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Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUBs): Integrating Methods and

Techniquesedited by Dirk H. de Boer, Wojciech Froehlich,

Takahisa Mizuyama & Alain PietroniroIAHS Publication 279 (December 2003) ISBN 1-901502-22-8; 250 + xii pp. Price £46.50

Abstracts of the papers in this volume can be seen at www.iahs.infowith information about other IAHS publications and activities

Human impact on runoff and erosion is increasing worldwide because of growing pressure to develop land and water resources. However, in many parts of the world runoff and erosion rates are not monitored, precluding an accurate assessment of human impact and sustainable practices. The objective of IAHS Symposium held at Sapporo, Japan, in July 2003, was to review recent developments in a wide range of methods and techniques that can be used to characterize runoff and erosion in ungauged basins, and to evaluate how to integrate the information obtained using remote sensing, GIS, modelling and other methods into a coherent view of the ungauged basin. This collection of 28 contibutions thus provides an up-to-date overview of work worldwide in this field.

It is arranged in four sections:– Field-based studies—current conditions – Field-based studies—historical perspectives– Empirical and physically-based models– Integrating models, GIS, and remote sensingand includes case studies from geomorphic environments as diverse as Greenland and Indonesia. The contents are listed overleaf.

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Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUBs): Integrating Methods and Techniques

Publ. 279 Contents

1 Field-based Studies—Current Conditions

Use of reconnaissance measure-ments to establish catchment sedi-ment budgets: a Zambian example D. E. Walling, A. L. Collins, H. M. Sichingabula & G. J. L. Leeks Erosion prediction in ungauged gla-cierized basins Jim Bogen & Truls E. BønsnesSoil erosion in the republic of mol-dova—the importance of institu-tional arrangements Wolfgang Summer & Wolfgang Di-ernhofer

2 Field-based Studies—Historical Perspectives

Identification of sources of sedi-ment to Lake Samsonvale (North Pine Dam), southeast Queensland, Australia Grant Douglas, Phillip Ford, Gary Jones & Mark Palmer Chronology of alluvial sediment us-ing the date of production of buried refuse: a case study in an ungauged river in central Japan Yoshimasa Kurashige, Hajime Kibayashi & Goro NakajimaSediment yield estimation and check dams in a semiarid area (Si-erra de Gádor, southern Spain) Wenceslao Martín-Rosales, Antonio Pulido-Bosch, Juan Gisbert & Angela VallejosReconstructing upland sediment budgets in ungauged catchments from reservoir sedimentation and rainfall records calibrated using short-term streamflow monitoring Victoria Holliday, David Higgitt, Jeff Warburton & Sue WhiteEstimation of erosion and sediment outflow in the recent past Takahisa Mizuyama, Akitsu Kimoto, Yuji Yas-uda, Yasuo Tomomatsu, Masaru Touhei & Masaharu Fujita

3 Empirical and Physically-based ModelsMathematical model for predicting soil erosion by flowing water in un-gauged watersheds U. C. Sharma & Vikas SharmaMethod for estimation of the deliv-ery of sediments and solutes from Greenland to the ocean Bent HasholtA distributed model for estimating erosion and deposition of sediment in the Yellow River basin Z. X. Xu, K. Takeuchi, H. Ishidaira & C. M. LiuPhysically-based mathematical for-mulation for hillslope scale predic-tion of erosion in ungauged basins Hafzullah Aksoy, M. Levent Kavvas & Jaeyoung YoonEvaluation of an erosion simulation model in a semiarid region of Brazil Vajapeyam S. Srinivasan, Ricardo de Aragão, Koichi Suzuki & Masahiro WatanabeApplication of a process-based model as a predictive tool for erosion loss in ungauged basins Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos, Vajapeyam S. Srinivasan & Carlos de Oliveira GalvãoApplication of the Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AGNPS) model for sediment yield and nutri-ent loss prediction in the Dumpul sub-watershed, Central Java, In-donesia Sutopo Purwo NugrohoReliability evaluation of rainfall–sed-iment–runoff models Takahiro Sayama, Kaoru Takara & Yasuto Tachikawa

4 Integrating Models, GIS, and Remote Sensing

Hydrological modelling of imper-fectly gauged basins: a new chal-lenge Xia Jun, Tan Ge, Li Xin & Zhu YizhongCalibrating the SEDD model for Si-cilian ungauged basins Vito Ferro, C. Di Stefano, Mario Minacapilli & Mario Santoro

Effects of land-use change on runoff response in the ungauged Ta-Chou basin, Taiwan Pao-Shan Yu, Yu-Chi Wang & Chun-Chao KuoDevelopment of an interactive em-beddable Geographic Information System (E-GIS) for soil erosion pre-diction Ahmad Munir & Muh. Nurdin AbdullahLand-use based GIS-modelling for sedimentation reduction at Bili-Bili Dam, Indonesia Muh. Nurdin Abdul-lah, Ahmad Munir & Syamsul Arifin LyasAssessment of gully erosion process dynamics for water resources man-agement in a semiarid catchment of Swaziland, Southern Africa Michael Märker & Aleksey SidorchukPredicting road erosion rates in se-lectively logged tropical rain forests Ian DouglasConstruction of sediment budgets in large scale drainage basins: the case of the upper Indus River Khawaja Faran Ali & Dirk H. De BoerFirst-order analysis of overland flow buffering in an ungauged fragmen-ted upland basin Alan D. Ziegler & Thomas W. GiambellucaApplicability of the Gavrilović method in erosion calculation using spatial data manipulation tech-niques Lidija Globevnik, Danko Holjević, Gregor Petkovšek & Josip RubinićQuantitative estimation of degrada-tion in the Aliakmon River basin us-ing GIS Dimitrios A. Emmanouloudis, Odysseas P. Christou & Evangelos I. FilippidisSpaceborne radar interferometry: a promising tool for hydrological ana-lysis in mountain alluvial fan envir-onments F. Catani, P. Farina, S. Moretti & G. Nico

Related Publications in the Same Series

The Structure, Function and Management Implications of Fluvial Sedimentary Systems edited by F. J. Dyer, M. C. Thoms & J. M. Olley The proceedings volume of a symposium held at Alice Springs, Australia, as a contribution to UNESCO IHP-V Project 2.1: Vegetation, Land Use and Erosion. The papers cover a range of topics pertaining to fluvial sedimentary systems, recognizing their role and the way in which they are managed for the health of riverine systems. Balancing the needs of humans with those of riverine ecosystems requires information as to how fluvial sedimentary systems impact on riverine ecology. Flood plains have a crucial role as temporary storages of water, sediment and nutrients; any ecological management needs to address this.Publ. 276 (2002) ISBN 1-901502-96-1; 484 + xii pp.; £72.00

