b.stev

Describe: Immune Defence - Humans

NON-specific immune response, description:

Complement Interferon Inflammatory Response Fever Physical Barriers Chemical Inhibition Microbial Competition

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

a response system invasive microbessynthesis occurs liver (mostly)

o constitutes 5% globulin in the serum of the

bloodo >20 proteins/ various protein fragments involved

the 2 MAIN pathways of the COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

starter proteins: attach to invasive microbe - gives recognition of it’s presence - the complement system responds

2. CLASSICAL:

group of proteins in the blood that

triggersa specific antibody response to the pathogen

1. ALTERNATE:

specific proteins bind in sequence to

pathogen

- initiates cascade of response enzymes

secreted- enzymes attack pathogen’s cell membrane,

(opens) DEATH results

called: MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEXMEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEXone of the most useful weapons to the body

(Wikipedia, 2008)

INTERFERON Invasive attack from bodies such as:o viruso bacteriao foreign bodieso tumour cells o parasite (s)

certain glycoprotein – known as, CYTOKINE is secretedproduced: immune cells after foreign encounter (mostly)CYTOKINE(S):CYTOKINE(S):communicate a pathway by signalling a response from specific immune cells, throughout the various stages of the process, ie:- upgrade gene production, classical complement system- downgrade response, via the use of feedback inhibition

PHAGOCYTES:PHAGOCYTES: (engulf unwanted matter) dispose of toxins, tired cells & dead foreign bodies

PUS: (debris) accumulated from the immune

response

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

affected region becomes inflamed when infected: blood circulation increases to the area blood vessels become dilated & open gaps allow the immune cells to pass immune cells mobilise to the site aided proteins also fuel the response

PAIN felt - expanded tissues continually triggernerves that signal, pressure: sensitivity results

LEUKOCYTE (white blood cell) – proliferates increased proliferation various immune cells (B/T cells) enhanced activity of : interferon enhanced leukocyte phagocytosis endotoxin (toxin inside pathogen) effects decreased

FEVERRESPONSE to microbe invasion :o temperature increase (usually 1-2 oC)o heart rate increaseo increase of muscle toneo experience of, ‘the shivers.’produce: unfavourable environment to the pathogenie: some microbes onlyonly tolerate specific specific temperaturestemperatures & disturbancedisturbance(s) within their HOST ENVIRONMENT

this response favours the bodies needs:

(Wikipedia, 2008)

PLASTER:(band-aid) covers wound

PHYSICAL BARRIERS

HAIR: surface area over the skin (sense)

SKIN: contains the physical body within repair/ renewal – maintains barrier

NAILS: protects appendage ends - wounds/ bruising

CLOTHES

PROTECTIVE GEAR:masks/ gloves/ suit/ shoes

QUARANTINE ENVIRONMENT

S

BUILDINGS

CHEMICAL INHIBITORS

stomach acid: pH 2 – unfavourable to most

bacteria

mucus: traps microbes & debris

mucus linings:

cilia: move particle(s) out for excretion

via -

outward direction

sebum: pH 5.5 – inhibits microbial growth

bile: secreted by gallbladder to the duodenum

enzyme: tears/ sweat/ saliva contain,

lysozyme

- disrupts cell wall (digests

peptidoglycan)

MICROBIAL COMPETITION

beneficial beneficial MICROBES out-compete

pathogens:

already present & established

population

secrete toxins/ inhibitor proteins to

competitor

already attached to specifically

beneficial sites ie: hair follicle, mucous regions, digestive tract

interferons stimulate immune

response

(Wikipedia, 2008)

Bibliography

Kennedy. A. (1999). The inflammatory response. Retrieved October 18, 2008, from http//:www.alan.kennedy.name/crohns/primer/inflresp. htm - 11k -

Wikipedia. (2008). Complement system - wikipedia,the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2008, from http//:www. en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Complement_system - 66k -

Wikipedia. (2008). Interferon - wikipedia,the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2008, from http//:www. en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Interferon - 111k -

Wikipedia. (2008). Inflammation - wikipedia,the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2008, from http//:www. en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Inflammation - 130k -

Wikipedia. (2008). Fever - wikipedia,the free encyclopedia. Retrieved October 17, 2008, from http//:www. en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Fever - 77k -

Pommerville J.C. (2004). Alcamo’s – Fundamentals of Microbiology (7th ed.). Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett.