

Embryo and genedamages

Damages on thenervous system

Allergenic

Mocus membraneirritant

Indoor climate(Health impact)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTOF

BUILDINGS

Building materials and theirenvironmental impact

� Resource consumption

� Risk of negative ecological impact in production, construction, use, refurbishment and demolition/waste generation

� Risk of health hazards in construction, use, refurbishment or demolition



Side 2

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Why is building materials important in buildings sustainability?

� In Norway today we can select from 60 – 80,000 different building materials, of whom many of these we have very limited experience in use.

� Historical ”scandals” call for precautionary (asbestos, formaldehyde, casein, 4-phenyl cyclohexene (P-4C) in carpets, PCB)

� Today the frequency of refurbishment is higher than 20-30 years ago.� New building construction in average generates 30-40 kg solid waste

per m2 new building.� More than 60% of indoor pollutions originate from building materials.� In office buildings the Norwegian building code require the same

amount of fresh outdoor air supply to ventilate pollutions from building materials as pollutions from humans. Pollutions from building materials we can do something with!

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Pilestredet Park Utsyn


� 1



Side 3

Dr. ing. Leif Øie


Pilestredet ParkUtsyn

� 137 apartments� 120 parking lots� 200 m2 business premises� 15,764 m2 gross total� Contractors total costs 173 M NOK excl. tax (21 M EUR)� Construction periode: 22 months

Dr. ing. Leif Øie


Building facts

� 7 floors, the lowest 3 partly below terrain� Originally planed as prefabricated concrete elements,

changed to cast in situ� Prefabricated bathrooms� Prefabricated external walls� Balconies� Balanced mechanical ventilation� High tech climate and light control system



Side 4

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Selection of building materialsStep 1

Principal choices in preliminary design stage. Selection of material

type, not fabricate

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Folksam Construction guide (www.folksam.se)

( )



Side 5

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Handbook for sustainable building

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Example of principal evaluations of different types of materials, not fabricate*Material/Type Content of

chemicalsIndoor climatequalities

Use and maintenacequalities

Raw material, production and waste handling

Precautions in selection and use

Flooring

Concrete Bør kontrolleresmhthjelpestoffer.

Betong er normalt tilnærmetavgassingfri. Somgulvmateriale slipes normaltoverflaten og forsegles med voks eller akryl.

Meget bra slitestyrke. Betong produseres avmineralske materialeri en energikrevendeprosess.

Rubber Spesifikkeprodukter børsjekkes mot OBS-listen.

Enkelte fargerkan inneholdetungmetaller

Enkelte gummibelegg ersterkt luktende og kan giineklimaproblemer. Store forskjeller mellom de

beste og de dårligsteproduktene. De besteproduktene har lave emisjoner av VOC.

Kan legges i tørre og våtesoner eksklusive våtrom.

Trenger normalt ingenvedlikeholdsbehandlingog gir lave vedlikeholdsutgifter. Harmeget god slitestyrke.

Råmaterialet erkautsjuk, mineralskefyllstoffer (vanligvissilikater, titanium dioksid og sink oksid) samt fargepigmenter.

Inneklimarelevantdokumentasjon måfremskaffes ogvurderes.Prøver av aktuelle

beleggstyper børvurderes spesielt i forhold til luktavgiv.

Thermosetplastic laminate

Spesifikkeprodukter børsjekkes særskilt.

Gode inneklimaegenskaperhos ferdig utherdedeprodukter.

Tåler det meste, megetgod rengjørbarhet.

High pressure laminate

Normalt ingenproblemer.

Gode inneklimaegenskaper, svært lav avgassing.

Kan bare legges i tørresoner

Produseres avherdeplastimpregnertpapir (fenolplast) ogmelaminplast påoverflaten.

Ingen spesiell vedbruk av produkter fraanerkjente produsenter

Ceramic tiles Enkelteglasserte fliskan inneholdetungmetaller -uglasserte flis eruproblematiske.

Meget godeinneklimaegenskaper. Ikkenødvendigvis godt å gå på -må vurderes i forhold tilbruken.

