design and a n alysis of algorithm introduction

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Design and Analysis of Algorithm Introduction Aryo Pinandito, ST, M.MT - PTIIK UB

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Design and A n alysis of Algorithm Introduction. Aryo Pinandito, ST, M.MT - PTIIK UB. Algoritma. Apa itu Algoritma ? Kenapa memerlukan algoritma ? Asal Usul Kata - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Design and Analysis of AlgorithmIntroduction

Aryo Pinandito, ST, M.MT - PTIIK UB

Page 2: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algoritma Apa itu Algoritma? Kenapa memerlukan algoritma?

Asal Usul Kata Kata algoritma dari nama Abu Ja'fat Mohammed

Ibn Musa al-Khowarizmi, seorang ilmuan Persia yang menulis buku berjudul Kitab al jabr w'al-muqabala (rules of restoration and reduction) sekitar tahun 825 Masehi

Tahun 1950 istilah algorithm selalu diasosiasikan dengan Euclid's algorithm, yaitu suatu proses yang menjelaskan cara mencari bilangan pembagi terbesar untuk dua buah bilangan.

Page 3: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Definisi Algoritma Merriam-Webster's Collegiet Dictionary istilah

algorithm diartikan sebagai prosedur langkah demi langkah untuk memecahkan masalah atau penyelesaian suatu tugas khususnya dengan menggunakan bantuan komputer

Step-by-step procedure for calculations. More precisely, it is an effective method expressed as a finite list of well-defined instructions for calculating a function

Page 4: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Syarat Algoritma Menurut Donald E Knuth (The Art of Computer

Programming), algoritma harus memenuhi persyaratan berikut: Input:

Memiliki nol atau lebih masukan dari luar. Output

Memiliki minimal satu buah keluaran. Definiteness (pasti)

Memiliki instruksi-instruksi yang jelas dan tidak ambigu. Finiteness (ada batas):

Memiliki titik berhenti (stopping role) Effectiveness (tepat dan efisien)

Sebisa mungkin harus dapat dilaksanakan dan efektif.

Page 5: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algorithm Definition Overview Algoritma mendeskripsikankan urutan

langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan suatu permasalahan dan memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut; Selalu memiliki terminasi/langkah akhir Setiap langkah dinyatakan secara jelas, tegas,

dan tidak bermakna ganda (ambigu) Setiap langkah sederhana, sehingga kinerjanya

efisien Memberikan hasil (output), mungkin dengan satu

atau tanpa input.

Page 6: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

What is a Program? A program is the expression of an algorithm

in a programming language a set of instructions which the computer will

follow to solve a problem

Page 7: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algoritma dalam Kerangka Penyelesaian Permasalahan

Permasalahan SolusiPenyelesai

anMasalah

AlgoritmaSource Code

ProgramExecutable

Code

Page 8: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algoritma: Kasus I Terdapat ember A yang berisi cairan biru dan

ember B yang berisi cairan kuning. Misalkan ada sesorang yang ingin menukarkan isi cairan dari kedua ember tersebut bagaimana caranya?

Page 9: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algoritma: Kasus II Ada dua buah ember dengan kapasitas 5 liter

dan 3 liter. Gunakan dua buah ember tersebut untuk mendapatkan tepat 4 liter air.

Page 10: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algoritma: Kasus III Misalkan seorang pemuda tiba ditepisebuah sungai.

Pemuda tersebut membawa seekor kambing, seekor serigala, dan sekeranjang sayur. Mereka hendak menyeberangi sungai. Pemuda itu menemukan sebuah perahu kecil yang hanya dapat memuat satu bawaannya setiap kali menyeberang. Situasinya dipersulit dengan kenyataan bahwa serigala tidak dapat ditinggal berdua dengan kambing (karena serigala akan memangsa kambing) atau kambing tidak dapat ditinggal berdua dengan sekeranjang sayur (karena kambing akan memakan sayur).

Bagaimana cara menyeberangkan pemuda dan seluruh bawaannya dengan selamat?

Page 11: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Notasi algoritmik Menggunakan uraian kalimat deskriptif Flow chart Pseudo code

Page 12: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

12

The study of algorithm How to devise/design algorithms How to express algorithms How to validate algorithms How to analyze algorithms How to test a program

Page 13: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

13

Importance of analyze algorithm Need to recognize limitations of various

algorithms for solving a problem Need to understand relationship between

problem size and running time When is a running program not good enough?

Need to learn how to analyze an algorithm's running time without coding it

Need to learn techniques for writing more efficient code

Need to recognize bottlenecks in code as well as which parts of code are easiest to optimize

Page 14: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

What do we analyze about them? Correctness

Does the input/output relation match algorithm requirement?

Amount of work done (aka complexity) Basic operations to do task

Amount of space used Memory used

Simplicity, clarity Verification and implementation.

Optimality Is it impossible to do better?

Page 15: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Kompleksitas algoritma The complexity of an algorithm is simply the

amount of work the algorithm performs to complete its task.

Ukuran yang digunakan untuk menyatakan keefektifan sebuah algoritma

Ukuran yang digunakan untuk mengukur seberapa besar pertumbuhan komputasi sebuah algoritma

Asymptotic Notations: O (big oh) (big omega) (big theta)

Page 16: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Example: The Minimum Number Problem Input: a sequence of integers stored in

array. Problem: Output the minimum.

Algorithm: Search

Page 17: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algorithm A

Page 18: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Algorithm Bcopy the input a to array t1; assign n size of input;

While n > 1For i 1 to n/2t2[ i ] min (t1 [ 2*i ], t1[ 2*i + 1] );copy array t2 to t1;n n/2;

Output t2[1];

Page 19: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

19

Visualization of Algorithm B8956 1134 720

6 5 8 7

5 7

5

Loop 1

Loop 2

Loop 3

Page 20: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

20

Algorithm C Using sort method to sort the input in

increasing order and return the first element of the sorted data.

8956 1134 720

5 6 7 8 9 11 20 34

Sorting black box

Page 21: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

21

Algorithm D

For each element, test whether it is the minimum.

Page 22: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

The algorithms are correct, but which is the best?

Measure the running time (number of operations needed).

Measure the amount of memory used.

Note that the running time of the algorithms increase as the size of the input increases.

Which Algorithm Is Better?

Page 23: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Correctness: Whether the algorithm computes the correct solution for all instances

Efficiency: Resources needed by the algorithm

1. Time: Number of steps.2. Space: Amount of memory used.

Measurement “model”: Worst case, Average case and Best case.

What do we need?

Page 24: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Measurement parameterized by the size of the input.

The algorithms A,B,C are implemented and run in a PC.

Algorithms D is implemented and run in a supercomputer.

Let Tk( n ) be the amount of time taken by the Algorithm

1000500Input Size

Tb (n)

Ta (n)

4

0

2

Tc (n)

Run

ning

tim

e

(sec

ond)

Td(n)

Time vs. Size of Input

Page 25: Design and A n alysis  of Algorithm Introduction

Terima KasihThank

You

Danke Gratias

Merci

ありがとうございます

감사합니다 Kiitos

谢谢ًشكرا

Grazias

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