The Role of Erosion and Sediment Transport in Nutrient and Contaminant Transferedited by M. StoneIncreasing awareness of the effects of sediment-associated chemical transfer on water quality and ecosystem health has raised concern globally for the sustainable use of water resources worldwide. The rates and magnitudes of nutrient and contaminant transfer vary in space and time according to the nature of erosion processes, sediment sources and conveyance, and in-stream processes. Information regarding the spatial and temporal variation of sediment sources as well as sediment

properties and environmental factors affecting transport processes, is required for modelling of sediment-associated nutrient and contaminant transfer to enable planning and management for the sustainable use of water resources. Publ. 263 (2000) ISBN 1-901502-26-0; 308 + xii pp.; £48.00

The Hydrology–Geomorphology Interface: Rainfall, Floods, Sedimentation, Land Use edited by Marwan A. Hassan, Olav Slaymaker & Simon M. BerkowiczThis book reflects the complex functioning of the drainage basin sediment cascade and follows the flux of water and sediment from source to sink. Fluvial geomorphology and related processes in arid areas are a particular focus. The 20 chapters derive from a conference at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel, on the theme of drainage basin processes and morphology. The rainfall input to arid geomorphic systems is considered in detail; understanding its temporal and spatial distribution is a prerequisite of successful rainfall–runoff modelling. Modelling and erosion studies in the Negev (Israel), Australia, Slovakia and the USA are reported. The geomorphic effectiveness of high magnitude events, e.g. tropical storms in Baja California, USA and India, are considered. Four chapters provide information about the functioning of drainage basins obtained from lacustrine sedimentary evidence. Financial sponsorship for this publication was provided by the Hebrew University of JerusalemPubl. 261 (2000) ISBN 1-901502-16-3; 326 + x pp.; £49.00

Contents

Preface by Dirk de Boer, Wojciech Froehlich, Takahisa Mizuyama & Alain Pietroniro

v

1 Field-based Studies—Current Conditions

Use of reconnaissance measurements to establish catchment sediment budgets: a Zambian example D. E. Walling, A. L. Collins, H. M. Sichingabula & G. J. L. Leeks

3

Erosion prediction in ungauged glacierized basins Jim Bogen & Truls E. Bønsnes

13

Soil erosion in the republic of moldova—the importance of insti-tutional arrangements Wolfgang Summer & Wolfgang Diernhofer

24

2 Field-based Studies—Historical Perspectives

Identification of sources of sediment to Lake Samsonvale (North Pine Dam), southeast Queensland, Australia Grant Douglas, Phillip Ford, Gary Jones & Mark Palmer

33

Chronology of alluvial sediment using the date of production of buried refuse: a case study in an ungauged river in central Japan

Yoshimasa Kurashige, Hajime Kibayashi & Goro Nakajima

43

Sediment yield estimation and check dams in a semiarid area (Sierra de Gádor, southern Spain) Wenceslao Martín-Rosales, Antonio Pulido-Bosch, Juan Gisbert & An-gela Vallejos

51

Reconstructing upland sediment budgets in ungauged catch-ments from reservoir sedimentation and rainfall records calib-rated using short-term streamflow monitoring Victoria Holliday, David Higgitt, Jeff Warburton & Sue White

59

Estimation of erosion and sediment outflow in the recent past Takahisa Mizuyama, Akitsu Kimoto, Yuji Yasuda, Yasuo Tomomatsu, Masaru Touhei & Masaharu Fujita

68

3 Empirical and Physically-based Models

Mathematical model for predicting soil erosion by flowing water in ungauged watersheds U. C. Sharma & Vikas Sharma

79

Method for estimation of the delivery of sediments and solutes from Greenland to the ocean Bent Hasholt

84

A distributed model for estimating erosion and deposition of sed-iment in the Yellow River basin Z. X. Xu, K. Takeuchi, H. Ishidaira & C. M. Liu

93

Physically-based mathematical formulation for hillslope scale prediction of erosion in ungauged basins Hafzullah Aksoy, M. Levent Kavvas & Jaeyoung Yoon

101

Evaluation of an erosion simulation model in a semiarid region of Brazil Vajapeyam S. Srinivasan, Ricardo de Aragão, Koichi Suzuki & Masahiro Watanabe

109

Application of a process-based model as a predictive tool for erosion loss in ungauged basins Celso Augusto Guimarães Santos, Vajapeyam S. Srinivasan & Carlos de Oliveira Galvão

117

Application of the Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AG-NPS) model for sediment yield and nutrient loss prediction in the Dumpul sub-watershed, Central Java, Indonesia Sutopo Purwo Nugroho

125

Reliability evaluation of rainfall–sediment–runoff models Takahiro Sayama, Kaoru Takara & Yasuto Tachikawa

131

4 Integrating Models, GIS, and Remote Sensing

Hydrological modelling of imperfectly gauged basins: a new challenge Xia Jun, Tan Ge, Li Xin & Zhu Yizhong

145

Calibrating the SEDD model for Sicilian ungauged basins Vito Ferro, Costanza Di Stefano, Mario Minacapilli & Mario Santoro

151

Effects of land-use change on runoff response in the ungauged Ta-Chou basin, Taiwan Pao-Shan Yu, Yu-Chi Wang & Chun-Chao Kuo

162

Development of an interactive embeddable Geographic Information System (E-GIS) for soil erosion prediction Ahmad Munir & Muh. Nurdin Abdullah

171

Land-use based GIS-modelling for sedimentation reduction at Bili-Bili Dam, Indonesia Muh. Nurdin Abdullah, Ahmad Munir & Syamsul Arifin Lyas

180

Assessment of gully erosion process dynamics for water resources management in a semiarid catchment of Swaziland (Southern Africa) Michael Märker & Aleksey Sidorchuk

188

Predicting road erosion rates in selectively logged tropical rain forests Ian Douglas

199

Construction of sediment budgets in large scale drainage basins: the case of the upper Indus River Khawaja Faran Ali & Dirk H. De Boer

206

First-order analysis of overland flow buffering in an ungauged fragmented upland basin Alan D. Ziegler & Thomas W. Giambelluca

216

Applicability of the Gavrilović method in erosion calculation using spatial data manipulation techniques Lidija Globevnik, Danko Holjević, Gregor Petkovšek & Josip Rubinić

224

Quantitative estimation of degradation in the Aliakmon River basin using GIS Dimitrios A. Emmanouloudis, Odysseas P. Christou & Evangelos I. Filippidis

234

Spaceborne radar interferometry: a promising tool for hydrolo-gical analysis in mountain alluvial fan environments F. Catani, P. Farina, S. Moretti & G. Nico

241

Key word index 249

Preface

This book contains 28 papers that resulted from the IAHS Symposium entitled: Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB): Integrating Methods and Techniques The symposium was part of the XXIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, and took place 8–9 July 2003, in Sapporo, Japan. The objective of the two-day symposium was to review recent progress in the development of methods for predicting erosion in ungauged basins. In many parts of the world, erosion rates and sediment yields are not, or only poorly, monitored. This problem is particularly evident in developing countries, where this information is most urgently required. In addition, a lack of historical and current information in many basins prevents the evaluation and prediction of changes in process rates in the future.

