design and construction of research basin

8/19/2019 Design and construction of research basin

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DESIGN CONSTRUCTION

AND

MANTENANCE

OF

RECHARGE

BASINS

GEOTECI INCAL

DESIGN

PROCEDURE

C- r DP- 8

e vi s i o n 4

GEOTECHMCALENGNEERNG

BUREAU

APRIL 2 7

I F

NEWYORKSTATE

DEPARTMENTOF

TRANSPORTATION


2/129

GEOTECHNCAL

DESIGN

PROCEDURE

DESIGN CONSTRUCTION

ANDMAINTENANCE

OF

RECHARGEBASINS

GDP-8

evi si on 9

STATEOF

NEW

YORK

DEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATION

GEOTECHNCAL

ENGNEERNG

BUREAU

APR L2007

EB07-039

Page of 28


3/129

PREF CE

Thi s manual

i s

i nt ended t o serve as a gui de f o r det er mni ng

f e a s i b i l i t y ,

de s i gn ,

c on s t r u c t i o n, and

mai nt enance

r equi r ement s f o r r echar ge b a s f v s ( mor e pr e c i s e l y

b as i n s As

a user s

manual ,

d i s c us s i o ns

of

t h e or e t i c al o r

devel opment al

aspect s a r e

avoi ded

s i n ce t h e s e s ub j e c t

ar eas

have been

document ed pr evi ousl y by t h e Depar t ment

The manual has been devel oped

such t h a t d es i g ne r -

users

need

n o t

be s o i l e x p e r t s ,

al t hough appr opr i at e i n pu t

f r o mt h i s e xpe r t i s e

i s

of pr i me i mpor t ance

t i s expect ed

t h a t t h i s

manual , w t h

t h e i ncl uded

comput er pr ogr amRECHARGE

wi l l

enabl e t h e

pr acti ci ng engi neer t o desi gn b as i n s e a s i l y

and

qui ckl y pr ogr amRECH RGEdi s k et t e f o r use on

an

I BMPC-AT X7

PS/ 2 or

any I BMcompat i bl e i s

a l s o av ai l ab l e

upon

wr i t t en

r equest

t o :

Di r ect or

Ge ot e c l u i i c al

Engi neer i ng

Bur eau

NewYor k S t a t e

Depar t ment of Transpor t at i on

50 Wol f

Road,

Mai l

Pod

31

Al bany, NewYork

12232

Whi l e r e p l e ni s l n ne nt

of

gr oundwat er t hr ough r echar ge has

been

pr oven t o be t e c hn i c a l l y f e a s i b l e and

c os t e f f e ct i ve ,

t h i s Bur eau b e l i e ve s t h a t t h e success

of

any r echar ge p r o j e c t depends upon

adher ence

t o t h e p r i n c i p l e s pr esent ed i n t h i s manual Fur t her mor e,

peri odi c

r evi ews of basi n

per f ormance

need

t o be an ongoi ng a c t i v i t y I nf or mat i on obt ai ned f r o m

t h e s e

r e - v i e ws

can

pr ovi de t h e Depar t ment w t h

a g r e a t e r exper i ence base t i s t h e r e f o r e r ecommended t h a t

each

Regi on

e s t ab l i s h

an

i nvent or y

of

r echar ge basi ns whi ch have

been

desi gned i n accordance w t h t h i s

manual

Thi s i nvent or y shoul d be

r evi ewed

on a

schedul ed b as i s

t o eval uat e

per f or mance and

gai n

f u r t h e r

exper i ence I n i t i a l

and

updat ed

i nvent or y

i nf or mat i on

shoul d

be

transmtted t o

t h i s

Bur eau wher e a mast er

f i l e

wi l l be

mai nt ai ned

EB07-039 Page 2 of 28


4/129

T BLEOFCONTENTS

PREFACE 2

TABLEOF

CONTENTS

3

LI STOFFI GURES 5

LI STOFTABLES 6

LI ST

OF NOTATI ONS

7

1

I NTRODUCTION

8

1

1 Recharge : Backgr ound

and

Per specti ves

8

1 2

A r t i f i c i a l l y

I nduced

I n f i l t r a t i o n

of

St oi nnwater

An Al t e r n at i v e 9

1

3

Hydr aul i cs

of

n f i l t r a t i o n

and Rechar ge

9

2 DESI GNPROCEDURE 11

2 1 Gener al

l l

2 2

Ar ea Reconnai ssance

11

2 2 1 Basi n

conf i gur at i on

and

S i t e

Pl anni l g 13

2 3 Wat er shed

Hydr aul i cs

14

2 3

1 Desi gn

StromS el ec t i o n 14

2 3 2

Det erm nat i on

of Mass I nf l ow Cur ve 14

2 4

Subsur f ace S o i l s

Expl orati on 15

2

5 S o i l Propert i es

and Labor at or y Tests Requi r ed

f o r Anal ysi s 15

2

6

S o i l

Desi gn

Anal ysi s 16

2

6

1

S o i l

P r o f i l e Eval uat i on 16

2

6 2

Det erm nat i on

of S o i l Desi gn

Par amet ers 16

2

6

3

The I n f i l t r a t i o n

Equat i on

19

2

6 4

Basi n Oper at i ng

Head

and Bas i l

Top

Sur f ace Ar ea

2

2 7 Basi n

Si ze

Desi gn 20

2

7

1 Comput er Pr ogr am

RECH RGE

20

3

CONSTRUCTI ON

GU DELINES

22

3 1

Const r uct i on

22

3 2 Wat er shed Erosi on Cont r ol 22

3

3

I n l e t

Desi gn

23

3

4

Turf

Es t a bl i s ht n en t

23

3 4 1 Topsoi l 23

3 4 2 F e r t i l i z a t i o n 23

3 4 3

Seedi ng

23

EB07 039 Page 3 of 28


5/129

4 X I : AI NTEN- NI CE . 24

4 . 1

Gener al

. 24

4 . 2 Basi n Per f or mance Decl i ne

24

4 . 3 Turf a s a Pr event i ve of

Decl i ne

24

4 . 4 I nspecti on

and Tr oubl eshoot i ng

. 2 5

REFERENCES . 27

APPEND C ES . 25

Exampl e

Pr obl ems

Manual

Comput at i on

US

Cust omar y Uni t s ) A- 1

Exampl e Pr obl ems

Manual

Comput at i on

I nt e r n at i o na l Syst em

of Uni t s ) A- 12

B ProgramRECH RGE Sequence of Oper at i on

I nput

Dat a Sequence

Out put Sequence and Error

Messages

B- 1

C

Exampl e Pr obl em Comput er

US

Cust omar y Uni t s ) C- 1

Exampl e Pr obl em

Comput er

I nt e r n at i o na l Syst em

of

Uni t s ) C- 10

D Program

RECH RGE

L i s t i n g

US

Cust omar y Uni t s ) D- 1

Program

RECH RGEL i s t i n g I nt e r n at i o na l

Syst emof

Un i t s )

. D- 37

E

Sel ected Rai nf al l

I n t e n s i t y , Fr equency and

Dur at i on

Curves f o r t he S t a t e

of

NewYor k E- 1

EB07 039 Page4 of 28


6/129

LISTOFFI GURES

Gr oundwat er Re pl e r u s hn i e nt

Through a

Rechar ge

Ba s i n 10

2 Sequence of Steps hi

Desi gn Procedur e

12

3 S o i l Porosi ty i n Rel at i on t o Gr ai n s i z e

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n

18

4

Capi l l ary

Suct i on

P ot e nt i a l TermW v s

Gr ai n

Si ze of

Co l i e si o nl es s S o i l s 18

EB 7 39 Page

of 8


7/129


8/129

SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION

LIST

OFNOT TIONS

EB07 039 Page of 28

Hor i zont al Pl ane Ar ea of t h e Basi n a t Dept h of

H 2

A Basi n Top S u r f a c e , Ar ea

G S p e c i f i c Gr avi t y

of S o i l

S ol i ds

H Maxi mumBasi n Oper at i ngHead

ks

C o e f f i c i e n t

of

Saturated Per meabi l i t y

k c

Hydr aul i c Conducti vi t y

of

Tr ansm ssi on Z o ne ,

7

S o i l

Por osi t y

Q Cumul at i ve h i f i l t r a t i o n

Fl ow

Q

Cumul at i ve I nf l ow

s

Degr ee o f Sat ur at i on

SS S p e c i f i c Surface of S o i l s

t Ti me

w

n

Natural Dr ai ned Moi st ur e Cont ent

A

n

Vol umetr i c Wat er Cont ent i n Natural Dr ai ned

S t a t e ,

Vol umetr i c

Wat er

Cont ent i n Tr ansm ssi on Zone

a

Hvdi

aul i c D i i t s i v i t y

Capi l l ar y Suct i on P o t e n t i a l a t Natural Dr ai ned Moi st ure Cont ent


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10/129


11/129

Unsaturat ed

So i l

Laver s)

t

l

H=Peak Operat i ngHead

Recharge

Basi n

Groundwater Tabl e

Wet t ed

Front of

Unsaturat ed

Fl ow

a s

a

Funct i on of Ti me

Fi gur e Gr om dwat er

Repl el usl uuent

t hrough

a

Recharge Basi n

E 07 039 Page

1

of

28


12/129

2

DESI GNPROCEDURE

2 1

General

The

desi gn o bi e ct i v e i s t o s a f e l y di spose of s t o rmrunoff as unobt r usi vel y

and

i nexpensi vel y as

poss i bl e

Thi s

i s

b e s t

achi eved,

wher e

p o s s i b l e ,

by

a di str i buted

approach,

i

. e

di spose

of

g r a t e r

a t s e l e c t e d depressi ons al ong t h e e n t i r e

p r o j e c t

l e n g t h Conver sel y, t he p r a c t i c e of

c o l l e c t i n g

p r o j e c t

runof f f r o mmany square

ml es and

d i r e c t i n g

t

t o

a

s i n gl e di schar ge

po i n t o f f er

provi des

a

r e s u l t t h a t

i s moreexpensi ve di s r u pt i v e

t o c on s t r u ct ,

and

poss i bl y

c o s t l y

t o

mai nt ai n

The desi gn of a r echarge basi n

c on s i s t s of a

number

of di s c r et e s t e p s , as

shown

i n

Fi gur e 2 Each

s t e p

i s

referenced

t o

a s e ct i o n

of

hi s chapter

wher e

i t i s

di scussed i n

de t a i l

Basi n

recharge

i s

f e a s i b l e

wher ever t h e f o l l ow ng condi t i ons

ex i s t

:

1 The

s o i l s ,

excl udi ng the t op 5 f t

1

5 m of surface

s o i l a r e r e l a t i v e l y

p e t

meabl e,

2 Unsaturated condi t i ons

e x i s t

t o a

consi der abl e

depth bel owt h e surface I i i f

l t r a t i o n

cannot occur i f a s o i l i s al r eady s a t u r a t e d

by

per manent gr oundwat er For a desi gn t o be

v a l i d , a good

r ul e- of- t humb

i s

t h a t

t h e dept h

of

unsaturated s o i l bel owt h e proposed bash]

f l o o r i s g r e a t e r t han 25 percent of t h e

peak

basi n operati ng

head

The

peak

basi n

operati ng head, H, i s def i ned as t h e

maximum

dept h of water perm ssi bl e f o r t h e

proposed b a s i n ,

3 Unsaturated s o i l s a r e not l a t e r a l l y c on f i n ed,

i

e they have t h e capaci t y f o r wat er t o move

and

s t o r e h o r i z o n t a l l y ,

and

4

S u f f i c i e n t space

i s

a va i l a bl e f o r

s i t t i n g s i n g l e

or

mul t i pl e

basi ns

i n

t h e

p r o j e c t

v i c i n i t y

Maximum

use shoul d be made of t h e surr oundi ng

n at u r a l

t e r r a i n , i nt erchange l oop

i n t e r i o r s

and o t h e r

depressi ons

Su bs t a n t i a l

runof f

can

be

di sposed

of by i n f i l t r a t i o n i n

a

vent smal l space

The r emai ni ng

quest i on of

recharge

e f f i c i e n c y

as r e l a t e d

t o

basi n

s i z e

can onl y be answer ed

by

appl yi ng t h e desi gn procedure

2

. 2 Ar ea

Reconnai ss ance

Subsur f ace condi t i ons maybe

gener al l y

eval uat ed f o r recharge basi n f e a s i b i l i t y e a r l y i n p r o j e c t

pl anni ng and w t hout bor i ngs through t h e use of t e r r a i n r econnai ssance

t echni ques

Thus

i ncl udes

compari son of a l t e r n at e basi n s i t e s al ong t h e

proposed

al i gnment s Ref erences

used

i n t h us phase

may ncl ude o l d b or i n gs , a e r i a l photographs,

wel l

r e c o r d s , gr oundwat er

b u l l e t i n s ,

geol ogi c

r e p o r t s , a g r i c u l t u r a l s o i l survey reaps and

b u l l e t i n s , constr ucti on

records

of

excavati ons

i n

t h e

a r e a ,

and t h e

Depar t ment ' s

s o i l survey r e p o r t s , i f a vai l ab l e, f o r t he p r o j e ct area hn f o r i n at i o n

f r o m

t h e s e

sources

combi ned

w t h

f i e l d i n s pec t i o t L s wi l l

gi ve

good

i n si ght i n t o

t h e

p o t e n t i a l

of

recharge basi ns

f r o m

t h e st andpoi nt

of

f avorabl e subsur f ace condi t i ons Thus research e x er c i s e

may e l i m n a t e muchwork other w se necessar y t o di s c l o s e t h e gener al f e a s i b i l i t y of basi n desi gns

a t

gi ven l o c a t i o n s

E 07-039 Page

11

of

8


13/129

2 6 1 Soi l P r of i l e

Eval uat i on

7 Basi n Si ze Desi gn

E 07 039 Page 1 of 8

Figure2 Sequenceof Steps i n

Desi gn

Procedure

6 2

Det er m nati on

of Soi l

Desi gnParameters

2

Area

Reconnaissance

2 1 Basi n Conf i gur at i on

and S i te

Pl anni ng

2 3 1

Desi gnStorm

Sel ecti on 4

Subsurface

Soi l s

Expl orati on

StormDr ai n Desi gn 5 Laborat ory Test i ng

2 3 2 Mass I nf l ow 6 Soi l

Desi gn Anal ysi s

Det er m nati on


14/129

2

. 1 Basi n

Conf i gur at i on and S i t e Pl anni nl g

Al l l ocat i ons

f avor abl e

for basi ns i n

t er ms

of

o i l s ,

groundwat er

dept h

andt opography

shoul d be del i neat ed f i t t h i s

t i me,

t he

desi gner

shoul d s t r i v e for opti mumr e s u l t s for

hydr aul i c

per f ormance,

const r uct i on

f e a s i b i l i t y

envi r onment al

e s t h e t i c s , c o s t andmni mum

f turemai nt enance r equi r ement s These i deal s canbe best approached by subdi vi di ng t he

t o t a l proj ect wat er shed

area

i n t o smal l er uni t s i f possi bl e

Each

woul dbe ser ved by i t s own

smal l , l e s s conspi cuous recharge basi n whi chwoul dappear

more

or l e s s l i k e a

depr essi on

rather

t han

some

ki nd of

unsi ght l y wor ks I n t i e s sense, t he desi gner i s

more

cl osel y

si nn. n l a t i n g the nat ural r echar ge process

Theopposi t e approach

of

usi ng

a

si ngl e

or very smal l

number

of

basi n

s i t e s

l eads t o l arger

r unof f vol umes

Thi s

r equi r es

greater basi n dept hs, and

usual l y

steeper si de sl opes because

of

l imt s i n

t he s i z e of the

area avai l abl e,

not

t o ment i on

l onger and

l arger pi pe

nuns

Where choi ces

ar e avai l abl e, t he desi gner' s

approach

shoul d be i nf l uencedby

t he

f ol l ow ng

characteri sti cs of

basi n perf or mance :

Whi l e l ar ge operat i ng dept hs wi l l i n f i l t r a t e

more water

f a s t e r t han shal l owdept hs, the

f ol l ow ng di sadvant ages are

i ncurr ed

:

a

Essent i al

dr yi ng out of the f l oor a f t e r astori n i s i mpededby restri cted exposure t o

wnds andsunl i ght That i n turn causes mcrobi al growt hs t o

rapi dl y

popul ate the

s o i l at the f l oor

sur f ace

andcl og t he por es ( see Sec 4 . 2 Thi s adver sel y affects t he

a b i l i t y

of l oor turf and grasses t o assi ml at e

norms i l t i n g

( see Sec 4 3 The effects

are

more

pronounced as basi ns become deeper , maki ng i t

more

d i f f i c u l t for the

basi n

t o be sel f =nnmt ai ned

b

Deepbasi ns requi r e protecti on for peopl e

and

cars They al so r equi r e substant i al

f enci ng

t o keep out trash

or

r efuse dumpi ng

c

echar ge basi n

f unct i ons

onl y t emporar i l y

and

duri ng

i nf r equent

r a i n f a l l

peri ods

Consequent l y,

i t

makes i t t l e sense f or t he

area occupi ed

by

a desi gned depr essi on

t o

be unsui t abl e

and

cat egori cal l y deni ed

for other

uses

at other

turns

Conver sel y,

t he

potent i al exi sts for awel l

desi gned

basi n t o be i nt egrat ed i n t o

a

pl easi ng sceni c par t

of the

r oadsi de

l andscape, a

l ocal

pl ayi ng f i e l d ,

etc

The

desi gn method wi l l provi de a recharge

basi n

that wi l l not overf l owfor t he i nci dence

of

storm

equal

t o

the desi gn

storm Sooner or

l a t e r , a

stormw l l occur

and

cause

overf l owof anyr easonabl y

si zed basi n

Sucha

storm

magni t ude woul dprobabl y cause

w de- scal e

f ol di ng no

matt er what

provi si ons

weremade for storm~7ater di sposal

Ther ef or e,

the

desi gner

shoul d choose a c o n s e t - \ 7 a t i x - e d e s i g t l storm

such

that basi n

overf l owwi l l not occur w t hout

general f l oodi ng

of dr ai nage systemel sewher e i n the

l o c a l i t y

The desi gner

must

under st and t h a t most

f i i t u r e

basi n mai nt enance, r econst ruct i on or

r emedi al t r eat ment s maybe kept t o amni mumi f careful s i t e pl anni ng i s per f or med

bef ore detai l ed desi gn _ A s detai l ed desi gn advances for t he di str i but ed

smal l

basi ns,

EB07 039 Page 3 of 8


15/129

some compr omses

may

be necessar y because of

r e s t r i c t e d ri ght - of - way

or o t h e r

condi t i ons

. Thus

i s expect ed

s i nc e

compr om se i s not c ons i s t e nt wi t h r a t i o n a l engi neer i ng

desi gn .

2 . 3 Wat ershed Hydr aul i cs

2 . 3

. 1 Desi gn

St or mSe l e c t i o n

The o bj e c t i v e

i n convent i onal drai nage

desi gn i s

t o

obt ai n peak f l ow

qua nt i t i e s

per

uni t

t i me and

v e l o c i t i e s f o r proper s i z i n g of var i ous el ement s i n t h e drai nage

syst em

.

For

basi n d ei gn, t h e cumul at i ve

di scharge i n t o

t h e basi l wi t h t i me i s

t h e ohj e c t

of

n t e r e s t .

However , when drai nage

systemdesi gn i s

compl eted, a l l

f or mat i on necessar y t o

c a l c ul a t e mass i nf l ow t o t h e

basi n i s a va i l a bl e

f o r use

wi t h

an

appropr i at e

desi gn Storm

a s descr i bed i n

t h e

f ol l owi ng

s e c t i on .

Sel ect i on

of

r a i n f a l l

i n t e n s i t y ,

f r equency and

durati on f o r

a desi gn stormshoul d be

made

usi ng Weat her Bur eau d a t a

pert ai ni ng t o

t h e l o c a l i t y .

Sel ect ed

curves f o r New

York

S t a t e a r e

shown

i n

Appendi x

E

The

desi gn

r a i n f a l l

f r equency

and

durat i on

t o

be used

i n

const ructi ng

t h e mass i l i t l ow curve

of

a i n f a l l shoul d be chosen

wi t h

due regard f o r

po s s i b l e consequences

of

basi n over f l ow duri ng t h e

peak of

a s t o r m e s pe c i a l l y wher e

t h at pa r t i c ul a r stormwoul d not

be

accompani ed

by

f l a s h f l oodi ng el sewhere i n t h e

area

.

