design and development of distributed solar pv...

DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRIBUTED

SOLAR PV SYSTEMS: DO THE CURRENT TOOLS

WORK?

W.M. Pabasara U. Wijeratne and Rebecca J. Yang

School of Property Construction and Project Management

Presented By: Pabasara Wijeratne

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV)

2

(Source: Gieseking, 2012; SUPSI, 2015; Hislop, 2016; Pvresources, 2018; Selfa photovoltaic, 2018 ),

RMIT PCPM 2018

http://www.selfa-pv.com/images/galeria/19.jpg

IMPORTANCE OF BIPV

Dual Purpose

Replace conventional building envelope materials

Power generation

Architecturally elegant

Eliminates power lost due to transmission

Reduce air conditioning loads

Offers diffused natural lighting (e.g.: Semitransparent arrays of spaced

crystalline cells)

3

(Snow and Prasad, 2005; Sulivan, 2011; Norton et al., 2011)

RMIT PCPM 2018

BIPV LIFE CYCLE

4

BI

RMIT PCPM 2018

Wijeratne W.M. P. U. Wijeratne, Yang R. J., Too E. and Wakefield, R. (2018). Design and development of distributed solar PV systems: Do the current tools

work? Sustainable Cities and Society,2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.035.

KEY CHALLENGES OF BIPV DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

No established method to integrate PV into building design cost effectively

Complexity in building design

Complex overall system design

Excessive cost

Lack of confidence in the value enhancement

5RMIT PCPM 2018

RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES

AIM

To understand the features and functions in the current solar PV design and

management tools, and propose an integrated solution for BIPV design and

management.

OBJECTIVES

1. Describe the features and functions of current solar PV design and

management tools in relation to geophysical, technical, economic and

environment;

2. Illustrate the limitations under feature/function;

3. Propose potential improvements for an integrated solution for BIPV design

and management.

6RMIT PCPM 2018

7

Geo-physical

Terrain

Weather

City

Open terrain

Solar irradiation

Temperature

Humidity

Wind

Snow

Rain fall patterns

TechnicalGrid System components

Building physics

Construction & commissioning

Decommissioning

Operation and maintenance

Losses

Grid type

Grid voltage

Number of phases

Displacement power factor

Feed-in power clipping

Building type

Interactive design

Structural load

Energy load/user profile

Neighbouring buildings/objects

Building standards & codes

PV modules

Inverters

Mounting /forms systems

Energy storage

Other BOS components

Installation process

Commissioning process

Impact on schedules

Quality assurance

Health and safety

Shading losses

Soiling losses

Snow losses

Irradiance losses

DC/AC losses

Monitoring & control

O &M procedures

Warranties and replacement

Insurance

Economical

Cost

Benefits

Government incentives Finance modes/ Contract arrangements

BOQ prices

O & M cost

Reduction of energy bills

Building material cost

offsets

Reduction of transmission

loss

Reduction of carbon cost

Fully owned or leased by a third party

Financed by a third party and lease

arrangement made with building owner

Renewable energy certificates

Feed in tariffs

Finance and loan programmes

Tax breaks

Installation cost

Life cycle cost

Direct finance

Environmental

Emissions

Heat island effect

Embedded CO2

emissions

CO2 emissions

avoided

Factors BIPV

Design and

Management

Salvage valueBuilding thermal load

Decommissioning process

Financial performance

evaluation

Payback period

NPV/IRR/ROI

LCOE

RMIT PCPM 2018

CURRENT PRACTICES IN BIPV DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT

BIPV DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT

Visualization tools

Artlantis, Flamingo, Kerkythea, LightWave, LuxRender, Maxwell Render, Mental Ray,

POV-Ray, RenderMan, RenderWorks,

RenderZone, V-Ray and YafaRay

Simulation toolsbSol, DAYSIM, DesignBuilder, Design Performance Viewer (DPV), Ecotect,

Energy Design Guide II (EDG II), EliteCAD, BKI ENERGIEplaner,

eQUEST, Green Building Studio, IDA ICE, IES VE, LESOSAI, SAM, PV

syst, PV*SOL,Skelion, Solarius PV, PolySun, CECPV Calculator, PVwatts, DDS-CAD PV, INSEL, PV Designer,

PV F-CHART, SMA Off-Grid Configurator, Solar-Pro, Archelios, PV-DesignPro, RETScreenPlus,