The symposium was convened as a contribution to the Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB) initiative of IAHS. The goal of PUB is the prediction of flow, sediment and water quality variables at multiple scales. In PUB, prediction is not based on the availability of measured data. The absence of data precludes tuning or calibrating predictive models, and PUB hence requires the development of new predictive approaches based on a deep understanding of hydrological functioning at multiple space–time scales. The symposium brought together scientists from around the world, who have used different approaches to address the sediment-related aspects of the PUB problem.

During the symposium, the presenters described a wide variety of approaches to predicting erosion in ungauged basins. In this book, the papers are arranged into four sections that each emphasize a particular approach. The first two sections are comprised of papers that emphasize field studies. The first of these is entitled Field-based Studies—Current Conditions, and the three papers in this section focus on the estimation of current process rates. In the second section, Field-based Studies—Historical Perspectives, five papers describe studies aimed at evaluating erosion rates in the recent past to provide a long-term point of view.

From the papers in the first two sections of the book, the following general themes become apparent: (a) Isotopes such as Cs-137 and Pb-210 can play an important role in the

reconstruction of the erosional record, as they allow dating of sediment and, in the case of caesium, can be used to trace topsoil as it moves through the drainage basin.

(b) Reconnaissance studies using these tracers are a useful tool to establish preliminary sediment budgets in regions where sediment data are scarce or absent. If necessary, this approach can then be used to decide where more detailed monitoring will be most effective.

(c) Studying the sediment deposited in valleys and in reservoirs and lakes is an important tool for estimating sediment yields in areas where the monitoring network is sparse or absent, and for extending the process record to the past. Combining such studies with contemporary process observations can be very effective for estimating how erosion rates and sediment yields have responded to changes in land use, climate, and other controlling factors.

(d) There is a need for techniques that can be used to determine the individual contributions of multiple sources to the sediment mix accumulated in reservoirs and lakes.

Many of the papers presented at the symposium featured models, ranging from regression models to physically-based, distributed models. The book’s third section, Empirical and Physically-Based Models, contains eight papers that describe various models of erosion at a variety of scales, ranging from a single plot to part of a continent. The modelling approach is further expanded in the fourth section, Integrating Models, GIS, and Remote Sensing, which is comprised of twelve papers that address the use of GIS and remote sensing to parameterize erosional models at the drainage basin scale.

The following modelling-related themes emerge from these papers:(a) The use of a GIS for processing spatial information on elevation, surface material

characteristics, climate, vegetation, land-use and other variables data is a well-established approach when modelling erosion in large drainage basins.

(b) Dividing a drainage basin into sections that are homogeneous in terms of erosional response is an effective and practical method for handling the spatial variation in the controlling factors. Such homogeneous sections have been called “erosion response units” (ERUs, see Märker & Sidorchuk, this volume), and are analogous to the hydrological response units (HRUs) that are widely used in flood modelling. Much research, however, needs to be carried out to investigate topics such as the optimal size of ERUs in relation to the drainage area, and the impact of variability within the ERU on erosion rates and sediment yield.

(c) Global data sets such as GTOPO30 are a readily available source of the elevation data required for modelling sediment transport in the drainage basins of large rivers such as the Indus and the Yellow River.

(d) The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), or variations thereof, is frequently used as the basis of models of erosion and sediment yield in drainage basins at a variety of scales, even though in essence the USLE is a plot-scale model developed for application in the United States of America. However, it must be emphasized that this is a case of misapplication rather than a fault inherent in the model.

(e) The previous issue highlights the need to develop innovative approaches and concepts for modelling erosion and sediment transport in drainage basins, especially in larger-scale basins where sediment storage within the valleys and the channel network, rather than erosion on the slope surfaces, becomes the dominant control of sediment transport. Thus, sediment routing and delivery ratios dominate the erosional response at the drainage basin scale.

(f) There is a need to devise methods to quantify the uncertainty of modelling results, which for sediment yields and erosion rates can be substantial because of uncertainties in the parameterization, and because of uncertainties in the erosional response of the basin.

One of the outcomes of the symposium is that it is clear that predicting sediment yields and erosion rates in ungauged basins is a problem that is much more difficult than predicting the flow of water. Considerable effort will be required to advance our understanding of how drainage basin characteristics and basin hydrology affect the supply and transport of sediment at the drainage basin scale. This effort will require the coordination of modelling and fieldwork in basins specifically selected for this purpose in the future.

Symposium HS01 was convened jointly by the IAHS International Commissions on Continental Erosion (ICCE), Remote Sensing (ICRS), and the other commissions. The editors would like to thank the authors for the high standard of their contributions, and the reviewers for their prompt and insightful comments. Finally,

many thanks are due to Cate Gardner and Penny Farnell for their efforts in preparing the final version of this book.

Editor in chief:Dirk de Boer

University of Saskatchewan, Canada

Co-editors:Wojciech Froehlich

Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

Takahisa MizuyamaKyoto University, Japan

Alain PietroniroNational Water Research Institute, Canada

Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Integrating Methods and Techniques (Proceedings of symposium HS01 held during IUGG2003 at Sapporo, July 2003). IAHS Publ. no. 279, 2003, p. 3–12.

Use of reconnaissance measurements to establish catchment sediment budgets: a Zambian example

D. E. WALLING, A. L. COLLINSDepartment of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, [email protected]

H. M. SICHINGABULADepartment of Geography, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia

G. J. L. LEEKS Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK

Abstract The sediment budget of a catchment represents a key tool for understanding its sediment dynamics and for developing effective sediment management and control strategies. To date, however, there are few, if any, reliable procedures for predicting the sediment budget of an ungauged catchment. In the absence of such prediction procedures, recourse must be made to direct measurements to provide the necessary information to synthesize the sediment budget. An intensive programme of field measurements would be needed to obtain a detailed sediment budget for a catchment, but reconnaissance measurements can provide sufficient information to synthesize a generalized sediment budget that will be adequate for many requirements. An approach employing such reconnaissance measurements has been developed by the authors and tested in a small (63 km 2) catchment in southern Zambia. The key components involve: establishing the catchment sediment yield, use of sediment fingerprinting techniques to establish the relative importance of different sediment sources, and use of caesium-137 measurements to obtain information on gross and net soil loss under different land-use types and on rates of flood plain sedimentation. The resulting data can be used to synthesize the catchment sediment budget.Key words caesium-137; deposition; erosion; reconnaissance measurements; sediment budget; sediment source fingerprinting; sediment storage

____________________________________________________________________________________Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Integrating Methods and Techniques (Proceedings of symposium HS01 held during IUGG2003 at Sapporo, July 2003). IAHS Publ. no. 279, 2003, p. 13–23.

Erosion prediction in ungauged glacierized basins

JIM BOGEN & TRULS E. BØNSNESNorwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, PO Box 5091, Maj. 0301, Norway [email protected]

Abstract Methods to estimate sediment yields in ungauged glacierized areas are discussed and the sediment load in ungauged parts of the Svartisen hydropower scheme in northern Norway is estimated as an example. Long-term measurements of sediment yields of various glaciers in Norway revealed that erosion rates to a large extent are controlled by bedrock geology, glacial variables and large scale morphology of each individual glacier. Measurements of bed load Gb and suspended load Gs of two glaciers gave a relation Gb = k Gs. Long-term values of the parameter k were found to vary between 0.67 and 1.0. The existence of such a relationship is due to the fact that suspended load is derived from abrasion and crushing of the coarser glacially quarried material. In the Svartisen hydropower scheme, direct measurements of sediment fluxes were carried out at selected locations. The sediment yields of the remaining ungauged catchments were then estimated from an evaluation of each individual glacier and the underlying bedrock. This gave as a result a suspended load and a bed load of 7100 t year -1 and 4760 t year-1, respectively, for the eastern tunnel, and of 20 300 and 13 600 t year-1, respectively, for the southern tunnel complex. The amount of sediment delivered by the glaciers draining directly into the reservoir was calculated as 103 000 t year-1, using sedimentation rates in dated sediment cores from the reservoir bed. The sediment yield of other glacier areas is discussed.Key words bed load; glacial erosion rate; hydropower planning; sediment yield; suspended load; ungauged glacierized basins


Soil erosion in the Republic of Moldova—the importance of institutional arrangements

WOLFGANG SUMMERIAHS-ICCE Austria, FH-Campus Vienna, Akademiestrasse 12, A-1010 Vienna, [email protected]

WOLFGANG DIERNHOFERIAHS 2020 Working Group, c/o Allplan Ltd, Schwindgasse 10, A-1040 Vienna, Austria

Abstract Due to the breakdown of the former Soviet Union, the centrally organized large-scale agricultural structures became obsolete as markets for agricultural products disappeared overnight. The Republic of Moldova was left with an energy- and cost-intensive agricultural infrastructure. It was impossible to quickly adopt the existing infrastructure to the regional needs of the country. In addition, natural processes such as drought, and soil loss due to extensive landslides, wind erosion, degradation of soil fertility and many other negative erosion-related impacts, threatened the agricultural productivity of the soils as well as agricultural economy and the wealth of the rural population. It is estimated that soil erosion in Moldova results in a financial loss of 45–55 million Euro annually. The lack of available information and data on natural processes, as well as the lack of legal and strategic guidance to farmers, can be seen as a major cause of the devastating situation of the country. Key words benefits; costs; institutions; legislation; Moldova; policy; soil erosion and conservation


Identification of sources of sediment to Lake Samsonvale (North Pine Dam), southeast Queensland, Australia

GRANT DOUGLAS, PHILLIP FORDCSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag no. 5, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, [email protected]

GARY JONES Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, University of Canberra, GPO Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia

MARK PALMER CSIRO Mathematical and Information Sciences, Private Bag no. 5, Wembley, Western Australia 6913, Australia

Abstract Lake Samsonvale (North Pine Dam, NPD) is a major reservoir, of approximately 22 km2 with a capacity of 215 000 Ml and drainage area of 347 km2, which supplies drinking water to Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland in eastern Australia. Historically, there are large and persistent blooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in NPD, and it was hypothesized that their occurrence and biomass were related to input of sediment-bound phosphorus from the drainage basin. The NPD drainage basin is ungauged and few estimates of (sub)drainage basin sediment loads exist. This paper develops a Bayesian approach utilizing endmember models to estimate, based on major and trace element geochemical signatures, the proportion of various drainage basin sediment sources in sediment samples taken from NPD. This approach not only allows for the incorporation of prior knowledge about the geochemical composition of the sources (or endmembers), but also allows for correlation between spatially contiguous samples and the prediction of the sediment composition at unsampled locations.Key words algal bloom; Australia; Bayesian mixing model; geochemistry; Monte Carlo Markov Chain; principal component analysis;

reservoir; trace elements


Chronology of alluvial sediment using the date of production of buried refuse: a case study in an ungauged river in central Japan

YOSHIMASA KURASHIGESchool of Environmental Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone 522-8533, [email protected]

HAJIME KIBAYASHIBiwako Broadcasting Co. Ltd, 16-1 Tsurunosato, Otsu 520-8585, Japan

GORO NAKAJIMA Nikken Technical Consulting Co. Ltd, 6-4-3 Tanimachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 542-0021, Japan

Abstract Items of buried refuse bearing the date of manufacture permit determination of the date of deposition of alluvial sediment in the Inukami River, central Japan. Three layers were found in alluvial sediments at 1.6 km and 1.8 km upstream from the river mouth. Dates of manufacture could be read from eight items from the top layer (Layer 2) and eleven from the second (Layer 1). Materials younger than 1990 were found in Layer 2, showing that this layer was deposited in 1990. By the same method, we determined that Layer 1 was deposited in 1987. In contrast, at a site 3.5 km upstream of the river mouth, the period of manufacture could be found only from one piece of refuse (made from 1973 to 1976). The composition of pieces of refuse revealed that the top layer was deposited between 1973 and the early 1980s.Key words alluvial sediment; buried refuse; chronology; date of manufacture


Sediment yield estimation and check dams in a semiarid area (Sierra de Gádor, southern Spain)

WENCESLAO MARTÍN-ROSALESDepartment of Geodynamics, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, [email protected]

ANTONIO PULIDO-BOSCH, JUAN GISBERT & ANGELA VALLEJOSDepartment of Hydrogeology, University of Almería, E-04120 Almería, Spain

Abstract The carbonate massif of the Sierra de Gádor (southern Spain) constitutes the natural recharge area of the Campo de Dalías aquifer system. The Campo de Dalías is a semiarid area covered by 20 000 ha of greenhouses yielding significant economic returns. The uncontrolled development of this agricultural activity has produced an increase in the risk of flooding. In 1977 the Spanish authorities carried out a soil and vegetation restoration programme that included the construction of 107 check dams. The effectiveness of the check dams in trapping sediment has been evaluated in the present study. The calculated sediment yield is 50 m 3 km-2 year-1, although in some basins values of nearly 2100 m3 km-2 year-1 have been estimated. These results show the usefulness of check dams, which are numerous in the Mediterranean region, as a tool for quantifying water erosion in small, ungauged basins.Key words check dams; sediment yield; southern Spain


