design and analysis of a monowheel electric vehicle

Design and Analysis of a Monowheel Electric Vehicle

VASANTH KUMAR S1, AKASH V2, HARICHARAN H M3, Dr. ASHOK KUMAR4

1,2,3 Students, B.E Mechanical, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore, India 4Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, NHCE, Bangalore, India

Abstract: E-motorcycles are electric powered motorcycles that are pushed through the use of electricity as the source of fuel. E-motorcycles are opted for its eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness for transportation. In the gift study, optimum layout for an electric powered motor motorcycle turned into modeled and analyzed for stress and failure rate for commercial reason. Frame is backbone of the motor motorcycle; it supports and holds the whole load. The main objective of the paper changed into to layout and fabricate a mild weight still strong, safe, and comparatively cheap than the conventional ones. This paper describes process, planning and designing of electrical pressure for one-wheeled motor motorcycle, presenting information and challenges for choice and implementation of additives. The additives that are proposed for electric powered power are decided on using the reference of models available in the market having advantage of smaller size, low maintenance and less vibrations. The gift mechanism layout ties up mechanical system with the electric powered force and electro-manipulate system to power one wheeled motor motorcycle effectively. Closed loop manage system is proposed to be designed to help effective transmission and balancing of one wheeled motorcycle.

Keywords: Mono-wheel, Electric Vehicle, E-bike.

Content

Abstract

1. Introduction 1. Design Technique 2. Design Collection

2. CAD Model 3. Meshing 4. Material Selection 5. Analysis Of Components

1. Analysis of frame under human weight 2. Analysis of body under front impact 3. Analysis of body under side impact 4. Results of Ansys

6. Components Of Mono-Wheel Motor Motor-Cycle 1. DC Motor 2. Frame 3. Battery 4. Motor controller

GRADIVA REVIEW JOURNAL

VOLUME 7 ISSUE 7 2021

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7. Advantages 8. Load Estimation & Calculation 9. Discussion

Reference

1. Introduction: A one wheel has always been curiosity to ride and engineer for human imagination. One-wheel electric powered motor motorcycle is a travel device and a “Body Mover” which creates an eco-friendly traveling vision and transportation. The rider is beneath Neath complete manage and can cruise from one place to every other. It is capable of running at speeds of 15km per hour. It is a consistent innovation in today’s technology because its establishment is a success based on its principles like eco-friendly feature and ideal layout. The dynamics and rapid locomotion of a monowheel with naturally aspirated gyroscopic effect or through electronic integrated gyroscopic circuit. [1] In 2020, a year full of pollutants can be unfastened from emissions via way of means of introducing such mono-wheel electric powered motorcycles which literally have zero emissions. Due to increasing automobile sector millions of cars and trucks are being sold which contribute to the growth of pollutants and they occupy big space areas for their use, so to overcome such problems the mono-wheel has been added which hardly require massive space. Fuel depletion trouble can be an overcome through saving energy and introducing electrical motorcycles (Ranjit Kumar Binda,2019).[2] However with the help of technological advancement it is now possible to layout and engineer a one-wheel electric powered motor motorcycle. A mono-wheel electric powered motor motorcycle via way of means of call itself signifies a motor motorcycle with one wheel based on electrical transmission with the help of a motor unit powered through batteries or Ultra Capacitor Hybrids. Self-balancing is to be performed with a sensor module which is a closed loop servo system which takes input of function and orientation in fraction of seconds and accordingly powers the motor with some modified voltage signals by Ben Brown, Jr. in 1999. [3] Richa Gubta,2019 said in “Self-Stabilizing Platform Using MPU 6050” the ahead movement of the vehicle is performed through leaning ahead along with the body which additionally stabilizes the body with principles of Inertia. [4] Prof. Yogesh Risodkar defines a gyroscopic microprocessor-based motor manage system has been used to regulate motor speed and torque as per the body angle. [5] Most of the Self-Balancing unicycle are commercial unit in the regulation of travel with lateral stability being provided through the Mono-Wheel Rider. [6] Frame, being an integral part of motor motorcycle, it is important for structure to be safe to withstand various collision impact forces for safety concerns. Therefore, structure simulation of body is necessary for motor motorcycle layout safety and layout optimization. It is an important and crucial step as per layout point of view. [7-8] Design of controller and manage techniques is additionally an important part of our modified system. The closed manage loop does all the work in manage algorithm. [9] V. Sarath Teja defined in “Numerical Study on Materials and Design Optimization of a Bicycle Frame” Vehicle dynamic stability and movement manage using weight transfer is a feature of electronic parameters which wishes to be calibrated properly for rider’s safety as well as proper functioning of motorcycle. The manipulate system is

responsible for stability and ride quality. [10] “Self-Balancing Personal Transporter” has

written to extend the variety of e-motorcycles and improve the production; fuel cells and petrol electric hybrids could be brought which can be additionally with inside the verge of improvement and accordingly enhancing the performance of the electrical force system. The utilization of electrical motorcycles has become out to be an answer for decreasing pollutants



