ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

EDUCATION

AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS IN ALETAWONDO TOWN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KEBELE

CHEFFE AND DEELA

By

Desalegn Shunbe Dimma

A Thesis Submitted to Department of Geography and Environmental

Education Graduate program, Addis Ababa University, in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements of Masters Degree in Geography and Environmental

Education.

September, 20131

ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF

EDUCATION AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

EDUCATION

AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSING CONDITIONS IN ALETAWONDO TOWN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO KEBELE

CHEFFE AND DEELA

By

Desalegn Shunbe Dimma

A Thesis Submitted to Department of Geography and Environmental

Education Graduate program, Addis Ababa University, in Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements of Masters Degree in Geography and Environmental

Education.

September, 20132

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction1.1 Background of the study

Housing conditions refer to totality of external influences, natural and man-made which impinges

on man and affects his well being. This includes the life-support systems that make the housing

units to be comfortable for the inhabitants (Bamipboye and Segun, 2005)

A good house must possess the appearance and general layout, must be attractive, comply with

general custom and habits of the people, without which it may be turned in to slum (Ibid.).

Bamipboye and Segun (2005) further stated that, right to adequate housing is a central importance

for the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights. Individuals as well as families are

entitled to adequate housing regardless of age, sex, economic status, race, religion or other

affiliations. This is because its availability is fundamental to living in dignity and good health,

good quality of life and general well-being. In spite of this inseparable link between good housing

and health, over 100 million people worldwide are homeless while more than a billion live in

shelters that are not only inadequate but are also determined to health. Housing and health have

become a atypical issue in public health discourse for a very long time in view of the existence of

increasing evidences as regards the potential effects of inadequate conditions of living premises on

the inhabitants.

The intimate connection between housing and health has been well known for more than a century-

Florence Nightingle once wrote, “the connection between health and the dwelling of the

population is core of the most important that exists’’ (EHP, 2005).

In the same line James Kriger and Donna Higgins, (2002) described that, housing is an important

determinant of health, and sub standard housing situation is a major public issue. WHO (2013)

also stated that housing condition affect people’s health.

Inadequate housing causes or contributes too many preventable diseases and injuries, including

respiratory, nervous system and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Poor design or construction of

3

homes is the cause of most home accidents; in some European countries it kills more people than

do road accidents.

According to (UN-HABITAT: 2005). report prepared for the world urban forum in Vancouver,

“improving conditions and addressing the global housing crisis should be a high priority for

national governments and international donors, but for reasons that are not clear, it is not --- in

many counties around the world, opportunities to achieve economic, social, and civic development

goals through housing- related initiatives are being missed,”

As statistics showed, by the year 2030 an additional 3 billion people, about 40 percent of the

world’s population, will need access to housing. This translates in to a demand for 96,150 new

affordable units every day and 4,000 every hour (UN- HABITAT: 2005).

One of every three city dwellers- nearly a billion people- lives in a slum and that number is

expected to double in the next 25 years. Slum indicators include: lack of water, lack of sanitation,

overcrowding, non durable structures and insecure tenure (UN-HABITAT: 2006).

As much as 70 percent of the urban housing stock in sub-Saharan Africa, 50 percent in Latin

America and Caribbean is of poor quality and not in compliance with local regulations (Kissick

etal, 2006).

In 2010, 41.81% of the EU population, lived in flats, just over one third (34.4%) in detached

houses and 23.0% in semi-detached houses. The share of persons living in flats was highest among

EU member states in Latvia (65.4%), Estonia and Spain (both 64.5%). The share of people living

in detached houses peaked in Slovenia (67.3%), Hungary (64.5%), Romania (65.0%) and Denmark

(59.2%) Croatia and Norway also reported high shares (72.9% and 62.7% respectively) of their

population living in detached housing (EU, 2012).

In Africa, all countries regardless of their social, economic and political conditions are confronted

with an acute problem of housing, because they all face similar developmental challenges

( Hommond, 1991).

In Africa as in most developing regions, there are large numbers of people without any form of

shelter at all or living in deteriorated or improvable conditions. While the situation is felt by the

4

majority of the population, the most affected are the low-income earners, the unemployed and

under employed (Ibid.).

Hammond (1991) further identifies, some of the constraints leading to housing problems in Africa.

These include: population growth with increasing urbanization; shortage of housing finance; land

tenure and cost; unavailability and high cost of imported building materials; low incomes of

prospective buyers and low priority for housing in the construction sector.

Of these constraints land tenure, housing finance and availability and cost of building materials

may be identified as the most important ones.

As one of African countries in Ethiopia, the majority of houses are susceptible to easily collapse

due to their poor construction (HFHE, 2009). Homes are often cramped with dirty floors, leaking

roofs and no windows or doors, living occupants vulnerable to adverse weather conditions, insects

and rodents, poor ventilation for inside cooking fires is a common cause of respiratory problems.

Moreover, a staggering 90 percent of population has no access to decent sanitation facilities, and

73 percent of the population does not have safe drinking water, causing disease to run rampant

(Ibid.).

HFHE (2009) further stated that, substandard housing not only has an adverse effect on health but

also education, job performance and overall quality of life. Most families living in such condition

have little chance of improving their situations without assistance, and life is a daily battle for

most. The needs for decent housing especially among vulnerable group families are very high.

As Encyclopedia of the Nations (2007), except in Addis Ababa, Harer, Dire Dawa, and few other

urban centers, most houses are built of mud or mortar and have that tin roofs. Housing shortages

and overcrowding were still major concerns. It has been estimated that 89% of the population is

living in substandard housing. Homelessness is a big problem in urban areas, it has been estimated

that 80% of the residents is Addis Ababa are homeless or substandard housing.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Housing is one of the basic necessities of human beings. It is directly linked with physical and

mental health and generally the personality of people who live in them. According to Burns (1976)

“a house is core, central place and the starting point of all life in human settlement,” in short

human life. However, today large numbers of people are living in substandard or inadequate

5

houses (Abrams, 1964). Due to the unbalanced growth of population and economic development,

the problem has become acute in developing countries. Most of the people of these countries are

found in congested, unsanitary and uncomfortable conditions. Greater population in towns mainly

due to rural-urban migration has fastened the expansion of slums and squatter settlements which

are common features in most developing countries, (Homby and Jones, 1991).

Ethiopia, one of the least developed countries, with high population growth rate and low level of

economic development, is highly affected by housing problem. Most of town dwellers are badly

housed and they are in severe problems of housing. The pressure on the available housing units

and related facilities are increasing because of low rate of construction (Gebeyehu Abelti etal,

2001).

Housing condition refers not only to physical structure of housing units that man uses for shelter,

but it also include necessary services and facilities such as toilet, kitchen, water supply, garbage

disposal etc. (Ibid.).

On the basis of this, most of the available dwelling units are of low standard, congested and

deteriorated. According to NUPI (1991) report, Aleta Wondo is one of the oldest towns of

Ethiopia. Like other towns in the country, it shares the problem of housing. This problem is not a

recent phenomenon rather it has come to a more serious level from time to time. The physical

structure of the town is one of the main sources of the problem. The south and south eastern

expansion of the town is one of the main sources of the problem. The south and south eastern

expansion of the town is constrained by the Melewo River and steep nature of the relief situation.

Thus, the existing land feature by itself has a negative impact on the cost incurred for the

development under takings of physical infrastructures. In addition to physical constraints, the

socio- economic constrains are by far the most riddling problem in the town’s prospective

horizontal development (Ibd).

The adjoining ‘kebele’ peasant administrations (KPA) are densely settled and depend upon

perennial (cash) crops: such as coffee plantation for their livelihood. During the full

implementation of the development plan of the town about 8,613 peasants family are expected to

be displaced. This may escalate (inflate) the social cost incurred and the capital out lay required for

indemnity (compensation) which may run beyond the financial capability of the municipality. The

problem is not only shortage of housing units, but the condition of the existing house is not also

6

satisfactory. According to 1994, 2007 census results, the number of households was 2620, 4710

and the total number of housing units was 2114 and 4486 respectively. From this it can be inferred

that over 500, 224 Households put additional pressure on the available housing unit and housing

facilities. This shows the demand pressure has not been solved from 1994 to 2007 Censuses.

Currently there are 4757 housing units and 5753 households found in the town. This implies, 996

households put additional pressure on the available housing units and facilities with household size

4.8. However, it the household size is decreased to 3, the demand of housing unit to be inflated to

3410.

This paper, therefore, attempts, to assess the housing condition that are associated with the

physical structure and facilities as well as other social services tied with housing units in ‘Kebele’

Cheffe and Deela of Aleta Wondo town.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The general objective is to explore housing conditions and associated problems in ‘Kebele’ Cheffe

and Deela of the town of Aleta Wondo. More specifically the objectives of the study are to:

i. assess the general condition of housing unit in the selected Kebeles

ii. Examine the magnitude of housing problems.

iii. investigate the effect of socio-economic status of the occupants on the condition

of housing unit

iv. examine the impact of conditions of housing units on the socio-economic

status of the households.

v. identify which socio economic and demographic factors are more critical to

housing problems.

1.4 Research Questions

Based on the formulated objectives, the study attempts to give answer for the following

questions:-

1. Is there any shortage of housing units in kebele Cheffe and Deela in Aleta Wondo?

2. Which types of housing facilities are lacking in the two kebeles under consideration?

3. Is there any relation between the structural type of the housing and the income of

households?

7

4. Which of groups of housing unit’s type in kebele cheffe and Deela of Aleta wondo have

been well managed and maintained?

5. Do residential areas and housing conditions influence the socio-economic conditions of the

residents?

Which socio-economic and demographic condition of household is/are more critical to housing

conditions?

1.5 Significance of the Study

Although for longer time many studies have been undertaken in connection with the issue of

housing problem, the problem is growing fast and has become serious and complicated through

time .The studies so far conducted were directed to Addis Ababa or other urban center in other

parts of the country at large. But many old towns like Aleta Wondo were given less attention with

regard to housing studies. On the basis of this fact, this study is hoped to fill this gap. In addition,

the importance of this study lies in identifying the magnitude of the problem and its underlying

causes.

The recommendation based on the findings of the study can be used by local policy maker and

concerned offices to stress on the challenges of the town and seek solutions. To bring about a

major improvement, an appropriate intervention plan is indispensable. This plan obviously requires

a reliable statistics on housing and housing services. Furthermore, this study will serve as a base

line for further studies in the same area.

1.6 Scope of the Study

Even though the issue is very critical and should be investigated thoroughly. It was not possible to

go through each ‘kebele’ of the town, because of time and financial constraints. It was found

difficult to cover the town as a whole. As a result the scope of this study is to assess the housing

conditions in Cheffe and Deela ‘Kebele’ which are located in Aleta Wondo. Because, there is 130

dwelling units regarded as squatter settlement in both ‘kebeles’ with total population of 709 at the

time of survey.

8

CHAPTER TWO

Review of the Related Literatures

2.1. Housing

Housing is one of the most complex elements of urban study (Azeb, 2000) stated that, the type,

size and shape of housing depend upon cultural, physical and economic conditions of the given

area. World health organization (WHO) defines housing as:-

A residential environment which includes in addition to the physical stature that uses for shelter, as

necessary need or desire for the physical well beings of the family and the individual (WHO,

1973:17).

Thus, housing is much greater than the physical shelter. It requires availability and efficiency of

housing facilities such as water supply, electricity, bath and toilet. Furthermore, housing site,

accessibility to transportation and proximity to community services such as schools, health stations

and business centers as well as neighborhood characteristics can also reflect the condition of

housing units.

Although housing is one of the basic needs of human beings, because of different reasons, at

present relatively very few families can have exactly the kind of housing they want (lewis etal,

1961). Different families need different kinds of housing and their need change with family cycle;

marriage, birth of child, and at old age when children leave their family by establishing their life.

The general condition of dwelling units affect the interaction, health and at large the overall

personality of housing members. As to Dwayer (1975). The impact of housing in man’s physical,

mental and social well being is very great.

9

Due to its multidimensional nature, housing problem is a multifaceted problem. It is not the only

concern of a family but it is also the problem of every community at large at global level. Many

countries have serious problems of housing. Due to the rapid population growth and low economic

developments as well as fast urbanization process, at present the problem is severe in developing

countries and majority of the population is poorly housed and live in congested condition (Ibid.).

Regarding this critical condition, Dwayer states that “even though housing shortage exists in most

countries of the world, the case of developing countries particularly appears more worse” (Dwayer,

1975:176).

2.2. Measures of Housing Quality

Certain elements have been used to measure the quality of housing units. WHO (1973) suggested

five elements to measure the condition of housing units. These are: i/ physical structure of housing

units; ii/ availability of housing facilities; iii/ density of housing units and residential areas; iv/

neighboring conditions and v/ housing site.

i. Physical Structure of The Housing Units

Housing units may have different structures. Varying units constructed by wood and mud bricks.

