department of physics, chemistry & biology january – december … · 2010-04-30 ·...

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January – December 2009Department of Physics, Chemistry & Biology

2 iFM Ac tivit y RepoRt 2009 3iFM Ac tivit y RepoRt 2009

– The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology IFM

the DepARtMent oF physics, cheMistRy AnD Biology (IFM) hereby presents its 39th consecutive progress report since the start in 1970. The report contains a description of activities in research and education within the department and is intended as a source of information for colleagues and other interested readers.

IFM is organized in five scientific areas; Applied Physics, Biology, Chemistry, Material Physics, and Theory and Modelling. A large part of the research within these divisions is made possible by generous grants from founding agencies like The Swedish Research Council (VR), The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), VINNOVA, Formas, The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and internationally also through the European Union and the FP6 and FP7 framework programmes. Dur-ing the year 2009 18 doctoral and 4 licenciate theses were presented. More than 230 undergraduate courses were presented in Master of Science in Engineering programmes, in Master of Science programmes, in Bachelor of Science in Engineering programmes, and in teacher training programmes.

the FiguRes on the coveR show examples of the very different research activities at the department that are presented in this Activity report. Most of the research can be classified as belonging to Material Science or Life Science. The figure of the butterfly is based on a picture of a Brimstone butterfly shown on page 36 in the section describing the research in ecology (K-O Bergman).

More details of our research, graduate and undergraduate programmes can be found at www.ifm.liu.se. Please also feel free to contact us by mail, e-mail or telephone.

Göran Hansson, Professor, Head of Department

Introductiongöran hansson

intRoDuction 3

oRgAniZAtion 4Economy 5Personnell 6Environment 8Equal Opportunities 9The Third Task 10 unDeRgRADuAte eDucAtion 11Engineering programs 11Biology 12Chemistry 14Physics 15Master’s Programmes 16 gRADuAte eDucAtion 17IFM Graduate Program 17Forum Scientium 17 scientiFic BRAnch oF ApplieD physics 20 Applied Optics 21Applied Physics 23Biomolecular and Organic Electronics 26 Biotechnology 27 Molecular Surface Physics & Nano Science 29Sensor Science and Molecular Physics 30 scientiFic BRAnch oF Biology 35 scientiFic BRAnch oF cheMistRy 41

scientiFic BRAnch oF MAteRiAl physics 46Functional Electronic Materials 48Nanostructured Materials 50Plasma & Coatings Physics 51Semiconductor Materials 53 Surface & Semiconductor Physics 59Surface Physics & Chemistry 61Thin Film Physics 63 scientiFic BRAnch oF theoRy & MoDeling 65Bioinformatics 66Computational Biology 67 Computational Physics 67Theoretical Biology 68 Theoretical Physics 70

otheR 73CeNano 73FunMat 74LiLi-NFM 76MS2E 78SIMARC 79 puBlicAtions 81

theses 92Doctoral Theses 92Licentiate Theses 93Undergraduate Theses 93

Index

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5iFM Ac tivit y RepoRt 2009

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Financial SummaryopeRAting incoMe (Amounts in MSEK) 2009 2008

University allocations for teaching 62 48 University allocations for research 93 78 University allocations for rental, maintenance of buildings 46 48 External sources of income 144 114

Total 345 291

opeRAting expenses (Amounts in MSEK) Expences for staff 178 163 Expences for premises 62 67 Other operating expenses 79 43 Depreciation 20 20 Total 339 293 chAnge in cApitAl FoR the yeAR 6 -2 Balanced capital January 39 41 Balanced capital December 45 39

exteRnAl souRces oF incoMe (Amounts in MSEK) Swedish Research Council, VR 51 Other Research-funding agencies, e.g. Vinnova, Formas 20 Research foundations, e.g. SSF 24 Other private foundations, e.g. Wallenberg 19 Funding from the European Union 12 Other sources of funding 15 Contract research 3

Total 144

DistRiBution oF incoMe souRces, iFM, 2009

35 %

14 %17 %

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exteRnAl souRces oF incoMe, iFM, 2009

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18 %

OrganizationDecember 2009

ADMinistRAtion

Head of Department Göran HanssonDeputy Heads Kajsa Uvdal Per JensenFinancial Administrator Inger JohanssonPersonnel Administrator Louise Gustafsson RydströmPrincipal Research Engineer Bengt Andersson

DepARtMent BoARD

Members DeputyMembersGöran Hansson, Chairperson Igor Abrikosov, Teacher representatives Peter KonradssonKarl-Olof Bergman Uno WennergrenJohanna Rosén Anita Lloyd Spetz Jeanette Nilsson, Techn/adm. representatives Susanne AnderssonDaniel Nätt, PhD stud. representatives Leif JohanssonDaniel Nilsson Monica Malmbecker EdstamJohan Medbjer, Student representatives Mattias TengdeliusIngegärd Andersson, Secretary