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to a bigger extent. [11-12] In 2010 there is lots of labor carried out on bicycles, numerous researches on affects and results of environmental parameters at the overall performance of bicycles were completed to growth the overall performance of the bicycles. Ebagnale et al. explains a dynamic version for overall performance and additionally environmental effects on a motorcycle. [13] Azaei explains choice of the proper motor for an electric powered vehicle. [14] To burgeon the sale of e-motorcycles it wishes to be better in quality, the mono-wheel is designed with body that's mild in weight whilst in comparison to standard motorcycles for the reason of efficacy. [15] Sindhwani et al. solved the trouble of designing for better Efficiency. Our goal become to layout, analyze one-wheel electric powered motor motorcycle a totally feature cap in a position motor motorcycle for the fast distance transportation of unmarried man or woman from one vacation spot to every other with none trouble. It is electrically powered and may be pushed through herbal movements; ahead and backwards movement have to be accomplished through leaning forwards and backwards. Turning is performed through the frame weight and forcing the handlebar in course of taking turn. This motor motorcycle preserves its upright role while it's miles in idle circumstance and while start’s its movements ahead or backward. Travelling with consistent speed, it makes use of the frame stability to make small extrude withinside the heading angle. One of the dreams changed into to layout comparatively cheap motor motorcycle. More specifically, the task idea is said as follows: “There isn't any throttle, the motor motorcycle simply desires you”

1. Design Technique: In technique portion flowchart indicates that how the layout and evaluation of the body turned into carried out, in step with the requirement of our need. The records series contain of numerous information which include availability, machinability, cost, reliability, feasibility and ergonomics. The key principles of layout technique including the entire length, peak and weight of the monowheel had been additionally taken into considerations.

2. Data Collection: Collecting the theoretical statistics from the usual studies papers, Actual situations, marketplace survey, Design fashions to get deep knowledge approximately the undertaking.

Fig 1. Methodology Procedure

Collecting dimensions of diverse additives for layout.

Collecting facts of COG and Inertia for calculation purpose.

Collecting information of numerous additives for use in mission.

Collection of records for logistics.



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Table 1. Details of Components, Dimension, Specifications and Cost Components Dimension Specifications Cost (INR)

Battery Cuboid 2*4*4 12V 20Ah 2000 DC Electric Motor Cylindrical body

D8” 24V 350W 7500

Controller Cuboid 1.5*3*3 24V 350W 2000

2. CAD Model: The CAD version layout is created on Catia software program. All the additives are layout like (wheel, Battery, motor, motor controller, body, take care of bar) in CAD or simulating software program after which assembled. After assembling all of the components we get a right layout or a rendered concept of our undertaking.

Fig 2. 2D Drawing of CAD Model Assembly of Bike



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(a) (b)

Fig 3. (a), (b) Complete Assembly of Mono-wheel bike CATIA V5

3. Meshing: There are diverse meshing methods in Ansys, that can be selected for a suitable result for a precise version. These meshing methods are selected according to the complexity of our version. One may even choose to have multi-zonal meshing in which complex components may have better order meshing and simple part have decrease order mesh to simplify the calculations. In this version, tetrahedral meshing is decided on the grounds that the version have simple curvature however because of sharp bents the element sizing is reduced to first-rate with fast transition and better smoothing for higher accuracy with the outcomes and real-world situations.

Fig 4. Meshing of Frame on Ansys 2021 R1 Workbench



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4. Material Selection: Comparing different substances for our monowheel layout relying upon diverse information such as weight, strength, machinability, cost, availability, load, climatic circumstance, and ordinary outlay. Keeping the above factors into our consideration, selection of a suitable cloth for monowheel layout which can be green and economical type for the body. Steel Alloys, Aluminum and its alloys, Titanium alloy and Carbon Fiber which are plenty more potent and offer light weight to the monowheel have been additionally desired during the cloth selection. Comparatively, AISI 4130 Alloy Steel (1 inch diameter and 1.2 Thickness) turned into finally decided on because of its easily availability, cost effectiveness and especially improved mechanical properties. Below are the properties of fabric which we decided on.