Reconstructing upland sediment budgets in ungauged catchments from reservoir sedimentation and rainfall records calibrated using short-term streamflow monitoring

VICTORIA HOLLIDAY1, DAVID HIGGITT1,2, JEFF WARBURTON1 & SUE WHITE3

1 Department of Geography, University of Durham, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, [email protected]

2 Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, 1 Arts Link, Kent Ridge, 117570 Singapore 3 Institute of Water and Environment, Cranfield University, Silsoe, Bedfordshire MK42 4DT, UK

Abstract The estimation of sediment yield in upland environments is a difficult task, compounded by the scarcity of long-term environmental monitoring. This is a significant problem when assessing sedimentation in upland reservoirs where sediment budget information is limited. Concerns about climate change and the likelihood of more frequent extreme events emphasise the need for predictive capability without reliance on gauging records. The results reported in this paper form part of an EU-funded programme (WARMICE) investigating the potential impact of sedimentation on water resource management in upland environments. Evaluation of the sediment transfer system of a representative reservoir catchment in the North Pennines, UK, has used reservoir core records to reconstruct sediment accumulation rates and infer changes in sediment supply. The paper examines how geomorphological evidence, coupled with short-term monitoring and rainfall records, can be used to construct approximate sediment budgets. It also demonstrates how recent climatic variations identified in the region have impacted on the sediment transfer system.Key words reservoir sedimentation; sediment budget; uplands


Estimation of erosion and sediment outflow in the recent past

TAKAHISA MIZUYAMA, AKITSU KIMOTODivision of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, [email protected]

YUJI YASUDA, YASUO TOMOMATSUSabo Technical Center, 4-8-21, Kudan-minami Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0074, Japan

MASARU TOUHEIKinki Regional Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, 1-5-44 Ohtemae Chuo-ku, Osaka city, Osaka 540-8586, Japan

MASAHARU FUJITADisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji City, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan

Abstract The mountains surrounding Kyoto and its vicinity were completely devastated until about 100 years ago because of over-logging for firewood and lumber. The area’s bedrock of weathered granite was bare in those days, and the mountains were white as if covered with snow. The production of large volumes of sediment raised riverbeds downstream and caused frequent flooding. Intense hillside sabo works (erosion control works), comprised of terracing and tree plantations, have been implemented for the last 100 years. Today, the area is almost completely covered with vegetation. Erosion rates in the area have been measured for the last 30 years. The data

obtained were analysed and an erosion prediction method was developed. The method uses rainfall, topography of the slopes and basins, and the condition of vegetation as parameters. The method was applied to the area to estimate the erosion and sediment outflow 100 years ago. Riverbed elevation changes are also est imated using a sediment routing method based on the estimated erosion as a boundary condition. Key words air photos; bedload; erosion; hillside works; historical map; riverbed elevation change; sediment routing; suspended load; washload____________________________________________________________________________________Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Integrating Methods and Techniques (Proceedings of symposium HS01 held during IUGG2003 at Sapporo, July 2003). IAHS Publ. no. 279, 2003, p. 79–83.

Mathematical model for predicting soil erosion by flowing water in ungauged watersheds

U. C. SHARMA & VIKAS SHARMACNRM, VPO Tarore, Bari Brahmnam – 181133, Jammu and Kashmir, [email protected]

Abstract A model was developed for estimating soil erosion by flowing water in ungauged watersheds from four parameters: slope; annual rainfall; clay content; and vegetation cover. The mathematical model is: soil erosion (t ha–1) = 41.73 + 0.181 × slope (%) + 0.046 × rainfall (cm) – 0.387 × clay (%) – 8.125 × vegetation cover factor. The vegetation cover was ranked on a scale of 1 to 5, 1 being bare soil surface, and 5 the extremely dense forests with trees, bushes and grasses. The model was applied to the data obtained from gauged watersheds during subsequent years for validity and was found quite effective in estimating soil erosion by water. However, further investigations are required to refine the model. Furthermore, because the gauged watersheds comprise only a minute fraction of the total ungauged area of the region, estimating soil erosion estimation necessitates spatial extrapolation on a spatial and temporal basis.Key words mathematical model; partial regression; prediction; soil erosion; vegetation cover


Method for estimation of the delivery of sediments and solutes from Greenland to the ocean

BENT HASHOLTInstitute of Geography, University of Copenhagen, Oster Voldgade 10, DK 1350 K, Denmark [email protected]

Abstract Greenland is the largest island in the world, with an area 2 415 100 km2 and a smoothed coastline length of 7500 km, bordering the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the sea between west Greenland and Canada. Very few gauging stations at which discharge is measured are located in this huge area, and the dissolved and sediment load are monitored at even fewer stations. Estimating the supply of sediment and solutes to the surrounding seas is therefore in reality a case of estimating loads from an ungauged area. This presentation discusses methods for estimation, and presents preliminary estimates of loads.Key words dissolved load; Greenland; sediment load; ungauged basins


A distributed model for estimating erosion and deposition of sediment in the Yellow River basin

Z. X. XU1,2, K. TAKEUCHI1, H. ISHIDAIRA1 & C. M. LIU2

1 Institute of Materials and Environmental Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Yamanashi University, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu 400-8511, [email protected]

2 College of Resources and Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Abstract In this paper, a spatially distributed model for simulating the water budget and estimating erosion is discussed and applied to the basin of the Wei River, the largest tributary of the Yellow River. A digital elevation model (DEM) is created from the elevation data using the ArcView GIS software package. Routing of the water and sediment to the basin outlet is performed using the simplified equations of continuity and momentum for both water and sediment. The model is calibrated by using available field data on precipita tion and other climatological observations in the study area. The numerical simulation shows that the proposed mathematical model is able to adequately simulate the water and sediment budgets in the drainage basin. The model results also show that the combination of GIS and a spatially distributed model has greatly improved the capability for simulating streamflow, erosion and transport of sediment at the basin scale.Key words China; distributed hydrological model; drainage basin; erosion; GIS; sediment; Wei River; Yellow River


Physically-based mathematical formulation for hillslope-scale prediction of erosion in ungauged basins

HAFZULLAH AKSOYIstanbul Technical University, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics Division,80626 Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey [email protected]

M. LEVENT KAVVAS & JAEYOUNG YOONUniversity of California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Davis, California 95616, USA