Theory and Modeling Bioinformatics, Computational Biology,

Computational Physics, Theoretical Biology, Theoretical Physics

Material Physics Functional Electronic Materials, Nanostructured

Materials, Plasma and Coatings Physics, Semiconductor Materials, Surface and

Semiconductor Physics, Surface Physics And Chemistry, Thin Film Physics

Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry, Molecular biotechnology

Organic Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Protein Chemistry

Biology Ecology, Molecular genetics, Zoology

Applied Physics Applied Optics, Applied Physics, Biomolecular and

Organic Electronics, Biotechnology, Molecular Surface Physics,

Sensor Science and Molecular Physics

Head of Department Department board

Computer support Technical Economy Personal Central departments functions

LSG, local co-operation group

Physics Measurement Technology

Physics – Natural Science

Chemistry

Physics - Engineering Biology

Scientific areas Divisions

Ph.D. studies

Study Programmes

SIMARC MS2E

LiLi-NFM FunMat

CeNano

Research Centra

Research and Education


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Personnel Situation 2009iFM stAFF June 2009

Position Men Women Total Professors 40 6 46Adj professors 5 0 5Guest professors 5 0 5University lecturers 36 11 47Adj lecturers 6 3 9Guest lecturers 1 0 1Adjunct teachers 4 3 7Researchers 3 0 3Research assistants 9 6 15Postdoctors 23 7 30Other researchers 12 17 29PhD students 62 49 111Administrators 2 22 24Engineers 28 5 33Coordinator/Environm. 0 1 1Total 236 130 366 new eMployMents DuRing 2009

Personnel category Men Women TotalProfessors 1 1University lecturers 3 0 3Postdoctors 5 2 7Other reserachers 7 3 10PhD students 11 4 15Engineers 1 0 1Total 28 9 37 During 2009, 37 persons began their employment at the department, while 2 university lecturers were promoted to professors.

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iFM stAFF June 2009

New Professors 2009peR-olov Käll, professor in inor-ganic chemistry, is from the be-ginning a teacher in chemistry and mathematics who received his PhD in 1991 at Stockholm University. He became Associ-ate Professor there in 1996 and was the same year employed as Senior Lecturer in inorganic chemistry at IFM.

His main interest is in solid state materials chemistry, and

in his doctoral thesis he studied structural ceramics such as silicon nitride based materials. At that time these types of materials were regarded as very promising for a wide range of applications, most noteworthy for novel types of heat engines with considerably increased efficiencies.

Unfortunately, this goal has still to be realized due to the difficulties to overcome the inherent brittleness of ceramic materials. Besides inorganic synthesis and crystallographic characterisation, Käll has always been interested in mathemati-cal modelling of reaction kinetics, e.g. oxidation processes. In recent years his scientific preoccupation has been in the nano field, in particular in the colloid synthesis and characterisation of various metal oxide nanoparticles such as magnetic gadolin-ium oxide, luminescent zinc oxide, catalytic ruthenium oxide and others. Potential applications for such materials are to be found within magnetic resonance tomography, and in bio or gas sensing systems.

Käll is member of the board of The Centre in Nano science and technology (CeNano) at LiU.

pAtRicK noRMAn, professor in Computational Physics, received his PhD in1998 in Computational Physics and spent one year as a post doc-toral fellow at the University of Southern Denmark and four shorter research secondments at the University of Ottawa.

He became Docent in Compu-tational Physics in 2004 and senior researcher (rådsforskare)

at the Swedish Research Council in 2008.

His research interests concern linear and nonlinear light-matter interactions in molecular materials. He has contributed to the development of state-of-the-art time-dependent propaga-tor methods, both for nonrelativistic, scalar relativistic, and 4-component relativistic electronic structure methods, and he is the co-author of two quantum chemical computer programs (Dalton and Dirac).

For the past nine years he has been part of an international research consortium that develops sensor protection devices based on organometallic molecular compounds in sol-gel glass-es. He has advanced the field of propagator theories to a uni-versal treatment of nonresonant and resonant spectroscopies by the introduction of relaxation in the fundamental equations-of-motions. Key spectroscopies that are addressed by this theory are circular dichroism and soft x-ray absorption.


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The work environmentThe work environmental plan states that everyone working at IFM shall: • be able to perform their work in a safe, secure and effective way• feel stimulated in their daily work • feel responsible for and be given the opportunity to influ-

ence their work environment.

The Chairman is responsible for the work environment. Parts of that responsibility, concerning personnel and labs/offices have been delegated to the employer representative of every division at IFM.

Work safety delegates, appointed by the union organizations, have the task of monitoring the measures implemented to pre-vent ill-health and accidents in the workplace.

Every lab has a person responsible for different tasks in the lab. These tasks have been decided by agreements between the lab responsible and the employer representative.

the locAl co-opeRAting gRoup (lsg)

from the left:Kerstin Johansson (ofr) magdalena svensson (saco)marie martinelle Wirdeland (ofr, deputy)petra hagstrand (coordinator-environment)Jeanette nilsson (work environment repr.)göran hansson (employer repr.)louise gustafsson rydström (secretary) ingevald abrahamsson (work environment repr. deputy)absent: Karin enander (saco deputy)

A local co-operating group (LSG) at IFM monitors and deals with different work safety issues. The group consists of the chairman at IFM, the personnel administrator, the central safety delegate, union representatives for OFR/S, SACO and the environmental engineer.

