department of the interior u. s. geological survey … · tape-speed compensation carrier frequency...

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Data report for the Great Valley, California, axial seismic refraction profiles

Janice M. Murphy1

Open-File Report 89-494

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

1 USGS, Menlo Park, California

1989

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PageIntroduction....................................................... 1Completed Analysis................................................. 1Description of the Axial Survey.................................... 3Instrumentation and Data Reduction................................. 4References......................................................... 17Appendix A: Shot Point and Recorder Locations...................... 19Appendix B: Data Tables............................................ 24Appendix C: SEG-Y Tape Format...................................... 34

FIGURES

1. Map of the Study Area.......................................... 22. Schematic diagram of the data aquisition and processing system. 53. Theoretical Amplitude Response Curves.......................... 74. Western profile shot 12 shot point 10........................ 85. Western profile shot 13 shot point 7......................... 96. Western profile shot 14 shot point 11........................ 107. Central profile shot 4 shot point 14......................... 118. Central profile shot 5 shot point 15......................... 129. Central profile shot 6 shot point 16......................... 13

10. Eastern profile shot 7 shot point 17......................... 1411. Eastern profile shot 8 shot point 18......................... 1512. Eastern profile shot 9 shot point 19......................... 16

Tables

1. Shot List...................................................... 42. Amplitude response values for the major components

of the data acquisition system................................ 7

INTRODUCTION

In 1981, 1982, and 1983 the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) aquired seismic refraction data along seven transects in the Great (or Central) Valley of California and its bordering regions. These transects were part of a geophysical study of the Great Valley which also included seismic reflection data (Zoback et al., 1984), aeromagnetic, gravity (Cady 1975). These Geophysical data were combined with surface geological data and geological borehole data to better constrain interpretations of the structure and evolution of this classic Mesozoic and early Cenozoic forearc.

Data from the southern cross-strike (east-west) profile shown on the insert to figure 1 has been published by Murphy and Walter (1984). The three shorter cross-strike profiles will be presented in a future report. This report is a compilation of the refraction data from the three axial profiles (figure 1). The data have been archived at the National Geophysical Data Center in Boulder, Colorado. Tapes are available from

U.S. Department of CommerceNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration325 BroadwayBoulder, CO 80303

Appendix C contains a description of the tape format.

COMPLETED ANALYSIS

Three papers presenting analysis of the seismic refraction data from this report were written by Hwang and Mooney (1986), Colburn and Mooney (1986), and Holbrook and Mooney (1987). Holbrook and Mooney and Colburn and Mooney presented 2-D velocity models of the central and western axial profiles, derived by forward modeling travel times using a 2-D raytracing algorithm (Luetgert, 1988; Cerveny, 1977) and modeling amplitudes with ray theoretical synthetic seismograms McMechan and Mooney (1980). In contrast to this method, Hwang and Mooney used a reflectivity synthetic seismogram method (Fuchs and Muller, 1971; Kind, 1978; 1979) to model data from one of the shot points (SP 11) on the western profile. Comparision of all three models were presented in Colburn and Mooney.

Legend

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Tart

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K

Fran

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Figure 1. Map of the Great Valley, California showing locations of seismic profiles and generalized geology. Insert shows the southernmost profile (SJ6) - a coincident refraction-reflection transect. Qt Quaternary sediments; Tert Tertiary sediments; TV tertiary volcanics; urn ultramafics; K Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, largely the Great Valley Sequence; Fran Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan melange; MGr * Mesozoic granites and granodiorites of the Sierra Nevada; Mz undifferentiated Mesozoic rocks, including Sierra greenstone belt.

Interpretation of a typical cross-strike (east-west) transect, constrained by all the geological and geophysical data sets, is presented by Wentworth et al. (1987). A more focused study of the Franciscan assemblage and Great Valley sequence interface is presented by Wentworth et al. (1984). These papers present evidence for overthrusting from the west and soleing of the Coast Range Thrust into the basement.

DESCRIPTION OF THE AXIAL PROFILES

Three profiles were deployed along the axis of the Great Valley between October 1981 and June 1982 (figure 1). The western profile extended from Tracy, California southeast to Mendota, California (west of Fresno). Three shots, fired at shot points 11, 7, and 10, were recorded along this profile. Shot points 10 and 11 were located within the profile and shot point 7 was 4 kilometers east of the profile. Within the northern portion of the profile, between shot points 10 and 11, the seismic recorder station spacing was 1 kilometer; south of shot point 10 the spacing was increased to 5 kilometers. Along the central profile seismic recorders were deployed from Manteca, California southeast to Helm, California (southeast of Fresno) with a station spacing of approximately 2 kilometers. In-line shots fired at shot points 14, 15, and 16 were recorded along this profile. The profile deployed along the eastern edge of the Great Valley extended southeast from Herald, California (Northeast of Lodi) to Madera, California (northwest of Fresno) with a station spacing of 2 kilometers. Three in-line shots were fired at shot points 17, 18, and 19.

Locations and elevations for seismic recordering stations and shot points were determined using USGS 1:24,000 topographic maps. All the locations (Appendix A) are estimated to be accurate to within 15 meters.

Seismic sources were generated in 20 cm X 40 m drilled holes. Each hole was filled with an ammonium nitrate explosive and fired automatically with a shooting system described by Healy et al. (1982). A signal from a USGS master reference clock triggered the shooting system to fire an electic blasting cap, which sequentially caused the primacord, boosters, and the blasting agent to detonate. The blasting cap detonation signal (cap break), the USGS master reference clock's IRIG E time code, and the radio-recieved WWVB time code were recorded on a Kiowa paper strip-chart record. The shot origin times were read from the cap break on the paper record assuming that the explosives detonated at the exact time of the cap break. The reported shot times (table 1) are accurate to within + 2 milliseconds

SHOT LIST

Shot Shot Shot TimeNumber Point Date (Day,Hour,Min,Sec)

4 14 JUN 24, 1982 176:06:00:00.0105 15 JUN 24, 1982 176:06:15:00.0056 16 JUN 24, 1982 176:06:30:00.1507 17 JUN 30, 1982 182:06:00:00.0098 18 JUN 30, 1982 182:06:15:00.0059 19 JUN 30, 1982 182:06:30:00.014

12 10 OCT 16, 1981 289:06:30:00.21013 7 OCT 16, 1981 289:06:45:00.01214 11 OCT 16, 1981 289:07:00:00.017

Table 1. Shot list. Shot times are Universal Time (UT)

INSTRUMENTATION AND DATA REDUCTION

The recording instruments used in the seismic-refraction surveys have been described by Murphy (1988) (figure 2). During the anolog recording process, ground motion is sensed by a 2-Hz vertical-component seismometer. The voltage output from the seismometer is split without amplification and sent to three parallel amplifier circuit boards. Each circuit board amplifies the seismic signal in three stages and then frequency modulates the signal. Amplification at the last two stages can be set by the user. An internal precision clock signal is also frequency modulated. The three data carrier frequencies, the clock carrier frequency, and a tape-speed compensation carrier frequency are summed and recorded on a cassette tape.

Prior to deployment, field technicians program the memory and synchronize the clock unit of each instrument with a USGS master reference clock (the same clocks used to trigger the shooting system). After the shots have been recorded, the clock unit of each instrument is compared to the master reference clock, and a clock drift time (in milliseconds) is recorded in the field notes. USGS master clocks, which drift approximately one millisecond per week, are periodically checked against the standard WWVB time signal.

Information pertaining to the operation of each instrument is entered on data sheets. Chronometer corrections' at shot time are calculated from each clock drift time assuming a linear drift rate (Appendix B). Both the data sheets and the chronometer corrections are written to a file which is used by the digitizing program. During the digitizing process, the cassette tapes are played back, and the signals are demultiplexed and demodulated. To

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TABLE 2.

Amplitude response values for the major components of the data acquisition system

component

RSA RVCO DDSC DADC

value1 Wcm/secdimensionless gain variable V/V25 Hz/V0.04 V/Hz409.6 counts/V

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REFERENCES

Cady, J.W., 1975. Magnetic and gravity anomalies in the Great Valley and western Sierra Nevada metamorphlc belt, California Province, Geol. Soc. AM., Spec. Paper 168, 56 pp.

Cerveny, V., Molotkov, I.A., and Psencik, I., 1977. Ray method in seismology, Charles University press, Prague, 214 pp.

Colburn R.H., and Mooney, W.D., 1986. Two-dimensional velocity structure along the synclinal axis of the Great Valley, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 76, 1305-1322.

Fuchs, K. and Muller, G., 1971. Computation of synthetic seismograms with the reflectivity method and comparison with observations, Geophys. J. R. Astr. Soc. 23, 417-433

Healy, J.H., Mooney, W.D., Blank, H.R., Gettings, M.E., Kolher, W.M., Lamson, R.J., and Leone, L.E., 1982. Sudl Arabian seismic deep-refraction profile: final project report, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report USGS-OF-02-37, 141 pp.

Holbrook, W.S., and Mooney, W.D., 1987. The crustal structure of the axis of the Great Valley, California, from Seismic refraction measurements, Tectonophysics, 140, 49-63.

Hwang, L., and Mooney, W.D., 1986. Velocity and Q structure of the Great Valley, California, based on synthetic seismogram modelling of seismic refraction data, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 76, 1053-1067.

Kind, R., 1978. The reflectivity method for a buried source, J. Geophys. 44, 603-612.

Kind, R., 1979. Extensions of the reflectivity method, J. Geophys. 45, 373-380.

Luetgert, James H., 1988. Users Manual for RAY84/R83PLT interactive two-dimensional raytracing/synthetic seismogram package, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 88-238, 52 pp.

McMechan G.A., and Mooney, W.D., 1980. Asymptotic ray therory andsynthetic seismograms for laterally varying structures: theory and application to the Imperial Valley, California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 70, 2021-2035.

Murphy, J.M., and Walter, A.W., 1984. Data report for aseismic-refraction Investigation: Morro Bay to the Sierra Nevada,U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 84-642, 37 pp.

17

Murphy, J.M., 1988. USGS FM cassette seismic-refraction recording system, U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 88-570, 43 pp.

Wentworth, C.M., Blake, M.C., Jr., Jones, D.L., Walter, A.W., and Zoback, M.D., 1984. Tectonic wedging associated with the emplacement of the Franciscan assemblage, California Coast Ranges, in Franciscan geology of northern California., ed. Blake, M.C., Jr., Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, 43, 163-173.

Wentworth, Carl M., Zoback, Mark D., Griscom, Andrew, Jachens, Robert C., Mooney, Walter D., 1987. A transect across the Mesozoic accretionary margin of central California, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 89, 105-110

Zoback, Mark D., and Wentworth, C.M., 1986. Crustal studies in central California using an 800-channel seismic reflection recording system, in Reflection seismology, a global perspective: Geodynamics series, vol. 13, pp 183-196, eds Barazangi, M., and Brown, L., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D. C.

18

Appendix A: Shot Point and Recorder Locations

19

SHOT POINT LOCATIONS

LOCATION LATITUDE LONGITUDE ELEVNUMBER (deg,min) (deg,min) (m)

7 37 29.287 121 2.775 1510 37 5.824 120 49.774 2811 37 49.602 121 24.632 014 37 42.440 121 12.290 015 37 30.897 120 58.208 016 37 8.278 120 40.887 017 38 5.320 121 6.300 3218 37 32.102 120 38.219 7319 37 11.273 120 13.435 80

20

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LOCATION

LATITUDE

LONGITUDE

ELEV

NUMBER

(deg

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) (d

eg,m

in)

(ro)

401

37 12.748

120 17.586

68

402

37 11.950

120 16.181

71

403

37 11.144

120 15.870

73

404

37 10.498

120 15.012

76

405

37 11.286

120 13.435

80

406

37 10.448

120 12.062

85

407

37 10.022

120 10.502

86

408

37

8.935

120

9.875

89

409

37

8.055

120

9.318

89

410

37

7.295

120

8.747

91

411

37

6.312

120

8.053

89

412

37

5.441

120

6.531

89

413

37

4.560

120

6.605

88

414

37

3.485

120

6.568

85

415

37

2.843

120

5.504

85

416

37

2.264

120

4.426

85

417

37

1.482

120

3.307

89

418

37

0.546

120

3.326

88

419

36 59.615

120

1.672

92

420

36 59.104

120

0.981

89

421

37 57.552

121

1.730

30

422

37 56.628

121

0.747

32

423

37 55.843

120 59.967

33

424

37 54.913

120 59.959

33

425

37 54.284

120 59.361

33

426

37 53.668

120 58.821

36

427

37 52.915

120 57.782

42

428

37 52.225

120 57.725

39

429

37 51.395

120 56.820

41

430

37 50.747

120 55.888

45

431

37 50.137

120 55.143

45

432

37 49.458

120 54.313

47

433

37 48.772

120 53.618

50

434

37 48.065

120 53.137

50

435

37 46.940

120 52.353

48

436

37 45.688

120 52.402

45

437

37 45.266

120 50.874

54

438

37 44.304

120 50.343

57

439

37 43.525

120 49.870

57

440

37 42.870

120 49.461

56

441

37 13.979

120 18.353

68

442

37 15.071

120 19.440

67

443

37 15.931

120 20.511

64

444

37 16.667

120 21.619

62

445

37 17.329

120 22.662

62

446

37 18.188

120 23.749

29

447

37 19.047

120 24.817

28

448

37 19.518

120 25.928

54

449

37 19.907

120 26.988

55

450

37 20.788

120 28.058

53

LOCATION

LATITUDE

LONGITUDE

ELEV

NUMBER

(deg

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) (deg,min)

(m)

451

37 21.657

120

28.8

62

53452

37 22.539

120 29.577

57

453

37 23.317

120 30.114

59

454

37 24.381

120 30.206

66

455

37 25.182

120 30.987

67

456

37 25.707

120 32.166

65

457

37 26.249

120 33.414

66

458

37 26.836

120 34.476

60

459

37 26.962

120 36.048

41

460

37 27.643

120 36.918

35

461

37 42.085

120 48.947

53

462

37 41.229

120 48.409

50

463

37 40.284

120 47.674

46

464

37 39.617

120 46.845

45

465

37 38.932

120 46.133

49

466

37 37.974

120 45.390

48

467

37 37.050

120 44.972

50

468

37 36.099

120 44.749

48

469

37 35.205

120 44.162

50

470

37 34.521

120 43.689

54

471

37 33.648

120 43.167

55

472

37 32.791

120 42.442

65

473

37 32.060

120 41.754

58

474

37 32.195

120 39.780

71

475

37 32.119

120 38.229

72

476

37 31.242

120 37.768

68

477

37 30.366

120 37.778

69

478

37 29.509

120 37.787

67

479

37 28.616

120

37.7

61

62481

38 15.306

121 14.615

19

482

38 13

.114

12

1 12

.987

24

483

38 10.445

121 10.674

27

484

38

8.341

121

9.53

8 27

485

38

3.543

121

6.099

28486

37 58.289

121

2.29

2 32

487

38

0.131

121

2.916

33

488

38

4.454

121

6.279

28

489

38

5.328

121

6.29

0 33

490

38

7.478

121

8.990

25491

38

0.974

121

3.916

30

492

38

1.836

121

4.866

28493

38

2.669

121

5.430

29

494

38

6.589

121

7.931

27

495

37 59.267

121

2.883

335

496

38 14

.050

12

1 13

.553

21

497

38

9.317

121 10.095

25

498

38 11.401

121 11.293

27

499

38 12.107

121 12.399

25

500

38

5.530

121

7.377

27

CO

p ,

CO

PCw Q PCO OwPC

CO1-4 yj

CO

H ~-*H? £ NNNCJNM NNN«H.HrH,HrH.HrH,H «HrHrH«-lrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH,-lT-lrHrHrHrHNrHH-5-

fi«iiH «.O Pi2 V iHrHrHrHrHHHiHrHrHrHrHrHiHrHHrHiHrHrHrHiHrHiHHrHrHrHrHiHiHiHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHiHr-lrHiHiH

H V

>-l ^"*" CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO

H U

>gj .c......^............... wor* .<x>«,o,oc,.^o,c,cno,o«>cccc«>cccccccco,c,

II o'o'o^ H w in CD O1g V rHrHOrHOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.H«-I.HrHrHrHHrHr-I.H Ot3 CVJCVJCVJCVJCVJCV1CVJCVJCVJCVJNCVJCVJCVJNNCVJCVJCVJCV1CVJCVJCVJCVJCVJCVJCVJN

u "c

81{-I O

(^(^^(^(^(^(^rororororororororororororororo

O Oi HWHffl

23

Appendix B: Data Tables

24

SHOT 4 SHOT POINT 14 DATA TABLE

to

LOCATION

NUMBER

302

303

304

305

306

308

309

315

317

319

320

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

332

333

334

335

338

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

348

349

350

351

352

DISTANCE

(km)

160.725

155.992

153.961

151.506

150.211

146.364

143.178

134.974

131.091

127.549

125.246

47.214

45.472

43.757

42.608

40.894

39.155

37.430

36.136

34.881

31.118

29.674

28.909

27.602

22.882

19.176

17.518

15.825

14.124

11.837

9.545

7.271

3.886

2.386

0.956

0.075

-1.092

AZMUTH

Al(deg)

141.5

142.7

142.7

143.0

142.6

142.7

142.7

142.0

141.9

141.4

141.7

138.2

137.6

137.0

135.6

136.2

135.8

136.2

136.1

135.8

135.5

135.9

135.5

135.8

133.2

133.7

135.5

133.6

131.2

130.4

129.6

128.3

122.8

127.2

119.5

176.4

312.7

UPLIFIC

(dB) 84 66 66 66 66 66 84 84 84 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 84 66 28 28 28 28 28 288 8 8 8 8 8

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c)

-203 223

-12 948

881

43

25

-10 5 0

-5-13 4

-6 9 5 3

-10 4

-13

-11 3 314

2-19

-14 0

-46

21 2 1 8 0

LOCATION

NUMBER

353

354

355

357

359

360

361

362

363

365

366

369

370

371

372

373

375

376

378

379

381

382

383

384

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

394

395

397

398

399

DISTANCE

(km)

-2.576

-4.294

-5.457

-9.445

-12.030

-14.180

50.730

52.788

54.594

58.129

60.194

65.382

67.938

69.248

72.303

74.078

75.324

76.756

78.409

80.600

86.376

87.868

89.574

91.060

94.509

96.968

100.119

103.925

104.623

106.426

107.284

112.658

114.900

118.666

120.482

121.833

AZMUTH

At(deg)

319.9

325.3

323.3

323.1

321.7

320.7

139.3

139.1

138.5

139.8

140.2

138.5

139.4

139.9

139.1

141.3

142.1

142.7

143.7

142.9

142.9

142.3

141.2

142.0

141.6

141.8

140.9

140.8

141.1

141.9

142.0

142.6

143.5

141.9

141.4

141.9

1PLIFIC

(dB) 8 8 828 28 28 66 66 66 66 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 84 66 66 66 66 66 66

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c) 2-1

2 9 0 0-6

5 3 3 0 0 2 6-14 4 0 5

-10 2

-5-23 -6

13

122 6

168

178

14 10 147

-14 9

SHOT 5

SHOT POINT 15 DATA TABLE

LOCATION

NUMBER

302

303

304

305

306

308

309

312

317

318

319

320

322

323

324

325

326

327

s,

328

ox

329

330

332

333

334

335

338

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

348

349

350

352

DISTANCE

(km)

131.134

126.488

124.457

122.022

120.698

116.860

113.679

110.820

101.537

99.773

97.965

95.687

17.525

15.756

14.017

12.854

11.139

9.398

7.676

6.381

5.125

1.379

0.091

-0.865

-2.155

-6.976

-10.618

-12.239

-13.958

-15.720

-18.007

-20.292

-22.568

-25.985

-27.400

-28.840

-30.846

AZMUTH

(deg

)

142.8

144.4

144.4

144.7

144.3

144.4

144.5

142.8

143.6

143.6

143.0

143.6

142.3

141.0

139.3

134.9

137.0

135.5

137.8

137.1

135.6

126.8

291.6

327.2

317.2

324.5

319.8

316.3

318.5

320.1

319.4

318.8

318.3

317.8

316.6

316.4

315.7

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 66

66

6666

84 84 84 84 84 84 84 8448 48 48

48 4848

28

2828 8 8 8 828

2828

28 28

28 666666

666666

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec)

-205 223

-12 94889 0

443

26

-10 5 0-5

-14 4-6 9 5 3

-10 4

-14

-11 4 414 2

-20

-14 0

-4621 2 1 0

LOCATION

NUMBER

353

354

355

356

357

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

369

370

371

372

373

375

376

378

379

381

382

383

384

387

388

389

391

394

395

397

398

399

400

DISTANCE

(km)

-32.326

-33.999

-35.174

-37.283

-39.144

-41.740

-43.901

21.104

23.134

24.905

26.223

28.515

30.599

35.682

38.280

39.619

42.622

44.541

45.850

47.333

49.092

51.166

56.922

58.362

59.987

61.521

67.409

70.498

74.298

76.860

83.178

85.494

89.124

90.908

92.291

92.646

AZMUTH

(deg)

316.2

317.0

317.0

317.6

317.6

317.5

317.4

144.3

143.2

141.7

144.0

144.0

144.4

140.8

142.2

143.0

141.3

145.0

146.2

147.0

148.5

147.0

146.5

145.6

143.9

144.9

144.4

143.0

142.8

144.2

145.1

146.2

143.9

143.3

143.9

144.4

AMPLIFICATION

(dB)

66 666666

66 66 66

6666 66

66 66

66 66 66

6666

84 84 6666 66 66

66 84 84 66 66

84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec) 2

-12 9-2 0 0-7 5 3 3 2 0 0 2 6

-14 4 0 5

-10 2-5

-23 -6

13 126

16 9 810

15 7

-14 9 4

SHOT 6

SHOT POINT 16

DATA TABLE

LOCATION

NUMBER

302

303

304

305

306

308

309

312

315

317

318

319

320

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

332

333

334

335

338

340

341

342

343

345

346

348

349

350

351

352

DISTANCE

(km)

82.481

77.620

75.591

73.121

71.852

68.002

64.814

62.207

56.686

52.824

51.072

49.362

47.006

-31.676

-33.483

-35.273

-36.675

-38.189

-39.937

-41.523

-42.803

-44.060

-47.762

-49.113

-49.905

-51.155

-56.001

-59.558

-61.061

-62.834

-64.634

-69.130

-71.369

-74.735

-76.069

-77.483

-78.292

-79.427

AZMUTH

(deg)

139.