Abstract An explicit finite difference scheme for erosion and sediment transport on upland areas of a watershed is derived. The derivation is based on the unsteady state one-dimensional sediment continuity and momentum equations, simplified with the kinematic wave approximation. The derivation ends up with a linear partial differential equation. Upland erosion is thought of as sheet erosion incorporating the effects of rainfall and runoff by way of non-physical calibration parameters. Calibration of these parameters is of great importance for ungauged basins where data do not exist. A finite difference scheme is chosen to solve the resulting equation, together with appropriate boundary and initial conditions. A hypothetical data set was used to evaluate the applicability of the model developed in the study. The performance of the model at the hillslope scale indicates that it has potential for application at the watershed-scale.Key words erosion; hillslope; mathematical model; rainfall erosion; runoff erosion; ungauged basin


Evaluation of an erosion simulation model in a semiarid region of Brazil

VAJAPEYAM S. SRINIVASANDepartment of Civil Engineering, Centre for Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Campina Grande, 58109-970 Campina Grande, Paraíba, [email protected]

RICARDO DE ARAGÃO, KOICHI SUZUKI & MASAHIRO WATANABEDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-Cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan

mailto:[email protected]

Abstract Runoff and erosion data were collected in an experimental basin during natural rainfall events on plots and microscale basins. A hydrodynamic model was chosen for calibration and simulation, and calibration was carried out for each of the chosen observed events. Two model parameters were related to an antecedent moisture index. The accuracy of the calibrated model and the parameters was tested by applying them to an adjacent microscale basin. The model simulated the runoff values well, even with the estimated parameter values, but the calculated erosion values showed larger variations, underlining the complexity of the erosion process. However, the model could be considered a reasonable tool for obtaining a first estimate of erosion from basins without adequate data but with similar characteristics.Key words modelling; simulation; semiarid; soil erosion


Application of a process-based model as a predictive tool for erosion loss in ungauged basins

CELSO AUGUSTO GUIMARÃES SANTOS1, VAJAPEYAM S. SRINIVASAN2 & CARLOS DE OLIVEIRA GALVÃO2

1 Department of Technology for Civil Engineering Constructions, Federal University of Paraíba, 58059-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, [email protected]

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Av. Aprígio Veloso 882, 58109-970 Campina Grande, Paraíba, Brazil

Abstract In semiarid northeastern Brazil, small and medium sized river basins have no monitoring devices that can help to estimate erosion rates and sediment yields. The Experimental Basin of Sumé was installed in the early 1980s, with four microbasins and nine erosion plots, to help understand the processes involved and to serve as a first step towards finding ways to estimate runoff and erosion in ungauged basins. The dataset collected up until the early 1990s represents a unique and valuable source of information about runoff and erosion in this region. A process-based, event-oriented model (WESP) has been successfully calibrated utilizing the data collected in the experimental basin. The calibrated model and data from erosion plots in the experimental basin were used to obtain an empirical regional soil loss equation of the type proposed by Musgrave. The results seem quite promising, and the proposed method has the potential of being a reliable predictive tool for basins without data in the region. Key words Brazil; erosion; experimental basin; process-based model; regional relationships; WESP


Application of the Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution (AGNPS) model for sediment yield and nutrient loss prediction in the Dumpul sub-watershed, Central Java, Indonesia

SUTOPO PURWO NUGROHOThe Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Soil erosion is one of Indonesia’s most serious environmental degradation problems. Reliable measurements of erosion rates, however, remain uncommon, and estimates of soil productivity are even more rare. Assessing the extent and seriousness of erosion therefore remains a difficult task. Never theless, identification and assessment of erosion problems play an important role in bringing about better land-use and conservation practices. The Agricultural Non-Point Sources Pollution Model (AGNPS) model can be used for developing drainage basin management plans. The model was used to identify critical areas within the drainage basin where land treatment should be focused for optimal results. Furthermore, land and water conservation measures can be implemented in

critical areas, while taking into consideration the bio-geophysical conditions in the drainage basin. Application of the AGNPS model to the Dumpul sub-drainage basin in central Java resulted in a coefficient of determination of 0.94 between observations and AGNPS results when the model was used for computing sedimentation rates. The relationship between modelled vs measured nutrient and phosphorus loss and chemical oxygen demand has a coefficient of determination of 0.98. Sediment yield, nutrient loss, phosphorus loss, and chemical oxygen demand calculated by the AGNPS model have values of 420, 6.8, 4.3 and 0.1 kg ha-1, respectively. The modelling result for the Dumpul sub-drainage basin indicates that changing land use to housing areas would increase peak runoff volume, peak runoff flow rate, sediment yield, nitrogen loss, phosphorus loss, and chemical oxygen demand by 37, 40, 118, 87, 91 and 110%, respectively. Conversely, implementing land and water conservation in the form of contouring of the entire drainage basin would decrease these variables by 33, 30, 57, 46, 47 and 41%, respectively. AGNPS results indicate that a combination of contouring and terracing would decrease these losses by 52, 51, 77, 68, 69 and 72%, respectively.Key words AGNPS; Indonesia; sediment yield


Reliability evaluation of rainfall–sediment–runoff models

TAKAHIRO SAYAMAGraduate School of Civil Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, [email protected]

KAORU TAKARA, YASUTO TACHIKAWADisaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University & CREST, JST, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan

Abstract This paper proposes a method of evaluating model reliability based on a Monte Carlo simulation technique, and applies it to distributed rainfall–sediment–runoff models with different complexity in the rainfall–runoff processes. The proposed evaluation method indicates that the model dealing with subsurface flow and surface flow is the most reliable among the three models for the Lesti River basin, for which hourly rainfall discharge sequences are available. By using the evaluated rainfall–runoff process models, sediment erosion and transportation in the Lesti River basin are simulated.Key words distributed rainfall–sediment–runoff model; model reliability; Monte Carlo simulation; optimum model complexity

____________________________________________________________________________________Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Integrating Methods and Techniques (Proceedings of symposium HS01 held during IUGG2003 at Sapporo, July 2003). IAHS Publ. no. 279, 2003, 145–150.

Hydrological modelling of imperfectly gauged basins: a new challenge

XIA JUN1,2, TAN GE1, LI XIN3 & ZHU YIZHONG1

1 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Surface Process, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, [email protected]

2 State Key Laboratories of Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China3 Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China

Abstract Prediction in Ungauged Basins (PUB) is a recent initiative undertaken by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS). As the biggest developing country in the world, China has to face the difficulty that many basins are ungauged or, at best, imperfectly gauged. This paper discusses major directions of research on PUB in China, and in particular the unit hydrograph methods applied to the prediction of flooding in ungauged basins in China. Moreover, this paper describes the advantages of using new systematic theories and methods that rely on computer technology and remote sensing. Numerical simulation models will be the new way for PUB. This paper suggests a comparison study between well-gauged and ungauged basins. Furthermore, some new theories and technologies used for ungauged basin simulation are appraised, such as distributed hydrological modelling, remote sensing, and four-dimensional data assimilation systems. Finally, some thoughts on hydrological studies in ungauged basins are presented.