Local t opography, present or proj ect ed l and use

and

t h e adequacy of

o t h e r

storm

drai nage syst ems i n t h e

area

a r e i mpor t ant consi derat i ons whendeci di ng

on

an

adequat e ;

y e t r e a s on abl e , recurrence i nt e r v al

.

I n ge ne r a l , under t h e condi t i ons t h a t a basi n over t

l o -

v

woul d pond wat er on t h e hi ghway i n depressed s e c t i o n s , a 1 0 - or

25- year storm

woul d be

adequat e and

conservati ve

.

However , i f excessi ve basi n

over f l owmay

cause c o s t l y

damage t o adj acent proper t y

and d i s r u p t

e s s e n t i a l a c t i v i t i e s , a

50- yeas storm

shoul d be

chosen .

2

. 3 . 2 Det ermnat i on

of

Mass

I nf l ow

Cur ve

The met hods used most

t o

devel op t he mass i nf l ow curve of runof f

a t

any gi ven

r a i n f a l l

f r equency a r e

t h e r a t i ona l

met hod and

t h e u n i t hydrograph

met hod .

The r a t i o n a l

met hod

i s onl y

r e l i abl e f or

est i mat i ngpeak r u n o f f

from

drai nage areas

l e s s

t han 640 a c r e s

( 2 . 6

f i n . Det ai l ed procedures

used by t h i s

met hod i n devel opi ng a mass i nf l ow curve e a r l be

f ound i n Ref

. 1 . Al t hough

t h i s

met hod

i s

mat hemat i cal l y s i mpl e , t h e

desi gner

must use

j udgment

i n

eval uat i ng

t he l i m t a t i o n s of t s accuracy .

I n p a r t i c u l a r ,

care must be exerci sed

i n s e l e c t i ng t h e

wei ght ed

aver age runof f c o e f l l c i e n t ,

s i ne

i t can

have

a very

s i g n i f i c a n t

erect

on

t h e mass i nf l ow curve .

For

drai nage

areas

g r e a t e r

t han

64

a c r e s

( 2

. 6 1 c r n ) ,

t h e uni t

hydrograph

met hod i s

r ecommended

f o r

est i mat i ng runof f magni t udes

of

d i f f e r e n t

f requenci es

.

To

use t h i s

appr oach

. cont i nuous records of runof f and p r e c i p i t a t i o n f o r t h e pa r t i c ul a r drai nage area

a r e

needed .

E 07-039 Page

1

4 of 28


16/129

number

of

o t h e r met hods

have been devel oped

f o r

represent i ng

a u n i t hydrograph i n

term of runof f

parameters such

a s l a g

t i me ,

c o e f f i c i e n t of peak di scharge, t i me

c o nc e nt r a t i o n,

storage

c o e f f i c i e n t ,

et c . I f

such

parameters c a l l be adequat el y r e l a t e d t o

measurabl e

physi cal

c ha r ac t e r i s t i c s

of water s h e ds , i t becomes po s s i bl e t o synthesi ze uni t

hydrographs f o r ungaged

watersheds

.

Three

commonl y

used

t e c l n ni c l ue s

f o r depi ct i ng

uni t

hydrogr

aphs a r e t h e Cl ark, Snvder,

and SCS

met hods . Detai l s of

each

a r e general l y

presented i n st andard

hydrol ogy

t e s t s ,

`

.

Once

a u n l i t hydrograph has been der i ved f o r a

p a r t i c u l a r drai nage

area

and

r a i n f a l l

d ur a t i o n, t h e

u n i t hydrograph

and i nf l ow

hydrograph

f o r

any

other durat i on c a r s be obt ai ned F i n a l l y , t h e i nf l ow

hydrograph woul d

be mat henl at c a l l s mani pul at ed

t o

y i e l d t h e

mass

i nf l ow curve

.

I f

t h e wat ershed

t r i but a r y t o

t h e

recharge

basi n i s di vi ded

i n t o subareas of homogeneous

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , u n l i t

hydrographs f o r each subareas a r e super i mposed

t o r e s u l t i n

a

composi t e i nf l ow

hydrograph

f o r t he ent i r e wat ershed .

2 . 4 SubsurTace S o i l s

Expl orati ons

Subsurf ace

s o i l s expl orat i ons

shoul d

be

schedul ed

w th

t he .

Regi onal

Geotechni cal

Engi neer

as

soon

as

possi bl e

a f t e r t h e

proposed

basi l s i t e s a r e e s t a bl i s h ed Subsurf ace i nf ormat i on

i s

t hen

a va i l a bl e at

t i n e

appropri ate

t i me

f o r desi gn use . These

expl orat i ons

a r e

used

f o r t he f ol l ow ng

p i l l poses :

.

To

e st a bl i s h t h e subsurf ace s o i l p r o f i l e and l o ca t i o n of each unsat urated permeabl e s o i l

l a y e r ,

2 .

To

e st a bl i s h t h e hi ghest gr oundwat er

and

t h e

perched

water e l e v at i o ns ,

and

3 .

To

obtai n s o i l

sampl es

f o r l aboratory

t e s t i ng

t hroughout t h e p r o f i l e

depths ,

p a r t i c u l a r l y

bel ow s i d e s l o pe s

and

t h e basi n

f l o o r

e l e v at i o n t o be e s t a bl i s h ed l a t e r .

The

number

and

e x t e n t

of

expl orat i ons f o r

a

s i t e

wi l l

be

det erm ned

by

t h e

Regi onal

G e o t e c l n i l i c a l

Engi neer ,

based

on

t e r r a i n reconnai ssance d a t a ,

i f a v a i l a b l e ,

and ex i s t i ng

knowl edge

of

o c al geol ogy and

subsurf ace

condi t i ons

. However , at l e a s t

one bori ng

or

t e s t

p i t

i s

requi red f o r

any

s i t e t o

provi de sampl es

f o r

t h e s pec i a l

anal yses

necessary

t o cal cul ated

t h e

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i n f i l t r a t i o n

curve

2

. 5 S o i l

P r o pe r t i e s and Laborat ory Tests Requi red

f o r < - U l a l y s i s

T i l e par t i c ul a r s t r a t a of

n t e r e s t

f o r

d e t e r i n i i s i n g

i n f i l t r a t i o n p r o pe r t i e s a r e t hose t h a t

l i e

d i r e c t l y

bel owt h e basi l s i de s l o pe s and basi n f l o o r Thi s shal l ow

zone

of s o i l ext endi ng

f rom

t h e

gr ound

surf ace

t o

a depth not exceedi ng 0. 25H

f t

.

bel ow

t h e basi n

boor wi l l

c o n t r o l

a l l

i n f i l t r t i o n

out

of

t h e basi n

I t

does not mat t er whet her s o i l s f u r t h e r

downhave

g r e a t e r or l e s s e r permeabi l i t y, s o

l ong

as

t hey

a r e

reasonabl y

permeabl e t wo

o r d e r s

of

magni t ude

l e s s

i s

a

reasonabl y

l i m t ) ,

a r e

not

l a t e r a l l y

conf i ned and

a r e

unsat urated

Because t h e

basi n

f l o o r e l e v at i o n

i s

not d e f i n i t e l y

e s t a bl i s h ed

u n t i l

l a t e r , s o i l t e s t s a r e run t hroughout t h e depth of t h e expl orat i on t o accommodat e

t h e range of possi bl e

f l o o r e l e v at i o ns

expect ed.

NN here

s o i l d ep os i t s a r e

deep and

uni f orm t h i s

i s

of

i t t l e consequence and

t h e

t e s t i ng

program

can

be abbrevi ated .

EB07 039 Page 1

5

of

8


17/129

The e s t s

r ecommended f o r

c ohe s i o nl e s s ,

no n- pl a s t i c s o i l s d i f f e r

f rom

t hose requi red

f o r

s o i l s

e x h i b i t i n g

p l a s t i c i t y ,

as shown i n Tabl e 1 Tests

a r e

descri bed i n t h i s

manual

o r t l y byname

They

may

be perf ormed i n t he Regi onal S o i l s l aboratory o r

by t h e

Geot ecl mcal Engi neer i ng

Bureau

at

t h e

d i s c r e t i o n of t he

Regi onal

Geot echni cal

Engi neer

2 . 6 S o i l Des i gn

_ a n a l y s i s

2

. 6 . 1

E 07 039

S o i l

P r o f i l e Eval uat i on

P l o t

and summar i ze

a l l subsur f ace

and

l aborat ory t e s t dat a These dat a mus t be st udi ed

w t h

r e s p e ct t o t h e s o i l p r o p e r t i e s c o n t r o l l i n g i n f i l t r a t i o n at t h e s i t e As

a

general r u l e , t h e

c o n t r o l

zone

f o r

t he

i n f i l t r a t i o n r a t e wi l l

be

i n t he s o i l bel owt h e ba s i n s i d e s l o pe s

and

t h e

i r s t

0. 2>H f of t he s o i l l a y e r under l yi ng t h e basi n

f l o o r

So i l p r o pe r t i e s out si de t h i s area

may e x e r t

a

secondary c o n t r o l onl y

when t h e s o i l

l i s

mar kedl y l e s s

permeabl e and

t h e

p r o f i l e

i s

such t h a t l a t e r a l spread of t he wet t i ng f r o n t

i s

prevent ed i f i t s v e r t i c a l

advance

i s

i mpeded

by

h i s

l ay e r

I n ot her words

t h e surf ace c o n t r o l

zone

wher e t h e

pri mary

t ransmssi on

zone

i s

e s t a b l i s h e d ,

wi l l c o n t r o l

i n f i l t r a t i o n under any

condi t i on wher e t h e

wat er t ransmt t ed

t hrough i t

has a pl ace t o

g o ,

v e r t i c a l l y and/ or

l a t e r a l l y

2 . 6 . 2 D e t e r i n i i n a t i o n of

S o i l

Des i gn Paramet ers

The f ol l ow ng

a d d i t i o n a l c a l c u l a t i o n s

of s o i l

pr o pe r t i e s a r e

requi red f o r t h e

i n f i l t r a t i o n

a n a l y s i s

a Vol umet r i c wat er cont ent ui na t u r a l drai ned s t a t e , 0

.