3141.7

141.6

142.1

141.3

141.4

141.4

138.2

139.5

139.0

138.8

137.5

138.3

332.0

332.1

332.2

333.3

331.9

331.6

330.5

330.3

330.1

329.2

328.5

328.5

328.1

328.0

327.0

326.1

326.3

326.5

325.7

325.3

324.8

324.3

324.0

323.7

323.6

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 66 66 666666 66

66 84 666666 66 66 6666666666 66 6666

84 84 84

84 8466 84 84 84 84 66

84 84 666666

84

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec)

-6 13 12

-15 2179

1515 7

-14 104 5 0

-5

-14 4-6 9 5 3

-10 4

-14

-11 4 4152

-20 0

-47 22 2 1 8 0

LOCATION

NUMBER

353

354

355

356

357

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

369

370

371

372

373

375

376

378

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

394

395

397

398

399

DISTANCE

(km)

-80.954

-82.677

-83.842

-85.979

-87.831

-90.410

-92.549

-28.038

-26.095

-24.490

-22.993

-20.736

-18.653

-14.502

-11.774

-10.337

-8.625

-5.352

-3.753

-2.164

0.070

8.099

9.726

11.817

12.967

14.776

16.457

18.841

22.217

25.985

26.586

28.213

34.325

36.506

40.414

42.298

43.571

AZMUTH

(deg)

323.

632

3.8

323.7

323.8

323.7

323.5

323.3

331.8

333.3

335.5

333.8

334.8

335.4

348.0

349.6

350.3

7.1

359.7

359.2

5.7

105.8

134.3

130.5

124.1

131.0

129.5

131.5

133.6

130.6

131.9

133.4

136.7

140.1

143.1

138.3

137.2

138.6

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 84 84 84 84 66 66 66 66 66 66 666666

28 2828 66 668 8 8

48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 66 66 66 84 66

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c) 2-12 9-2 0 0-7 5 3 3 3 0 0 2 6

-14 4 0 5

-11 2

-24 -6 13 12

-15 2 6 179

188 10 157

-14 10

SHOT 7


to

oo

LOCATION

NUMBER

402

404

405

406

407

410

411

412

414

415

417

419

420

421

422

424

426

427

428

429

431

432

433

434

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

452

454

DISTANCE

(km)

123.249

126.439

126.669

129.137

131.178

136.754

138.824

141.478

144.318

146.217

150.197

154.414

155.789

15.851

18.017

21.374

24.178

26.118

27.286

29.263

32.496

34.195

35.809

37.293

41.639

43.443

45.370

46.963

48.312

118.321

115.740

113.522

111.459

109.567

107.341

105.131

103.480

102.002

99.765

95.824

92.482

AZMUTH

Al(d

eg)

143.2

143.3

142.1

141.8

141.3

141.7

141.9

141.5

142.4

142.2

141.8

141.9

141.8

155.0

153.2

154.3

153.1

151.5

152.6

151.7

149.8

149.1

148.7

148.9

150.7

148.6

149.0

149.1

149.3

143.4

143.4

143.6

143.9

144.1

144.3

144.5

145.0

145.5

145.7

145.7

145.0

yiPLIFIC

(dB) 84

84 84 84 84 84 84 84

84 84 66

84 84

84 84 84 84

8484 48 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 8484 8484 84 84 848484 84

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec)

-207 999 812

-11 4 469

337

52

252

-6

16-1

1 12-1

5 22

13

13 13-1

7 14 3 198

10 11 7 4-7 -4 2

-24

10

20 5 2 6-4

LOCATION

NUMBER

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

469

471

472

473

475

476

477

478

474

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

DISTANCE

(km)

90.609

88.825

86.970

85.204

83.767

82.020

49.947

51.713

53.766

55.449

57.075

59.157

60.939

64.486

67.712

69.619

71.297

73.956

75.682

77.031

78.362

72.592

-22.107

-17.415

-11.434

-7.323

3.301

14.269

10.801

1.603

0.021

-5.602

5.068

-3.346

12.264

-19.314

-9.243

-13.407

-15.395

-1.621

AZMUTH

M>(deg)

145.1

145.

614

6.2

146.

714

7.9

148.

214

9.4

149.

514

9.5

149.

014

8.8

148.

8149.1

149.

8149.9

149.

814

9.6

146.1

146.

414

7.1

147.

714

7.6

326.

7325.9

326.

0319.7

174.

915

5.7

152.7

178.9

45.6

315.

416

5.4

314.

5155.9

326.

732

3.1

327.0

324.

6283.9

4PLI

FIC

(dB) 84 84 84 84 66 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 66 84 66 66 66 84 66 66 8 66 66 66 66 84 66 84 84 66

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c) 6 4 5 0 3-2

18

13

13

15 9

11

-32

110

18 2 17

-20 110

16

-25 127

25 1 914

27

18

33

29

17

23

-13

14

-10

14

11

SHOT 8 SHOT POINT 18 DATA TABLE

NJ vo

LOCATION

NUMBER

402

403

405

406

409

410

411

412

414

415

418

421

422

423

424

426

427

428

429

431

432

433

434

436

437

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

DISTANCE

(km)

49.478

50.908

53.119

55.643

61.649

63.251

65.282

67.998

70.637

72.571

77.893

-58.387

-56.157

-54.311

-52.924

-50.080

-48.051

-46.984

-44.958

-41.617

-39.883

-38.256

-36.785

-32.661

-30.651

-27.208

-25.891

44.537

41.958

39.719

37.618

35.688

33.439

31.209

29.506

AZMUTH

P&

(deg

)