To modern housing units it should depend on the climate, socio economic and culture of the

society. The materials used in the construction of housing units can also reflect the living condition

of household as well availability of that particular building material in the area. Thus, the material

used in the construction of a housing stock can be used to measure its quality. Accordingly, there

are various housing units based on the material used for construction of wall, roof and floor

(BOPED, 1998; Evans, 1980).

ii. Housing Facilities

The availability of basic housing facilities in the housing unit is also used to measure its quality.

Housing facilities such as water supply, toilet, kitchen, lighting, bathing and others make a housing

unit more attractive in addition to their socio-economic values.

10

The availability of these facilities can determine the value of housing unit in the housing market.

Furthermore, the availability of these facilities keeps the psychological, social and economic desire

of the households (Evans, 1980).

iii. The Degree of Crowding

The degree of crowding can be expressed in terms of size and number of rooms and dwellers in the

housing unit, (Logie, 1978).

The CSA (1989) described a housing unit as overcrowded if it is occupied by three or more

persons per room.

The CSA (1989) further state that, a room has to have at least two meters of wall height with

4square meter of room of floor size. However, the housing units in most of developing countries

are small in size and a single room is occupied by the whole family (Rice, 1992). In general, most

of the people living in the urban areas of developing countries are with congested condition. It is

thus clear that overcrowding is related to poor mental and physical health. Also it may result in

poor social relation among the household members. Overcrowding can also be expressed in terms

of person per unit area.

Accordingly, in the slum area of developing countries large numbers of housing units are found

crowded beyond the capacity to supply basic facilities, public services and sanitation (Burns,1977;

Rice, 1992). Thus the degree of crowding can be used to measure the quality of housing units.

iv. Neighborhood Condition

Neighborhood condition can be used to measure the quality of housing units. Neighborhood

condition as to Tyler (1986) can be expressed in term of the following four general characteristics;

1. Environmental characteristic might include beauty of natural resources, noise, pollution of

air and water;

2. Socio-economic characteristic might include various ethnic, income group, educational or

occupational classes;

11

3. Public service characteristics might include school quality, recreational facility, health

condition, and the like and

4. Location characteristic could include accessibility to desired location of jobs, shopping or

transportation opportunity.

Noise from adjacent dwelling or other service centers affect the quality of housing environment.

Because of noise and other disturbance, currently many urban residents leave the central town and

settle in suburb areas.

V. Housing Site

Site or location of housing can affect its quality. Site refers to the actual physical qualities the

places occupies, where there it lies in a confining valley, on a coastal plain, on the edge of plateau

or perhaps an island. (Blij, 1969:390).

Due to variation in location, different places with in one town may have different degree of

adequacy of housing facilities. That is why most of central residential areas have better opportunity

of accessibility to public services and others activities than peripheral areas (Evans, 1980).

In most case housing sites are associated with zones of income groups, educational status or

ethnics groups. New immigrants for instance, because of income problem live either in area which

is inconvenient for living environment, without adequate housing facility and amenities where

housing rent is low or lives with their relatives (Tayler, 1986).

2.3 Factors of Housing Condition

There are various factors that influence the condition of housing units. As to Alebachew (1996)-

there are four factors that affect housing units. These are economic level, technological level, rate

of population growth and housing policy. But in addition to these, educational status, customs and

tradition, and geographic factors also affect the housing condition of a given area.

2.4. Economic Level

12

The physical structure of housing, construction rate of housing, the availability of housing facility

and public service are determined by the economic standard of the country as well as per capita

income of the household. That is why housing problem becomes sever and people live in

unconventional housing units in the third world cities(Dweyer,1975).

The conditions of housing and personal income of households have direct relation. That means

growth of personal income results in growth in the demand for better housing (ibid).

Due to economic factor most of the urban poor settle in areas where housing cost low but living is

inconvenient. Those with higher income on the other hand have access to wider range of housing

alternative on the basis of personal performance and household needs. (Gugler, 1997).

2.5. Technological Level

Technological level of a given country can determine planning for and level of construction of

dwelling units and related facilities. It can also determine the measures that should be tackled the

housing problem. The type of construction materials used, which affects the quality and duration

of dwelling units and type of construction reflect the technological level of the country. They can

also reflect the living standard of the households (Carter, 1995).

2.6. Rate of Population Growth

As to Burns (1977) housing problems in urban area arise due to disequilibrium between the rapidly

growing population size and the newly available constructed housing units. The rapid growing

urban population results in various complex problems. The problem is very prominent in housing

realm. The major and greatest source of this excess population of urban centers is expected to be

in-migration from rural areas. The wide gap between the supply and demand of housing units

results over concentration of people in the existing housing units and development of slums and

squatter settlements.

2.7. Educational Status

The educational status of a society indicates the quality of a given population. Finding the

solutions for the problem of housing is not the activity of the government alone, but rather every

13

member of a community status can understand the seriousness of the problem and use the available

housing units and related facilities properly (Azeb, 2000).

They also support the government by finding local solutions and trying to control their family size

by considering their living standard.

2.8. Culture and Tradition

The culture and tradition of a given area has impact on housing condition. The culture and tradition

of one area has impact on size, shape and preference of construction materials for housing units

(Follann James and chim lim Gill, 1980).

For instance, nomadic peoples with no permanent settlement have mobile housing units. Thus

problem arises in an attempt to define these mobile housing units. It also becomes quite difficult to

measure the degree of these housing units (ibid.).

2.9. Geographical Factors

Geographical factors such as climatic condition and geological processes can affect the condition

of housing ways of residents, generally the overall human activities. The selection of housing site,

use of construction materials, form and style of building should take in to consideration. These

geological factors such a duration and intensity of temperature and rain fall condition, the type,

character and depth of soil, and structure of rock and others as cited in Azeb(2000), Pickering and

Own stated that:

“Urbanized areas are clearly more at risk than the rural open countryside, because potentially

large number of facilities can result during disasters. As the population increase, we place more

demands on the earth’s limited resources, natural process becomes more serious as potential

hazards.”

Therefore, some geological and geophysical characteristics of the area should be taken in to

consideration.

2.10. Housing Policy

14

Housing policy of a given country can also affect the housing supply, demand and housing

facilities. Due to the seriousness of the problem governments of different countries have given

much attention to overcome the problem of housing be designing and adopting various policies

(Kissic etal, 2013).

Despite its variety of approaches, housing policy has vital role in improving the existing condition.

The policy should consider the socio-economic, cultural, political and physical condition. Even

though government has significant role in policy formation, private organizations should have their

own participation. Otherwise “such significant questions as overcrowding, unemployment and low

standard of housing could not be solved by municipal action alone” (Rhoda Richard, 1982).

2.11. Socio-economic Aspects of Housing

Housing determines the overall life of human beings. It has intimate linkage with economic

and social conditions, in line with this Dweyer (1975:58) stated:

“Housing condition influences the productive capacity of man and thereby plan a significant

role in the overall economic development of a nation and hence it considerably influences

man’s physical, mental and social well being.”

The multidimensional nature of housing makes its socio-economic benefit tremendous. If there

is satisfactory housing condition, the social interaction of family members and the

neighborhood becomes better, the economic plans of the family as well as governments give

much attention to other aspects and the health of society will also be in better condition which

highly determines the development process of the country.

In addition, Burns (1977) explains the result of housing as it fastens the development of other

industries through the production of materials for buildings, public amenities, transportation

etc. and this reduces serious social problems including unemployment. It also in turn helps the

growth of national employment.

On the contrary, inadequate housing exposes people to various physiological and social

problems. Overcrowding, homelessness, crime, juvenile delinquency and deterioration of the

15

environment are the problems. Poor housing and public health have direct correlation.

Unhealthy housing units and lack of sufficient dwelling facilities like lack of clean water

supply, insufficient lighting, lack of sewerage for disposing garbage, inaccessible road etc.

make the society victim of health problems.

Inadequacy of all these facilities may largely result in various diseases and it in turn has

negative impact on the socio-economic condition of the country. Housing condition itself in the

country is greatly governed by the socio-economic status of the society. Treating the problem

of housing and improving the existing situation depend on the economic capability of the

country.

2.12 Population Mobility and Housing Shortage

Every day large number of people moves from one area to another because of various reasons.

These include conflict, economic conditions, environmental change, political strife and

technological factors. As to Blij (1996) their movement may be short term or long term or

some move from village to towns or others across ocean and sea.

Population mobility in world countries has focused on great rural- urban migration. Most city

governments try to check this movement by different methods but not that much successful

rather it increases from time to time (Blij 1996).

This condition has great impact on the number and kind of people seeking housing in urban

areas. The motive of population mobility varies from person to person.

As to Gurgler (1997) there are different motives including expectation of better life with higher

and more stable income, best education opportunity for themselves and their children. But the

situations they find in urban areas are extremely opposite. Those who are not educated earn

lower income and hence are unable to fulfill their basic needs, to construct or mange their own

houses. This creates another housing problem in the area.

People need to change their residence. Their movement often related to stage of family life

cycle such as marriage or having new born children. During this time the families seek large

16

dwelling unit with more rooms. But the economy of most less developed countries doesn’t

permit this.

So, the outcomes are wide spread over crowding and growth of slums and squatter settlements.

To sum up, unplanned and unorganized population mobility aggravate the housing shortage in

most urban centers particularly in most third world countries where construction rate of new

housing units is very low.

2.13. Housing market

In housing market the price of housing units is determined by both its physical structure and

neighborhood characteristics. The demand and supply of housing units with main trained

quality govern the overall housing market.

2.14 . Housing Demand

Different households need different housing units based on their economic level and family size

Cadwallader (1998) identified three major factors that determine the demand for housing as

follows:-

i. The overall demographic structure of population: The pressure on housing resources is

especially severe when a large proportion of the population is concentrated within the age

group between 30 and 40. Because at this ages the household size becomes large and

ii. The demand of housing is also significantly influenced by availability of credit and

associated interest services.

2.15. Housing Supply

As to Carter (1995) land owners, developers and builders get profit from housing greatly by

responding to demand. The supply of housing highly leads to its demand. Cadwallader (1996). Still

states three factors, which can influence supply of housing:-

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I. Activity of private developers- the supply of housing does not belong to governments

along but also private developers have their own role. These developers are expected to

build better supply of housing units;

II. Availability of cheap credit- construction of housing units either by households

themselves or by other private organizations requires lager amount of capital. Thus the

builders need to borrow this money from banks or other organizations. In this case, cheap

credit highly attracts them and stimulates to build residential house

III. The role of the government: The government should design polices which encourage

private organizations. It should also provide public house for low income groups who are

unable to construct their own houses or to rent from investors.

2.16. Housing Tenure

Housing tenure to Logie (1978) refers to the ownership of housing units. There can be found

public housing units that are owned and managed by some public authority and private housing

units which are privately owned by individual housing associations. There can also be found

another group of housing units as private and rented housing units. Private housing units are those

constructed or bought by dwellers. Rented housing units on the other hand, are obtained through

rent term from municipal administration, government association, building agencies, private

individual or from non-government organization.

Currently in most developing countries there is a tendency to improve slums by self help schemes

as stated as follows:

Recently emphasis has been given to the view that most low- income urban residents are

resourceful and it given encouragement and security of tenure they will improve their home by self

help process. Governments can help by providing basic amenities, economic opportunities and

social services (Homby and Jones, 1991-92).

18

CHAPTER THREE

Research Design and MethodologyIntroduction

This research presented the crux part of the whole processes of the study methods that was used as

road map. The main point of discussion in this section includes research approach, method and

sample design, and source of data, tools of data collection and method of analysis.

3.1. Description of the Study Area

Aleta Wondo town is found in the southern nation, nationalities and peoples regional state

/SNNPRS/, located at about 337 km south of Addis Ababa and about 64 km south east of the

regional capital Hawassa,

In the global grid it lies approximately at 6˚ 36’ 10“N. and 38˚ 25’ 22“E. Aleta Wondo has a town

administrative status. The town is situated along Negele Borena main road which passes separating

the town in to two parts to west and east (NUPI, 2002). For administrative purpose the town is

19

divided to three Kebeles namely Cheffe, Mesalemiya and Deela. The town is adjoined by Gidibo-

Shaichucha kebele peasant administration in the north and north east, Bultumo in the east, Wotto

in the south east, Tittira in the south west and Belesto in the west. These kebele peasant

administration units are densely populated and depend up on perennial (cash) crops mainly Coffee

plantation for their livelihood, which has hindered the physical expansion of the town for decades

and it will continue as central issue in the preparation and implantation of the development plan

(Ibd).

3.1.1. Topography

The topography of Aleta Wondo town is characterized by rugged terrain, as it comprises diverse

land forms including pocket depressions, dissected stream valleys and hills. The altitude of the

town ranges from 1910 meters in the north to 1990 meters on top of a hill found in the east. Hence,

average elevation is about 1950 meters, while the altitudinal difference is about 80 meters.

Generally, altitude declines as one proceeds from central part of the town towards the periphery

(NUPI, 2002).

To sum up, the nature of the terrain i.e the foot Garbicho mountain in the east and areas dissected

by Tercha and Melebo rivers with their associated swampy depressions and pocket area with a

gradient of over 20 present that lies Just in the south western corner of the town has always been a

major drawback of the development of urban physical infrastructure.

3.1.2. Climate

Climatic elements particularly temperature, rainfall, wind and humidity have a central importance

in urban planning, since they have a direct implication up on the housing condition

A. Temperature

Aleta Wondo town experiences sub tropical (weina dega) type of climatic condition as inferred

from its altitude. The assessment made from earlier meteorological records testifies that the mean

annual temperature of the town is about 17˚C. Mean annual variation of temperature is very low.

i.e. less than 2˚C.

The highest temperature occurs before the onset and after the recession of the rainy season. The

lowest noon sun angle in the town is never 59˚C54’ even in December,21st when the sun is located

in its furthest southern point (NUPI, 2002).

20

B. Rain Fall

According to meteorological data station of Hawassa town, the town receives a mean annual

rainfall of about 1551 mm. The seasonal distribution of rainfall justifies a bi-modal type. Spring

and summer are recognized as the two rainy seasons, which accounted for 36 percent and 28

percent of the total annual rain full received respectively. The remaining 36% occurs in autumn

and winter. Analysis made based on rain fall coefficient also reveals there are eight continuous rainy months extending from March to October with a distinct four dry months. The months of November,

December, January and February belong to a day period of the year. The ‘’big rains’’ occur from

March to May with moderate concentration, while month of September and October belongs to

small rain period. The magnitude of rainfall variability is also investigated employing 10 years

data (1994-2004). Based on this, rainfall variability of Aleta Wondo town is about 29 percent. This

confirms that rainfall in the town is 71 percent reliable. The reliability of rain fall in the town

intern had a big impact on the intra-urban transportation. This is mainly attributed to the smallness

of the size of

the town, filthy road physical condition, the ruggedness of the terrain and the absence of pedestrian

ways and trails.

C. Wind

Meteorological records referring to wind was not obtained. To fill this gap the concerned bodies

i.e.; experts from the ‘woreda’ agricultural office and other informants were consulted.

Accordingly, the prevailing winds in the town are most likely the north easterly and easterlies,

hence, pollutant urban activities are recommended to maintain (occupy) the location down to those

winds (Ibd).

3.1.3. Foundation and Growth of the Town of Aleta Wondo

On December 20, 1916, Check point (kela) was established at what is today Aleta Wondo town,

particularly at a site which is commonly known by the citizens of the town Mesalemiya.

Dejazmach Assefa established that ‘kela’ so as to collect tax from the caravan traders who used to

travel either to Addis Ababa or Borena. According to an informant, a load of four pack animals of

coffee were taxed one birr and a certain Wawote Siraj and his aid Ato Jodo were put in charge of

collecting the tax. The informant farther notes that every day between 40 to 60, pack animals were

passing via the ‘kela’ loaded with various commodities, mainly coffee and hides (NUPI, 1991).

21

The establishment of the ‘kela’ is believed to be the genesis behind the foundation of the town as

settlements developed around it. Moreover, a store was also established at a site were the bus

terminal is located today. According to Tsige the government established that store for the storage

of agricultural products that were collected in the form of tax from the peasants. The informant

farther notes that every peasant was supposed to pay a tenth of his agricultural product in the form

of tax. On the contrary, however, Hankemo argues that the store was established in about 1935 as

storage of logistics for government troops who then were organized to march against the fascist

aggressors. Whatever is the case, the establishment of the ‘kela’ as well as the store eventually

resulted in the foundation of the town (Ibd).

In the meantime a market was also established in the town in about 1927 and this did also

stimulate the development of the town. According to informants, during the governorship of Ras

Birru (1920s) the market that had merely been at Gure (about 5 kms south of the town) was

transferred to the present town. Though the market was later transferred back to its former site;

during the governorship of ras Desta Damitew (1930-53) a back street (guilt) market was

established at chafe area which is the swampy section of the urbanization process.

In 1936 the Italian troops entered the town from the direction of Negele. The Italians established

their camp in the town particularly in the north and west of the main road that bisects the town.

In the study area on the other hand, people were obliged to settle at the swampy area of chafe.

During the Italian period (1936-41) the town experienced some innovations because urban services

have begun to appear since this time. It was also during this period that motorized vehicles were

seen in the time of the Italian occupation.

3.1.4. Demographic and Socio –Economic Back ground

3.1.4.1. Demographic Back ground

The population of Aleta wondo was 10489, 11321 and 13, 617, 22504 in 1984, 1994, 2002 and

2007 respectively. Population grew exponentially at the rate of 0.8 percent between 1984 and 1994

and 2.4 percent between 1994 and 2002 (OPHC, 1990; OPHC, 1995; NUPI, 2002). There are a

number of estimates made by the then Central Statistical Office (CSO) that is found inconsistent

with the1984 and 1994 censuses. For example, the office had estimated the population of Aleta

wondo as 10,510 in 1974, while, after ten years, the 1984 census put it as 10,489. An estimate in

22

1980 by CSO had also inflated the population in to 14331.This has not yet been reached in 2003.

In view of this, therefore, this report is preferred to rely on the trend observed in the 1984 and 1994

censuses and census conducted by NUPI in the year (2002) as well as the 2007 census.

Table 3.1.4. Growth rate in percent of the population of Aleta Wondo

Year population Population Growth rate in percent

1984 10489 0.8

1994 11321 1.5

2002 13617 2.4

2007 22504 2.6

Source: NUPI, 2002; CSA, 1984, 1994 and 2007

In 1984 the total population of the town was 10, 489 and slightly increased and reached 11,321 in

1994, growing at a rate of less than a percent (0.8 percent) (Table 1.7.4.1.1). After eight years

however, population growth has reached at 13617, in 2002 growing at the rate of 2.4 percent.

It was only in 1984 and 2002 that the proportion of female exceeded that of males. A sex ratio was

104.4 and 101.5 respectively. In 2002, the total number of population in the town is 13,617 and the

total number of household was 2,486 with an average size of 5.5. Similarly, the number of housing

unit is 2,476 where as people living per housing unit was found to be 5.5 (NUPI, 2002).

Table 3.1.4.1.2. Distribution of population by sex and year, Aleta Wondo

Year Male Female Total Sex Ratio

1984 5209 5280 10489 98.7

1994 5781 5540 11321 104.4

2002 6859 6757 13617 101.5

2007 10982 11522 22504 95.3

Source: OPHC, 1990; OPHC, 1995; NUPI, 2002; CS A, 2007

During 2007, the total number of population in the town was 22504, out of which 48.8 percent

were male and 51.2 percent were females (CSA, 2007). Currently as unpublished data source of

23

the town municipality total population in the town is 27489, out of which 49 percent are male and

51 percent are females. The population is grouped under 5753 households implying an average

size of 4.8. Similarly, the number of housing unit is 4757 and the average number of person per

housing unit is calculated to be 5.7. The average households per housing unit are 1.2.

3.1.4.2. Economic Activity and Social Service

Aleta Wondo town is known for its commercial activities. Large part of the dwellers engaged in

business activities.

3.1.4.2.1. Education and Health

It is the basic social services and has a paramount importance, because educated society thrives to

keep his environment clean, control disease transmission, keep sanitation and realize health of

society. At the time of survey four kindergarten, three primary schools and one high school were

available. There are four pharmacies and two clinics. Concerning education and health services it

is insufficient when compared with the population of the kebele as well as the surrounding areas.

3.1.4.2.2. Religion and Idir

Religion and idir are one of social institutions run by local communities to rehabilitate spiritual

health and help each other when problem i.e. death, accident, etc. occur among members and their

family members. Hence, in the study area four religion sects i.e. Orthodox, Muslims, Protestants

and Adventist are operating in the town. There are one Orthodox and three protestant churches,

two Muslim mosques as well as many idir available in the two ‘kebeles’.

Generally in Aleta Wondo town the population is grouped under household has been increasing

from time to time in excess of to the housing supply. The average number of person per housing

unit in the year 2000 was 5 and it has been reached to 5.8 at the time of survey which is the

concern of this study.

III.1.4.2.3.Governance system of the town

24

For the purpose of political administration, Aleta Wondo town is divided in to three kebeles;

namely Cheffe, Mesalemiya and Deela. The municipality of Aleta Wondo town is accountable for

town administration which is governed by Mayor.

Fig 3.1. The Geographical Location of Aleta Wondo

25

Source: NUPI, 2004

3.2. Research Methodology

3.2.1. Research Design:

Designing a research is making a road map to a study which leads all functions and step under

taken. Kothari (2002) defines research design as the conceptual structure with in which research is

conducted. It consists the blue print for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It is also a

strategy of describing procedures about sample size, data sources, means of collection and method

of data processing, analyzing and presenting based on available time and resources.

3.2.2. Research Approach:

The study applied both qualitative and quantitative research approaches to describe housing

conditions for the purpose of generating reliable data for the study.

3.2.3. Research Methods:

To attain the objectives of the study and to answer basic questions, the study used a combination of

qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, concurrently permitting a triangulation

research design.

26

This study employed a descriptive research. The researcher chooses the descriptive research

because it was low cost and often involved the description of the extent of association between two

or more variables.

3.2.4. Sampling and Survey Design

There are 3,170 housing units in kebele Cheffe and Deela where the study conducted. Among

these 1,648 housing units are found in kebele Cheffe and 1,522 housing units in ‘kebele’ Deela.

The sample size was determined to be 158 (i.e. about 5 percent of each group) and suggested to be

manageable size and give fair representation of the threshold population. It was also found that 643

and 654 housing units were rented in ‘kebele’ Cheffe and Deela respectively. Of 643 housing units

411 and 232 were obtained through rent term in kebele Cheffe from kebele and private household

respectively. And of 654 housing units which were found in kebel Deela, 412 and 242 were

obtained through rent term from ‘kebele’ and private household respectively. The rest of housing

units in each ‘kebele’ were occupied by the private owners which were constructed or bought by

dwellers. Therefore, in order to identify the 158 housing units, stratified random sampling method

was applied for each ‘kebele’ according to the respective tenure structures.

Accordingly, 82 housing units in kebele Cheffe of which 32 were rented and 50 were owner

occupied were randomly selected. On the other hand, 76 housing units in ‘kebele’ Deela with 33

rented and 43 owners occupied were randomly picked to represent the remaining housing units.

Of 32 rented housing units which were found in cheffe ‘kebele’ 20 and 12 were obtained through

rent term from ‘kebele’ and private households respectively. And of 33 rented housing units which

were found in Della ‘kebele’ 21 and 12 were obtained through rent term from ‘kebele’ and private

households respectively.

After determining the numbers taken from each stratum it was employed simple random sampling

to select the specific sample subject /households/ which was done systematically using household

lists obtained from ‘kebele’ office or using the written code on the doors of household’s housing

units.

It is obvious that getting income information of respondents is very difficult especially in Third

world nations. In addition the problem become complex in case of people who are daily workers

because of lack of uniformity of their monthly income. Nevertheless, in this research the monthly

27

income of the respondents who were engaged in daily work is determined by taking their weekly

income and changing to monthly income.

3.2.5. Source of data and method of data collection

In order to obtain reliable information for this study both primary and secondary sources of data

have been employed. The primary data were gathered through the use of questionnaires (open-

ended and closed ended), interview (structured, semi-structured and unstructured) & direct

observation. Secondary data which gathered through relevant books, previous research reports,

websites, unpublished materials and other related documents were also been collected from

national urban planning institutions and statistical report of 1984,1994 and 2007 population and

housing censuses.

3.2.6. Method of Data Analysis

The collected data have been analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative

data (information gathered through closed-ended questionnaires and structured interview) have

been analyzed using descriptive statistics- frequency, percentage, averages, ranges and

summarized in a form of tables, graphs, charts etc. The data collected through direct observation,

unstructured interviews and open-ended questionnaires have been analyzed qualitatively. To give

visual impression of the study, area map was also be included and was used to keep a visual

document of the existing situations to substantiate some of the analysis and presentations.

28

CHAPTER FOUR

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Housing Conditions

The Urban Land and Tenurship Proclamation of July 1975 brought radical change on the housing

condition of Aleta Wondo town. By this proclamation 1191 housing units were nationalized and of

these 1002 were put under ‘kebele’ administration and the rest 189 which were rented above 100

birr become under rented housing administration agency.

The 1984 population and housing census report indicates that there were 1920 housing units and

2304 households in the town of Aleta Wondo. This means 384 households had not their own

housing units and were at over burdened by finding housing units. Substandard type of housing

units constituted about 85 percent and only 13.5 percent of them were relatively modern type.

Considering tenancy level about 50 percent of the total housing units were owner occupied, 43.4

percent were rented from ‘kebele’ and 5.2 percent from other organizations. Of the total rented

housing units about 47.4 percent were rented for less than five birr.