Table 2. Properties of Materials Mechanical Properties

Value Content Percentage

Young’s modulus

200GPa Iron 97.03-98.22

Yield strength 460MPa Chromium 0.80-1.10 Ultimate tensile

strength 560Mpa Manganese 0.4-0.6

Poisson’s ratio 0.27-0.30 Carbon 0.28-0.33 Density 7.85g/cc Molybdenum 0.15-0.25

Sulfur 0.040 Phosphorus 0.035

5. Analysis of Components: Analysis of additives is finished on Ansys workbench. A linear static structural Analysis of body and shaft turned into performed in order to guarantee for secure layout. The body geometry changed into designed on solid- works and become imported to Ansys software program. Engineering data had been updated as in step with the cloth decided on and finally mesh changed into generated. The meshing turned into automatic however the length 0. half turned into best grade so as to get greater converging outcomes. Two instances have been considered for the Analysis. The instances are mentioned below:

1. Analysis Of Frame Under Human Weight: Human weight is considered to be motion on the two top members of the body which is ready 1000N in total.

Table 3. Results of Ansys in Frame Under Human Weight



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(a) (b)

(c) (d) Fig 5. (a) Loading on Frame, (b)Total deformation, (c)Equivalent Stress, (d)

Factor of safety

2. Analysis of body under the front Impact: In the front Impact an effect pressure is made to behave at the decrease the front part of the body. The Impact Force is calculating the use of 2d regulation of Newton i.e. (F=ma) and the pressure is ready 2g.

Table 4. Results of Ansys in Front Impact in Forward Collision



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3. Analysis of Body Under the Side Impact: In the side impact an effect pressure is made to behave at the decrease the front part of the body. The Impact force is calculating the use of 2d regulation of Newton i.e. (F=ma) and the pressure is ready 2g.

Table 5. Results of Ansys in Side Impact in Side Collision

(a) (b)

(c) (d) Fig 6. (a) Loadings and Fixture on frame, (b)Total Deformation, (c) Equivalent

Stress, (d) Factor of safety



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(a) (b)

(c) (d) Fig 7. (a) Loadings and Fixture on Frame, (b) Total Deformation, (c)

Equivalent Stress, (d) Factor of Safety

4. Result Of Ansys: Finite element approach turned into used to analyze the body shape and shaft of the Unit Rix on evaluation software program Ansys workbench. Two instances had been considered on the body i.e., sustainability of human weight and sustaining and the effect pressure imposed during crash. In the first case the axle become kept constant and the members supporting seat have been loaded with a pressure of 750 N on each member which gives a total of 1000 N. In the 2d case the effect pressure turned into calculated through newton 2d regulation giving a pressure of 2780N acting on the decrease the front member while maintaining axle constant. In the 2d case the effect pressure turned into calculated through newton 2d regulation giving a pressure of 2780N acting on the decrease the side member while maintaining other side constant.

Table 6. Case Results of Ansys Sl no. Case Equivalent

stress Total

Deformation Factor of

Safety



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1 Loading Under driver weight

222.3 Mpa 0.00135m 2.06

2 During Impact in forward collision

99.6 Mpa 0.00035m 4.61

3 During Impact in side

collision

436.11 Mpa 0.0164m 1.05

6. Components of Mono-Wheel Motor Motorcycle:

1. DC Motor: These are the prime movers and energy converter in our Transmission line the Battery serve the purpose of energy garage whereas motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, transmitting it to wheels. In closing decade, the development in electric automobile technology has shifted our focus from ICE to Motors for their development and layout as consistent with electric automobile performance. However, this mission is functioning on a small 24V 350W motor to be used to strength our e-motor motorcycle. The motor length can however be increased considering cost opted for a small motor.

2. Frame: Frame is the main part or shape on which different elements are fitted together, it additionally helps the motor, so it is like the backbone of an E-motor motorcycle, which carries and support whole load 0.09166 5. nine including battery and all different elements. It additionally helps the driver in sitting comfortably. The frames are usually designed with powerful support, from that it can take up the load alongside with driver’s weight equally. It is made up of mild steel at defined Angles in the cross sections and is welded with specified thickness of metal sheets. The Alignment of body has to be horizontal whether the body is loaded or not.