The na t u r a l drai ned moi st ure cont ent of s o i l i s def i ned as

t h e

wat er hel d i n

t h e

s o i l a l t e r

t h e

excess g r a v i t a t i o n a l wat er has drai ned away

and

a f t e r t he r a t e of downward

movement of wat er has p r a c t i c a l l y _ ceased The vol umet r i c water cont ent i n na t u r a l

drai ned

s t a t e

can be

f ound f rom

w-

nG1 -

i l

wher e w r , = n a t u r a l

drai ned moi st ure cont ent

expressed as

a deci mal

Use 0

. 03 f o r

gravel s

and

s a n d s ,

and 0

. 05 f o r

s i l t s

G

s p e c i f i c

gravi t y of s oi l s ol i d s , and

porosi t y

Page

1 6 of 28


18/129

3

Tabl e

1

Test Schedule

The pur pose of t h i s anal ysi s i s t o est i mat e

k

based onk, - SS- qrel ati onshi p devel oped by

Loudon

.

However, the anal ysi s s

recommended

onl y

for

sands and

gr avel s

havi ng not

more

than 5 ° passi ng the

No

200 (75

htm si eve

For

materi al s

havi ng

morethan

5

f i d e s

ski p

t h i s anal ysi s anddet er m ne k by l aborat or y t e s t

May

be est i mat edf rom

g r a i l s

si ze

descri pt i on

as shown

n

Fi gur e 3

Esti mat edby Loudon Formula or maybe

determ ned

by

l abor atoY

.N t e s t on s o i l

sampl e,

usi ng upward f l o w

These t e s t s shoul d be per f or med onl y by t he Geotecl ni i cal Engi neer i ng Bureau at

Al bany

y

can

be

est i mat ed

fromFi gur e

4

D {

can

be

det er m ned

from

the

si eve

anal ysi s or

hydr omet er t e s t

EB07-039 Page 7 of 28

Testi n

a -

ui r ed

Test

Property

Symbol

Cohesi onl ess

Non- Pl ast i c

Soi l s

Soi l s

Exhi bi t i ng

Cohesi on

O

Pl ast i c i ty

Speci f i c Sur f ace Anal ysi s SS Yes'

No

Natur al

hi - Si tu Por osi ty Yes

2

Yes

Speci f i c Gravi t y of S o i l

Sol i ds

Yes Yes

Saturated Per meabi l i t y k

No

Yes`

Capi l l ary Suct i on

Potenti al

Wn

No

YeS4


19/129

' el l - Graded

GRAVELS

Gap-Graded

GR4X L-5-A\D1I LZTI RES

Fi ne Medi uui

Medi umCoarse

SAND1I LTTLRLS

SANDSI LI

MXTURES

CLAY

I I I

0

20

0_255

0

30

0. 35 0_40 0. 4

;

0. 50

NATURAL

POROSITY

Fi gure3 Soi l

Porosi ty

i n

Rel at i on

t o Grai nSi ze Cl assi f i cat i on (f rom

Ref

1)

500

100

50

10

I I I

I

I 1

11111

1 1 1 1

1101

111111

11 1111d

1~

1~010~

J I I I~~~~

1

I I I I

I

I

. I I

I

I 1

I II i

I

111W

I I

I

11111W

II

I I I

1

°,nkl 9 I

~~

I~~

~

I

~ ~~

I

I

1

1

1 111 1

1

1 1

~1W

EB07039 Page18f 28

100 0

1

0 5 0

10

005

0

GanSzemm

010005

001

Fi gure4

Capi l l ary

Sucti onPotent i al

Term

xy vs Grai nSi ze of

Cohesi onl ess Soi l s (f romRef 1)

15. 0

10. 0

5. 0

. 0

0


20/129

b . Vol umet r i c water content i n t ransm ssi on

zone

dur i ng i f i l t r a t i o n , O

Themoi st ure

c o n t e n t

i i l

t h e t r ansmss i on

zone

dur i ng i n f i l t r a t i o n i s n o t

k no , , v n

bef orehand . However , moi st ure

contents

cor r espondi ng t o 80 and 70 s a t u r a t i o n

can

be assunned f o r s i l t s

and

s a nds ,

r es pec t i v el y

. Ther efor e,

8 t

can be f ound f r om

wher e s =

degr ee

of saturat i on expressed a s

a

deci nal ,

and

i l

= p o r o s i t y .

c .

Hydr aul i c

c o t n duc t i z %i t y

of r a n s l i l i s s i o t l zone,

k

The

hydr aul i c

conducti vi t y

of t he

tr ansmssi on zone

i s obt ai ned f r o m

t he s a t u r a t ed

s o i l permeabi l i t y,

k

by means of

he f ol l ow ng equat i on

:

wher e

cumul at i ve


f l ow

a t

any

tune

t ,

yr n

=

c a p i l l a r y sucti on

po t e nt i a l

a t

na t u r a l drai ned moi st ur e content p r i o r

t o


a = hydr aul i c d i f f

u s i v i t y

H

=

maximumbasi n

operati ng

head, and

Af=

pl ane

f l ow

area whi ch i s

defi ned a s t he ho r i z o nt a l pl an

area of

he basi n

a t

dept h

of H/ 2

Eq

( 5 ) can

al so

be expressed i n t h e f o r m

Q

=

N

t ) /

(6

here

N=

2 k , ( H ' 2 +

r c

a ) ( 7 )

EB07-039 Page 19 of 28

k _ 5

(O }

On~

( 1

-

0 " )

( 3 )

d . Hvdr auf c d i t f u u s i - \ - i t y ,

a

Thi s

t e rm

i s obt ai ned

by

t h e f ol l ow ng equat i on :

=

kt

/

( Ot

0

)

( `

2. 6 . 3

The

h i f l t r a t i o t i E c f u a t i o n

The

c ul nul a t i - - e


quanti t y i s gi ve by :

Q

= 2k ( I h2+ , ~+r ( t / na)

( 5 )


21/129

2 . 6 . 4 Basi n Oper at i ng Head and Basi n

Top

Sur f ace

- A r e a

For

a

gi ven unsaturated

permeabl e

s o i l subj ected t o i n f i l t r a t i o n , t h e c u r n t i l a t i v e

i n f i l t r a t i o n f l o w,

Q, t hrough s o i l at any t i me

t

i s a f uncti on o f the s o i l parameter s,

t h e

basi n oper ati ng

head

and pl ane

f l ow

area a s shown i n Eq

5 . I f

t h e

basi l

conf i gurat i on

and s i d e

s l o pe s a r e

gi v en ,

t h e

pl ane

f l ow

area can be expressed i n t er ms of

t h e

basi n

operati ng

head, H, and cor r espondi ng basi n t op surf ace

area

.

For exampl e,

t h e

pl ane

f l ow

a r e a ,

-Af

f o r

a square basi n

w t h

1 v e r t i c a l on2 hori zontal s i d e

s l o pe s

i s

:

A, = A, - 4

H

Y

r

ZV 4

H

wher e _ k= basi n t o p surf ace area

Eq

( 5 ) i n di c at e s

t h a t t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n quant i t y

per u n i t of f l ow

area

i s d i r e c t l y

pr opor t i onal

t o

the oper ati ng

head

s e l e ct e d

.

S i m l a r l y ,

i f

the

maxi mum

operat i ng

head

i s

kept c o n s t a n t , t he f l ow

mas s i n f i l t r a t i o n quant i t y

i s d i r e c t l y

pr opor t i onal t o t h e

f l ow area

The

d es i gn er , t h e r e f o r e ,

can

e s t a bl i s h

a

whol e

spectrum

of

pai r ed val ues

f o r

H

and

o r

t

t h a t wi l l provi de an equal hydr aul i c r e s u l t

f o r

a pr oposed basi n

.

Thus becomes a

r e l a t i v e l y si mpl e t a s k usi ng

t h e

comput er

program

These r e s u l t s can t hen be

exam ned

w t h var yi ng shapes and s i d e

s l o pe s

t o f i n d a

b e s t

mat ch f o r a s i t e

The

o b j e c t i v e , of

c o u r s e ,

i s t o f u nd an

opti mumpai r

of

v al u e s ,

Hand

A, ;

f o r t h e

s i t e i n t erms of envi r onment al i mpact,

a v a i l a b l e ri ght - of - way

and a

l o n g ,

mai ntenance- f

e e

l i f e .

2 . 7 Basi n Si z e De s i g i m

Rat i onal basi n desi gns

can

be

devel oped

usi ng

t wo

d i f f e r e n t appr oaches

.

Appr oach

I

d ea l s w t h

t h e

case

wher e

a va i l a bl e

l and

i s

l i mted

i n

area

or a

basi n

i s

t o

be

s i z e d

w t h a gi ven

t o p

surf ace

area and a peak operati ng head t o be deter m ned

Appr oach

I I d ea l s w t h t h e case

wher e

abasi n

i s

t o be desi gned a t a gi ven peak operati ng

head .

The r e s p ec t i v e

desi gn procedures

f o r

Appr oaches

I and I I

a r e i l l u s t r a t e d by exampl e probl ems i n Appendi x

2 . 7 1

Compute ProgramRECH RGE

The

FortnumprogramRECHARGE, NA~i i ch c o n s i s t s

of

a mai nprogram

and

four

subr out i nes

( SI E`TE,

FLOW H TAand TAHI ) ,

was

devel oped e s pe ci a l l y f o r basi n

desi gn . Thi s program i s desi gned t o run on an I BM

PC-AT,

P- XT, PS/ 2

m cr ocomput er o r

any I BMcompat i bl e .

The

n f i l t r a t i o n

equat i on

was

i ncorpor ated

i n t o

the

program

t o r e p r e s e n t

unsaturated,

u n s t e a d y - s t a t e

f l ow t hr ough s o i l s

.

The f o r m

of

nput i s i n t e r a c t i v e .