In 1994, about 37 percent of the total housing units were occupied by owners; 34, 7 percent were

rented out by kebele and 28.3 percent from other organizations. The CSA (1996) further reports

that there were 2114 housing units and 2537 households in Aleta Wondo in 1994. This means 17

percent household hadn’t their own housing units. According to NUPI, (2002) report, there were

2493 housing units and 2992 households. In 2007 there were 4486 housing units and 4710

households in Aleta Wondo town. This means 499 and 224 households hadn’t their own housing

units in 2002 and 2007 respectively i.e. the gap between housing units and household had not

narrowed until 2007.

This in turn indicates the intensification of congestion problem of housing units in Aleta Wondo

through time.

The number of household per housing unit was found to be 1.2 and persons per housing units were

5.46. During the 1984 census housing units occupied with less than or equal to three per room

constituted for about 69 percent

29

While housing unit with equal or greater than three persons was 31 percent. As regard to number

of rooms per housing units, during the same period, 1,578 housing unit had less than or equal to

three room and 342 housing units had greater than or equal to 4 rooms. During the 1994 census on

the other hand there are a total of 2537 households and the household per housing units ratio was

1.2.

Net of the total housing unit 35.2 percent were with less than or equal to three persons and the

number of housing unit with greater than or equal to 4 person was 64.8 percent. Average person

per housing unit was 5.4. Moreover; inadequacy of housing facilities was observed in the town.

About 70.90 percent of the total housing units, for instance, had no ceiling, 37.9 percent had no

kitchen at all in the same year. During 2007 census the total number of housing units was 4486 and

the total number of households was 4710 whereas the average households per housing unit ratio

were 1.05. During the same period, as regard to number of rooms per housing units, out of 4486

housing units 3730 had less than or equal to three room and 756 housing units had greater than or

equal to 4 rooms. The total number of rooms was 10830 and the average number of rooms per

housing unit was 2.4.

As to Bureau of Work and Urban Development of Sidama Zone, Aleta Wondo’s housing problem

is becoming more serious and overcrowdedness has increased from time to time. As to CSA

(2007) described a housing units is overcrowded if it is occupied by three or more persons per

room. During the period of study the ratio of the average number of person per housing unit was

5.8. This implies the presence of over crowdedness in the area under study. Currently 1,992

housing units are needed to ease the problem. i.e. it needed area of land about 398,400m².

Furthermore, the increase of housing units in turn needed the expansion of municipal services. In

addition to this, the expansion of the town is deterred by the foot of Gerbichcho mountain in the

east and areas dissected by Tercha and Melewo rivers with their associated swampy depressions

and a pocket area with a gradient of over 20 percent that lies just in the south western corner of the

most riddling problems in the town’s prospective horizontal development. The adjoining peasant

associations are densely settled and depend upon perennials (cash crops) like coffee for their

livelihood. During the full implementation of the development plan about 8613 peasants are

expected to be displaced. This may escalate (inflate) the social cost incurred and capital out lay

30

required for indemnity (compensation) which may go beyond the financial capacity of the

municipality.

As far as the housing condition is concerned, there are housing problems both in terms of quality

as well as quantity in the two ‘kebeles’ under consideration. However, elected kebele leaders has

not been ranked first the housing problem than other problems in both ‘kebele’. At present most of

dwelling units are congested, deteriorated and not properly handled. Above 90 percent of rented

houses in both ‘kebeles’ were built before the 1974/75 housing proclamation and they exist until

now without proper maintenance.

Due to this reason the number of deteriorated housing has increased. On the other hand, the

demand of housing is escalating and the gap between demand and supply of housing is becoming

wider and wider from time to time. As regards housing facilities, most of them are inadequate and

even are totally lacking. The inadequacy of sewage system and waste disposal makes residential

areas unhealthy. Furthermore, the insufficiency of municipal service makes the sanitation problem

severe particularly in ‘kebele’ Cheffe due to the presence of market ground. Internal roads are

highly eroded by running water and most of them are full of dirt and mud.

This in turn results in unattainable distribution of municipal services like ambulance, fire

protection, etc. Squatter settlements which are found in different sections of both ‘kebele’, consists

of 130 dwelling units with total population of 709 of which 340 are males and 369 are females at

the time of survey.

The physical structure of housing units is below the standard. Walls and roofs of the housing units

are constructed from plastic and baskets. Most of the housing units are single roomed. They serve

as bed room, reception room and/or kitchen. Housing facilities and public services are hardly

available. Generally most of housing units occupied by the ‘kebeles’ have been deteriorating. They

are unhealthy and lacking basic housing facilities. Housing units in turn needed the expansion of

municipal services.

31

Table 4.1.1 Summary of the fact of housing conditions with the ratio of number of housing units,

number of households and number of rooms

Cens

us

year

Total

pop.

Number

of HUs

Number

of HHs

HHs without

housing units

Ratio of

HHs per

housing

units

Ratio of

persons

per

housing

unit

Number of rooms

No. % ≤ 3 ≥ 4

No. % No. %1984 10489 1920 2304 384 17 1.2 5.46 1,578 82 342 181994 11,321 2114 2537 423 17 1.2 5.35 1733 82 380 182002 13,617 2493 2992 499 16.7 1.2 5.5 2019 81 474 192007 22,504 4486 4710 224 4.8 1.05 5.02 3730 83.14 756 16.85

2012/13 27,489 4757 5753 996 17.3 1.21 5.77 4091 86 666 14

Source:- CSA 1984,1994,2007; NUPI,2002; unpublished record of Aleta wondo Town,

2012/13

4.2. Social and Demographic Characteristics of the Household Heads.

Knowing demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the respondents is very helpful for

any study particularly housing. Because by using such information we can identify and assess the

causes and extent of the problem.

4.2.1. Age-Sex Distribution of the Respondents

The age structure of a given population impacts on demand and size of the housing units. As can

be observed from Table 4.1 about 68 percent of the respondent household heads were male and

32.27 percent were females.

Table 4.1: Age-sex Distribution of the respondents

32

Age group Sex Total

Male Female

No % No %

20-30 19 17.76 14 27.45 33 20.89

31-40 30 28.04 19 37.25 49 31.01

41-50 32 29.91 14 27.45 46 29.11

51-60 5 4.67 2 3.92 7 4.43

61-70 14 13.08 - - 14 8.86

71-80 7 6.54 2 3.92 9 5.70

Total 107 100.00 51 100.00 158 100.00

Source: Field survey data, 2012/13

As indicated on table 4.1, 60.12 percent of the respondents were found in the age group between

31 and 50 years. As mentioned earlier the pressure on housing becomes sever when a large

proportion of population concentrated with in age group between 30 and 50 years because the need

of housing is increased due to extended household size. From this, therefore, the need for housing

of the sample population is high.

4.2.2. Marital Status of the Respondents

33

As we have seen earlier, the cycle of the family has its own impact on demand for housing. Even

in a married group the length of marriage has effect and the newly married couples have their own

private housing demand which can accommodate their newly coming children.

Table 4.2: Distribution of Respondents by marital status

Marital Status Frequency Percent.

Married 95 60.13

Single 22 13.92

Divorced 16 10.13

Widowed 25 15.82

Total 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

Table 4.2 shows that about 60.12 percent of the respondents were married and 15.82 percent were

widowed. The rest about 24 percent were either single or divorced. As to table 4.1, majority of

household are males and most of them are found at middle age. Due to this reason, large number of

the respondent was married. Single respondent, (about 13.92%) and divorced (10.13%) may have

farther implication of the increasing demand for housing.

4.2.3. Educational Status of Respondents.

Educational status of society is helpful to analyze the general condition of housing like sanitation,

family size, housing facilities, etc. As can be seen from Table 4.3 about 13.29 percent of

respondents are found to be illiterate and, those with basic education (1-8 grade level) constituted

equal in percent with that of illiterate group.

Generally, the sum of the percentage of these three groups (illiterate, basic education and grade1-

8) about 40 percent. One may infer that considerable group of the respondents could be passive

about the criticality of the problem and finding or proposing possible solution.

34

Larger group of respondents 41.14 percent were found from 9-10 grade level and about 19 percent

above 10 grade levels. Generally for the seriousness of the problem in the area, low educational

level of the respondents has had significant contribution.

Table 4.3: Distribution of Respondents by Educational Status

Level of education Number Percent

Illiterate 21 13.29

Basic Education 21 13.29

1-8 grades 21 13.29

9-10 grades 65 41.14

Above 10 grades 30 18.99

Total 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

4.2.4. Place of Origin

Rural-urban migrations are the largest source of overcrowding of people in urban areas. The

movement of people from rural to urban areas, particularly in developing countries such as

Ethiopia, has great impact on the existing infrastructures and public amenities. Accordingly, about

54.43 percent of the respondents have come to Aleta Wondo and were born in other areas. Implies

that about 54 percent. of growth rate of the population of the town is due to migration.

Nevertheless, most of these in-migrants were from the surrounding rural areas. In addition one has

to observe among the respondents the fact that about (81) percent of those who were born outside

Aleta Wondo were living in rented housing of the time of the survey.

Table 4.4: Distribution of the Respondents by Place of Origin

Place of birth Frequency Percent

Aleta Wondo 72 45.57

Outside Aleta Wondo Surrounding rural area 44 27.85

Other area 42 26.58

Total 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

35

5.8% Daily Workers

10.2% pension

41.8% self employee

42.65% Government & non-government employees

4.2.5. Occupational Characteristics.

It is found that about (43) percent of the respondents were government and non government

employees. While 41.8 percent of the respondents were self employed or private daily workers

who engaged in variety of activities and earn their wages on daily bases. This constituted about (6)

percent. Moreover, 10.29 percent of the respondents lived with pension fee. Therefore, there is a

considerable percentage of groups who earn low income in the area under study (see Fig 4.1).

They lived in substandard housing units.

Fig. 4.1. Distribution of the Respondents by Occupational Category

4.2.6 Income Level

Incomes of the household and their housing condition have direct relation. Income governs the

housing demand of households. It is obtained from the survey that about (47) percent of the

respondents earned less than 1000 birr per month. The great majority of the respondents were at

the lower income group. Their numbers also decrease towards the higher income groups

(see table 4.5).

36

Table 4.5. Distribution of Respondents by monthly income

Monthly income (birr) Number Percent

< 800 39 24.68

801 – 1000 35 22.15

1001 – 1200 28 17.72

1200 – 1400 32 20.25

1400+ 24 15.19

Total 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

4.3 Physical Characteristics of the Housing Units

The predominant types of material used for construction of dwellings have an important Bearing

for setting up the standard of housing units. They are also helpful to determine the quality and

duration of housing units.

Table 4.6. Distribution of dwellings by type of construction materials

S. no Section of the housing unit

Construction material No Percent

1 Wall

Wood & mudPlastered hallow blocks Stone and cement Corrugated iron Wood only

92520932

58.233.1612.665.7020.25

Total 158 100.00

2 Roof Corrugated iron Concrete or cement others

15332

96.841.91.27

total 158 100.00

3 Floor

Earthen /mud/ Wood planks Cement screed ceramic marble tiles Others

98271716

62.0217.0810.7910.11

Total 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

37

As can be seen from Table 4.6 the wall of about (58.23%) of the housing units were constructed

from wood and mud followed by stone and cements which accounted for 12.66 percent of total

housing units, corrugated iron also constitute about 6 percent. In the case of roof, larger group,

about 97 percent of dwelling units have had corrugated roof. There is only about 2 percent of

housing units with concrete or cement floors. The rest, about 1 percent were constructed from local

materials. Earthen /mud/ floor housing units accounted for constitute largest Proportion (about 62

percents), where as wood planks and cement screed housing units were about 17.08 percent and

10.79 percents respectively. Ceramic marble constituted only 10.79 percent and the rest about 10

percent were constructed by other local materials like reed bamboo.

All these show that, most of the existed housing units were the substandard type of housing units

and they may have adverse impacts on health of the residents. Because the wood and mud walls

and earthen floors may become breeding place of rats (mousses) and other insects which can

transmit diseases. The dusts from the floor also become source of diseases particularly for

children.

38

fig. 4.2

Photographs on the right showing the

Substandard housing units found in

Cheffe and Deela kebeles respectively;

due to lack of maintenance service

Either by Kebele or households

themselves. The problem is directed to

economic problem as the researcher

interviewed the owners of the houses;

Mamitu Taye in Cheffe Kebele

and Sherif Mahamed in Deela Kebles

Deela Kebele

Source: field survey, 2012/13

39

Cheffe Kebele

4.4 Purpose of the Housing Units

In developed countries the purpose of housing units is clearly identified. While in developing

countries it is difficult to clearly identify housing unit based on purpose. Due to shortage of

housing units, people use their dwelling units for different purposes, like for commercial activities,

shopping, petty trade, health centers, selling local drinks etc. Accordingly, as can be observed from

Table. 4.7 about 44 percent of the housing units of the respondents were used for both business and

residential purpose. This has its own problems like congestion and disturbances in the residential

units. In kebele Cheffe, about 65 percent out of 82 housing units are used for both business and

residence. While the proportion is relatively low in kebele Deela, the presence of market place in

kebele Cheffe may be accounted for more use of housing units both for residence and business.

