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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for

Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems

Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia

Presented By: BAYU MEGANTARA

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CONTENTS

o Basic Design Procedure

o PV Stand alone System Installation

o Conclusion

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Photovoltaic System

Stand alone system

With storage

SHS

PV communication

system

PV street lighting

PV power station

Without storage

PV Pumping system

BCS

PV ventilator

system

PV Calculator

Hybrid system

With diesel generation

With wind generation

With hydro generation

Grid connected system

Centralized

PV farm, MW PV plant

Decentralized

House roof top system

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In principle, PV stand alone systems require energy storage to compensate the time lapse between the energy production and the energy requirement .

Energy storage (batteries) requires a suitable charging regulator as an electricity manager

for its protection and to guarantee a high availability and a long life expectancy.

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PV Stand alone system consists of the following main components:

PV generator,

Charger controller,

Inverter (AC load),Converter (DC load)

Battery

(energy

storage),

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PV Stand Alone SL Diagram

PV generator Charge controller

Energy storage DC/DC

converterDC Consumer

PV generator Charge controller

Energy storage DC/AC

InverterAC Consumer

~

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PV Stand Alone System Lay out

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PV Stand Alone SL Diagram

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DC Bus

AC consumer

DC Bus AC Bus

Inverter

PV generator

Battery

DC Bus DC Bus AC Bus

Charge regulator


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Photovoltaic ventilator systems

Source:

http://kingsolar.com/catalog/mfg/nulight/atticfan.html

Source: http://kingsolar.com/catalog/mfg/nulight/atticfan.html

Source: http://www.tubulardirect.com/fan.html

10

PV generator DC ConsumerDirect coupled PV system


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PVPV arrayarray

ControllerController/inverter/inverter

MotorMotor/ /PumpPump

Principle of PV pumping system with DC/DC controller or inverter

PV pumping system

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PV pumping system with different cell technologySource: Energy Park, SERT

Amorphous

PV

array

Crystalline PV array

Energy Park, SERT

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PV communication system (470 MHz)Source: Energy Park, SERT

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PV streets lighting system Source: Energy Park, SERT


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PV Fountain (Source: Energy Park, SERT)

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CONTENTS

o PV STAND ALONE SYSTEM

o PV STAND ALONE SYSTEM INSTALLATION

o CONCLUSION

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Annual Radiation data

Demand Calculation

Quality Factor of the System PV

Array sizing

Battery Sizing System Voltage

Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC

and

AC

side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter

Capacity

Protection & SafetyPV Module InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation

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Only a small part of solar radiation could reaches the earths surface because of the great distance between the sun and

the earth.

But this small part of solar radiation are corresponds to an energy amount of 1 x 10 18 kWh per year.

And this amount of solar energy is approximately 1000 times the current global energy demand. Thus, only 0.01% of the

solar

energy

would

have

to

be

used

to

meet

the

entire

energy

demand of mankind.

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Solar energy source in kWh/m 2a

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Annual mean solar radiation 1961 1990 in kWh/m 2a(Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)

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The solar radiation is usually measured with a pyranometer or a pyrheliometerand its sensor is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density in watts per square meter from a field of view of 180 degrees.

Pyranometer or pyrheliometer is a basic instrument for

measuring the solar radiation. Pyrheliometer

Sun Tracker

Model 240 8101 Star Pyranometer PV analyzer

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Demonstration Research Project on Support Project to Improve Maintenance Skills for Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems


Model 240 8101 Star Pyranometer

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Pyrheliometer with solar tracker

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25

PV Analyzer


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Annual distribution of solar radiation at different countries in South East Asia(Source: Surface meteorology and Solar Energy http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/ )

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec MeanMonth

A v e r a g e d a i l y g l o b a l r a d i a t i o n

[ k W h / m 2 ]

Phitsanulok Thailand Vientiane Laos PhnomPenh Cambodia Jakarta Indonesia

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27

Annual distribution of solar radiation at different city in Indonesia

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

A v e r a g e D a i l y S o l a r R a d i a t i o n

k W h / m 2

Solar Radiation kWh/m2

4.8


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Demand Calculation


Array sizing


Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC and AC side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter Capacity

Protection & Safety

PV

Module

InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation

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E demand E supply Amount

Rating power

Daily Time operation

Daily Energy consumption

Annual energy consumption

unit W hour kWh/d kWh/a

XL Lamp 6 14 6 0,504 183,96

Flourecent lamp 1 20 1 0,02 7,3

Television 21" 1 70 12 0,84 306,6

Iron 1 300 1 0,3 109,5

Washing machine 1 300 0,5 0,15 54,75

Rice cooker 1 450 1 0,45 164,25

Electric jug 1 350 2,5 0,875 319,375

Water Pump 1 350 0,25 0,0875 31,9375

Refrigerator1 100 8 0,8 292

Computer 1 400 4 1,6 584

2.424,00 5,63 2.053,67

Apliances

T O T A L

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30


Demand Calculation


Array sizing


Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC and AC side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter

Capacity

Protection & Safety

PV

Module

InstallationCharge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation


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31

The energy supply should be basically higher than the energy demand, due to uncertainty of demand and the radiation . Sometimes the supply could not meet the demand and the

system fails consequently. For this reason, a quality factor (Q) is commonly used.

Q =

where:Q = quality factor of the systemE el = real electric output energy of the system [kWh]E th = theoretical output energy of the system [kWh]

th

el

E

E

Eth is defined as the output energy in ideal conditions, i.e. Standard Test Conditions (STC) which is ISTC = 1000 W/m 2 , T STC = 25 C, AM = 1.5


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0 6 12 18 24

time

P (watt)

6 a.m 6 p.m

Energy produce by

module at clear day

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0 6 12 18 24

time

6 a.m 6 p.m

P (watt)

Energy produce by

module at cloudy day

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0 6 12 18 24

time

6 a.m 6 p.m

P (watt)

Energy produce by

module at rainy day

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Component/ System Q

PV module (Crystalline) 0.850.95

PV array 0.800.90

PV system (Grid-connected) 0.600.75

Hybrid system (PV/Diesel) 0.400.60

PV system (Stand-alone) 0.100.40

The quality factor can be determined over any given time period. In most cases, a time period of one year is chosen to pre size PV systems.

Quality

factors

table at

different

PV

systems

and

components


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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



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Demand Calculation

Quality Factor of the System

PV Array sizing


Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC and AC side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter

Capacity



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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



P peak

Peak power of the PV array on STC [kWp]

E el Real electric output energy of the system [kWh/a]ISTC Incident solar radiation on STC [ kW/mE glob Annual global solar radiation [kWh/m a]

Q Quality factor of the system

P peak =

E el . I STCE globe . Q

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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



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For example of PV array sizing at Jakarta site

Eglob = 4.8 kWh/m 2.d X 365 days

=

1752

kWh/m2

.a

Eel = 2024.47 kWh/a

Thus,

= 2.930 kW 3 kW

P peak =2053.67kWh/a . 1 kW/m 2

1752 kWh/m 2.a . 0.4


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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



Module area

39

Source: Planning and installing photovoltaic systems


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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



40


Demand Calculation


Array sizing


Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC

and

AC

side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter

Capacity



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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



41

Storage battery capacity is defined to ensure an availability of energy supply within a certain number of

autonomy days.

Too big a battery, besides expensive, it will seldom to

get fully recharged or charged at a sufficient rate.

Too small battery will be cycled excessively, again

leading to an early death.


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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



0,1

1

10

100

1000

0,01 0,1 1 10 100

Peak power P peak [kW p ]

B a t

t e r y c a p a c i t y

C B

[ k W h ]

PV systems

C B P peak

= 10

SHS

PV hybrid

systems

Thumb rule for relation of battery capacity and PV nominal power

C B

Ppeak

C B battery capacity [kWh]P peak peak power of the PV array [kWp

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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



For optimizing of battery capacity, it can be calculated as follows:

where:C B = battery capacity [kWh]L = daily mean energy consumption [kWh/d]

T A = number

of

autonomy

days

[2

or

3

days]DOD = maximum depth of discharge [0,5.0,6]DT = derate for temperature [0,99] C = efficiency of power conversion [0,9] W = efficiency of wiring [0,95.0,99] B = efficiency of battery [decimal]

Number of autonomy days refers to how long the consumer can be supplied only by the battery, e.g. during of bad weather period.

CB =L . TA

DOD . DT . C . W . B

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Mi i f E d Mi l R R bli f I d i


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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



For Example

CB = 42.544 kWh

Or

CB = 42544 Wh / 12 V = 3545.34 Ah 3600 Ah

CB =5.63 kWh/d . 3 days

0.5

.

0.99 .

0.9

.

0.99

.

0.9

CB =16.89

0.397

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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for




Demand Calculation


Array sizing


Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC

and

AC

side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter

Capacity


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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



The choice of the system voltage should considered the point of energy consumption and coverage of peak load.

The

system

voltage

must

be

chosen

so

high

that

the cable cross sections stay within the scope and the batteries can supply the occurring peak load.

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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for



Table of Standard values of system DC voltage

Mean d aily

energy consumption[ kW h / d ]

Peak pow er

fo r minutes[kW]

Peak pow er

for seconds[kW]

System voltage

not below[V]

04 0.01.0 0.02.0 12

26 1.02.0 2.04.0 24

412 2.04.0 4.08.0 48

8 and more 4.08.0 8.016.0 96

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Demonstration

Research

Project

on

Support

Project

to

Improve

Maintenance

Skills

for




Demand Calculation


Array sizing


Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC

and

AC

side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter Capacity


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y gy p

sys

2 l I A

v V

= 2

sys

2 l P A

v V

=or

A = cable cross section [mm = specific resistance [ mm /m] . mm /m for

copper l = single cable length [m] I = rated current through the cable [A]v = permissible loss in the cable (e.g. % v Vsys = depending on the system component (charge regulator,

converter or inverter) nominal , peak or open circuit voltage [V]

P power of the PV generator or the device [W]

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Photovoltaic and Other Renewable Energy Power Generation Systems 50

For example, cross section of a 10 m DC main cable,

which connects to 3000 W PV generator with 24 Vbattery and should show maximum 3 % loss is:

A = 62,15 mm 2

As a result, a cable with 60 mm 2 will be installed (Standardcable size).

A =0.0179 . 2 . 10 . 3000

0.03 . 24 2



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A = 15,54 mm 2 16 mm 2 ( Standard cable size)

A =0.0179 . 2 . 10 . 3000

0.03 . 48 2

If the system voltage is double chosen with 48 V, thecable cross section can be reduced to a quarter.

In addition, the equations explained above are valid ina similar manner for determination of cable cross section at the consumer side.

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A = 1,79 mm 2 2,5 mm 2 ( Standard cable size)

A =0.0179 . 2 . 30 . 2424

0.03 . 220 2

If the system voltage at consumer side is 220 V and the cable length 30 m, thus the cable cross section is:

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Demand Calculation


Array sizing


Selection

Cable Sizing (at

DC

and

AC

side)

Charge Controller

Capacity

Inverter Capacity


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The charge regulator must be able to carry the maximum current occurring at the PV generator side and its voltage must match with the system voltage .

Some charge regulators known the system voltage and adjust them self some others are selectable.



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In this case the maximum current for charge controllercould be calculated:

PV capacity 3000 W System Voltage 48 V Current at DC side 3000 W / 48 V = 62,5 A

Charge Controller Capacity



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The primary task of a modern charge controller:

Over charge protection

Deep discharge protection

Short circuit and overload protection

Protect against reverse current to PV array

Information on the SOC

Steca Solar Charge Controller(source: www.reihk.com/shop/index.php?language=du)

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Prostar solar charge controller with LCD display (source: www.alternativetechnology.info/solar.htm )

Powertech solar charge controller with LCD display(source: www.airaus.com/airaus/category.jsp)

Leonics

solar

MPP

charge

controller

with

LCD

display(source: Leonics

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Demand Calculation


Array sizing


SelectionCable Sizing (at DC and AC side)


Inverter Capacity

Protection & SafetyPV Module Installation

Charge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation

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The selection of the stand alone inverter will be determined especially by the AC power to be provided and

the

selected

DC

voltage.

A stand alone inverter must be able to power all of the loads at peak power, including any starting surges for

pumps and other large motors.

In inverter specifications, pay attention to part load

efficiency. Related to the over sizing for peak current security reason, the stand alone inverter is mostly running in part load about 10 to 30 % of nominal load.



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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

I n v e r t e r E f f i c i e n c y

Inveter Load


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Wave form of inverter

Square wave inverterModified sine

inverterPure sine inverter

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Demand Calculation


Array sizing


SelectionCable Sizing (at DC and AC side)


Inverter Capacity

Protection & SafetyPV Module Installation

Charge Controller & Inverter InstallationBattery Installation

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Stand Alone system

AC fused switch / MCB

Load

Inverter

Battery

system



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Wind speed 20 m/s



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CONTENTSo PV STAND ALONE SYSTEM

o BASIC DESIGN PROCEDURE

o CONCLUSION

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Battery Capacity 42.43 kWh or42.443kWh / 48 V = 884.23Ah 900 Ah

2 x 16 mm 2

2 x 2,5 mm 2

PV Capacity 3000 Wp48 Vdc

Inverter 2500 WInput Voltage 48 VdcOutput Voltage 220 Vac

Charge Controller

3000 W, 65 A48 Vdc

48 Vdc 220 Vac

P peak = 2.424kW

Energy consumption

= 5.63kWh/d= 2053.67 kWh /a

MCB

Battery disconnection switch

PV array switch

MCCB

MCCB

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PV module connected series parallel

PV 50 Wp x 60 module = 3000 Wp

Number

of

panel

row

is

60

/ 4 =

15 row

48V

15

14

.

.

.

.

.

.2

1



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300Ah 300Ah 300Ah

48 Vdc900 Ah

12 pc of 300 Ah Battery connected series parallel


R d i PV d l i ll i


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Recommendation on PV module installation

1. Sufficient Module Support (weight load)

2. Module orientation

3. Module Tilt angle max. 10 degree for Indonesia region

4. Earth ground protection

Recommendation on Charge controller & Inverter installation1. Installation location: avoid rain, humidity

2. Installation under shade avoid from the radiation

3. Good ventilation

4. Installation insect protection equipment

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Recommendation on Battery installation


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Recommendation on Battery installation

1. Good ventilation

2. Installation under shade avoid from the radiation

3. Avoid from heat source

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1. PV array sizing is depend on annual solar radiation data, annual Energy Demand and Quality factor of the

system.2. Area size for PV array installation is depend on module

efficiency3. The main function of Modern Charge Controller is for the

battery protection and long life expectancy.4. Pure sine Inverter is the best choice for induction and

electronic load.



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ARCO SOLAR training seminar. Basic photovoltaic technology.

Border Green Energy Team (BGET). 2005. Tech Manual. Version 2.

Castaer, L. and Silvestre, S. (2002) Modelling Photovoltaic System using PSpice . John Wiley & Sons.

Department of Energy Development and Promotion, (DEDP) (2000). Solar Radiation Map of Thailand.

Franz Kininger. 2003. Photovoltaic systems technology. University of

Kassel, Germany.

References

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Tomas Markvart. 2000. Solar electricity. 2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. UK.

Nipon Ketjoy. 2004 . Safety with Photovoltaic System. Training Material for Engineering and Technician Level Solar Home System in Thailand. Sponsor by

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO).

Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: A guide for installer, architects and engineers. James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. UK and USA. 2005.

Photovoltaic system: prepared as a part of the Comett project SUNRISE. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany.

RETScreen International. Photovoltaic Project Analysis. Clean Energy Project

Analysais Course.

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Planning and installing photovoltaic systems: A guide for installer, architects and engineers. James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. UK and USA. 2005.

Photovoltaic system: prepared as a part of the Comett project SUNRISE. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, Freiburg, Germany.

RETScreen International. Photovoltaic Project Analysis. Clean Energy Project Analysais Course.

SUNDAYA training for Indonesia. 12 Vdc Electrical Generation

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