3. Battery: Battery is one of the maximum important factors in consideration when upraise any E-motor motorcycle. Range, Cost, Speed and Performance of the E-motor motorcycle can be examining via way of means of which battery is used in this entire task. Generally, it is a tool which produces Electrons through the Electrochemical Reactions & it additionally contains the Positive and Negative Terminals. Sealed Lead Acid Battery: A Sealed Lead Acid battery is a Re-chargeable Battery which can be used in diverse electric vehicles now-a-days. The cells of the battery can have large quantity of strength to weight Ratio which means it has an ability to offer very high Currents. Battery’s low cost and all these features, sum up the battery very captivating to use in such vehicles in which Motors are used to offer high current which is required with the aid of using the motors. This battery is a lead acid battery which contains Sulfuric acid’s electrolytes congeal so that it won’t spill out. Sealed Lead Acid Batteries are sealed partially; however, it has air via way of means of chance gases are leaked suddenly as like through Overcharging the battery can make this happen. These batteries can be used in small programs in which they can roll down from upside. So basically, it means that the batteries with much less weight holds up a lot of Energy, which is very significant for E-bikes – and much less weight means our E- motor motorcycle can move extra through charging the battery once. Ultra-Capacitors can additionally be used for higher performance in



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place of battery, however in our task, Sealed Lead Acid is used. Battery in order to reduce or maintain Cost and keep in mind different factors.

4. Motor Controller: It is a tool to manage velocity and torque of the motor. It can be completed with the aid of using changing the voltage and current in motor windings. Another way to achieve change is Pulse width modulation the velocity and torque depends at the duty cycle of the voltage digital indicators. Generally, it can be structured as type of motor being used for example-Alternating current, permanent magnet, servo, collection etc. In this task, the use of a 250watt permanent magnet motor controller, generally an input is given to the motor controller the use of twister or a pedal throttle, which is an open device manage machine. This venture needs an electronic closed loop manage device to process input to the controller as in keeping with the orientation of the automobile. To process signal will be the use of a Gyroscope based microprocessor to take in of orientation and acceleration from Gyroscope and process output indicators accordingly.

7. Advantages: • It is very Easy to commute with low fatigue means with lack of energy. • Cost of the Maintenance is low. • Monowheel consumes very Less Energy. • It is portable and it can be carried everywhere. • Total Cost of the Monowheel unit is very low. • Conveyable Batteries can be taken inner house. • Due to compact length, it requires Less Parking space. • Eco Friendly because it doesn’t use any fossil fuels. • It can be used for short distance patrolling.

8. Load Estimation & Calculation:

Table 7. Motor Specification

DC motor spec. Value

Used for Power Train

Voltage 24V

Current 14amp

Torque 15Nm

RPM 350RPM

Table 8. Vehicle Specification

Maximum driver weight

80 Kg

Desired top speed 12Km/h

Gross vehicle weight 20 Kg

Radius of wheel/tire 5.5 inch=0.1397m

Desired acceleration time

5sec

Maximum inclined angle

10 Degree



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By the second law of Newton’s

F = ma ………. (1)

Table 9. Data from Calculation Symbol Data

V = 20Km/h = 5.56m/sec Final Velocity U = 0 Initial Velocity

T = 0.1s Time F = (Change in Momentum/Time (Impact time) ……… (2)

(From table 5)

In this equation:

Now force, F = 100(5.56-0)/0.3 = 1853.33N……… (3)

Now torque, T = 1853.33*0.1397 = 258.91N……. (4)

Where, N = 350rpm

Power, P = (2*NT)/60 = 3021 watt……. (5)

9. Discussion: The concept of monowheel is executed in maintaining one and only factor

and that is the trouble of transportation. The main motive is to get greater space, when discuss approximately transport. This monowheel motorcycle has the Payload capacity of most a hundred kg. Monowheel motor motorcycle can visit the most velocity of 19-21km/h. Working mode of the Battery is almost approximately 3040minutes.The transmission device and guidance device and self- balancing become analyzed and as consistent with the evaluation the version turned into running with a higher balance and manage machine as desired.

• Using the consequences which can be illustrated withinside the paper, the general layout is secure, effective, light-weight and dependable for the needs. • Analysis consequences additionally show to be plenty safer, nevertheless diverse analyses consisting of fatigue check and buckling may be finished for locating our dangerous or non-dependable result. • Instead of the fabric AISI 4130 numerous substances may be used including titanium, carbon fiber etc. • The Titanium Alloy and Carbon Fiber restrain the layout because it highly-priced however it's far in comparison to be a lot more potent than the cloth used. So, relying upon the requirement the green one may be selected. • Due to the selecting of AISI 4130, the loading situations were restricted, so if another more potent fabric has been selected the loading situations may be expanded.