Theprogram

i s

wr i t t e n

t o enabl e

t h e

desi gner t o makemul t i pl e runs of

t h e

basi n

a n a l y s i s

f o r gi ven

s o i l pr o p er t i e s and i n f l ow

q ua nt i t i e s

. The

sequence

of programo pe r a t i o n , i nput

data

EB07-039 Page 20 of 28


22/129

and out put sequences and e r r o r mes sages a r e l i s t e d i n Appendi x B A l i exampl e

of

comput er

i nput and

output sununar y s

shoNN7n

i n Appendi x C i s t i n g of program

RECH RGE s i ncl uded i n

appendi x

D

The NewYork S t a t e

Depar t ment of Transport at i on wi l l not be responsi bl e f o r

any

r e s u l t s obt ai ned f r o mt h e use

of

shared comput er pr ogr ams or s t o r e d data . i ncl udi ng

d i r e c t

i n d i r e c t

o r

s pe c i a l

or consequent i al damages . No e c hn i c a l support wi l l be

provi ded

.

No

warr ant i es

a r e ext ended or

g r a n t e d . ei t h er

expressed or i mpl i e d wi t h

r e s p e c t

t o t h e

accuracy

and/ or

per f or mance

of

any

mat eri al s

provi ded

.

The

mat e r i a l s

provi ded may

be

reproduced

by

t h e

recei vi ng

agency but may n o t

be

gi ven

t o

anot her

agency

wi t hout t h e perm ssi on of t h e NYSDOT

EB07 039 Page of

8


23/129

3

CONSTRUCTION

GUDELINES

3

. 1

Const r uct i on

As basi n excavat i on

i s

a source of 1 1 1 1 f o r e n i b a i i k n i e n t s , excavat i on

i s

usual l y desi red

e a r l y

i n

pr o j ec t

c on s t r uc t i o n

.

However ,

t r a n s p o r t

o f

excessi ve

qua nt i t i e s

of

t i n e

sedi ment s

i n t o

the

basi n

f r o mst orms occur r i ng dur i ng t h e

pr o j ec t c o n s i r l i c t i o n

peri od wi l l reduce or i mpai r t h e

expect ed

per f or mance

of

t h e basi n

I f

p r o t e c t i o n

of

t h e

basi n under

const r ucti on

i s not

provi ded and

damage

o c c u r s ,

t hen c o r r e c t i v e

( r e s t o r a t i v e ) mai nt enance

wi l l

be t h e

r equi r ed r ecour se

r econm ended

way

of

avoi di ng

t h i s pr obl em at no

addi t i o na l

c o s t i s t o

sequence

t h e

s t e p s

i n

const r ucti ng

t h e bas i l w t h t h e

work on

he ni a f l p r o j e c t Thus

i s descr i bed bel owa s

a

t t v o - s t a g e

operat i on

The

basi n

i s i n i t i a l l y

excavat ed e a r l y

i n

c ons t r uc t i o n, l eavi ng

a I f t

( 0

. 3 m t hi ckness of mater i al

over t h e

f i n a l

f l o o r e l e v at i o n

Dr ai nage

f r o mt h e p r o j e c t wat er shed duri ng

const r ucti on

may

t hen

be l e d

t o t h e

basi n

i f necessary

I f heavy

i nf l ow

occurs, br i ngi ng excessi ve

sedi ment ati on of

f i n e s ,

t h e sur f ace

wi l l

mud- cr ack

a f t e r

dry i ng

At t h i s

t i me t h e surface shoul d be

ski mmed

o f f p r i o r

t o subsequent st or ms

When he pr o j ec t

i s

n ea r l y compl et e and per manent er osi on c on t r o l s a r e i n pl ace t hroughout t h e

basi n

wat er shed

; excavate t he basi n t o f i n a l l i n e s

and

g r a d e , r emovi ng t h e e x c e s s

na t u r a l

s o i l

and

sedi ment

Care

shoul d be e xe r c i s e d dur i ng

t h i s s t e p

t o avoi d

excessi ve

compact i on of t h e basi n

s u r f a c e s

Then

seed or sod a s descr i bed i n

Sec

3

. 4 ,

c o ns t r u ct t he per manent i i n l e t s )

and connect

t o t h e s t o r mdrai n system

3 . 2 Wat er shed Er osi on Cont r ol

Cl ose a t t e n t i o n

t o sound erosi on

c ont r o l

pr a c t i c es 6

g

i n

t h e wat er shed

wi l l r e s u l t

t o l e r a b l e

sedi ment

deposi t i on i n

t h e basi n and keep mai nt enance c o s t s

t o a i ni ni t mum The quant i t y

of

s i l t

cont ai ned i n wat er

f l ow ng

i n t o t h e basi n

by

er osi on wi l l vary

i

oni s t o r n i t o s t o r m

dependi ng on

many a c t o r s ,

but

a s an

annual aver age ;

concent r ati ons o f s o l i d s up t o

about 1, 000 ppmcan

pr obabl y be a s s i m l a t e d

by

a

basi n f l o o r w t h a vi gorous stand of

t u r f ( s e e

Sec 3 . 4 ) Thi s

i s

equi val ent t o about

1

ton of

s o l i d s

f o r each

32, 000 f t

of wat er

( 1 kg

of

s o l i d s

p e r l l i of wat er )

I f

t h e ea r t h s l o pe s

i n

t h e wat er shed a r e provi ded w t h t h i c k

vegetat i ve

c o v e r , and di t c h es

o r

channel s a r e s ui t a b l y

protected f r o m

e r o s i o n , s o l i d

concent r ati ons of

one- hal f or l e s s of

t h i s

f i g u r e

a r e r easonabl e

expectat i ons

Good

er osi on c o n t r o l

i n

t h e wat er shed can pr oduce

p r a c t i c a l l y mai ntenance- f r ee r echar ge s i t e s

w t h

t u r f

l o o r s Ont h e other hand,

poor

a t t e n t i o n t o

er osi on c o n t r o l i n t h e wat er shed can r e s u l t i n

excessi ve

mai nt enance, cause

poor

publ i c r e l a t i o n s

and envi r oi unent al or he al t h pr obl ems

I n

ur ban

a r e a s ,

a

por t i on

of t he

wat er shed

area o f t e n

may

i e

out si de

of

S t a t e

r i ght - of- way

I f

const r ucti on a c t i v i t i e s

occur i n t h e s e a r e a s , those r esponsi bl e f o r desi gn shoul d e s t a bl i s h

t empor ar y and

per manent er osi on c o nt r o l s as r equi r ed t o

p r o t e c t

t h e recharge area f r o m

excessi ve

s i l t a t i o n

EB07-039 Page of 8


24/129

3 . 3 I n l e t Desi gn

Thef undament al consi der at i on f o r basi n i n l e t desi gn

i s

t h e prevent i on of scour a t t h e

c u l v e r t and

a t t h e basi n f l o o r Thi s t h e

peak

ent r ance v el o c i t y

of

nf l ow t o t h e basi n

must

be

hel d

wi t hi n

l i m t s by s u i t a b l e desi gn of t h e upstr eamstonn dr ai n

systemand

t h e i n l e t i t s el f Ref er t o

Ref

6

s p e c i f i c a l l y Sect i on 3 . 5 . 2

and

3 . 5 . 3 ) f o r p r o t e c t i v e aprons, ener gy d i s s i p a t o r s

and

s t i l l i n g basi ns

NNhen

s t e e p

g r a di e n t s

and

hi gh v e l o c i t i e s cannot be

avoi ded

Runof f

f r o msur r oundi ng

l and f l owi ng t owar d

t h e

basi n shoul d be

i n t e r c e p t e d by o p- o f - s l o pe

g u t t e r s and

c o l l e c t e d f o r gui ded di schar ge i n t o t h e mai n basi n i n l e t s

3

. 4 Tur f

Es t a bl

shni ent

Sur f aces of t h e s i d e s l o pe s

and f l o o r

shoul d be seeded, a s t hey r e p r e s e n t t h e

f l ow

area of he

basi n

Dense tur f

not onl y

prevents

er osi on and sl oughi ng

of

he s l o p e s , b u t

a l s o provi des a

nat ur al

means of

mai nt ai ni ng r e l a t i v e l y hi gh i n f i l t r a t i o n

r a t e s

Devel opment

of thi ck vi gor ous

t u r f

i n

t h e

basi n

i s

a s e l f - ma i n nt a i l un g f e a t u r e

f o r

a

r echarge

s i t e

once

er osi on

c o n t r o l

i s

s a t i s f a c t o r i l y

e s t a b l i s h e d

i n

t h e

wat er ; - s h e d See Sect i on 3 . 2 )

.

3 . 4

. 1

Topsoi l

Topsoi l n a t i v e t o t h e s i t e and stockpi l ed p r i o r t o excavat i on

may

be

used

t o a i d i n

tur f establ i shment

Car e

shoul d be t aken t o avoi d excessi ve compact i on of t he

seedbed so

t h a t

t h e

new

o o t s

have l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y

i n n t aki ng

hol d

3 . 4 . 2 F e r t i l i z a t i o n

compl ete

s t a r t e r f e r t i l i z e r

such

a s 10- 6-4

i s

r ec ommended t o

encour age deep

r o o t

devel opment

.

Appl y a t a r a t e of 1, 000 l b s per

a c r e ,

a pp r ox i i n na t e l y 23 l b s p e r 1, 000

t 1 ` 1 kg

per 10m

when

prepar i ng

t h e

seedbed

These

general

c r i t e r i a

shoul d be

r evi ewed

wi t h

t h e

Regi onal Landscape

Ar c h i t e c t

t o ve r i f y

t h e i r

a p p l i c a b i l i t y

t o a

s p e c i f i c

s i t e

3

. 4 . 3

Seedi ng

The b r i e f per i ods

of

nundati on

i n

a r echarge area a r e

no

pr obl em

f o r most

gr ass

s p ec i e s Dr ought - r esi st ance,

however ,

i s an

i mpor t ant

consi der at i on

The

Regi onal

Landscape A r c I i i t e c t

shoul d

be consul t ed

r egar di ng

an

appr opr i at e seed f o r

a

gi ven

cl i mat e and s o i l

c o n d i t i o t l

The pl acement

of

sod i nay be

advi sabl e i n

t h e

v i c i n i t y

of t he i n l e t and p r o t e c t i v e

apron

The

sod

wi l l

n o t onl y b e t t e r r e s i s t er osi on ar ound t h e i n l e t dur i ng a s to rm

before

t h e g r a s s

g e t s

a

f o ot ho l d ,

but

wi l l al so hel p

sl ow

down

v e l o c i t i e s as

t h e

i nf l ow

spr eads

over t h e

f l o o r

Mul ch

shoul d

al ways

be

empl oyed

over t h e

newl y

seeded

s u r f a c e s f o r p r o t e c t i o n , moi st ur e r e t e n t i o i i and e a r l y ger m nat i on of he seed

EB07 039 Page 3 of 8


25/129

4

M NTEN NCEGUDELINES

4 . 1

General

Thepr i mar y r equi r ement f o r assur i ng t h a t a recharge basi n cont i nues t o

perform

as untended i s

peri odi c

mai nt enance

a s di c t a t e d

by

t h e

r e s u l t s

of

r e gu l a r l y schedul ed i ns pe c t i o ns

and

eval uati ons . Not i ng war ni ng

sympt oms

e a r l y ,

i n s t e a d

of wai t i ng f o r a maj or

per f or mance

pr obl emt o o c c u r ,

o f t e n c r e a t e s

a s i t u a t i o n wher e a q u i c k , si mpl e

and

i nexpensi ve cure i s

possi bl e

F or t u na t e l y , t h er e may

be

a l a g of years

bet ween t h e

i r s t appear ance

of

s ympt oms and

a

sudden

trend t o

non- per f or mance

Thi s chapter expl ai ns

howper f or mance

pr obl ems

devel op

w t h recharge b a s i n s , then

c l o s es

w t h a t a b l e

s u r l u n >s

i z i ng t h e

readi l y obser vabl e sympt oms,

e f f e c t s and t h e

cor r espondi ng c o r r e c t i v e r ecommendat i ons

.