138.9

139.6

136.5

136.0

136.2

136.5

136.9

136.5

138.5

138.2

138.5

323.7

323.9

324.0

322.9

322.8

323.2

322.4

322.5

323.3

323.6

323.7

323.4

320.3

322.6

321.0

320.3

138.8

138.7

138.9

139.4

140.0

140.3

140.7

142.1

1PLIFK

(dB] 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 48 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c)

-209 8 812

112 4 469

347 4

-6 166

-11

12-15 23

14

13 13-17 143

19 10 118 4

-7 -4 2

-24 11

20

LOCATION

NUMBER

449

450

452

453

454

455

456

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

469

470

471

472

473

475

476

479

474

483

484

485

488

489

490

496

DISTANCE

(km)

27.988

25.740

21.801

20.171

18.534

16.659

14.817

11.195

10.031

8.467

-24.294

-22.580

-20.560

-18.827

-17.185

-15.147

-13.514

-10.466

-9.216

-7.828

-6.350

-5.207

0.034

1.724

6.483

-2.306

-85.464

-81.308

-71.117

-72.648

-73.993

-79.503

-93.348

AZMUTH

M-(deg)

143.7

144.4

144.2

143.7

140.4

140.2

143.0

150.5

161.4

166.9

319.5

318.4

317.4

317.6

317.3

315.8

312.6

303.3

299.1

291.4

281.6

269.2

335.4

157.3

174.0

274.3

326.1

325.6

324.9

325.5

326.2

325.4

326.3

1PLIFK

(dB] 84 84 84 84 84 84 48 66 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 66 66 66 66 668

66 66 8

84 84 84 84 84 84 84

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c) 5 2 6 5-56 4 0 3

-2

18

13

13

15 9

11-32

11

250

192

18-21 817

27

251

27

19

33-13

SHOT 9


LOCATION

NUMBER

402

403

404

405

406

409

410

411

412

414

415

417

418

419

421

422

424

426

427

428

429

431

432

433

434

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

DISTANCE

(km)

-4.252

-3.612

-2.739

-0.024

2.541

8.519

10.114

12.154

14.862

17.634

19.523

23.518

24.859

27.727

-111.296

-109.061

-105.888

-103.053

-101.006

-99.980

-97.951

-94.582

-92.837

-91.209

-89.757

-85.742

-83.668

-81.818

-80.281

-78.985

-8.832

-11.326

-13.557

-15.687

-17.654

-19.905

-22.137

-23.953

-25.623

-27.877

-29.816

-31.679

AZMUTH

(deg

)

287.1

266.2

238.5

360.0

126.9

134.3

136.7

139.0

136.5

144.8

143.0

140.4

142.9

141.0

320.3

320.3

319.7

319.6

319.7

319.3

319.3

319.5

319.5

319.5

319.3

317.9

318.7

318.3

318.0

317.7

304.5

308.3

309.5

309.5

309.4

310.0

310.5

309.5

308.6

309.1

310.1

311.1

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 66 66 668

66 66 66 66 84 84 84 84 84 66 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 48 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c)

-210 9

999 812

113 4469

348

534

25 -6 17

-11 12

-16 23 14 13 13

-17 143

198

10 118 4

-7 -42

-24 11 20 6 2126

LOCATION

NUMBER

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

466

467

469

471

472

473

475

476

477

474

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

492

493

494

496

497

498

499

500

DISTANCE

(km)

-33.226

-34.672

-36.531

-38.455

-40.480

-42.367

-44.251

-46.047

-77.405

-75.706

-73.694

-71.960

-68.283

-66.628

-63.376

-60.327

-58.466

-56.804

-53.168

-51.530

-50.395

-54.871

-148.738

-144.073

-138.099

-134.006

-123.926

-112.870

-116.088

-125.408

-126.691

-132.255

-120.334

-122.052

-130.007

-145.950

-135.931

-140.053

-142.073

-127.967

AZMUTH

(deg)

312.1

314.4

314.8

314.0

313.2

312.8

311.0

311.1

317.4

317.0

316.7

316.8

316.3

315.7

314.3

313.3

312.9

312.6

316.5

315.8

314.5

314.9

322.8

322.6

322.4

322.0

321.3

320.4

321.1

321.7

322.1

321.8

321.0

321.2

321.9

322.7

322.2

322.6

322.4

321.7

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 48 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84 84

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec) 5

-56 5 5 0 3

-2 18 13 13 15 11-3

2 110

192

18-2

1 11 17-26 127 251 9

14 27 19 33 24 30 17-1

3 14-10 14 11

SH

OT

12

SH

OT

P

OIN

T

10

DA

TA

T

AB

LE

LOCATION

NUMBER

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

709

711

712

713

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

729

730

731

732

733

734

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

749

DISTANCE

(km)

-32.744

-30.741

-29.521

-29.026

-27.284

-25.263

-26.416

-22.334

-20.102

-19.008

-17.998

-16.004

-15.200

-13.985

-13.015

-12.169

-11.168

-10.224

-9.303

-7.840

-6.827

-5.880

-4.652

-3.403

-0.927

-0.192

4.140

9.145

14.326

20.043

30.052

34.600

40.357

46.070

51.329

-53.293

-52.094

-50.896

-49.697

-48.472

-47.267

-46.038

-43.654

AZMUTH

(deg)

331.3

329.9

329.9

326.9

327.3

327.5

328.0

329.0

328.8

328.6

328.4

328.0

327.9

327.5

327.2

326.9

326.5

326.0

325.2

324.3

323.8

323.8

324.4

325.0

335.0

86.5

138.6

140.7

138.4

133.8

130.1

128.7

128.2

130.9

132.4

331.3

331.3

331.4

331.4

331.4

331.5

331.5

331.5

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 60 60 78 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40 20 20 208

20 40 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 78 78 40 78 78 78 78 78

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c)

