Standard 11: Describe the growth of technogical innovations & big business after Reconstruction

Describe the inventions of Thomas Edison.

So you like to jam to your tunes?From to..

Say thank you Thomas Edison!!

So you want to chill & kick with a movie?Fromto

Say thank youThomas Edison!!

So you like light? Just say thank you to Thomas Edison!!

I. New Inventions (late 1800s, early 1900s) Light Bulb

Phonograph (record player)

C. Kinetoscope (Motion Picture)

II. Railroads Impact on the NationEncouraged new innovationRefrigerated railcars (ice cream on a train!!)Telegraph system (like texting old school train style)Airbrakes (stops better, smoother, saves your life)

Established time zones (We are ESTyou are halfway through your dayyour cali peeps are in homeroom saying the pledge!)Made travel between towns easierTransports large amounts of goods quickly & efficiently (means cheaper prices for you!! Also, Lincolns secret weapon for this reason).

II. Railroads Impact on the Nation continuedBusinesses could obtain raw materials & sell to large numbers of peopleLed to mass production (industrialization)Helped settle the westRailroad companies sold the fertile land cheaplyCattle ranchers and farmers used the plains to graze their herds and grow their crops, then used railroad to ship their products.

III. Transcontinental RailroadCentral PacificUnion PacificOwned by Jay GouldOwned by Cornelius Vanderbilt

Chinese ImmigrantIrish Immigrants

Sacramento, CAOmaha, NE

Promontory Point, UT May 10, 1869

RESULTS of theTranscontinental Railroad3 Part Library video series

Industrialization and Urbanization video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21bQiTxUar4

RESULTS of theTranscontinental RailroadTransporting goods was easier

Linked new markets

Unified the nationAlso led to Big Business & Americas Monopolies

Gould & Vanderbilt were among a group of wealthy businessmen called ROBBER BARONS

Goals of Robber BaronsEliminate CompetitionCreate a monopoly ( just like the gametotal control of an industry)

The Triumph of Industry

Life in 1865

Life in 1900

The Growth of Big Business

Business Leaders of the Late 1800sRobber Barons?Drained the country of its natural resourcesPersuaded officials to interpret laws in their favorPaid their workers meager wagesWorkers forced to work in dangerous and unhealthy conditionsSwindled the poorCharged unfair pricesUsed Trusts & Monopolies to destroy other competitorsCaptains of Industry?Increased the supply of goods by building factoriesProvided jobs that allowed Americans to buy their goodsFounded and funded museums, libraries, and universitiesInnovations & businesses allowed the US economy to growPhilanthropy (giving $ to charity)Andrew CarnegieEmigrated to the U.S. in 1848; used money earned as superintendent of PA railroad to invest in steel millsEstablished Carnegie Steel Company, drove competitors out of business, and soon controlled the entire steel industry Bought the iron ore mines, mills, shipping and rail lines to transport his steel products to marketPhilanthropist: gave away $350 millionGospel of wealth: free to make money and should give it away

JP MorganBorn to life of leisureWorked to get European investors for business growthLoaned money to US GovernmentKept it allLeast amount of $$ of robber barons

Cornelius VanderbiltConverted shipping empire to the new and upcoming railroad systemWhen he died at 84 yrs worth 100 Million Left One million to Vanderbilt UniversityRemnants of railroad system now part of AMTRAKBiltmore estate was his familys summer home

BILTMORESUMMER GET AWAY!

The Standard Oil TrustI would rather earn 1% off a 100 people's efforts than 100% of my own efforts. John D. Rockefeller Edwin L. Drake struck oil in Titusville, PA in 1858.John D. Rockefeller set up a refinery in Ohio in 1863.He undersold his competitors and bought them out.In 1882 the owners of Standard Oil and other companies combined their operations, appointing nine trustees. Rockefeller controlled the trustForty companies joined the trust and controlled the nations oil, limiting competition1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act, outlawing any combination of companies that restrained commerce; proved ineffective for 15 years.What Is Progress? What power do people have when the govt makes laws you dont agree with?Initiative-process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot (U want a law.take the initiative & put it on the ballot!!) Ex. MADD (mothers against drunk driving) drunk driving laws, Hate Crime lawspublic initiatives

Referendum-process in which citizens can approve or reject a law passed by a legislature (U dont like a law your govt passed? You be the ref & decide!) Ex. Gay marriage in California, Legalizing marijuana in Cali (failed)

Recall-voters can remove elected officials from office (you dont like your reprecall their booty out of office) Ex. Governor Gray Davis in Cali got recalled & in the interim election the terminator gets elected.V. Labor Force

The Growing Work Force14 million immigrants between 1860 and 1900Contract Labor Act, 18648 to 9 million moved to the citiesEvery family member worked; little relief for the poor

Factory WorkBoring, repetitive work in dangerous working conditions (low light, no ventilation, crowded) for low pay & long hoursPiecework: fixed amount for each finished piece producedFrederick Winslow Taylor increased efficiency, The Principles of Scientific ManagementDivision of Labor: workers performed one small task, over and over

Remember: Carnegie gave how many days off a year? How many hours a day?