Meget bra slitestyrke –tilsmussing av fuger kanvære problem. Renholds-vennligheten vil avhengeav glasseringen, overflate-strukturen og fargen.

Produseres avmineralske rå-materialer i en energi-krevende prosess. Uproblematiskavfallsbehandling.

Spesielldokumentasjon utoverrent tekniske kravanses unødvendig.

*) Complete list for almost all types of bulding materials are available, contact Leif Øie, Norconsult AS

Rubber Spesifikke produkter bør sjekkes mot OBS-listen. Enkelte farger kan inneholde tungmetaller

Enkelte gummibelegg er sterkt luktende og kan gi ineklima-problemer. Store forskjeller mellom de beste og de dårligste produktene. De beste produktene har lave emisjoner av flyktige organiske stoffer.

Kan legges i tørre og våte soner eksklusive våtrom. Trenger normalt ingen vedlikeholdsbehandling og gir lave vedlikeholdsutgifter. Har meget god slitestyrke.

Råmaterialet er kautsjuk, mineralske fyllstoffer (vanligvis silikater, titaniumdioksid og sink oksid) samt fargepigmenter.

Inneklimarelevantdokumentasjon måfrem-skaffes og vurderes. Prøver av aktuelle beleggstyperbør vurderes spesielt i forhold til luktavgivelse.

Carpet Ingen problemer i forhold til GuT-sertifiserte tepper.

Generelt et høyemitterende materiale. Nye tepper med lav luv kan ha gode inneklima-egenskaper. Pga dårligere muligheter for rengjøring sammenlignet med harde gulv vil egenskapene kunne dårligere over tid.

Gode bruksegenskaper mht gangvennlighet og akustiske egenskaper. Vanskelige å holde rene i praksis

Produseres i all hovedsak av kunstmaterialer med opphav i oljebaserte produkter.

Det bør stilles krav om GuT-sertifikat.

Preferer lavluvet teppe med skårne løkker.

PVC flooring Inneholder store mengder myknere, den vanligste mykneren DEHP står oppført påprioritetslisten for utfasing innen 2010.

De beste produktene har meget lav avgassing av flyktige organiske stoffer og små eller ingen luktproblemer. Avgivelse av mykgjørere mistenkes åkunne utløse astma hos småbarn. Av generelle miljøhensyn bør vinyl banebelegg søkes unngått.

Kan legges i så vel tørre som våte soner inkludert våtrom.Banebelegg med polyuretan (PUR) overflate reduserer behovet for vedlikeholds-behandling.

Produseres på basis av olje og klorider - ikke fornybare ressurser. Ikke spesielt energikrevende, men miljøskadelig produksjonsprosess.

Inneklimarelevantdokumentasjon måfremskaffes og vurderes.Sveising av polyuretanbelagt PVC medfører frigivelse av isocyanater (svært helseskadelig).



Side 6

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Use of plasticizers/phthlates in building constructions

� PVC flooring (~12 500 ton/year)� PVC roof covering (~2 500 ton/year)� PVC wallpaper (~2 000 ton/year)� Glue, painting and lacquer� Furnitue upholstery and artificial leather� Sealing compound and weather stripping

15-20 different phthalates in use. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely used.

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Phthalates in PVC increases the risk of asthma� Phthalates in PVC flooring migrates and adsorb

to particulate matter/sedimented dust. Inhaled resuspended dust with phthalates increase risk of asthma in children.

� This effect was internationally first recognized in a Norwegian study in 1999 [1,2]. The effect is verified in a new Swedish/Danish study in 2004 [3] where extensive evidence is given to the phthalates as the active substance.

Plasticizer index - asthma

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

Reference 50-70th perc 75-100th perc

Percentile

Ad

jus

ted

Od

ds

Ra

tio

1. Øie L, LG Hersoug and JO Madsen. 1997. Residential exposure to plasticizers and its possible role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives 105:972-978.

2. Jaakkola JJ, Øie L, Nafstad P, Botten G, Samuelsen SO, Magnus P. 1999. Interior surface materials in the home and the development of bronchial obstruction in young children in Oslo, Norway. Am J Public Health 89:188-192.