19 63-29 -53

21 11 17 -89 5

165

-8-12 18 15 86 19 17 13 128

198

10 15 13 15 26 29 143

-30 19 14 -8 11

-36 9

-16 313

LOCATION

NUMBER

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

778

781

782

783

784

786

787

789

790

791

793

794

795

797

798

799

800

DISTANCE

(km)

-42.574

-41.567

-40.126

-38.793

-38.025

-37.262

-36.466

-34.661

-33.496

-32.495

-74.322

-75.607

-76.407

-77.206

-78.555

-79.373

-81.410

-82.977

-84.093

-84.943

-86.795

-88.606

-89.336

-90.628

-95.973

-74.381

-73.334

-72.454

-71.823

-69.624

-68.161

-66.705

-65.814

-64.574

-62.637

-61.636

-59.723

-58.564

-56.675

-55.670

-54.922

AZMUTH

(deg)

331.7

331.5

332.0

331.7

331.8

332.4

332.9

331.4

331.1

331.7

328.8

328.4

328.3

328.2

328.1

328.1

328.0

327.8

327.9

328.0

327.9

327.8

327.4

327.7

327.6

328.8

328.7

328.5

328.5

328.4

328.2

328.1

327.9

328.1

328.2

328.6

329.2

329.6

330.1

330.4

331.2

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 40 40 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 78 78 78 78 78 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c)

-13 101

136 8

17 -6 13-19 -3

-15 6465

16 27 23 17 10 231 6

14 517 7

10 221 0 0

24 22 10-40 147 1

139

SHOT 13 SHOT POINT 7

DATA TABLE

LOCATION

NUMBER

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

709

711

712

713

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

DISTANCE

(km)

15.090

17.230

18.401

19.384

20.933

22.801

21.631

25.453

27.643

28.727

29.724

31.701

32.495

33.702

34.665

35.505

36.502

37.439

38.368

39.823

40.820

41.737

42.917

44.127

45.066

46.535

47.528

51.424

56.326

61.258

66.433

75.607

79.755

85.234

91.280

96.691

-7.206

-6.219

-5.321

-4.548

-4.027

3.850

4.031

4.520

AZMUTH

(deg)

166.6

167.3

166.2

170.0

167.7

165.6

166.0

162.3

161.4

161.1

160.7

160.2

160.0

159.7

159.4

159.3

159.1

158.9

158.7

158.4

158.2

157.8

157.4

157.0

156.7

156.1

155.9

154.7

153.7

152.1

149.6

146.1

144.6

143.3

143.7

143.8

297.6

291.7

283.8

273.1

258.2

240.8

223.1

208.3

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 60 60 78 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 40 40 40

20 20 202020

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec)

19 63

-29 -53

21 11 17 -8 9 5165

-8

-12 18 15 87 19 17 13 12 819

158

10 15 13 1526 29 143

-30 19

14 -8 11

-37 9

-16 329

LOCATION

NUMBER

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

777

778

781

782

783

784

786

787

789

790

791

793

794

795

797

798

799

800

DISTANCE

(km)

5.271

5.991

6.901

7.968

9.269

9.964

10.564

11.241

13.227

14.402

15.273

-27.898

-29.259

-30.069

-30.884

-32.218

-33.024

-35.000

-36.590

-37.669

-38.473

-40.316

-42.116

-42.961

-44.147

-48.483

-49.452

-27.961

-26.945

-26.160

-25.557

-23.466

-22.136

-20.785

-20.011

-18.759

-16.908

-15.826

-13.818

-12.598

-10.698

-9.680

-8.634

AZMUTH

(deg)

197.6

189.2

185.1

177.1

174.7

172.8

169.4

166.6

168.5

167.9

165.6

316.3

315.9

315.9

316.0

316.3

316.6

317.0

317.0

317.5

318.0

318.3

318.5

317.7

318.7

319.4

319.5

316.2

315.7

314.6

314.2

312.6

310.9

309.5

308.1

307.5

305.7

305.6

304.9

304.4

302.3

301.0

303.3

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 40 40 40 40 40 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 78 78 78 78 78 78 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 40 40 40 40 40

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec)

13

-13 101

13 6 818 -6 14

-20 -3

-15 646 516

2823 17 10 23 1 6147 51 7 7

11

22 1 0 02422 10

-40 147 1

139

SHOT 14 SHOT POINT 11

DATA TABLE

LOCATION

NUMBER

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

709

711

712

713

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

749

750

DISTANCE

(km)

63.263

65.203

66.421

66.890

68.629

70.649

69.497

73.585

75.815

76.906

77.916

79.909

80.762

81.978

82.950

83.797

84.801

85.748

86.675

88.145

89.161

90.105

91.326

92.572

93.537

95.052

96.064

100.062

105.056

110.132

115.518

124.916

129.133

134.626

140.656

146.062

42.854

44.047

45.238

46.434

47.650

48.845

50.067

52.436

53.524

AZMUTH

(deg)

145.7

146.5

146.6

147.9

147.7

147.6

147.4

147.2

147.3

147.3

147.4

147.5

147.5

147.6

147.7

147.7

147.7

147.8

147.8

147.9

147.9

147.8

147.8

147.7

147.6

147.5

147.5

147.2

147.0

146.4

145.2

143.5

142.6

141.9

142.2

142.3

143.0

143.2

143.4

143.5

143.7

143.9

144.0

144.3

144.3

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 60 60 78 60 60 60 60 78 60

78 78 78 7878 60 60 78 78

78 78 78 78

78 7878 78 78

78 78787878 78

78 78 78 787840

78 78 78

78 40

40

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(msec)