4 . 2 Basi n Per f or mance Decl i ne

The

r n a j o r cause

of

di mni shi ng basi n

per f or mance

i s cl oggi ng

of

t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n surface

Thi s

occurs

by

a successi on

of

e v e n t s F i r s t ,

f i n e

sedi ment s i n t h e i nf l ow s e t t l e out and accumul at e

over t h e


surface over a peri od

of

t i me Second,


does not occur as rapi dl y

as bef ore and

soon

t h e r e i s a

sust ai ned

per i od of

t i me

` , h er e t h e basi n does not dry out f o r sever al

weeks because

of

t h e accumul at ed

s i l t

coupl ed w t h f r equent

r a i n f a l l

.

I t

i s dur i ng

t h i s

pe r i o d,

when

favored

by

hi gh

t emperatures , t h a t

t h e t h i r d event t akes pl ace - - s t r a i n s of mcrobi ol ogi cal

growt hs

r api dl y pr opagate, cl oggi ng t h e l a ye r of i ne

sedi ment and

i n t e r f a c i n g s o i l pores s t i l l

f u r t h e r w t h what i s b e s t

descr i bed

as sl i me I f t h e basi n

does

dry

o u t ,

these

col oni es

d i e and

t h e surf ace uncl ogs . I f t does not dry o u t , the col oni es cont i nue grow ng,

r educi ng

t h e

p r o b a b i l i t y of ever dr yi ng o u t Thi s s i t u a t i o n l eads t o a t r ansf ormati on

wherei n

t h e

b as i n

bec omes a mor e or

l e s s

per manent

body

of

st andi ng wa t e r ,

NAFi th

onl y

i t s

upper

s i d e

s l o pe s s t i l l

abl e t o i n f i l t r a t e s to rmwat er i n

any

appr eci abl e quant i t y

Theabove scenari o

i s not

i nev i t a bl e

and can

be

avoi ded

e n t i r e l y

.

The

key i s

t o pr omot e

dryi ng

o u t f ol l ow ng a s torm

Ver y modes t

contr ol

of wat er shed

er osi on (Sec 3 . 2 )

coupl ed w t h

vi gorous

t u r f i n

t h e basi n

as

next

di s c us s ed,

can ne ut r a l i z e t h e sedi ment at i on pr obl em

whi ch

otherw se

s t a r t s t h e per f or mance d ec l i ne c yc l e

Dr yi ng o u t ,

however ; i s s t i l l

e ss ent i a l

and t h e

g r a s s

wi l l hel p

achi eve

t h i s condi t i on. Keepi ng

t h e basi n shal l owf o r good

a i r

c i r c u l a t i o n

a s s i s t s

t h e g r a s s

t o

compl et e

t h e

j ob r e s ul t i ng

i n

a basi n

whi ch

can be p r a c t i c a l l y

mai ntenance- f r ee

4 . 3

Tur f as

a Prevent i ve of Decl i ne

Tur f on

t h e basi n f l o o r and

s i d e

s l o pe s has f i v e b e n e f i c i a l

f i i n c t i o n s

as f ol l ows :

1 I nc r e a s es s o i l p o r o s i t y and

i n a i n t a i n s ,

s t a b l e granul at i on and t h e r e f o r e , hi gh


capaci t y

due

t o root

gr owt h

2 I nc r e a s es t r a n s p i r a t i o n

of

wat er l eadi ng

t o

subsequent dryi ng out of s o i l

3

Pr omot es

de s i r a bl e

b i o t i c

a c t i v i t y

l eadi ng

t o

g r e a t e r

a i r

and

wat er

permeabi l i t y

4 When i n f l o w t o t h e basi n i s r a p i d , r e s i s t s t h e c u t t i ng a c t i o n

of

wat er c u r r e n t s and p r o t e c t s

a ga i n s t erosi on i n t h e basi n

i t s e l f

Pr ovi des t h e a b i l i t y t o as s i m l a t e l i g h t

sedi ment

deposi t i ons

and

rapi dl y convert them

i n t o t h e

gr owt h

support i ng l a ye r .

EB07 039 Page 2 of 28


26/129

I n

t h e

absence

of

heal t hy vi gor ous

v eg et a t i o n, t he s e

f i v e b enef i t s

a r e

l o s t and t h e i r

o pp os i t e s

appl y

4 . 4

hspect i on and Troubl eshoot i ng

The p r i n c i p l e f i i n c t i o n of per i odi c i nspecti on

i s

t o d e t e c t

and

c o r r e c t

any

source of heavy

sedi ment

deposi t i on f - o mt h e

wat er shed and any

adverse e f f e c t s f r om i t over

t h e

recharge area

Tabl e 2 pr ovi des a gui de

f o r

condi t i ons

t o

l oon

f o r ,

t h e i r

e f f e c t

upon per f ormance

i f

not

at t ended

t o ,

and

t h e

c o r r e c t i v e

a ct i o n

t o be t aken

Rul es

a r e o f t e n desi r ed t o s e t

a f i xed

i nt e r v al f or maki ng b as i n i n s pe c t i o ns Unf or t unat el y,

a

d es i r a b l e i nspect i on

f r equency

v ar i e s w t h i ndi vi dual

wat er shed

condi t i ons

and

r e c e n t storm

a c t i v i t y An

adequat e f r equency

f o r

one basi n

i n a gi ve

t i me per i od

may

be i nadequat e

( o r

excessi ve) f o r ot her

b as i n s

i n

t h e same

t i me peri od

However , somer u l es

a r e under st andabl y

d es i r a b l e

and

t h e

fol l ow ng a r e

suggest ed

:

I nspect

a l l

basi ns

fol l ow ng

anv

major s t o r n 1

causi ng

l o c a l f l oodi ng or

hacked up

storm

sewer s i n

t h e

l o c a l

area ( Town,

Count y)

I nspect

t i n y

basi ns

wher e ma _ j or c o n s t i - t l c t i o n a c t i v i t y

i s

t aki ng pl ace i n

t h e i r wat er shed

a r e a s fol l ow ng

any storm

Al so hi spect erosi on

pr ot ect i on adequacy at t h e const r uct i on s i t e s

at

t h e

same t i mes

4 . 5 Removal of

Accumul at ed

Sedi ment

As out l i ned i n t h e

Envi r onment al Procedures

Manual ,

Chapt er

5

. 1

Hazar dous Wast e

and

Cont am nat ed Mat e r i a l ,

pr o j ec t manager s,

desi gner s

and Regi onal Envi r onment al Uni t s shoul d

s c r e e n

a l l pr o j e ct s

f o r

hazar dous

wast es and cont am nat ed

ma t e r i a l s

i f t hey i nvol ve excavat i on or

o t h e r

di st ur bance

of

t h e

s o i l

Thi s

i s

i ntended

t o

hel p

a s s e s s

the

natur e

and

e x t e n t

of

cont am nati on and under st and how o pr oper l y

manage

or cl eanup vari ous hi nds

of

contam nant s t o compl y N A T i t h

f e de r al

and

S t a t e

r equi r ement s

P r i o r

t o r emoval

of

accumul at ed sedi ment .

Depar t ment s t ag

shoul d performa cont am nat ed

mat er i al s

s c r e en i n gs ,

or a

Phase

I

a s s e s s m e n t

as descr i bed i n Ch 5

. 1

t o det erm ne

whet her

ad di t i onal

st udy or t e s t i n g i s necessary

I f the r e s ul t s of an assessment i nd i c a t e cont am nati on, Sect i on

205

of t h e

Standard

S pe ci f i c at i on s

d es c r i b es

how

o t e s t

and di spose

of

cont am nat ed

s o i l

E 07 039 Page 5 of 8


27/129

Subsequent

t o

approval f r o mN SDEC

or

o t h e r

l o c a l

water a ut h or i t i es

e s pe ci a l l y

on Long I s l a n d ) , permssi bl e dosage r anges a r e

as

fo l l ows :