Key words China; hydrological prediction; PUB; ungauged basins


Calibrating the SEDD model for Sicilian ungauged basins

VITO FERRO, COSTANZA DI STEFANO, MARIO MINACAPILLIDipartimento di Ingegneria e tecnologie Agro-Forestali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, I-90128 Palermo, [email protected]

MARIO SANTORODipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.

Abstract Identifying the areas in a drainage basin that are the most sensitive or susceptible to erosion stimulated the study of within-basin variability of the sediment delivery processes and the use of spatially distributed models coupled with Geographical Information Systems. In this paper, the SEdiment Delivery Distributed (SEDD) model applicable at the morphological unit scale is reviewed. The model couples the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), in which different expressions of the topographic factors are considered, with a relationship for evaluating the sediment delivery ratio of each morphological unit. The model is applied to six Sicilian drainage basins, each having a reservoir at the outlet, with areas ranging from 20 to 70 km2. For each drainage basin, the model is applied using a raster scheme and a subroutine of Arc-Info software for identifying the hydraulic path linking each hillslope cell to the nearest stream cell. Finally, a procedure for estimating the single coefficient of the SEDD model for ungauged basins is proposed.Key words distributed models; GIS; SEDD model; sediment yield measurements; soil erosion; USLE


Effects of land-use change on runoff response in the ungauged Ta-Chou basin, Taiwan

PAO-SHAN YU, YU-CHI WANG & CHUN-CHAO KUODepartment of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan [email protected]

Abstract Land development and urbanization have increased significantly in Taiwan over the last two decades because of the increasing population and economic development. The ungauged Ta-Chou basin, which is representative of drainage basins undergoing these changes, was chosen to investigate the effects of land-use change on surface runoff. Supervised classification of Landsat MSS and SPOT satellite images was used to show land-use change from 1972 to 2000. During this period, the area of impervious land increased by approximately 220%, and the area occupied by rice paddies decreased by about 55%. Results from a distributed rainfall–runoff model reveal that the observed land-use change causes increases in both peak discharge and total runoff. For design storms having return periods ranging from 10 to 200 years, peak discharge increased from 6 to 10% and total runoff increased from 10 to 17%. The methods outlined may be used to investigate the effects of land-use change on runoff response in ungauged basins elsewhere.Key words geographic information systems; land-use change; rainfall–runoff model; remote sensing; Ta-Chou basin, Taiwan; ungauged basin


Development of an interactive embeddable Geographic Information System (E-GIS) for soil erosion prediction

AHMAD MUNIR & MUH. NURDIN ABDULLAH

Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, 90245 Makassar, [email protected]

Abstract Erosion is a critical and dynamic aspect of any water resources project. A computer model was developed for simulating the dynamic aspects of erosion. The computer model was developed using Borland Delphi and ESRI MapObject components. The model is named E-GIS (Embeddable Geographic Information System), and is specially designed for soil erosion prediction. It consists of six sub-models. The first sub-model (BASIS DATA) is used for managing data for the model. The second sub-model (AKUISISI) deals with data acquisition. The third sub-model is RAMAL. It deals with forecasting erodibility and crop factor coefficients. The fourth sub-model is SIMULASI. Its main function is erosion simulation, and it is the core of the model. The fifth sub-model (SIG) deals with spatial erosion simulation, and the sixth sub-model (LAPORAN) handles the spatial presentation of erosion variables. The model was tested and validated using recorded data from the Jeneberang drainage basin, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.Key words E-GIS; erosion; Indonesia; Jeneberang basin; simulation and computer model


Land-use based GIS-modelling for sedimentation reduction at Bili-Bili Dam, Indonesia

MUH. NURDIN ABDULLAH, AHMAD MUNIR & SYAMSUL ARIFIN LYAS

Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, 90245, Makassar, [email protected]

Abstract This study deals with determining land-use scenarios that will assist in reducing sedimentation at a dam site. The study site is the contributing basin of the Bili-Bili Dam, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The land-use scenarios were formulated by using an erosion model built within a Geographic Information System framework. Input data for the model were collected using aerial photographs, satellite imagery and direct observation. Seven land-use scenarios were developed for evaluating the most suitable land use within the drainage basin. The model results show that the basin without conservation generates 1473.04 m3 km-2 year-1 of sediment. The fourth scenario (with conservation) can potentially reduce sediment to approximately 1022.72 m3 km-2 year-1, which is lower than the dead storage of Bili-Bili Dam. It is recommended that this sedimentation rate be maintained in order to reach the design life of 50 years for this dam. Based on this work, it was also determined that the existing land-use framework implemented by the local government (Gowa Regency) generates erosion rates higher than the tolerable soil loss (TSL). It is therefore suggested that the existing land use should be modified according to the scenarios developed in this work.Key words Bili-Bili Dam; erosion; GIS; Indonesia; Jeneberang basin; land use; reservoir; sediment, Sulawesi; tolerable soil loss


Assessment of gully erosion process dynamics for water resources management in a semiarid catchment of Swaziland (Southern Africa)


MICHAEL MÄRKERCentre for Environmental Systems Research, Kassel University, Kurt-Wolters-Str. 4, 34119 Kassel, [email protected]

ALEKSEY SIDORCHUKGeographical Faculty, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia

Abstract In southern African countries, soil erosion and related problems like water quality issues or decreasing soil productivity are increasingly affecting the inhabitants of rural and urban areas. Problems related to soil erosion therefore have received increased attention in the recent past. Gully erosion processes especially play an important role for sediment production in many southern African catchments. Nevertheless, gully erosion phenomena have been widely neglected in erosion modelling. This study concerns the identification of spatially distributed erosion forms and processes in the Mbuluzi River catchment (Kingdom of Swaziland), with particular attention to gully erosion phenomena. The modelling of gully erosion was done successfully with models accounting for the two stages of development of a gully. The input data were obtained using remote sensing techniques and GIS-analyses. The example from Southern Africa shows that the methods applied are suitable for identifying and simulating the relevant erosional processes.Key words gully erosion; gully erosion modelling; response units; Swaziland


Predicting road erosion rates in selectively logged tropical rain forests

IAN DOUGLASSchool of Geography, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, [email protected]

Abstract The main sediment sources created by selective harvesting of tropical rain forests come from building access roads and log haulage tracks that often extend the drainage network and deliver large quantities of sediment to channels. When unchecked, these tracks develop into gullies that continue to erode long after logging. Several years after harvesting, hollow log culverts beneath access roads can fail during exceptional storms sending surges of sediment into the drainage system. Predicting the erosion so caused involves calculating rates of erosion per unit length and width of road, estimating total road length within the catchment area, making allowances for road gradient and substrate, and calculating the potential sediment yield. Remote sensing of roads and tracks under a regenerating forest canopy requires considerable ground-truthing. Estimates derived for disturbed catchments compare favourably with measured rates in small catchments. However, episodic large sediment fluxes caused by road collapse are difficult to predict.Key words erosion; roads; stream sediment; timber harvesting; tropical rain forest