Families Working in the Factories.Working Women and ChildrenWomen operated simple machines and had no chance to advanceChildren made up more than 5 % of the labor forceBoth Parents worked as well as children (stunted in body and mind)Jacob Riis attacked child labor in Children of the Poor

The Great Strikes

Gulf Between Rich and PoorCollective Bargaining: negotiating as a group for higher wages & better working conditions

Socialism: economic and political philosophy that favors public or social control of property and income, not private controlRise of Labor UnionsNational Trades Union, 1834; ended with Panic of 1837National Labor Union, 1866; failed during a depressionKnights of Labor, 1869; men, women, skilled and unskilled; Terence Powderly wanted equal pay, 8 hour day, end to child labor; disappeared by 1890sAmerican Federation of Labor, 1886; Samuel Gompers wanted skilled workers only; supported collective bargaining, negotiation between labor and employers, wanted shorter hours & better paywomen & afams not included.The Wobblies (Industrial Workers of the World), many Socialists, radical union of unskilled workers such as miners, lumbermen, migrant farm workers, textile workersReaction of EmployersFeared unionsTactics to stop unions 1. Forbade union meetings 2. Fired union organizers 3. Yellow dog contracts promised never to join a union 4. Refused collective bargaining 5. Refused to recognize unions as workers representativesStrikes Rock the NationHaymarket Riot, 1886, at Chicagos McCormick reaper factory; bomb killed seven policemen, gunfire killed dozens. Eight anarchists, radicals who oppose all government, were tried for conspiracy to commit murder.

Pullman, 1894, Eugene V. Debs called for a boycott of Pullman cars. Disrupted western railroad traffic. Federal troops sent to see that mail got through. Set pattern for the employers to get court orders against unions. EFFECT: Government opposition limited union gains for more than 30 yearsThe Gilded Age 1IMMIGRATION, AND URBAN LIFE

THE GILDED AGEThe Period between 18771900 is known as The Gilded AgeGilded means covered in a thin layer of goldTerm first used by American writer Mark Twain During the Gilded Age, Americas big businesses prosperedBeneath this layer of prosperity were the problems of poverty, discrimination and corruption

POLITICS and ECONOMICSIN THE GILDED AGEDuring the late 1800s, big business attempted to dominated American economics and politicsLaissez-Faire economicsSpoils system/patronage-based politicsThe Way We Were in The Gilded Age: 1877-1901 Who We WereHow We Lived 188018901900 188018901900 Population (millions)50.263.076.0Gallon of milk$0.16$0.17$0.30 Pop. per sq. mile16.921.225.6Loaf of bread$0.02$0.02$0.03 Percent rural71.8%64.9%60.4%New autoN/AN/A$500 Percent urban28.2%35.1%39.6%Gallon of gasN/AN/A$0.05 Percent native born94.4%87.1%84.4%New house$4,500$5,800$4,000 Percent immigrant5.6%12.9%15.6%Average income$480$660$637

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, immigrants from around the world came to the United States in search of a better life.

PEOPLE ON THE MOVE!!!Immigration to the United States by Region, 18711920

Old ImmigrantsNew ImmigrantsPlace of Origin

Northern & Western Europe (England & Scandinavia) Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Spain), AsiaLanguage

EnglishNative TongueReligion

ProtestantRoman CatholicRaceWhiteWhite, YellowWhere they settled

East Coast, 13 colonies50% in cities (Boston, NY, Chicago, Philadelphia)Integration

Melting Pot (blended together)Salad Bowl (separate)The Immigrant ExperienceMost immigrants still came from EuropeCrossed the Atlantic Ocean and arrived in New York- The Golden Door1-3 weeks on a shipMost traveled in steerage Crowded lower berthsThink Leo in Titanic!Almost 70% arrived through New YorkMost settled with others of same ethnicityNeighborhoods of ethnic groups developed in Boston, New York, Philadelphia

Why were the immigrants resented?They work for lower pay during strikes

They lived in cities and were highly visible.