Homer Pro, PV scout, HELIOS3DRadiance, RETScreen,

T*Sol and VisualDOE

AppsSOLAR SHADING, SOLAR SYSTEM CALCULATOR,

EASYSOLAR, ONYX SOLAR,

SOLMETRIC iSV, PV OUTPUT, PV

Optimize, SMA SUNNYPORTAL,

AHA SOLAR,

CAAD/BIM toolsAllplan, ArchiCAD, AutoCAD,

Blender, Bricscad, Caddie, CATIA, CINEMA 4D, DDS-CAD, Digital

Project, form•Z,Google SketchUp, Houdini, IntelliPlus Architecturals,

Lightworks, Maya, MicroStation, Revit Architecture, Rhinoceros 3D,

SolidWorks, Spirit, Vectorworks, 3ds Max

Daylighting and whole building

energy

OpenStudio, Design Builder, IES-VE,

Honeybee, Mr. Comfy, ArchiWizard,Diva, Rayfront, Lighting

analysis tool for Revit, Ocean, BIM IQ

Available

PC Based

Online

Smart phone/Tablet Apps

Previous Research

• Klise and Stein (2009)

• Lalwani et al. (2010)

• Horvat and Dubois (2010)

• Kanters et al. (2014)

• Sharma et al., (2014)

• Jakica (2017)

8RMIT PCPM 2018

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Geological database X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Geological maps X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X X X X X X X X

Terrain category X X X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Analysis of terrain data X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Database # # # # X X

Import external data # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

GPS X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Hourly modelling timestep X # # X X X X X X X X X X

Type

Stand-alone off-grid X # # # # X X X X X X X X X X

Grid-tie PV systems # # # # X X X X X X X X

Specifications

Voltage X X # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

number of phases X X # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

power factor X X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Residential X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Commercial X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Industrial X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Other (community, heritage etc) X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Building 3D modelling X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Building 2D modelling X X # X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Image capturing/Geo maps X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Structural Load Load Simulation X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Data Simulation X # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Data Import # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Load profile X # # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Time interval data

Monthly # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Hourly X # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Sub hourly X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Energy price # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X

2D/ 3D simulation X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X

Shading analysis X # X # X X X X X X X X X

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

PV Modules PV database # # # # X X X X X X X X X

Ground X # # X X X X X X X X X

Roof X # # # X X X X X

Roof integrated X # # X X X X X X X X X

Façade integrated X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Inverters Inverter database X # # # X X X X X X X X X X

Batteries Battery database X # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Other BOS items Database X X X X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Shading losses # # # X X X X X X X

DC/AC Losses # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Snow losses # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Other losses # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Installation process X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Commissioning process X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Quality assurance X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Health and safety X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Impact on schedules X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Monitoring and control X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

O & M procedures X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Insurance/warranties/replacemen X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Decommissioning process X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Construction and commissioning

Maintenance and monitoring

Decommissioning

Building Energy

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Building standards and regulations

Building Type

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Direct cost/BOQ Prices # # # # X X X X X X X X X

Indirect cost # # # # X X X X X X X X X X X

O&M cost # # # # X X X X X X X X X X X

Reduction of energy bills # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X

Building material cost offsets X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Reduction of transmission loss X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Reduction of carbon cost X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Modes

Direct Finance # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Loan/Lease/mortgage # X X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X

PPA X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Performance evaluation X X

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Simple payback # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

IRR # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Profitability index/ROI/ LCOE # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Sensitivity analysis X # X # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Cashflows # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Incentive database X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Feed in tariffs X # # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Other incentives # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Regulations /Policies X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

CO2 avoided X # # # X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

CO2 embedded X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Heat Island Effect X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Indoor environment X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X

Features

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Emissions

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plugin

ANALYSIS OF CURRENT

PRACTICES

RMIT PCPM 2018

Wijeratne W.M. P. U. Wijeratne, Yang R. J., Too E. and Wakefield, R. (2018).

Design and development of distributed solar PV systems: Do the current tools

work? Sustainable Cities and Society,2018,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.035.

ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PRACTICES

The current practices lacks;

detailed localized meteorological data and terrain data

localized PV system product and cost database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS)

localized energy prices and localized building regulations and codes

information on finance modes and contract options

information on localized government incentives

information on other BOS components

data on operation and maintenance costs

consideration on roof /façade integrated PV design and assessment

3D virtual visualization

alternative BIPV design comparison (costs and building performance optimisation)

consideration on carbon emission, building cooling loads and heat island effect

consideration on construction /installation and commissioning process

real time monitoring and control of the BIPV system

consideration for the decommissioning process of BIPV system

10

LIMITATIONS IDENTIFIED

RMIT PCPM 2018



EXISTING FRAMEWORKS FOR BIPV DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT

11

Gupta et al. (2013)

Ning et al. (2018)Wittkopf et al. (2009) Costanzo et al. (2018)

Dixit et al. (2015)

RMIT PCPM 2018

12

Detailed local meteorological data and local geographic/terrain data Localised PV system product database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS) Localised cost data on PV system products and installation Localised energy price data Accurate energy consumption data Information on local building regulations and codes Information on local government incentives and policies Information on financial modes and contract arrangements Database on previous project examples Information on product performance in previous projects Information on installers’ track record and experiences Information on commissioning and O&M procedure Information on decommissioning procedures

Efficient 3D model creation of the physical environment

Generation and comparison of alternative PV module designs

Visualization of shading impact and losses

Automatic PV system configuration and optimization

Accurate energy consumption data simulation

Installation process simulation and impact analysis (e.g. impact of harsh weather conditions, occupational

health and safety risks etc. on the project completion and cost)

Matching and optimizing energy outputs with fluctuating demands and electricity prices

Balancing revenue against cost to optimise PV module and storage sizes

Analysis on environmental impact (carbon foot print, heat island)

Lifecycle cost-benefit analysis

PV system performance monitoring and recording

Auto diagnosing function to alarm

Info

rmati

on

Sim

ula

tion

an

d

an

aly

sis

System operation

IMPROVEMENTS REQUIRED

RMIT PCPM 2018



RESULTS OF QUESTIONAIRE SURVEY

13

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Lack of detailed localized meteorological data

Lack of localized terrain data

Lack of localized PV system product database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS)

Lack of localized energy prices

Lack of localized building regulations and codes

Less consideration on roof integrated PV design and assessment

Less consideration on façade integrated PV design and assessment

Hard to calculate shading losses on façade integrated PV

Difficulties for 3D virtual visualization

No alternative PV design comparison

Lack of consideration on commissioning and construction /installation process

Lack of localised cost data on PV system products and installation

Lack of data on operation and maintenance costs

Lack of consideration on life cycle cost-benefit

Lack of information on finance modes and contract options

Lack of information on localized government incentives

Lack of consideration on carbon emission, building heating cooling loads and heat island…

Lack of real time monitoring and control of the PV system

Not considered the decommission of PV systems

Limitations of Current BIPV Design and Management Practice

No Experience Not Critical Somewhat Critical Very Critical

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Detailed local meteorological data

Detailed local geographic/terrain data

Localised PV system product database (e.g. panel, storage, BOS)

Localised cost data on PV system products and installation

Localised energy price data

Accurate energy consumption data

Information on local building regulations and codes

Information on local government incentives and policies

Information on financial modes and contract arrangements

Database on previous project examples

Information on product performance in previous projects

Information on installers’ track record and experiences

Information on commissioning and O&M procedure

Efficient 3D model creation of the physical environment

Generation and comparison of alternative PV module designs

Visualization of shading impact and losses

Automatic PV system configuration and optimization

Accurate energy consumption data simulation

Installation process simulation and impact analysis (e.g. impact of harsh weather conditions, occupational health and safety risks etc. on the…

Matching and optimizing energy outputs with fluctuating demands and electricity prices

Balancing revenue against cost to optimise PV module and storage sizes

Analysis on environmental impact (carbon foot print, heat island)

Lifecycle cost-benefit analysis

PV system performance monitoring and recording

Auto diagnosing function to alarm

Improvements Required in BIPV Design and Management

No Experience Not Important Somewhat Important Very Important

RMIT PCPM 2018

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR BIPV DESIGN AND

MANAGEMENT

14

LOCAL BUILDING REGULATIONS

VIRTUAL MODEL BUILDER

Efficient 3D model

Automatic PV layout design

optimizing

Simulation of daylight and thermal

effect

LOCAL PV PRODUCT DATABASE

PV module

Inverters

Batteries

Other electrical components

LIFECYCLE COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Local cost, benefit, finance and incentive

database

Life cycle cost benefit analysis

CONSTRUCTION ,COMMISSIONING

AND O&M

Construction and commissioning process

O&M and decommissioning procedures

Monitoring and inspection modules

PV system performance recording

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS

Quantification of the environmental

benefits

WEATHER AND TERRAIN DATABASE

ENERGY CONSUMPTION /GENERATION

Energy consumption simulation & database

Hourly comparison of energy input and output

BIPV DESIGN/MANGEMENT

RMIT PCPM 2018

Wijeratne W.M. P. U. Wijeratne, Yang R. J., Too E. and Wakefield, R. (2018). Design and development of distributed solar PV systems: Do the

current tools work? Sustainable Cities and Society,2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.035.