Table 4.7. Distribution of housing units by purpose

Purpose of housing units Number Total

Kebele Cheffe

KebeleDeela

No % No % No %Residence only Both residence & commercial

2953

35.3764.63

6016

78.9521.05

8969

56.3343.67

Total 82 100.00 76 100.00 158 100.00 Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

4.5 Tenure Structure The tenure structure of housing units is highly governed by their standard, type, location,

accessibility to social service as well as the physical structure. As a result the cost of housing units

in central parts of the towns in developing countries in particular, is higher than those that are

found in peripheral parts.

According to CSA 2007, in Aleta Wondo town there were 4486 housing units. Out of these,

1, 946 (43.4%) were owner occupied, 358 (8%) were rent free, 740 (16%) were rented out by

kebele, 49 (1%) were rented out by other organization, 1,383 (31%) were rented out by private

holders and 10 ( 0.2%) were occupied difference rent.

This shows that only about 43 percent of the dwelling units were owner occupied and the rest (56

percent) were rented out.

40

Table 4. 8. Distribution of housing unit by type of tenure

Geographical area SampleUnits total

Type of tenureOwner occupied Rented

From Kebele Private households

Number % Number % Number %Cheffe 82 50 53.76 20 24.39 12 14.63

Deela 76 43 46.27 21 27.6 12 15.78

Both 158 93 58.86 41 25.94 24 15.18

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

As can be seen from Table 4.8, about 42 Percent of the dwelling unit were living in rented housing

unites either from Kebele office or private households. This shows that the existence of high

demand pressures of owner occupied housing unit for residence in the area understudy. Because

the rent of housing units is not affordable for low income earners.

Table 4. 9. Distribution of dwellings by Monthly Rent

Rent in Birr Frequency Total

Kebele Cheffe

KebeleDeela

No %

No % No %

10 – 30 52 63.41 50 65.79 102 64.5630 – 60 12 14.63 11 14.47 23 14.5660 – 90 10 12.2 9 11.84 19 12.0290+ 8 9.76 6 7.89 14 8.86 Total 82 100.00 76 100.00 158 100.00

Source: field survey data, 2012/13

As can be seen form Table 4.9 the amount a house rent collected from the dwellers appear very

low. Over half (about 63.4 percent) of the respondents pay less than 30 birr per mouth and only 8

percent pay over 90 birr per month (see Table 4.9). Therefore, this low amount of rent may

indicate the low purchasing power and hence low standard of housing units and lower standard of

living of dwellers. Table 4.10 strengthens this idea. Out of 65 respondents who live in rented

housing, 20 households earn below 800 birr per month. Whereas out of 93 owners occupied

41

respondents only 10 households earn below 800 birr per month. As we can observe from the Table,

4.10 the number of households in rented houses goes decreasing when the monthly income birr

increases, while in case of owner occupied houses, number of households increase as the monthly

income increases

Table 4.10 Distribution of respondents by monthly income

Monthly

income (birr)

Frequency Percent

Rented house Owner occupied

house

Total

<800 20 10 30 19

801 – 1000 16 12 28 18

1001 – 1200 14 17 31 20

1201 -1400 10 25 35 22.15

1400+ 5 29 34 21.51

Total 65 93 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey , 2012/13

4.6 Level of Occupancy

As discussed previously the level of density seriously affects the quality of housing units. Data

presented in Table 4.11 reveal that households who live in one and two room housing units

constitute over 47 percent of the total housing units in the area under consideration.

Thus, beyond the physical unfitness, the number of rooms in the sample dwellings is found to be

too insufficient in the studied kebeles. 76% of owner occupied housing units are found relatively in

a better condition which have greater than or equal to 3 rooms. Whereas about 66% of rented

houses have one or two rooms.

According to UN (1974) a dwelling unit with more than two persons per room can be regarded as

crowded. In the case of Ethiopia, CSA (1994) described a housing unit as overcrowded if it is

occupied by three or more persons. So, based on these most of the sample housing units can be

regarded as overcrowded.

42

Table 4.11. Distribution of housing units by number of rooms and average number of rooms

per housing unit

Number

of rooms

Frequency Total number of

housing unit

Total

number

of rooms

Average number

of rooms per

housing units Owner occupied

house

Rented house

No % No % No %

1 12 12.9 24 36.92 36 22.78 36 1

2 20 21.5 19 29.23 39 24.68 78 2

3 13 13.97 15 23.07 28 17.72 84 3

4 13 13.97 5 7.69 18 11.39 72 4

5 11 11.82 2 3.07 13 8.22 65 5

6 10 10.75 - - 10 6.32 60 6

7 8 8.6 - - 8 5.06 56 7

8 or above 6 6.45 - - 6 3.79 48 8

Total 93 100.00 65 100.00 158 100.00 499 3.2

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

The comparison between number of rooms and number of persons is the basis for elaboration of

overcrowding matrix. It allows dividing the housing units in to under occupied, adequately

occupied, and overcrowded.

The average household size of the respondents was 4.8 and number of rooms per household on

average was about 3. That means only 3 rooms are available on average for each household with

size of 4.8. In addition, to generate additional income, people used to rent their housing units to

other ‘Debals’ (co-dweller). From Table 4.12 we can observe that about 60 respondents were

found to have co-dweller ranging from one to five in their housing units. These households share

rooms with their co-dwellers and it is the manifestation of overcrowdings problem in the study

area. This is also another reflection of problems of housing in the kebele under study.

43

Table 4.12 Distribution of the respondents by co-dwellers

Co-dweller Number of respondents who have co-

dweller

Percent

1 30 19

2 13 8.2

3 6 4

4 6 4

5 5 3

0 98 62

Total 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

Generally in the kebele under consideration most of housing units are found to be poorly

constructed and over crowded thereby becoming detrimental to safety and health.

4.7 Housing Facilities

The availability of housing facilities in housing units is one of the measures of the quality of

housing units. Housing facilities can also reflect the living standard of the dwellers. Accordingly it

is the quality measure of housing units and living condition of the people. The degree of

availability of these facilities in the housing units under consideration presented as follows.

4.7.1. Kitchen Facilities

Kitchen is one of the basic facilities of a housing unit. It is a place where households use for

cooking food. However, due to the problems of available rooms, kitchens in many part of Ethiopia

are used as abode for some group of people in the household. Animals, in some cases are also

made to pass nights in kitchen in some parts of the country.

According to CSA, 2007 in Aleta Wondo there were 4485 housing units. Of those, 677 (15.09%)

had no kitchen at all, 480 (10.7%) had traditional kitchen inside the housing units, 480 (10.7%)

had traditional kitchen outside the housing unit, 44 (0.98%) had modern kitchen inside the housing

unit and 132(2.94%) had modern kitchen outside the housing unit. The percentage of modern

kitchen was only 4. From this, anyone can infer that the available housing units were substandard

ones.

44

Table 4.13 Distribution of Kitchen in sample Household.

C. No Kitchen

Arrangement

Frequency Total percent

Rented Owner occupied

No % No %

1 Separate private

kitchen

17 26.15 81 87.09 98 62.02

2 Separate shared

kitchen

30 46.15 - - 30 19

3 No kitchen at all 18 26.69 12 12.90 30 19

Total 65 100.00 93 100.00 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

As can be seen from Table 13, about 19 percent of total housing units under study have had no

kitchen facility at all. The dwellers thus have to cook either inside the living room or use open

space for preparing food. Still another 19 percent have to share kitchen with some other

neighboring household. Those who do not have kitchen have been facing problems during rainy

and/or high sun as well as wind time.

Still those sharing their kitchen with others may have problems of friction in space usage. Those

even having their own kitchen have indicated problems regarding availability of water, light, space

and sanitation in their kitchen as most of them are not equipped with internal facilities.

Most of the rented out housing units have had either common kitchen or they do not have kitchen

at all. The availability of kitchen is relatively promising in the case of owner occupied housing

units.

4.7.2. Water Supply

Availability of water supply in the housing units can also determine the quality of the housing

units and can reflect the living condition of respondents. Accordingly, when we compare water

supply by tenancy level about 89.2 percent of owner occupied housing units have had access to

piped water in one way or another. However, the percentage is small in the case of rented housing

units i.e. 58 percent. The rest 42 percent of rented housing units and 10.8 percent of owner

45

occupied housing units were using protected well or spring, unprotected well or spring and river

/lake/ pond. This shows that significant percentage of rented housing units receive their water

supply from well or spring. However, the percentage is relatively small in the case of owner

occupied housing units. This implies that the severity of the problem is higher in the case of rented

group. Moreover, the owner occupied dwelling units didn’t use unprotected well /spring and river/

lake/ pond at all which is detrimental to health.

Table 4.14 Distribution of housing units by source of drinking water

Source of water supply Frequency Total Percent

Rented Owner occupied

No % No %

Tap inside the house 2 3 5 5.37 7 4.43

Tap in com pound (private) 7 10.76 33 35.48 40 25.31

Tap in a compound (shared) 10 15.38 32 34.4 42 26.58

Tap outside compound (bono) 19 29.23 13 13.97 32 20.25

Protected well or spring 16 24.61 10 10.75 26 16.45

Un protected well or spring 7 10.76 - - 7 4.43

River/lake/ponds. 4 6.15 - - 4 2.53

Total 65 100.00 93 100.00 158 100.00

Source: Field Survey Data, 2012/13

46

Fig.4.3

Photographs on the right

Showing rented group dwellers that fetch

Water from unprotected

well or spring in both

kebeles, because as there is no access to piped water. This shows the severity of

the problem is higher in the case of rented group

Cheffe Kebele

Deela Kebele

Source: field survey, 2012/13 4.7.3 Toilet Facility

The presence of toilet facility has great role for safety and good sanitation Absence,

inadequacy or improper usage of latrines mostly becomes the main causes of spread

of communicable diseases.

Table 4.15 Distribution of housing by toilet facilities

47

Type of toilet facility

Frequency Total Percent

Rented Owner occupied

No % No %

Private pit latrine 27 41.53 42 45.16 69 43.67Shared pit latrine 25 38.46 22 23.65 47 29.74Private vip latrine 2 3.07 3 3.22 5 3.16Public latrine 2 3.07 2 2.15 4 2.53Private flush toilet 1 1.53 12 12.9 13 8.22Shared flush toilet 1 1.53 11 11.82 12 7.59No toilet at all 7 10.76 1 1.07 8 5.06Total 65 100.00 93 100.00 158 100.00

Source: field survey data, 2012/13 As indicated in Table 4.15, about 5.06 percent of the respondents have no own toilet

facility at the time of survey. They use open fields or public toilets. About 40% the

respondents use common and shared pit latrine. Out of the respondents who live in own

housing units who accounted for over 38 percent do not have their own private toilet

facility. On the other hand about 54 percent of the respondents living in the rented housing

units do not have their own private toilet. These people have to use either shared or public

toilet or open fields. Those who use common pit latrine and public toilet complain about

the poor sanitation and lack of municipal service.

Those who use open field have reported health problem especially of respiratory

disease, because it pollutes their environment. The problem not only belongs to these

groups but also it affects the whole community especially children who play in those open

fields, in general, it degrades the quality of the environment.

Fig. 4.4

Photographs on the right

Showing public latrine which is

Substandard in Chaffe and Deela Kebeles which are constructed since 1980’s and with no

maintenance until now. As the resalt of this, this public latrine became sanitation

challenges for the people who lived in surrounding area.

48

Cheffe Kebele

Deela Kebele

Source: field survey, 2012/13

4.7.4 . Lighting

The type of lighting used in housing units can reflect the quality of housing units as

well as living condition of households.

Table 4.16 Distribution of housing units by light source

Source of light Number Percent

Electricity 157 99.4

Kerosene 36 0.6

Total 158 100.00

Source: field survey data, 2012/13

Traditional source of lighting such as kerosene lumps are less efficient to provide light

when compared with electricity. The people using these traditional lighting sources are

49

generally with lower level of socio–economic standard. Nevertheless, over 99 percent of

the respondents have access to electricity as source of lighting and others however, many

of them have complained on the ever-increasing price of electric power supply. The users

of kerosene have attributed the use of traditional lighting to ascending price of electricity.

4.8. Waste Disposal System

Waste disposal facilities are essential Element of housing unit, because the absence of it

results in environmental sanitation problem.