Construction of sediment budgets in large-scale drainage basins: the case of the upper Indus River

KHAWAJA FARAN ALI & DIRK H. DE BOERDepartment of Geography, University of Saskatchewan, 9 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A5, [email protected]

Abstract High rates of soil loss and high sediment loads in rivers necessitate monitoring and quantification methodologies so that effective land management strategies can be designed. Construction of a sediment budget


can be a useful technique to address these issues since it provides a comprehensive accounting of the fluxes and fate of sediment in the drainage basin. Sediment budget studies in large river basins are usually hampered by inadequate data. Constructing a sediment budget using classical field-based techniques is too labour intensive, time-consuming and expensive for poorly gauged, large river basins. Remote sensing has emerged as a useful tool for studying large basins, and can be combined with GIS tools for identifying potential sediment source areas and quantifying their respective contributions. Such analyses, in combination with historic hydrological records and other auxiliary data, can be utilized for constructing a sediment budget. Following this approach, a framework is developed for constructing sediment budgets for large drainage basins that is prototyped on the upper Indus River basin in northern Pakistan.Key words Himalayas; Indus River; integrating remote sensing and GIS; large drainage basins; Pakistan; sediment budget


First-order analysis of overland flow buffering in an ungauged fragmented upland basin

ALAN D. ZIEGLER & THOMAS W. GIAMBELLUCA Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu Hawaii 96822, [email protected]

Abstract We investigate the degree to which the current juxtaposition of land cover in a fragmented basin in northern Vietnam mitigates the impacts of accelerated overland flow by buffering surface runoff generated on upslope source areas. Our methodology utilizes: (a) field measurements of infiltration-related soil properties, especially saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks); (b) minute-by-minute rainfall data; (c) GIS analyses of land-cover distribution and flow-transitions between 30 30 m grid cells of major basin land covers; and (d) diagnostic simulations of overland flow generation using KINEROS2. We compare simulated basin-wide Horton overland flow (BWHOF) for the current land cover arrangement with that of three fragmentation scenarios: maximum buffering, minimum buffering, and random distribution of land-cover grid cells. The comparisons show that buffering opportunities for the current land-cover distribution are in between maximum and minimum buffering scenarios, and there are fewer buffering opportunities than for the situation where grid cells are distributed at random (i.e. a scenario representing a higher degree of fragmentation). The analyses support the idea that surface erosion and sediment delivery could be mitigated further if land covers having high Ks were positioned intentionally below overland flow sources.Key words forest fragmentation; KINEROS2; overland flow; southeast Asia; Vietnam


Applicability of the Gavrilović method in erosion calculation using spatial data manipulation techniques

LIDIJA GLOBEVNIK1, DANKO HOLJEVIĆ2 GREGOR PETKOVŠEK1 & JOSIP RUBINIĆ2

1 University of Ljubljana, Faculty for Civil and Geodetic Engineering, Hajdrihova 28, 1000 Ljubljana, [email protected]

2 Croatian Waters VGO, Rijeka, Croatia

Abstract The Gavrilović method has been widely used for the prediction of soil erosion and sediment yield on the basin scale in Slovenia and Croatia in the last 30 years. The method has been developed for management practices in erosion protection, mainly in forest management and torrent control. The Gavrilović method involves a parametric distributed model, and is used for predicting annual soil erosion rates and annual sediment yield. It uses empirical coefficients (erodibility coefficient, protection coefficient, erosion coefficient) and a matrix of physical characteristics of basin sub units. To evaluate its applicability we analysed erosional processes in two neighbouring drainage basins, the Dragonja River basin in Slovenia and the Botonega River basin in Croatia. The results of this study show that GIS techniques can be successfully incorporated into the Gavrilović method. Key words erosion; sediment yield; Dragonja River; Botonega River; Gavrilović


Quantitative estimation of degradation in the Aliakmon River basin using GIS

DIMITRIOS A. EMMANOULOUDISDepartment of Forestry, Technological University of Kavala, GR-661 00 Drama, [email protected]

ODYSSEAS P. CHRISTOUGEOINFO, Applied Studies and Research, Gr. Lampraki 133, GR-543 51, Thessaloniki, Greece

EVANGELOS I. FILIPPIDIS Department of Forestry, Technological University of Kavala, GR-661 00 Drama, Greece

Abstract A new model was implemented for the quantitative estimation of degradation in the Aliakmon River basin. The empirical model developed by Gavrilović (1972) served as a starting point and was further extended by initiating appropriate adjustments through the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS). In the case of the Aliakmon River basin, the average annual degradation was estimated with remarkably high precision. Using this improved model, several maps were constructed, including a map of total potential erosion. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such a model has been applied on such a large basin. More importantly, based on our results we feel that this improved model of estimation may be applied to any basin, including high-relief regions and very large basins.Key words Aliakmon River; Gavrilović method; GIS; Greece____________________________________________________________________________________Erosion Prediction in Ungauged Basins: Integrating Methods and Techniques (Proceedings of symposium HS01 held during IUGG2003 at Sapporo, July 2003). IAHS Publ. no. 279, 2003, p. 241–248.

Spaceborne radar interferometry: a promising tool for hydrological analysis in mountain alluvial fan environments

F. CATANI, P. FARINA, S. MORETTIUniversity of Firenze, Earth Sciences Department, Via La Pira, 4, I-50121 Firenze, [email protected]

G. NICO National Research Council, Institute of Radio Astronomy, c/o ASI/CGS, I-75100 Matera, Italy

Abstract Morphometric attributes derived from digital terrain models are frequently substituted for hydrological parameters in ungauged basins. In many cases, however, the reliability of such derived data is severely hampered, both by errors inherent in the original data, due to map scale and map age, and by errors derived from interpolation and computation procedures. This is especially true in the case of alpine basins, where sedimentation and flooding typically occur in populated downstream regions on alluvial fans. Data obtained by interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques can be successfully substituted for DTM-derived data, allowing the direct computation of fundamental, secondary DTM attributes such as slope and aspect. A set of ERS 1/2 SAR images of the Cellina alluvial fan in northeastern Italy has been acquired and interferometrically processed. Experimental results show that, compared to traditional DTM-based measures, SAR-based attributes appear to be more stable and should offer better characterization of the slope surfaces. Furthermore, the present availability of such images allows fast and inexpensive updating of local hydrological characteristics of an area after major flooding events. Key words alluvial fans; Eastern Italian Alps; Italy; mountain streams; Northern Apennines; radar interferometry; sediment transfer

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