BIPV DESIGN

MODELLING

@ PCPM

RMIT PCPM 2018

Jan.

Apr.

Mar..

May

Jun.

Jul.

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

BUILDING ENERGY AND

URBAN ENVIRONMENT

MODELLING @PCPM

RMIT PCPM 2018

BIPV ENERGY & COST: MATLAB MODELLING

@PCPM

RMIT PCPM 2018

CONCLUSIONS

A BIPV project design decision should consider geophysical, technical,

economical and environmental factors

15 key factors under geophysical, technical, economic and environmental

categories were identified

14 application problems in BIPV design and management were found

Current practices consider design and management of BIPV neither as an

integrated design approach nor as an integrated team process

A Questionnaire survey was used to confirm the limitations of the current BIPV

project design, management practices and improvement measures

An integrated decisions support framework which consists of:

Building design 3D model

– BIPV energy simulation model

– BIPV cost-benefit assessment model

– BIPV environmental assessment model

– Instruments for BIPV project management

18

REFERENCES

Costanzo, V., Yao, R., Essah, E., Shao, L., Shahrestani, M., Oliveira, A.C., Araz, M., Hepbasli, A. and Biyik, E., (2018). A

method of strategic evaluation of energy performance of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in the urban context. Journal of

Cleaner Production, 184, pp.82-91.

Dixit, M. and Yan, W.,(2015) A Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Prototype For Calculating Solar Orientation And Solar

Insolation. In: Khare V. R. and Gundepudi S. editors. BS2015: In proceedings of 14th Conference of International Building

Performance Simulation Association, 2015 Dec. 7-9, Hyderabad, India., Hyderabad: BS Publications; 2015. p. 2002-2009.

Gieseking M (2012). Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) “New Light”. Available at:

https://mattgieseking.wordpress.com/2012/08/29/building-integrated-photovoltaics-bipv-new-light/ [Accessed 12 April

2018].

Gupta A, Cemesova A, Hopfe C J, Rezgui Y, and Sweet T. (2014). A conceptual framework to support solar PV

simulation using an open-BIM data exchange standard. Automation in Construction, 37, 166-181.

Hislop M. (2016). Tesla’s Elon Musk adds solar roof tiles to his clean energy vision. Available at:

http://theamericanenergynews.com/innovation/teslas-elon-musk-adds-solar-roof-tiles-clean-energy-vision [accessed 12

April 2018]

J. Kanters, M. Horvat, M., and M. C. Dubois (2014). Tools and methods used by architects for solar design. Energy and

Buildings, 68: pp. 721-731.

Jakica N (2017). State-of-the-art review of solar design tools and methods for assessing daylighting and solar potential for

building-integrated photovoltaics, In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, ISSN 1364-0321,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.080.

Klise GT and Stein J S (2009). Models used to assess the performance of photovoltaic systems. Sandia Report,

Sand2009-8258; December 2009.

19

REFERENCES

Lalwani M, Kothari D and Singh M. (2010). Investigation of solar photovoltaic simulation software. International

Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 1(3):585-601.

Ning, G. et al. (2018) ‘e-BIM: a BIM-centric design and analysis software for Building Integrated Photovoltaics’,

Automation in Construction. 87(October 2017), pp. 127–137. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2017.10.020.

Norton, B., Eames, P.C., Mallick, T.K., Huang, M.J., McCormack, S.J., Mondol, J.D. and Yohanis, Y.G. (2011).

Enhancing the performance of building integrated photovoltaics. Solar Energy,85(8), pp.1629-1664.

PVresources (2018). Photovoltaic Modules for Flat Roofs. Available at:

http://www.pvresources.com/en/bipv/roofintegrated.php [Accessed 10 April 2018]

Selfa photovoltaic (2018). BIPV. Available at: http://www.selfa-pv.com/en/bip-v [Accessed 10 April 2018]

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THANK YOU !

Rebecca Yang

Senior Lecturer

School of Property, Construction and Project Management

RMIT University

Email: [email protected]

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design and development of distributed solar pv...

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