The Immigrant ExperiencePath of acceptance was more difficult for AsiansMost arrived in San Francisco, Angel IslandThe Golden Gate After the gold rush, Chinese immigrants worked as agricultural laborers, on railroad construction crews throughout the West, and in low-paying industrial jobs. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882This Act virtually ended Chinese immigration for nearly a century Asian Segregation of Asian children in schools in 1906Japanese complained of mistreatmentThe Gentlemens Agreement was passed in 1907 ending segregation

The Chinese QuestionHarpers WeeklyTHE CHALLENGE OF THE CITIESThe arrival of millions of new residents brought progress, poverty, and political changes to American cities.

State Street, Chicago, 1905How Cities GrewSuburbs residential communitiesPeople that could afford it moved out and took horse drawn carriages inMotorized TransportationSubways, trolley cars, elevated trains (El), automobileGrowing UpwardSkyscrapersChicagos Home Insurance Company building was the first 10 story building

From Farms to CitiesWomen were needed lessNew Machines replaced laborers1880-1910 population on farms fell from 72 to 54 percentAfrican Americans migrated north

New York by George BellowsUrban Living ConditionsTenementsSpeculators built tenements and packed many people in themCreated slums

Go to : http://www.history.com/videos/dead-rabbit-gang-battles-bowery-boysSlum ConditionsPoverty, overcrowding, neglect, fire dangerGhettosSlums where one ethnic or racial group dominatedRestrictive covenants dont let certain people buy landJacob Riisworked to improve the lives of the urban poorNY passed first laws to improve tenements b/c of Riis

The Results of City GrowthRise of Political BossesPolitical MachineUnofficial city organization designed to keep a particular party in powerUsually headed by a powerful bossBoss would handpick candidates for local office in return for economic favorsSupported by immigrants and poor peopleGraft using ones job to gain profitsWilliam Boss TweedControlled Tammany Hall in New York Ran New Yorks Democratic Party

Ideas for ReformThe desire to improve conditions in American cities led to the formation of new reform groupsCharity Organization MovementMaking charity scientific (like welfare system)Kept details of who received help so that they knew who was worthy of help or notMany expected immigrant to adopt American middle class standards of livingThe Social Gospel movementApplied religious principles of charity and justice for the poorSupported labor reforms and improved living conditionsSettlement Movement (Jane Addams/Ellen Gates Starr)Created settlement houses to offer social services and to help the poor, HULL HOUSEAfrican-Americans in the Progressive EraPlessy vs. Ferguson- Separate, but equal is legal.NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeoplePurpose: To ensure economic, social, political and educational equality for minority groups in America.Go through the legal system (courts) to make change "My lands are where my dead lie buried" -Crazy Horse

"I wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle." -Sitting Bull

Hurrah, boys! We've got them!- General George Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn Land for Sale!!Pacific Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 gave the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies 10 square miles on each side of the tracks.They sold land to settlers who wanted farmsVery profitable for railroads AND the lucky few who got this land

GeronimoFamous Apache warriorWas born in 1829 in what today is New MexicoOne of the most pivotal moments in Geronimo's life was in 1858 when he returned home from a trading excursion into Mexico. He found his wife, his mother and his three young children murdered by Spanish troops from Mexico. This reportedly caused him to have such a hatred of the whites that he vowed to kill as many as he could. From that day on he took every opportunity he could to terrorize Mexican settlements and soon after this incident he received his power, which supposedly came to him in visionsAfter the area was claimed by the US, Geronimo led a band of Apache against these outsiders in 1865

Rage Among the Apache, Cheyenne, Sioux, and NavahosGeronimo and the Navajo and Apache wars continued until Geronimo surrendered in 1886 The Cheyenne were attacked by the US army at Sand Creek in Colorado, with as many as 450 dead. The First Sioux War in 1865 occurred when the government decided to build a road through Sioux landsThat ended when the Sioux agreed to return to their reservation

Face-Off Between the CulturesThe Second Sioux War began in 1875 when miners went to the Black Hills in South Dakota and Chief Sitting Bull left the reservation againThe American Army was called in to bring him backthey called on General George Custer for the job

The Black Hills of North DakotaChief Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull was born around 1831 on the Grand River in present-day South DakotaSitting Bull was given the name Tatanka-Iyotanka, which describes a buffalo bull sitting intractably on its haunches. It was a name he would live up to throughout his life.Sitting Bull's courage was legendary. Once, in 1872, during a battle with soldiers protecting railroad workers on the Yellowstone River, Sitting Bull led four other warriors out between the lines, sat calmly sharing a pipe with them as bullets buzzed around.He carefully reamed the pipe out when they were finished, and then casually walked away.

Chief Sitting BullThe 2 Leaders Meet

In the summer of 1876 Custer was sent from Fort Abraham Lincoln to capture Sitting Bull and his band of Sioux On the verge of what seemed to him a certain and glorious victory for both the United States and himself, Custer ordered an immediate attack on a Sioux village.