E 07-039 Page

6

of

8

Tabl e L i spect i on

and

Troubl eshooti ng

Gui de

Condi t i on Noted Effect UponPerformance

Corr ect i ve Acti ons t o

be

Taken

Fl oor erosi on and scour hol e near i n l e t Advers e

t o t u r f

mai nt enance and s a t i s f a c t o r y 1 Lower v e l o c i t y of ent eri ng

wat er by

usi ng

l ong tern per f or mance Mayunder m ne ener gy

d i s s i p a t e r s ,

s t i l l i n g p oo l , or both

apr on

or

c u l v e r t Unsi ght l y . 2 . Refer

t o

Ref

9 f o r

protecti on

desi gn

Appearance of sedi ment over t oppi ng

t u r f Adver se t o t u r f mai nt enance

and

s a t i s f a c t o r y

1 I mmedi at el y l o c at e and c o r r e c t source of

l ong tern perf or mance sedi ment

i n t h e

wat er shed

2 When

l o o r

i s

d r y , r emove

patches

of

sedi ment wher e

t u r f

has been covered, and

r e - e s t ab l i s h turf

Constr i cti on a c t i v i t y

i n

wat er shed

May

l oad basi n w t h sedi ment

i f

adequat e l Requi r e

t empor ar y

di versi on of storm

precaut i ons

a r e n o t

taken runoff

f r o m

r eachi ng

recharge

a r e a , o r

2

See

t h a t proper

t empor ar y and per manent

erosi on c o n t r o l s a r e i n s t i t u t ed

Weeds

As s i s t t o

mai ntai n i n f i l t r a t i o n

r a t e s ,

b u t

may

1 . Regul ar mow ngof turf

provi des

good

be

u ns i g h t l y , cr owd o u t t u r f ,

and become

a

weed c o n t r o l Herbi ci des maybe

used

f i r e

hazar d accor di ng

t o i n s t r uc t i o ns i n

s i m l a r

f ashi on t o t h e adj acent

wat er shed

Lack of nor mal dr yi ng o u t

a f t e r

a storm Canqui ckl y

becomeextr emel y

adverse t o l Tr eat st andi ng wat er

t o

k i l l o f f t h e

perf or mance Caused by

negl ect

of r egul ar mcrobi al g r o N v t l l s , usi ng

c hl o r i n e or

preventat i ve

i nspecti on

and t i mel y copper s u l f a t e

i n

r ecor mni ended dosages

corr ecti on

of

mnor probl em

Provi des 2 When

d r y ,

r emove

accumul at ed

sedi ment

envi r onment f avorabl e

t o

s o i l - c l o g g i n g and c o r r e c t cause of excessi ve

mcrobi al g r oNA~t l r s such

a s a l g a e,

s l i me s ,

and sedi ment ati on

i n wat er shed

f ungi 3 Re - e s t a b l i s h

t u

r f over t h e basi n f l o

or

N i nimmn Effecti ve Maxi mmn Perm ssi bl e

Copper

Sul f ate

0 . 0 1 pprn ( 0 . 8 l b = 1 0 6

g a l ,

0 . 1 k g / 10

-

L) 2

. 0 ppm

( 16 . 211: ' 10 g a l ,

2 . 0

k - /

106

L)

Chol ri ne

1

. 0 ppm

8

. 3 1 b r / 1 0 6

g a l ,

1

. 0

kg/ 106

L) 2

. 0

ppm

( 16

. 6 l b l l

) 6

g a l ,

2

. 0

kg/

1 0 6

L)


28/129

REFERENCES

Weaver R J Recharge Basi ns fo r Di sposal of Hi OmNvay StormDrai nage, Research

Repor t

69- 2,

Engi neer i ng

Research andDevel opment Bureau

New

York

State Depart ment of

Transport at i on,

May

1971

2 Weaver R

J

andkut hy, R Fi el d Eval uat i on of echar ge Basi n, Research Repor t 26,

Engi neer i ng Research

and

Devel opment Bureau, NewYork State

Department of

Transport at i on,

February 1975

3 Rai nf al l I i l t e i l s i t y - D u r a t i o n - F r e c t u e r n c y

Curves

for

Sel ected Stat i ons

i n

t he

Uni t ed

Sates,

Al aska, HaXA a i i a r n

I sl ands

. andPuerto

Ri co, Techni cal Pater No 25,

Weather

Bureau, US

Depart ment

of Conmnerce, December

1955,

P 31

4

Vi essman,

W

J r

.

et

a

I nt roduct i on

t o Hydrol ogy,

New

York:

Harper and

Row

2 d

Edi ti on, 1977

Hyd1 O OoV

Engi neer i ng

Handbook Secti on

4

S o i l

Conservati on

Servi ce

US

Department of

Agri cul t ure, 1972

6 Bankand Channel

Protecti ve Li ni ng

Desi gn Procedures

Soi l Desi gn

Procedure

SDP-2 Soi l

Mechani cs Bureau, New

York

State Department of Transportati oi L August 1971

7

Const ruct i on Gui del i nes for TemporaryErosi on Cont rol s

.

Const ruct i on Subdi vi si on,

New

York

State Depart ment of Transportat i on, Apri l

1974

8

Temporary Soi l Erosi on

and

Water Pol l uti on Cont rol ,

Secti on 209,

St andar d

Speci f i cati ons, NewYork State Department of

Transportat i on,

J anuar y

1985

PP 2- 25

t hrough 2- 27

.

9

Pet erka,

A, J

Hydrati f c

Desi gn of

S t i l l i n g Basi ns

andEnergy

D ssi pator

: s Bureau of

Recl amat i on_ US

Department of t he

I n t e r i o r

J ul y 1963

EB07-039 Page 27 of 28


29/129

APPENDCES

E 07 039 Page 8 o 8


30/129

APPENDXA

EXAMPLE

PROBLEMS MANUALCOMPUTATIONS)

Rat i onal r echar ge basi n desi gn i s arr i ved a t t hrough a combi nat i on of hydr aul i c and s o i l s

engi neeri ng

f unc t i o ns The mos t i mport ant el ement s af ect i ng basi n

s i z e s a r e

adequat e assess ment

of

l o c a l mas s i nf l ow and

accur ate pr edi cti on

of wat er


i n t o t he under l yi ng s o i l s Spe c i f i c

i nfor mati on r equi r ed f o r desi gn c ons i s t s of t he desi gn stonn runoff

dat a

f o r t he l o ca l wat ershed,

dept h

t o

gr oundwat er

t a b l e

and

unsaturated

pr o p er t i e s

of

t h e

cohesi onl ess

s o i l

i n t o

whi ch

t h e

wat er

wi l l

i n f i l t r a t e

The

necessary s o i l pr o p e r t i e s a r e

s p e c i f i c

g r a v i t y , nat ur al moi st ure c o n t e n t , s p e c i f i c

surface a r e a , gr ai n

s i z e

d i s t r i b u t i o n , nat ur al p o r o s i t y , hydr aul i c conducti v i t y

of

t r ansm ssi on

zone

c a p i l l a r y sucti on po t e nt i a l

and

hydr aul i c d i f l u s i v i t y

These a r e

covered

i n d e t a i l i n

Ref

1

The desi gner

can

choose

one

of two desi gn approaches,

each

of whi ch i s i l l u s t r a t e d by

a l l

exampl e

pr obl em

Appr oach

I d ea l s

w t h t h e case wher e a basi n

i s

t o be desi gned f o r a gi ven surface a r e a , but

w t h basi n peak operat i ng head unknown

Appr oach I I permts t h e basi n s i z e

and

di nensi ons t o be

desi gned f o r a gi ven peak bas i l operat i ng head

The procedures f o r c a l c ul a t i ng t he di ne- dependent mas s i nf l ow qua nt i t i e s a r e n ot presented here

The

reader may

r e f e r t o

Exampl e

Pr obl em

of

Ref

f o r d e t a i l s

of t he met hod used

i n

t h e f o l l ow ng

desi gn exampl e

o r

use any other appr opr i ate procedure f o r

obt ai ni ng

mas s nfow

APPROACH

US

Cust omar y Uni t s )

G ven

: A

echarge

bas i l i s pr oposed

t o

di spose

of

hi ghway

s t o r n i

r unof f :

Coor di nat es of

he mas s

i nfl oNv curve f o r t h e

proposed

basi n s i t e a r e l i s t e d be l ow

The

a v a i l a b l e

l and

f o r

basi l use

i s

l i m t e d

t o

210, 000

f l

The

subsurf ace

s o i l

i s

sandy

s i l t

w t h

t h e

f o l l ow ng pr o p er t i e s

:

Natural p o r o s i t y , i j =0. 4 0

Hdraul i c

conducti vi t y

of

t r ansm ssi on zone, k

=

2. 1 6

f t / h r

f r o m

Equat i ons

( 1 ) , ( 2 ) ,

and

( 3 ) )

EB07- 039 A - 1

Tul le

hOl l S

Infl ow

Q

nl . I 11l ol l ft3

Tim

OI 1 S

I nf l ow

Qi

I I LI I l O

f t )

1 0. 0 8 10

6

. 4 8

2 0. 1 6

1 1

7 . 1 0

3 0. 5 0 12 7 . 6 0

4

. 1 1 1 3 7 . 9 4

1 . 8 2

14

8 . 1 6

6 2. 8 0 1 5 8 . 2 7

7 3 . 7 9 16 8 . 3 7

8 4. 8 0

17

8 . 4 2

9

5

. 7 4 18

1

8 . 4 2


31/129

APPENDXA

Capi l l ary suc t i on

p o t e n t i a l ,

yn

=

0

. 1 8 f l

.

( f r o mFi g

4)

Hydr aul i c

d i f i u s i v i t y , o c

=9

. 3 2

f t

: h r

( f r o mEquat i ons

( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 )

and

( 4 ) )

Dept h

f r o m

gr ound surface t o gr ound

wat er t a bl e

: = 50 f t

F i nd

: Si ze

and di mensi on

of

a squar e basi n pl an w t h

1 v e r t i c a l o112 hori zont al s i d e s l o pe s

St ep l : - A c t u al

mas s i l l t l o

- \ V

cu

-

\ es

u

c11 a s det er m ned f r o n t

f i e l d

i nst r ument at i on) usual l y

wi l l

have

a t a i l o r i n f l e c t i o n a t

e a r l y

val ues of

t i me

The

t abul ated

dat a have

t h i s

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , whi ch

r e qu i r e s c or r e c t i o n

t o t i me coor di nat es t o r emove

t h i s

t a i l The

met hod

of

e s t a b l i s h i n g t h i s

t i me

c o r r e c t i o n , 3 . 3

h o u r s ,

i s shown i n Fi gure 1A The

coor di nat es of t h e

corrected

mas s i n f l o w cure

a r e t a bu l a t e d

bel ow

I f

t h e

mas s i nf l owcur ve

i s

cal cul ated

f r o mt h e

pr ocedur es

i n

Exampl e Pr obl em

1 of

Ref :

1 ,

no t a i l

i s

obt ai ned

and

n o t

t i me

cor rect i on

i s

necess ar y

St ep 2

:

The equat i on

f o r i i n f l t r a t i o n

over

t h e

basi n

ar ea i s :

Q= 2k A

( H/ 2 +

y t , ) ~

t

/

c

a

wher e :