Table 4.17 Distribution of housing units by waste Disposal System

Method of waste disposal Frequency

Rented house Owner occupied Total

No % No % No %

For garbage disposal

15

22

13

15

23.07

33.84

20

23.07

12

12

49

20

12.90

12.90

52.68

21.50

27

34

62

35

17.08

21.5

39.24

22.15

Municipal service

every where

Burning

Open field, valley/ river

Total 65 100.00 93 100.00 158 100.00

For liquid waste matter

50

28

37

65

43.07

56.92

100.00

34

59

93

36.55

63.44

100.00

62

96

158

39.24

60.75

100.00

Tube

Open filed

Total

Source: field survey data, 2012/13

Table 4.17 indicated that 17.08 percent of the respondents use municipal service for waste

deposal. The rest 82.92 percent, on the other hand have no access to municipality services.

Hence, they dispose their garbage either in open field, valley and river and everywhere or

burn it (39,24 percent). In case of liquid waste matter, over half of the respondents (above

60 percent) dispose everywhere and the rest (39.24 percent) use tube. Hence observations

showed that sanitation problems appear serious and common in both kebeles under

consideration. Internal roads are full of dirt and mud causing the living condition of the

people unhealthy and very difficult.

Fig 4.5

Photograph on the right showing

disposed garbage in open field in cheffe ‘kebele’ due to lack of municipal service for solid

waste disposal which is found on internal roads to cross from main road to market area

51

Deela Kebele Cheffe Kebele

Fig 4.6

Photograph on the left revels that disposed of liquid waste material open field there is no

developed waste disposal sewerage system which is discharged on the way from

stadium to high school.

4.9. Neighborhood Characteristics

The quality of housing units can also be measured in terms of its neighborhood

characteristics. Neighborhood characteristics contain various elements ranging from

structural arrangement of the housing units which help to assess impact of the immediate

next housing units to accessibility of the area to various social services and public

amenities like schools, health station, work place, ambulances, fire protection units etc. In

addition to their location or sites, structural arrangement of housing units can be treated as

one of the important neighborhood characteristics of housing units.

Accordingly, there can be found two categories of housing units attached and detached

ones.

Two or more households are taken as living in the attached units when they share

common wall. These attached housing units are more likely to cause some sort of friction.

In addition, it is likely that privacy at household level suffers. Therefore, the attached

housing units are not as convenient as the detached housing units in many of cases. In

addition, such housing units have problems of maintenance.

However, it is observed that nearly two third of the housing units are attached ones to

one another (Table 4.18). The dwellers of such housing units often have no privacy. The

52

presence of such housing units in large proportion thus indicate either inability of the

occupants to construct their own private housing units or the presence of some

discouraging factors to construct their own private housing unit, or still the shortage and

problem of obtaining detached housing units.

Table 4.18 Structural Arrangement of Housing Units.

Structure Frequency

Rented Owner occupied Total

No % No % No %

Detached 4 6.15 49 52.68 53 32.54

Attached 61 93.84 44 47.31 105 67.45

Total 65 100.00 93 100.00 158 100.00

Source: field survey data, 2012/13

Table 4.18 reveals that about 94% of the rented out housing units were the attached type.

While only about 6% of the housing units were found detached . This poor structural

arrangement has led to congestion which in turn creates problems. These all can affect the

health of occupants. More than half of owner occupied housing units were detached (54%)

unlike the rented housing units.

Fig 4.7

Photograph on the right

Shows attached housing

53

Unit of households in the study area. This was observed in Chaff Keble at the time

of survey. Terefe Duressa and Kebebush Workene are the owners of the houses

whose house hold size was 5 and 7 respectively. They complained about their

privacy seriously. Source: field survey, 2012/13

CHAPTER FIVEProblems and prospects

5.1 problems

As to the survey results, many of the housing units in both kebeles under study are in

poor sanitary situation, deteriorated and uncomfortable for livings. Moreover, the

existing housing facilities and public amenities are inadequate, infrequent or totaly

absent of municipal services. This has made sanitation problem more serious. In general

housing units of both kebeles are poor in structure and highly congested. All these are

the reflection of low living standard of most of dwellers. Some of the rented out kebele

housing units were found in extremely bad condition partly due to lack of responsibility

of some of the occupants to handle properly their dwelling units and partly due to low

income of the dwellers. The kebele administration offices, and the so-called owners,

gave no or little attention for maintenance. Some of the respondents, from kebele

Cheffe, for instance, have complained of noise disturbance, pollution from kitchen and

mills which are attached with their dwelling units as well as sanitation problems of the

market areas making their living condition difficult.

The survey thus revealed the root cause of the problems as would be headed under

the following four areas.

Budget problem

The income source of both kebele administration offices is very much limited mainly to

rent collection and sale of grass. However, the collected amount in rents is only a drop

from the income of households. Due to this reason both kebeles have shortage of

income. Moreover, the officers complained that even this small amount is not collected

on time. However, most of the respondents gave much emphasis to budget problem.

54

This may be because less attention was given to alleviate housing problems with their

budget allocation. The amount is only two to three percent of total income in both

kebeles under consideration. Even though municipality collected revenue from taxes –

such as urban land and building taxes collected from business activities, coffee trade,

distribution of water supply etc., due to administrative defects budget allocation to

alleviate the mentioned problem is almost null.

Population Growth

The concentration of population in the study area is another contributing factor for the

current inadequate and deteriorated housing condition. As a result there is a wide gap

between demand and supply of the housing units in the kebeles under consideration.

Table 19 Demand and supply level of housing unit between 2002 and 20012 Year Number of houses

demanded Number of houses constructed

Total needed housing units

Total constructed housing units

Kebele Kebele In both kebeles In both kebeles

Cheffe Deela both Cheffe Deela No % No %

2002 34 27 61 10 8 43 70.5 18 29.5

2003 37 35 72 7 3 62 86.1 10 13.88

2004 40 38 78 2 2 74 94.87 4 5.12

2005 32 31 63 4 6 53 84.12 10 15.87

2006 46 44 90 2 4 84 93.3 6 6.66

2007 100 124 224 2 4 218 97.32 6 26.7

2008 300 312 612 5 9 598 97.7 14 2.28

2009 508 507 1015 15 13 987 97.24 28 2.75

2010 770 790 1560 16 18 1526 97.8 34 2.17

2011 978 982 1960 18 20 1922 98.06 38 1.9

2012 1122 1036 2158 2 8 2148 99.5 10 0.46

Total 3967 3926 7893 8 95 7715 97.74 172 2.2

Source; Compiled from unpublished records of the kebeles offices

As can be observed from Table 4.19 both kebeles have a considerable shortage of

housing units. In general only about 2.22 percent of the required amount of the housing

55

units was constructed between 2002 and 2012, more specifically, as shown in Table 4.

19, the gap between housing demand and supply has increased from about 40% in 2002

to as much as 89.0% in 2012. This may be partly attributable to population growth

largely due to rural-urban migration, and budget constraint to construct more housing

unit. As the result of the lifelong administrative defects in the area under consideration,

the housing shortage problem is aggravated by lack of or poor maintenance of housing

units

Bureaucratic Problems

Administrative defects especially in kebele offices and municipality is found to be annoying

the people who are in need of space for construction of their own private housing units. As my

own personal observation the kebele offices as well as municipality do not follow urban land

acquisition criteria and land use policy, rather they allocate the land unfairly as they wish

through defective way. So, this is found to be the most important bottle neck for those who are

in need of constructing and having their own private housing units.

Relief Structure

The relief structure of the town i.e. its mountainous nature, doesn’t create good opportunity to

minimize the housing problem. Problem of water logging in the new allocation site which is

the southern part of the town. This new site is swampy area, which is not suitable for

construction of house.

Moreover, this site lacks or has poor access to basic utilities and infrastructures such as

schools, health and transport services. In addition, the town is surrounded by mountain ranges,

which has restricted horizontal expansion of the town. Due to these problems, most of the

inhabitants of the town preferred to live concentrated in the former situation i.e down town

(older part of the town) regardless of the prevailing problems.

5.2 Prospects As noted earlier, there is problem of infrastructure in the newly allocated areas. So as to

solve the problem, the urban counsel office of Aleta Wondo town has plan to farther develop

and expand physical infrastructures such as transportation, municipal service, schooling etc.

According to BWUD of Sidama Zone, to alleviate the problem of housing the bureau has

prepared a guideline for different House Building Association, and encourages people to come

56

in-group and build their houses by borrowing money from banks or other sources. The bureau

is also preparing new master plan of the town which permits to expand the town toward the

south western and western direction to Tittira and Bellesto Kebele Administration and eastern

direction towards Sheichcha (Gidibo) KPA.

CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the above findings of the study, the following conclusion and recommendations are

forwarded.

6.1. Conclusion The main objective of this study was to explore housing conditions and associated problems in

kebele Cheffe and Deela of the town of Aleta Wondo. To achieve this objective 158 households

and 8 kebele officers and bureau of work and urban development officials of the town were

involved in questionnaire and interview respectively. The result showed that the issues of housing

condition have been a longstanding and deep rooted problem in Aleta Wondo town. An acute

shortage of housing units has existed in the town of Aleta wondo. The problem is not only shortage

of housing units and inadequacy of housing faculties, but also the existing housing units are

deteriorated and need immediate maintenance.

Housing facility is one of conditions of the overall socio-economic development of every

country, and it has significant economic, social and political bearings. The impact of housing is

multidimensional on the labor power, on the psychological and physical well being of dwellers, on

the interaction of family members and their neighbors, etc.

However, at present the main problem in many part of the world including Ethiopia and the study

area in specific is the issue of housing. Slums and squatter settlements expand from time to time

and become common features particularly of developing countries. Ethiopia is not exception to the

problem. This general problem is particularly true in Aleta Wondo.

Acute shortage of housing units exists in the studied areas, there has not been a sufficient

dwelling unit for the people. The result of this situation is an overcrowding on existing dwellings

because people use one housing unit for three or more households. This in turn resulted in problem

of congestion and health hazards. The problem of the studied kebeles is not only quantity but also

57

quality. As mentioned before the concept of the housing facilities such as kitchen, toilet, water

supply, garbage disposal, and public amenities like schools, health centers etc. on the basis of this,

majority of households in the studied kebeles are living in substandard dwelling units that are often

with insufficient housing facilities and little or no access to public services.

Most of the housing units (about 48 percent) are nearly one or two-roomed structure and they are

made of wood and mud (about 78.5 percent). Moreover, majority of them are poorly maintained.

Hence, they are responsible for deteriorating and poor quality of houses.

In addition to the need of additional housing units, the available housing units need immediate

maintenance.

The low per capita income of the respondents together with their low educational level makes the

problem complex. A very large percentage of rented out houses are found in bad condition and

need a lot of repair bill. On the other hand, the dwellers have given the responsibility totally to the

governments.

Congestion and sanitation problems are also the main challenges of the area and seriously affect

the people.

The number of people is much greater than the existing infrastructures. So, this over crowding

problem has led to sanitation problem. This is mainly caused by lack of latrines (about 8 percent of

housing units) and lack of disposal system (about 82.92 percent).

The analysis showed that about 97 percent of the housing units in the studied area of the town are

roofed by corrugated iron. While, 2 percent by other local materials like thatch. Corrugated iron

may not last long because of rust. Moreover, it is not friendly as its resistance to weather variation

is poor; too hot during dry seasons and cold during winter.

The other indicator of poor housing is the material used in the construction of the floor. About 62

percent of the housing units have had a floor of mud. This type of floor has a negative impact on

the health of the residents. The primary victims are infants and children who are exposed to

continuous risk of contracting respiratory infections of dust related diseases.

An improvement in the quality of housing, water, sanitation and drainage not only reduces the

prevalence of disease but also makes life more pleasant. This is especially very crucial for women

who are responsible for looking after children and for managing households. In the case of the

studied area only 52 percent of the total housing units have access to piped water with in the

compound they live in, while access to tap water inside house is found to be only 4 percent. With

58

regard to source of light, still there are about 1 percent housing units have no access to electricity

powered lighting. These housing units use kerosene lamps. The households suffer from the smokes

that come out from the kerosene lamps.

In summary, the housing situation in the study area is, therefore poor and, disappointing, most of

the housing units are congested and deteriorated. Hence many in habitant of the town do not have

access to a due housing utility. The local authorities appear incapable of providing sufficient

municipal services.

59

6.2. Recommendation

By considering the analysis results on the available housing conditions and the suggestion

of most of the dwellers, some important points are suggested that may be helpful to

minimize the problem.

1. Before constructing additional housing units, first the available housing units should be

handled properly. So, the government and other concerned bodies should educate the

people to develop responsibility and consider their rented houses as their own and give

appropriate maintenance.

2. Since the concept of housing is complete only when the necessary facilities are full

filled, the concerned body should prepare such necessary services and

infrastructures.

3. The municipality has to distribute enough number of garbage cans and lorries at

appropriate sites and at shorter distance for the dwellers, and the road and surrounding

areas should be regularly cleaned and maintained

4. Government housing policies should encourage private construction by avoiding

unnecessary primary criteria and by preparing building materials in relatively low cost.

5. It is advisable to construct public house or low-cost houses by the government since

most of the people are found in low income group

6. Another alternative could be vertical growth of the town by constricting condominium

houses so as to alleviate the problem of horizontal expansion.

7. Integration and coordination between government and NGOS as wells among different

NGOs should be required in order to maximize their effort of solving the problem of

low -income households in the town, by providing credit, promoting efficient use of

resources and providing training.

60

8. Improve access to schools to local community or provide continuous orientation to the

inhabitants particularly to elderly people about housing situation. Because it is lack of

education that contributed to fail to keeps the environment sanitation, which is associated with

substandard housing conditions.

9. Family planning and family support programs should be reinforced for the creation of enabling

environments for families to adjust family size with housing units

10. Future need is determined by the population increase with regard to rooms and by the increase

in families with regards to housing units. So regarding demand two types of measures can be

taken:

a. Increase public housing supplies to provide cheap housing or low cost housing for

the more needy sector of the population by constructing housing units by kebeles or

municipality

b. A policy of substantially subsidized loans to buy or construct new housing units

11. To get public land which is found in Tittira KPA with low compensation, it needs discussion with

local elders so as to negotiate them and intern they negotiate the society.

12. Shortage of financial resources is one of the main problems for the kebeles as well as municipality

not to provide efficient service in housing conditions. But in reality if they provide enough

service to the residents, they can easily raise their financial capacity by collecting huge amount

of money from customers.

13. The municipality has to work on awareness creation programs among the community.

14. The follow up of the municipality to housing condition was not promoting. Even the amount of

budget used for housing construction as well as maintenance is insignificant or null. Hence

measures must be taken in these observable gaps to improve the services.

15. In general advance planning in housing is very important. So, preparation and evaluation of such

plans or programs needs an adequate statistical data on housing quality and quantity and

population growth. In the absence of a workable urban planning, urban growth will result in

slum areas. Therefore, the municipality should have plan of in housing so as to get ahead

information of the gap.

61

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Leads to Poor Health. Vo1. 113 (5): may 2005>Pmc125+572

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Annex -1 A questionnaire for household heads The aim of this questionnaire is to obtain necessary information about housing conditions.

Dear respondent: Please be informed that I am a post graduate student in Addis Ababa

university undertaking a research paper on An Assessment of Housing Condition in Aleta

Wondo Town with Special Reference to Kebele Cheffe and Deela. To that end you are

selected as one of the respondent to provide your reflection on the issue pardon. You are

not required to write your name and the information you give will be strictly confidential.

General Direction

1. put ‘x’ mark for choice items

2. To open ended questions write your answer briefly on the blank space provided

3. Please give honest answer.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation

I back ground of the Households

1/ Kebele ------------ House No. --------------

2/ House hold head sex ------------------

3/ House hold head age ---------------

Marital status of household head

A/ married ---------- B/ single -------- C/ Divorced ----------

D/ Widowed --------E/ Separated ---------F/ Others (Specify) --------

5/ Hose holds size; Males ---------------

Females -------------

6/ Ethnic group A/ Sidama B/ Guraghe C/ Amahara D/ Oromo E/ Other specify ----------

7/ Religions of head of household ---------------------

8/ If there is co-dweller specify the number ---------------

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9/ Educational Status of the head of the households

A/ Illiterate ------------------- B/ Basic Education ---------------

C/ 8-10 Grades -------------- E/ Above Grade 12 specify -------------

D/ 10-12 Grades ------------

10/ Birthplace A/ Aleta Wondo --------------

B/ Outside Aleta Wondo (Specifyit) -----------------

11/ what occupation is you engaged in now?

A/ Government Employee

B/ Non-Government employee

C/ Daily laborer

D/ Self worker

E/ Pension

12/ what is the monthly average income of the family? -----------

II. Housing Condition.

1. What is the type of tenure of the housing units?

A/ Rented B/ Owner’ Occupied

2. If rented what is the monthly amount of rent (in birr) ----------

3. How many rooms are there in your housing unit? -------------

4. Do you think that the number of rooms is sufficient for your household members?

A/ Yes B/ No

5. What is the major material used for construction of the wall of the housing unit?

A/ wood and mud B/ Bricks

C/ stone and cement D/ if others (Specify) --------------

6. What is the material used for the construction of the major part of the roof of the

housing unit?

A/ Corrugated iron C/ concrete cements

B/ wood and thatch D/ if others (specify) ------------

7. What is the material used to construct the floor of your housing units?

A/ Earthen B/ wood & bamboo C/ Bricks

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D/ plastic tires E/ if others (specify) ---------------

8. Is your housing unit attached or detached from other housing units? A/ attached

B/ Detached

9. Do you have fenced compound? A. Yes B. No

10. Is there any open space in the compound? A. Yes B/ No

11. For what purpose do you use housing?

A/ residential only B/ Both commercial and residential

C/ if other (specify) ----------------

12. Where do you cook your food?

A/ inside the residential housing units B/ in separate shared kitchen

C/ out side door D/ in separates private kitchen

E/ If other (specify) ----------------

13. What do you usually use to cook your food?

A.. fuel wood B/ dung C/ electricity D/ kerosene E/ other -----------

III. housing facilities

1. where Do Your households get drinking water?

A/ from public tap (‘Bono’) B/ Private tap in Compound

C/ Buying from private owner D/ If others (Specify) ----------

2. if there is problem in relation to water please specify it ----------

3. What type of toilet facility does your house hold use?

A/ private (latrine (flash) B/ Private pit latrine

C/ public toilet D/ other (specify)

4. if there is problem in relation toilet please specify it ----------

5. What type of lighting system do you use?

A/ Electricity B/ candle C/ kerosene D/ If other (specify)---

6. If there is problem in lighting please specify it ---------------

7. What system of garbage disposal do you use?

A/ Municipal service B/ dumping in to open field

C/ Burning D/ other (specify)--------

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8. Where do you dispose your liquid waste matter?

A/ Tube B/ pen field C/ If other (specify)------

9. if there is problem in relation to the waste disposal system please

specify------------------

10. Is there problem of transport in your kebele?-----------------

11. How many years ago was your housing unit constructed? -----------

12. At present does your housing unit need maintenance? ------------------

13. If your housing unit needs maintenance why don’t you get it maintained?

14. If you live in rented housing units why don’t you build your own house?

---------------

15. What do you think about the cause of the present housing problem in your kebel?

-------------

16. What do you think are the possible solution for the existing housing problem in your

kebele? --------------

17. Is your household well furnished? A/ Yes B/ No

18. Do you have?

A/ TV Set B/ telephone C/ Tape recorder

D. Sofa E/ Bed and mattress F/ Others, Specify

16. If there is any problem relation to housing condition such as health, over crowding

Lack of facility etc. specify it -----------------------------------

--------------------------------------

-------------------------------------

--------------------------------------

--------------------------------------

Thank You!!

68

Addis Ababa University College of Education and Behavioral Studies Department of

Geography and Environmental Education.

Annex 2 Interview Guidelines for kebele officers First of all I would like to thank for your kindly cooperation to spend your time for my

interview

A/ Back ground of the interview

1. kebele ----------------------------------

2. Name -------------------------------

3. Sex --------------------------

4. Position -----------------------

5. educational level -------------------

B/ Guiding inter view

6. Source of income of kebele -----------

7. Average monthly income of kebele ------------

8. What percentage of the income does your kebele use to alleviate housing problem?

--------

9. Can you handle the problem with this percent? ------------

10. Do you need assistance from governmental or non-governmental organizations in

connection with housing A/Yes B/ No

11. If your answer is yes, what kind of assistance? Please specify. -------------

12. If no what have your kebele planned for the future?

13. How many people so far have applied for housing in your kebele? -----------

14. Of these, how many so far have been helped? -----------

15. From the available housing units, how many need maintenance? ---------------

16. How many has maintained in time? -------------

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17. Why they are not maintained in time ------------

18. What in the nature /type/ and scale of the problem ----------

19. What is the cause for the problem of housing in the kebele?-------

Is the cause related with growing urban population as the result of rural urban

migration? A/ Yes B/ No

Is it caused due to natural growth of population?

A/ Yes B/ No

Is it resulted from lack of due attention on the part of government intervention? A/

Yes B/ No

Is it as the result of poor access to urban land on part of in habitants? A yes

B/ No

Is the cause could be government policy problems?

A/ Yes B/ No

Is it caused due to low economic states of in habitants?

A/ Yes B/ No

20. What attempts are done to narrow the gap between demands and supply of housing?

-------------

21. In general, what do you advice to solve the housing problem of the kebele?

----------------------------------

------------------------------------

------------------------------------

------------------------------------

Thank You!!

70

Declarations

I, Desalegn Shunbe, registration Number/ I.D Number GSS – 022 – 02, do hereby declare

that this thesis is my original work and that it has not been submitted partially or in full, by

any other person for an award of a degree in any other university/ institution.

Name of participant Desalegn Shunbe

Signature --------------- Date -----------------

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as university supervisor

Name of Advisor Dr. Muluneh Woldestadik

Signature --------------- Date -----------------

71

72

ይህ መጠይቅ የተዘጋጃው በአስ አበበ ዩንቨርሲቲ የሁለተኛ /ማስተርስ/ ድግሪ መመረቂያ ሟሟያ የሚሆን

ጥናት ለመስራት ታስቦ ነው፡፡ የዚህ ጥናት ርዕስ የቤቶች ሁኔታ፣ ችግሮችና መንስኦዎቻቸው የሚል ስሆን እርሶዎ

የጥናቱ ተሰታፍ እንድሆኑ ተመርጠዋል፡፡ ስለሆነም ለጥናት መሰካት የሚሠጥ ማንኛውም ዓይነት መረጃ

በመስጠት ትብብር እንድያደርጉልኝ እየጠየቅሁ ለዚህ ተግባር የሚሰጡት መረጃ በማንኛውም መልኩ ለሌላ

ወገን ተላልፎ የማይሠጥ ለጥናት ተግባር ብቻ የሚውልመሆኑን ከወዲሁ በአክብሮት እገልፃለሁ፡፡

ስምዋትን እንድድፉ አይፈለግም

አጠቃላይ መመሪያ

1. ምርጫ ለላቸውጥያቄዎች ምርጫዎን ይክበቡ ወይም በሣጥን ውስጥ የ‘x’ ምልክት ያድርጉ

2. በበደ ቦታ ለምሞሉጥያቄዎች መልሰዎን በተሠጠው ባዶ ቦታ በአጭሩ ይሙሉት

3. እባኮዎት መልሰዎ በተቻለ መጠን ታማንነት ያለው ይሁን

ክፍል አንድ፡- አጠቃላይ ተሰታፍ / የቤት አባዎራዎች/ መረጃ

1. የመልስ ስጭው ኮድ -----------2. አድራሻ ------------- ቀበሌ ------------ የቤት ቁጥር -----------3. ዕድሜ ከ 20 ዓመት በታች 20 – 29 30 – 39 40 – 49 60 እና በ 60 በለይ

4. ፆታ ወንድ ሴት

5. የጋቢቻ ሁኔታ ሀ/ ያገባ/ ች ለ/ ያለገባ/ ች ሐ/ አግብቶ የፈታ/ ች መ/ የትደር አጋሩ በሞት የተለየው/ ያት ሠ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/ -------------

6. ኃይማኖት፡- ፕሮተስታንት ሙስልም ኦርቶዶክስ ካቶሊክ

ሌላ /ግደፅ/ --------7. ብሔረሰብ ሀ/ ሲዳማ ለ/ አማራ ሐ/ ጉራጌ መ/ ኦሮም ሠ/ ወላይታ ረ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/ -------------8. እበትዎ ከርሶዎ ጋር የሞኖር ደበል አለዎት ወይ? ሀ/ አለ ለ/ የለም

9. በተራ ቁጥር 8 ሊቀረበውጥያቄ መልሰዎ አለ ከሆነ ብዛቱ ምን ያህል ነው?------- 10. የትምህርት ደረጃ ሀ/ ምንም ያልተማረ

ለ/ የጎልማሶች ትምህርት የተማረ ሐ/ ከ 1- 8 ኛ ክፍል መ/ 10 ኛ /12 ኛ ክፍል ያጠናቀቀ

ሠ/ ሰርትፍከት ረ/ ድፕሎማና ከዚያ በላይ

73

11. የትውልድ ቦታ ሀ/ አለታ ወንዶ ለ/ ከአለታ ወንዶ ውጭ /ግለፅ/ ---------12. የተሠማሩበት የሥራ ዘርፍ

ሀ/ የመንግስት ተቃጠሪ ለ/ መንግሥታዊ ያልሆነ ደርጅት ሠራተኛ ሐ/ የቀን ሠራተኛ መ/ በግል ሥራ

የሚተደደር ሠ/ ጡረተኛ ረ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/ ------------13. የቤተሰብዎ የወር ገቢ በአግከይ ምን ያህል ይሆናል?--------- ክፍል ሁለት፡- የቤቶች ሁኔታ ተያያዥ ጉዳዬች