19 63

-29 -5 3

21 11 17

-8 9 516 5

-8

-12 18 15 8720

17 14 128

19

15 810 15 13 15 2630 143

-30 19 14 R 12

-37 9

-16 313

-13

LOCATION

NUMBER

751

752

753

754

755

756

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

781

782

783

784

786

787

789

790

791

793

794

795

797

798

799

800

DISTANCE

(km)

54.505

55.982

57.280

58.048

58.851

59.687

61.365

62.504

63.535

21.655

20.337

19.530

18.724

17.373

16.555

14.566

13.737

12.992

11.880

11.040

9.185

7.373

6.644

5.344

3.733

0.969

0.000

21.594

22.635

23.491

24.119

26.308

27.760

29.212

30.100

31.344

33.284

34.300

36.247

37.434

39.359

40.388

41.234

AZMUTH

(deg

)

144.6

144.4

144.8

144.9

144.6

144.4

145.4

145.7

145.5

143.6

144.6

144.9

145.2

145.2

145.2

145.4

146.1

146.3

145.8

144.7

144.7

144.7

150.8

145.9

149.1

141.2

180.0

143.6

143.9

144.8

145.0

145.6

146.2

146.5

147.0

146.5

146.4

145.8

144.9

144.5

144.0

143.8

142.8

AMPLIFICATION

(dB) 40 4040 40 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 34 30 10 10 96 10

10 60 60 60 60 60 60

60 60 60 60 60 78 78 78 78 78

CLOCK

CORRECTION

(mse

c)

101

136 8

18 -6 14-20 -3

-15 6475

16 289

23 17 10 231 6

14 12 7 517

. 7

11 221 0 0

24 22 10-40 147 1

139

Appendix C: SEG-Y Tape Format

34

Archive Tape Data Format

Archive data tapes are written in SEGY standard format (Barry et al, 1975). Recording density is 16OO bpi, phase encoded (PE). In order to accomodate seismic refraction data, some minor changes have been made to the tape header fields. A complete list of header fields is provided in the card image portion of the reel identification header, shown below:

C 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C &C 7C 8C 9CIOCllC12C13C14CISC16C17CISC19C20C21C22C23C24C25C26C27C28C29C30C31C32C33C34C35C36C37C38C39C40

REEL3217322132253255

TRACE159

293741454969717377818589

115117121157159161163165167181183185191193195197201

IDENTIFICATION HEADER BYTES :-3218-3222-3226-3256

SAMPLING INTERVAL (MICROSECS).NUMBER OF SAMPLES PER TRACE.DATA SAMPLE FORMAT CODE.MEASUREMENT SYSTEM (1 = METERS; 2 = FEET)

IDENTIFICATION HEADER BYTES :48

- 12- 30- 40- 44- 48- 52- 70- 72- 76- 80- 84- 88- 90- 116- 118- 122- 158- 160- 162- 164- 166- 168- 182- 184- 186- 192- 194- 196- 200- 204

TRACE SEQUENCE NUMBER WITHIN REEL.TRACE SEQUENCE NUMBER WITHIN REEL.STATION LOCATION NUMBER.TRACE ID CODE (1 = SEISMIC DATA).SHOTPOINT-RECEIVER DISTANCE (M).STATION ELEVATION <M>.SHOTPOINT ELEVATION <M).SOURCE DEPTH <M).SCALAR TO BE APPLIED TO ALL ELEVATIONS.SCALAR TO BE APPLIED TO ALL COORDINATES.SHOTPOINT COORDINATE - X.SHOTPOINT COORDINATE - Y.RECEIVER COORDINATE - X.RECEIVER COORDINATE - Y.COORDINATE UNITS (1 = METERS; 2 = SECONDS OF ARC)NUMBER OF SAMPLES IN THIS TRACE.SAMPLE INTERVAL IN MICROSECONDS FOR THIS TRACE.INSTRUMENT ATTENUATION IN DB.SHOT TIME - YEAR.SHOT TIME - DAY OF YEAR.SHOT TIME - HOUR OF DAY (24 HOUR CLOCK).SHOT TIME - MINUTE OF HOUR.SHOT TIME - SECOND OF MINUTE.TIME BASIS CODE (2 = GMT).SHOT TIME - MILLISECONDS.SHOTPOINT LOCATION NUMBER.RECORDING INSTRUMENT UNIT NUMBER.DISTANCE WEIGHTING EXPONENT (HUNDREDTHS) .SHOT SEQUENCE NUMBER (SHOT NUMBER).SHOT SIZE (KG).SHOTPOINT - STATION AZIMUTH (SEC OF ARC).TIME OF FIRST POINT MINUS SHOT TIME (MSEC)

35

The data point format is "32 bit floating point*, and the appropriate bytes (3225-3226) of the binary reel id header contain a value of 1. The trace amplitudes have not been adjusted for instrument gain, but the gain correction factor can be estimated from the instrument attenuation value (alt) specified in bytes 121-122. To correct for gain, the data should be demeaned and then multiplied by

(att/20) 10

The measurement system (bytes 3255-3256 of the binary reel header) is set to 1, meters.

Shotpoint and receiver coordinates are in seconds of arc (byte field 89-90). The coordinate scalar multiplier (bytes 71-72) is set to -100, so the coordinates (bytes 73-8S) are in hundredths of a second of arc.

Bytes 157-166 and bytes 181-182 refer to the shot detonation time. The time of the first data sample is found by adding the shot detonation time to the time specified in bytes 201-204.

Since there is no weighting of amplitudes with distance for archive tapes, the distance weighting exponent (bytes 191-192) is not used.

Shot sequence number (bytes 193-194) refers to the order in which shots were fired during the field campaign.

REFERENCE

Barry, K. W., D. A. Cavers, and C. W. Kneale (1975). Recommended Standards for Digital Tape Formats, Geophysics 40, 344-352.

36

department of the interior u. s. geological survey … · tape-speed compensation carrier frequency...

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