H/ 2

= t h e

aver age basi n

oper ati ng head f o r t h e

p e a l - desi gn s t o r m

o r

hal f

of

t h e maxi mum

basi n

oper ati ng head

A

t h e

basi n hor i zont al c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l

ar ea

o r pl an

f l ow

ar ea at

I I / 2

S u b s t i t u t i n g

val ues of s o i l par amet er s

i n t o t h e

above

e qu at i o n,

gi ves :

Q=( 2 ) ( 2 . 1 6 ) ( H/ 2+0 . 1 8 )

J

( t / 2 9 . 3 )

Af)

Q=0. 798 ( H 2 - + - 0 . 1 8 )

Ǹ

t ( _ f )

St ep 3 : Est i mat e

t h e

r ange of

t h e peak

basi n oper at i ng head, I I , t o

be

used

i n desi gn i n

accor dance

w t h

t he f ol l ow ng assumpti ons :

EB07-039

A-

2

Tune

yours

Cor r ect ed

I nf l ow

Q

m l l i o n

f t

3

Tune

l our s

Cor r ect ed

I nf l ow

Q

m l l i o n

f t

3

1 1

. 0 0

10

8

. 0 0

2 2

. 0 5

11

8

. 1 9

3 3

. 0 0

12 8 . 3 5

4

4

. 0 8

13 8 . 4 1

5 5 . 0 2

14 8

. 4 2

6

5 . 8 5 15

8

. 4 2

7 6 . 8 5

16

8

. 4 2

8 7

. 2 2

17 8

. 4 2

9 7

. 6 8

18 8

. 4 2


32/129

APPENDXA

l Frome xp er i e nc e , t h e

f i n a l

desi gn

val ue of Q

wi l l

be bracketed wi t hi n t h e

range

of 0 . 2 9

Qi p

and 0 . 7 6

Qi p

;

wher e Q

i , i s t h e

cumul at i ve f l ow at

t h e t i me when he

c o r r e c t e d

mass- i nfl ow curve s t a r t s

peaki ng.

2 Al so

f r o mexperi ence,

t h e

area

of t h e

water

s u r f a c e ,

A,

wi l l l i e wi t hi n t h e range

of

. 0 5

Af

and . 2 5 Af

The c o r r e c t e d mass- i nfl ow curve a s

shown

i n Fi g l A n di c a t e s

i t

s t a r t s peaki ng

appr oxi mat el y

at c oo r di na t e s , t =8 hours

and

Q

E ,

=7

. 3x106 f t

3

Su bs t i t u t i ng t h es e

t wo

number s

i n t o

t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n equat i on e s t a b l i s h ed i n St ep

2

and usi ng t h e t wo

above

ment i oned basi n

operat i ng

range

c r i t e r i a , y i e l d

t h e f ol l owi ng equati ons

:

wi t h A,

=

210, 000 f l ` , H, , = 28 . 9 0

f l .

and

Hni n=

9

. 0 2 f l

Step

4

Repl ot or

t r a c e t h e c or r e c t e d

mas s i s i f l ow curve on a

news h e e t

of gr aph paper ( F i g

B

t o permt conveni ent superposi t i on of mas s

i n f i 1 t r a t i o n

curves f o r var i ous as sumed peak

operat i ng heads

St ep 5 For a square basi n wi t h

1

on2 s i de

s l opes ,

A

can be expressed i n t er ms

of

I I and A

as

f ol l ows

:

Af

= A,

-4H~

4

H'

The

i n f i l t r a t i o n equat i on then becomes

:

Q

=

0. 798 ( H `2+0

. 18)

o t

A

-

4 I I ti 1

+4

H)

Assume four

val ues of t h e peak basi n

operat i ng

head

bet ween

H,

and

H, f i and

comput e t h e cumul at i ve i n f i l t r a t i o n f o r conveni ent val ues of t i me f r o mt h e


equat i on f o r

each

val ue of assumed Hhr oughout t h e t i me peri od of

i n t e r e s t

P l o t these

four

accumul at ed i n f i l t r a t i o n vs t i me curves on t h e graph prepared i n St ep 4

Fi gur e B

shows

t h e f i na l p l o t a s

i t

wi l l appear at t h e end of t h i s s t e p

.

EB

07- 039 A- 3

0 . 7 6

x 7

. 3x10' = 0 . 798

Hmx

i 2+0 . 1 8 )

~

8 1 . 2 5 )

0 . 2 9 x 7 . 3x10

6

=0

. 798

Hz

;

% 2 +0

. 1 8 )

t i

8 ( A , / 1 . 0 5 )


33/129

APPENDX

0

3

. 3

1

Time hours)

TimeC

rrecti on

t o

Actu~ Data

Fi gure

1A

TuneCorrecti on for Mass I nf l owCuve

wth

Tai l

EB07 039 A 4

2


34/129

10

0

APPENDX

10

115

20

Ti me hours)

OA H=24

92

OcH

=16

. 97

.

OB

=

20. 9 5 f t

f t

H=13 . 00 f t .

Fi gure 1B

Compari son

of I nf l ow Outf l owRates

EB07- 039 A- 5


35/129

APPENDX

A

Step

6: I n

Fi gur es

1B, scal e of f the

peak

d i f f e r e n t i a l , Q, between the mass i nf l ow

curve

andeach

of the i n f i l t r a t i o n curves . Thi s

i s

most conveni entl y donewi t h di vi ders . Cal cul ated t he

basi n

vol umes

for t he

gi ven val ue

of A, and for each

val ue

of

assumed

peak bas i l

oper at i ng

head

The

f o l l ow ng

t abl e

pr ovi des

si mpl i f i ed

f ormul ae

for

square,

rectangul ar,

and

c ir cul ar basi n

pl ans .

where : P , , =peri meter of basi n

bottom

P,

=

per i meter of

wat er

sur f ace

whenbasi n

operat i ng

head

equal s

H,

A

=

area of basi n

bottom

_

=area of

basi l

top when

basi n

operat i ng headequal H,

S= si de

sl ope

1 vert i cal

:

S

hori zontal

or cotangent of t he

angl e

bet ween

t he

basi n s i d e

sl ope and

a

hori zont al

pl ane

.

=3

. 1416

Next determne t he

di f f erence

between

OQ

and

basi n

vol ume, and

t abul ate

the

i nf ormati on as f ol l ows :

Step7 Graphi ca l l y p l o t

AQ

-

Basi n Vol ume

val ues agai nst Hand

draw

the

curve

as i n Fi gur e

1C Thepeak basi n

oper at i ng

headHequi r ed for t he

basi n

i s i ndi cat ed by t he poi nt of

i ntersecti on of the

curve

wi t h t he

hori zontal

a l i s , i n t h i s case,

20R

EB07- 039 A- 6

f t . )

: , Q

10 f t )

Bashi Volwi e

( 106

f t

AQ- Bashi Volwi e

( 106

f t )

13. 00 4. 90 2. 43 2. 47

16. 97 4. 05 3. 06 0. 99

20. 95

3

.25 3

. 64

- 0. 39

24

. 92 2

. 65

4

. 18 - 1

. 53

Basi n

Type

P , , : 8 , - A

b

Basi n

Vol ui ne

Square

and

Rect angul ar

P

- 8SH

SHP

+

4SI )

( A ~ , +

+ \ i A

, A , - )

H 3

Ci rcul ar

P, - 2HSz

SHP

b +r ESH)

2

:

) t ,

A SHN ~x . A t , H/3


36/129

9z c r

3

2

1

- 20

PPENDX

Fi gur e CDeter m nat i on of Requi r ed

Peak

Operat i ng Head H

EB07- 039 A- 7


37/129

Step

8

: Check t

o v er i f y t hat

t h e d i s t a nc e

f r o mt h e basi n

f l o o r

t o

t h e

groundwat er t a l b l e i s greater

t han

0. 25H f t

.

5 f t . ) s o t h at

t h e

devel oped

i n f i n i t e

depth i n f i l t r a t i o n t heory hol ds f o r

t h e

e n t i r e t i me

span .

I n t h i s

c a s e ,

t h e

d i s t a nc e

f r o m

t h e

basi n

f l o o r

t o

t h e

groundwat er

t a b l e

i s

30

f t

.

;

t h e r e f o r e

t he t heory hol ds

.

Step 9 :

I f t h e d i s t a nc e f r o mt h e basi n

f l o o r

t o t h e groundwat er was f ound t o be l e s s t han . 25H

f t

. , t he desi gn

vol ume woul d have

t o

be

obt ai ned

t hr ough

a

combi nat i on of

s t e ep er s i de

s l o pe s

or l a r g e r basi n surface area t han o r i g i n a l l y

proposed .

Det erm ne

t h e r equi r ed

basi n vol ume and

area

of basi n bottomusi ng

t h e

r e l a t i o ns hi p

present ed i n Step 6 .

D e s i a , j i Smunary

Top

:

Bottom

Vol ume

Dept h :

PPRO CH I (US Customary Uni t s )

Step 1

:

Step 2

:

Step 3 :

Step

4

Wth

t h e

gi ven val ues of H

f ol l ows

:

Q=81 2 _ \ /

r

tA

PPENDX

The

basi n s i z e

and di unensi ous

are as

f o l l ows

458

. 2 5

f t . x

458. 2 5 f l . ,

Area =

210, 000

f t `

378

. 2 6

f t

. x 378. 2 6

f t

. ,

Area

=

143, 000 f t

2

3, 509, 000 f t

20 f t

For

t h e

s ame subsurf ace condi t i ons and dat a

gi ve

i n

t h e

approach

I exampl e probl em deter m ne

t h e

s i z e and di mensi ons of

t h e

basi n i f

t h e

proposed peal -

basi n operat i nghead

i s

20 f t

.

The s ame as Step

1

i n

t h e

Appr oach

I

exampl e probl em

,

k

t , and

t h e


equat i on i s

e s t a b l i s h ed as

Usi ng

t h e s ame

approach a s de t a i l e d i n

Step

3 of Appr oach I

exampl e

probl em

est i mat e

t h e range

of

t h e basi n surf ace area t o be

used

i n

desi gn

.

Thi s

l e ad s

t o

t h e f o l l ow ng two

l i m t i n g

i n f i l t r a t i o n equat i ons

:

0

. 76

x 7. 3x10` = 8

. 1 2 1 f r

8

design and construction of research basin

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