Reference: [1]. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE). Sunikshita Katoch, Rahul, Ranjit Kumar Binda lISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-eight, Issue-6S4, April 2019 Design and Implementation of Smart Electric Bike Eco-Friendly.



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[2]. Yangsheng Xu, H. Ben Brown, Jr. and Kwok Wai Au, “Dynamic Mobility with Single-Wheel Configuration,” The International Journal of Robotics Research, vol. 18(7), pp.728-738, July 1999. [3]. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249-8958, Volume-eight Issue-4, April 2019 Self Stabilizing Platform Using MPU 6050, Vinayaktripathi, Richa Gupta [4]. Designing the self-balancing (Segway) Prof. YogeshRisodkar, Mr. GaneshShirsath, Ms. MonaliHolkar, Mr. MayurAmle Electronics& Telecommunication Department, SIEM, SandipFondation, Trimbak Road, Post Mahiravani, Nashik, Maharashtra 422213, India [5]. IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume Issue 03 | September 2016 Priya Vridi BE Student [6]. Department of Automobile Engineering Medi-caps Institute of ScienceTechnology- Indore, M.P. [7]. Sreevaram Rufus Nireektion Kumar, Bangaru Akash and T. Thaj Mary Delsy “Designing the Monowheel via way of means of Using Self Balancing technique”, 2016. [8]. Srijan Manish, Jitendra Kumar Rajak, Vishnu Kant Tiwari and Rakesh, Quad Bike Design and Simulation: A Pre-Manufacturing Methodology, International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)Volume 5. [9]. V. SarathTeja, D.V.S.S.S.V. Prasad, K.S.B.S.V.S. Sastry, Numerical Study on Materials and Design Optimization of a Bicycle Frame. [10]. Karthik, Ashraf, Asif Mustafa Baig and Akshay Rao, “Self-Balancing Personal Transporter” 4th Student Conference on Research and Development, pp. 180-183, [11]. PlamenPetrov and Michel Parent, “Dynamic Modeling and Adaptive Motion Control of a Two-Wheeled Self-Balancing Vehicle for Personal Transport”, 2010 thirteenth International IEEE Annual Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Madeira Island, Portugal. [12]. S. Matey, A. Prabhu, “Design and Fabrication of Electric Bike” International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology- Vol. eight Issue 3- March 2017. [13]. F. Salmasi, “Control techniques for hybrid electric powered vehicles: Evolution, classification, comparison, and destiny trends,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 56. [14]. Carmelina Abagnale, Massimo Cardone, A dynamic version for the overall performance and environmental evaluation of a revolutionary E-bike, ScienceDirect Energy Procedia [15]. Rahul Sindhwani, Punj L. Singh, AnjumBadar, AnkurRathi, Design of Electric Bike with Higher Efficiency, International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation Volume 2. [16]. Nasser Hashernnia and BehzadAsaei, “Comparative Study of Using Different Electric Motors in the Electric Vehicles," Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Electrical Machines. [17] Ashok Kumar and K.A. Subramanian. Experimental investigation on effects of karanja biodiesel (B100) on performance, combustion and regulated & GHG emissions characteristics of an automotive diesel engine. Biofuels Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/17597269.2017.1358948 [18] Ashok Kumar and K.A. Subramanian. Effects of different compression ratios on greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 CH4 and N2O) characteristics of biodiesel (B100) fueled automotive diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 127 (2017) 95–105 [19] Piyushi Nautiyal, K.A. Subramanian, M.G. Dastidar and Ashok Kumar. Experimental assessment of performance, combustion and emissions of a compression ignition engine fuelled with Spirulina platensis biodiesel. Energy, 193 (2020) [20] Ashok Kumar, Piyushi Nautiyal, & Kamalashish Deb. Analysis of CNG-Diesel Powered Diesel Engine Combustion, Performance and Exhaust Emission



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Characteristics. International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development. 9, (2019) 1275-1282 [21] Ashok Kumar, Piyushi Nautiyal, and Kamalasish Dev. To Study the Effects of (CNG + Diesel) Under Dual Fuel Mode on Engine Performance and Emissions Characteristic. Sensor Letters, Vol. 17, 2019, 1–5 [22] Piyushi Nautiyal, K.A. Subramanian, M.G.Dastidar, and Ashok Kumar. Study Potential of Microalgae for Biodiesel Production. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research. Vol 6, Issue 6, 2019, 189-193



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design and analysis of a monowheel electric vehicle

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