3. Bornehag, CG, J Sundrell, CJ Weschler, T Sigsgaard, BjörnLundgren, Mikael Hasselgren, Linda Hägerhed-Engman. Environmental Health Perspectives 2004. The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case-Control Study



Side 7

Dr. ing. Leif Øie


Specification of environmental performance the definite fabricate

have to meat

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Example of environmental performance demands

� Tender document specification:The definite material fabricate can maximum hold 0,1 weight% chemicals listed on the OBS-list of The Environmental Protection Agency.

� The contractor have to present documentation of compliance with the specifications before introduced to the building site.



Side 8

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Health, Safety and Environment

Sheet. What to look for?

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Check against the online EPA

OBS-list

www.miljostatus.no� � � � � � � � � �



Side 9

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Example of emission requirements

< 50< 150Other products

< 50< 100Alkyd paint

< 20< 40Acrylic paint

< 20< 40Latex paint

< 500< 1500Sealing compound

< 30< 60Self-smoothing stopper

< 30< 100PVC flooring

< 20< 100Glue for linoleum

< 50< 100Linoleum flooring

Emission rate 26 weeks [µµµµg/m2 x h]

Emission rate 4 weeks [µµµµg/m2 x h]

Product type

Table: Performance regarding emissions of TVOC (Total Volatile Organic Compounds)

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Example of specific requirementsTable: Performance regarding emissions og specific substances

1 World Health Organization (WHO), 1987. "Air Quality Guidelines for Europe". Copenhagen, WHO's regional office for Europa, page 22.WHO ”Guidelines for Air Quality”, Geneva 2000.National public health. ”Recommended norms for indoor air quality” 1998.

< 0,5Emission of carcinogenic substances, category 1 according to IARC classification1

< 30Amonia emission (NH3)

< 50Formaldehyde emission (H2CO)

Emission rate at ≤≤≤≤ 4 weeks [µµµµg/m2 x h]Substance



Side 10

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Emission factor

Time in weeks

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

0100200300400500600700800900

100011001200130014001500

etter 26 uker

etter 4 uker

TVOC emissions from 35 PVC- and linoleum products

Emission factor (µg/h*m2)

Source: Gustafsson H, Jonsson B. Rade standards for testing chemical emission from building materials.Part 1. Measurements og flooring materials. Proceedings og Indoor Air 1993, Vol 2 pp. 437-442.



Side 11

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Effect of presence of 36 m2 carpet

Test Effect Description P-value

Text processing - speed

6,5% Less characters typed with carpet present

0,003

Text processing - accuracy

5,0% More errors with carpet present 0,10

Summation - speed 3,8% Less summation tasks completed with carpet present

0,045

Summation - accuracy

2,5% More errors with carpet present 0,06

Logical test 3,4% Increased time consumption with carpet present

0,08

Source:Wargocki et.al. Indoor Air 9(3), 1999.



Side 12

Dr. ing. Leif Øie


Converting of specifications into “green list” for construction managers follow up on site

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Steps towards success

OK according to guidelinesin step 1 ?

Pass specificationsin step 2 ?

Have contractor providedevidence for compliance

with specifications in step 2?

Fabricate is added toconstruction mangers

list of “green products”

Actual use on site incompliance with

list of “green products” ?

Sustainable buildingmaterial ensured

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

AvoidNo

AvoidNo

Avoid/deny use

No

AvoidNo

Debug/repair

No

� Each step equally important !



Side 13

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

With the use of this approach we;

� avoided 12 products types in step 1, i.e;�PVC flooring�Zink as main roof covering�Polyurethan foam

� evaluated approximately 70 fabricates in step 2� avovided 23 fabricates in step 2 i.e;

�Jotun Heftgrunn (paint)�Uzin KE 2000 S (flooring glue)

� denied use of 3 non-authorized fabricates identified on site, i.e;�Bostik MS polymer sealing compound

Dr. ing. Leif Øie

Thank you for your attention!

Leif Øie, PhDHead of Division Environment, water and safety

Norconsult AS

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