Custers Last Stand

The attack was one the greatest fiascos of the United States Army.Thousands of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors forced Custer's unit back onto a long, dusty ridge parallel to the Little Bighorn, surrounded the soldiers and killed all 200+ American soldiers.

The Battlefield Today

Paintings of Little Big Horn usually depict Custer as a gallant victim, surrounded by bloodthirsty savages intent upon his annihilation. They Won the Battle, but Lost their Culture

Usually forgotten was the other side of the story, and that most of Indians present were forced to surrender within a year of their greatest battlefield triumph.Sitting Bull is finally CapturedSitting Bull thought by winning this battle, the U.S. government would leave him alone, but the fight had just begun. As the battles continued, many of Sitting Bull's followers surrendered. However, Sitting Bull did not give up. In 1877, Sitting Bull and his followers escaped into Canada. However within four years, famine forced them to surrender.

Sitting Bulls Later YearsSitting Bull was held as a prisoner of war for two years.In 1885, Sitting Bull joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show and traveled throughout the United States and Canada.

The Fate of Indian TerritoryNearly 70 Indian nations had been forced onto Indian ReservationsThe Native American cultures were shatteredFarming tribes were left with no land to farmHerding tribes were left with no land to herdThe result was heartbreaking as these tribes were forced to integrate on strange lands with little resources

In 1889 Congress opened the confiscated 2 million acres to settlersSome Indian leaders led rebellions to no avail

When Sitting Bull returned to the reservation in 1889, many natives had joined a new religion called the Ghost Dance. They believed an Indian messiah would return their lands and remove the whites.

The Ghost Dance

Massacre at Wounded KneeWhite officials became alarmed at the religious fervor and activism and in December 1890 banned the Ghost Dance on Lakota reservations. When the rites continued, officials called in troops to the reservations in South Dakota. The resulting massacre, which lasted less than an hour, found at least 150 Indians had been killed and 50 wounded. In comparison, army casualties were 25 killed and 39 wounded.

Dawes ActIn February 1887, Henry Dawes persuaded Congress to pass legislation that became known as the Dawes Plan. The plan said that Native Americans should be granted land in exchange for renouncing tribal allegiances. Under the terms of this legislation all family heads received one hundred acres, and each dependent child 40 acres. This land was held in trust for 25 years, at the end of which time the holder was to acquire full title with the right to sell. That Native Americans who received this land were also granted citizenship and full political rights. Results of Dawes ActThe Dawes Act was disastrous for most Native Americans.The Act forced Native people onto small tracts of land distant from their kin relations. The allotment policy depleted the land base, ending hunting as a means of subsistence.Traditionally women were the agriculturists while the men were the hunters and warriors. Far from making them self-reliant farmers, it shattered one of the main pillars of their culture--community property.Besides the loss of identity, most lost their livelihoods when they could not make the transition to individualized, self-sufficient agricultural farming. The Death of Sitting Bull

Because of this new religion, Indian police arrested Sitting Bull on December 15, 1890 as a precaution. They planned to send Sitting Bull to prison, but when his warriors attempted to rescue him, he was killed. He was buried at Fort Yates. In 1953, his remains were moved to Mobridge, South Dakota.

Crazy HorseCrazy Horse was a legendary Lakota (Sioux) warrior Even as a young man, he stole horses from the Crow Indians before he was thirteen, and led his first war party before turning twentyCrazy Horse earned his reputation not only by his skill and daring in battle but also by his fierce determination to preserve his people's traditional way of life. There are no pictures of Crazy Horsehe never allowed it.

The Death of Crazy HorseHe was killed on September 6 under strange circumstances at Fort Robinson, Nebraska. He fought his entire life for the preservation of the land and culture of the Sioux Indians.

South DakotaHome to Two Monuments ??

Crazy Horse MonumentThe Crazy Horse Memorial is a memorial to the famous Native American leaderThe form is of a huge statue of the rider on horseback carved from the side of a mountain.

http://www.crazyhorse.org/

Chief Joseph and the Nez PerceThe Nez Perce tribe was located in what is today Oregon and WashingtonWhen young members of the tribe attacked white settlers, the settlers vowed to get revenge They fled, but were attacked by US troops at Big Hole BasinMen, women, and children were killedChief Joseph tried to escape with his people and got to within 40 miles of Canada when he was capturedI am tired of fightingFinally settled on a reservation in Washington State

Native Cultures DestroyedMost leaders dead or under arrestBuffalo killed offNative Americans are forbidden to practice their religionsThe abuse of the Dawes Act resulted in the loss of much of their landsThe amount of land owned by Indians shrank by 65% by 1934.