1. የሞኖሩበት በት ምን ዓይነት ነው

ሀ/ የኪራይ ለ/ የግል ቤት

2. የኪራይ ከሆነ በወር የሚከፍሉት ብር ምን ያህል ነው? --------------3. የሚኖሩበት ቤት ምን ያህለ ክፍሎት አሉት? -----------------4. ያሉት ክፍሎች ከተሰቢዎ ቁጥር አንፃር በቂ ናቸው ብለው ያሰባሉ? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

5. የቤትዎ ግድግዳ በዋናነተ የተሠራው በምንድ ነው? ሀ/ እንጨትና ጥቃ ለ/ ድንጋይና ስምንቶ ሐ/ ቢሎከትና ስምንቶ መ/ ጡብ ሠ/ ለሎች /ግለፅ/ --------------6. የቤትዎ ጣሪያ የተሠራው ከምንድ ነው? ሀ/ ቆርቆሮ ለ/ እንጨትና ለስቲክ ሐ/ ሽክላ ሠ/ ቅርጮ/ሣር/ ረ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ--------

7. የቤትዎ ወለል የተሠራው ከምንድ ነው? ሀ/ አፈር ለ/ ጣውላ / ቅርጮ ሐ/ ሊሾ/ ሸክላ መ/ ለላ /ግለፅ/ ----------

8. የቤትዎ ግድግዳ ከለላ ቤት ጋር የተያያዘ ነው ወይስ አይደለም? ሀ/ የተያያዘ ነው ለ/ አይደለም

9. የሚኖሩበት ቤት የታጠረ ግቢ አለው? ሀ/ አለው ለ/ የለውም

10. በግቢዎ ውስጥ ክፍት ቦታ አለው ሀ/ አለ ለ/ የለም

11. ቤትዎን የሚጠቀሙት ለምን ጉዳይ ነው? ሀ/ ለመኖሪያነት ብቻ ለ/ ለንግድና ለመኖሪያነት ሐ/ ለኪራይ መ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/ ------

12. ምግብ የሚያበስሉት የት ነው? ሀ/ በመኖሪያ ቤት ውስጥ ለ/ በግል ኩሽና ውስጥ ሐ/ በጋራ ኩሽና

ውስጥመ/ ከቤት ውጪ ሠ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/---------13. ምግብ ለማብሠል በብዘኛው ጊዜ ምንን ይጠቀማሉ? ሀ/ ማገዶ እንጨት ለ/ ኤለክተርክ ሐ/ ቡታጋዝ መ/ ኩበት ሠ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/ ------

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14. የእርሰዎ ቤተሰብ የመጠጥውሃ ከየት ያገኛል? ሀ/ ከቦኖ ለ/ ከግል ቧንቧ ሐ/ ከለሎች የግል ቧንቧ ካለቸው በመግዛት መ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/15. ከውሃ ጋር የተያያዙ ችግሮች ከሉ ይገለፅ

16. የሚጠቀሙት ሽንት ቤት ምን ይዘታ ያለው ነው? ሀ/ የህዝብ ሽንት ቤት ነው ሐ/ የግል ደረጃውን የጠበቀ ነው

ለ/ የጋራ ሽንት ቤት ነው መ/ የግል ደረጃውን ያልጠበቀነው ሠ/ ሌላ /ግለፅ/ 17. ከሽንት ቤት ጋር የተያያዙ ችግሮች ካሉ ይገለፅ ----------------18. ለማብራት ምንን ይጠቀማሉን

ሀ/ ኤለክትረክ ለ/ ሽማ ሐ/ ጋዝ መ/ ሌላ ይገለፅ

19. ከማብረት ጋር የተያያዙ ችግሮች ካሉ ይገለፅ ----------------20. ደረቅ ቆሻሻን የሚያሰወንዱት በየትኛውሥርዓት ነው? ሀ/ ማዘጋጀ አገልግሎት በኩል ለ/ በሜዳ በመጣል ሐ/ በማቃጠልመ/ ሌላ /ይግለጹ/21. ፈሣሽ የማያስወግዱት እንዴት ነው? ሀ/ በቱቦ ለ/ ውጭ በመደፋት ሐ/ ሌላ /ይግለጽ/ 22. ከቆሻሻ አወጋጋዱ ጋር የተያያዙ ችግሮች ካሉ ይግለፁ

23. የትራንስፐርት አገልግሎት ችግር በቀበሌዎ ካለ ይገለፁ

24. ቤትዎ ከተሠራ ምን ያህል ጊዜ ይሆናል? 25. በአሁኑ ሡዓት ቤትዎ ጥገና ፈልጋል ወይ? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

26. ለተራ ቁጥር 25 ጥያቄ መልሰዎ አዎ ከሆነ እስካሁን ያልተጠገነበት ምክንያች ለምንድ ነው? -----------------

27. የምኖሩበት ቤት የኪራይ ከሆነ እስካሁን የርስዎን ቤት ለምን አልሠሩም? -----------28. በአሁኑ ሰዓት በአጠቃላይ በቀበሌዎ የሚታየው ከበቶኛ ጋር የተያያዙ ችግሮች መንስኤውምን ይመስለዎታል?

ችግሩ ከፍልስት ጋር ተያይዞ የመጣ የህዝቡ ብዛት መጨመር ይመስለምታል? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

መንስኤው በተፈጥሮ የህዝብ ቁጥር መጨመር ይሆን ይሁን ? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

የችግሩ መንስኤ የመንግስት ትኩረት ማነስ ይሁን? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

የችግሩ መፈጠረ መንሰኤው የመንግስት የቤቶች ፖሊስ ይሁን ?ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

የችግሩ መንሰኤ የመዘጋጃ ቤቱ የመሬት አቅርቦት አለመቻል ይሁን? 75

ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

የችግሩ መነሻ የነዋሪው የእክኖሚ ሁኔታ ይሁን? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

የችግሩ መንስኤ ልሆኑ ይችላሉ የምሉት ለሎችመንሰኤዎች ካሉ ይግለፁ

------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------29. በቀበሌዎ ለምታዩው ከቤቶች ጋር ለተያያዙ ችግሮችመፍትሔ ይሆናሉ የሚሉትን ሀሳብ ይዘርዝሩ

------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------30. ቤትዎ በበቂ ቁስቁስ የተሟላ ነው ወይ? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

31. ደረጃቸው የጠበቁ ቤቶች ከለመሆን ጋር ተያይዘ የምመጡ ችግሮች ለምሣሌ የጤና ችግር ከመጠን ያረፈ

ጥግግት ወዘተ እባክዎት እርሰዎ ችግር ይሆናል የሚሉትን ይዝርዝሩ

------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------

ወድ ጊዜዎን ሰውተውመጠይቁን በመሙላት ስለተባበሩኝ ከልብ

አመሰግናለሁ !!

ይህ ቃልመጠይቅ የቀረበው ለቀበሌ ኃላፍዎች ነው

በቃለ መጠይቁ ወቅት የሚሰጡት ምላሽ ለሁለተኛ ድግሪ ሟሟያ የሚሆን ጥናቶ ለመሰራት ብቻ የሚውልመሆኑን

አሳስባለሁ፡፡

አጠቃላይ መመሪያ

እባከዎት መልሰዎ በተቻለ መጠን ታማንነት ያለው ይሁን

1. ቀበሌ -----------2. ስም ------------3. ኃላፍነት ---------------

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4. የቀበሌው የገቢ ምንጭ -------------5. የቤቶችን ችግር ለመቅርፍ ቀበሌዎ ምን ያህል ፐርስንት በጀት ከገቢው ይጠቀማል?6. በዚህ በጀት ችግሩ ይቀረፉል አለው ያሰባሉ? 7. መንግስታዊ ወይም መንግስትዊ ያልሆኑ ድርጅቶች የቤቶችን ችግር ለመቀርፍ ቀበለው ለምያ ደርገው

እንቅስቃሴ ድጋፍ ይሠጣል? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይሰጥም

8. ለተራ ቁጥር 7 ጥያቄ መልስዎ አዎ ከሆነ ምን ዓይነት ድጋፍ ይሠጣል ይዘርዝሩ -------------------- ---------------------------- -----------------------------9. የማይሠጥ ከሆነ የእርሶዎ ቀበሌ ለወረደፍት ይህንን ችግር ለመቅረፍ ምን ዕቅድ ይዞ እየተንቀሳቀሴ ነው?

----------------------------------------------10. እስካሁን በዚህ ቀበሌ ለቤት ጥያቄ ምን ያህል አመልካች ቀርቧል?11. ከእነዚህ ውስጥ ለምን ያህሉ ተሠጢ? 12. ካሉት ቤቶችጥገና የሚፈልጉ ምን ያህሎቹ ናቸው? 13. ምን ያህሎቹ እስካሁን ተጠግነዋል? 14. በቀበሌው የሚገኘው የቤቶች ችግር ደረጃው ምን ያህል አሳሰቢ ነው? 15. ለዚህ ችግር መንስኤውምን ይሆናል ብሌው ያሰባሉ

15.1 ችግሩ ከፍልሰት ጋር ተያይዞ የምመጡት የህዝብ ቁጥር መጨመር ልሆን ይችላል? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

15.2 የችግሩ መንስኤ የተፈጥሮ የህዝብ ቁጥር መጨመር ይሁን? ሀ አዎ

ለ/ አይደለም

15.3 የችግሩ መነሻ የመንግስት ትኩረት መነስ ይሁን? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

15.4 የችግሩ መንስኤ የማዘጋጃ ቤቱ የመሬት አቅርቦት ደክመት ይሁን? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

የችግሩ መንስኤ ከመንግስት ፖሊስ ይሁን

ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

ችግሩ ልሆን የምችለው ከነዋሪው የአኮኖሚ አቅም አነስተኛ መሆን ይሁን? ሀ/ አዎ ለ/ አይደለም

የችግሩ መንስኤ ይሆናል የሚሉት ሌሎች ምክንያቶች ካሉ ይዘርዝሩ

----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------

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16. እስካሁን የተሠራውሥራ የፍላጎትና ያቅርቦትን ክፍተት ለሟሟላት ምን ያህል ርቀት ነው የተከደው?17. በአጠቃላይ ችግሩን ለመቅረፍ ምን ምን እርምጃዎችመወሰን አለባቸው ብለው ያስባሉ? ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------

ወድ ጊዜዎን ሰውቶ ቃለ መጠይቁን ለመመለስ ስለተባበሩኝ ከልብ አመሰግናለሁ!!

Components of Your Research PrCoposal

Chapter I: Introduction1.1. Background to the problem1.2. Problem Statement and Research Questions1.3. Purpose of the Study1.4. Significance of the Study1.5. Operational Defacinition

Chapter II: Review of Related LiteratureThis chapter must constitute theoretical, methodological, and empirical reviews related to the study. Moreover, the empirical literature review should provide tentative answers to the research questions and should be organized in line with them.

Chapter III: Method of the Study3.1. Population, Sample, and Sampling Method

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3.2. Instruments of data collection (Here describe the data collection tools you will use to gather information)3.3. Procedure of data collection (Describe the steps: which step follows which in the process of data gathering)3.4. Method of Data Analysis (Describe the type of data analysis to be used: qualitative, quantitative or both). Moreover, if you employ statistical analysis, indicate which one(s) are to be employed.

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References - Use the following APA Formats to write a reference list for books and journal articles

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(1):How to reference a Periodical/Journal Article The following details are needed (if available) in this order:

1. Author/s. of article – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title. of article. (followed by a full stop) 4. Journal title, in italics (followed by a comma) NB: Journal Title must be in full 5. Volume number in italics (followed by a comma if no issue number is given) 6. Issue/part number, in parentheses - only needed if issues are individually paginated

(followed by a comma) 7. Page Numbers. of article (followed by full stop)

Examples(1) For Journal articles (Note that the Authors Surname comes first followed by the

initial (s) of the given name(s)

Hughes, E., & Rodgers, J. (1999). Changing times in diabetes care. Diabetes Primary Care, 1(1), 4-6.

Journal article - with an Ethiopian author (and non-Ethiopian coauthors)

Tesfaye, Semela, Bohl, T., & Klienknecht, M. (2013). Civic Education in Ethiopian Schools: Adopted Paradigms, Instructional Technology and Democratic Citizenship in Multicultural Context. International Journal of Educational Development, 33(2): 156-164.

*Note that names of Ethiopian Authors not reversed.

(2)How to reference a Book The following details are needed (if available) in this order:

1. Name/s. of author(s), editor(s) – Surname,(comma) Initial(s).(full stop) 2. Year. of publication in parentheses. (followed by a full stop) 3. Title. of publication in italics. (followed by a full stop) 4. Edition. (in parentheses) if other than the first (followed by a full stop) (edition

always abbreviated to ed.) 5. Place of publication: (followed by a colon) 6. Publisher. (followed by a full stop)

Example: Two Authors Best, J.W. & Kahn, J.V. (2006). Research in education (3rd ed.), Boston: Pearson.