Every year a work environment plan is drawn up by LSG and ratified by the IFM board. The board is regularly informed about the status of the work environment at IFM.

Work environment plan 2009Work environment related education, projects, investigations and preventive measures at IFM include the following:

• Information about Laboratory Safety will be provided to all employees of IFM. Responsible person: Petra Hag-strand, Coordinator-environment.

• Heads of divisions at IFM will offer yearly consultations with collaborators, to discuss personal working conditions and work environmental factors. Responsible person: Göran Hansson, Department Chairman.

• Heads of divisions will be invited to attend an information seminar by the program ”Feelgood”. The seminar will cover how to deal with health problems, mainly, but not exclu-sively, related to the work environment. Responsible person: Louise Gustafsson Rydström, Personnel Administrator.

• The degree to which the environmental officers should be involved in planning renovation of laboratories and other lo-cal facilities will be determined. Responsible person: Jean-ette Nilsson, Research Engineer.

• A web site for students and guests will be established, where in information on safety issues as well as items such as interruption of ventilation, major cleaning schedules, and other pertinent events will be listed. Responsible person: Petra Hagstrand, Coordinator-environment.

• Especially chosen, critical portions of the IFM Handbook will be translated into English. Responsible person: Petra Hagstrand, Coordinator-environment.

• The written information package for new employees will be expanded to include information to where the employee may turn if he or she experiences sexual harassment, or if the employee is aware that someone else is experiencing sexual harassment. The document shall be signed by the employee in order to verify that he or she has understood the information. The document will then be filed by the per-sonnel Administrator. Responsible person: Louise Gustafs-son Rydström, Personnel Administrator.

• The strategy documents of the university, the faculties and the institution (IFM) will be collected into one common document and included in the IFM Handbook. Responsible person: Louise Gustafsson Rydström, Personnel Adminis-trator.

The environmentlegislAtion. IFM has an injunction, according to the Swed-ish Environmental Code, to submit a yearly report to the local environmental agency describing the laboratory work at the department. The agency makes regular inspections at IFM.

enviRonMentAl MAnAgeMent systeMs. In 2006 the Rector at Linköping University decided that all departments must work according to an environmental management system. At IFM a plan for the environmental work was first established in December 2004 and resulted in several measures taken to-wards reaching an environmental management system that can be certified.

A new plan, for 2009, was decided by the IFM board in March 2009. The environmental work has been presented in the local co-operating group continuously during the year. The environmental plan for 2009 consisted of descriptions of laws and regulations that IFM has to follow, the results of an envi-ronmental analysis made at the end of 2005, the process of cre-ating an environmental management system at the department and finally an action plan consisting of environmental targets and measures needed to be taken during the year.

Environmental targets 2009The following environmental targets, established by the IFM board were to be fulfilled before December 31 2009. The four targets have been sorted according to IFM s four long-term environmental goals.

liMit the contRiBution to the cliMAte chAnges.

1. Decrease in the usage of electricity from IT-equipment by using energy-saving mode and increasing the number of switched off equipment.

The measures to achieve the target were fulfilled. A method was developed to measure how many of the cable connected computers were turned off during nights and weekends. All employees were informed about energy saving measures in the IFM newsletter and e-mail. The work will continue during 2010.

2. A five year action plan for decreasing IFMs environmental impact from travels at work shall be established and person-nel shall be informed about it.

Measures to achieve the target were partly fulfilled. Travel statistics were put together from travel agencies and internal systems at LiU. The environmental impact from travels was calculated in CO2-equivalents. Work with an action plan for decreasing IFMs environmental impact from travels at work started during 2009 and will continue during 2010.

MiniMAl iMpAct FRoM the use oF hAZARDous oR contAgious

suBstAnces.

3. Risk assessment must be made before all new experiments/laborations and when purchasing new equipment.

Employees were informed about how to do a risk assessment and available tools to make the work easier at two open infor-mation occasions. Information about risk assessments were presented at the IFM homepage.

During the annual work environment rounds the scientific areas and undergraduate teaching areas answered questions about how they work with risk assessments.

Equal OpportunitiesIFM believes that equal opportunity is important for both stu-dents and employees. The institution has therefore assigned the responsibility of equal opportunity to a group with the follow-ing members: Anette Andersson (administrative personnel), Ulf Frykman (technical staff), Göran Hansson (prefekt), Ag-neta Johansson (director of studies), Stefan Klintström-Welin (lecturer), Paula Lindebäck (candidate for the doctorate) and Kajsa Uvdal (professor).

The group meets once a month and discuss ongoing projects and initiate new ones. These projects are in some way related to one or several of the five main issues that we build our work around; gender equality and gender issues, ethnicity and reli-gion or other belief systems, disability, sexual orientation and gender identity and victimization, discrimination and harass-ment at an individual level.

In order to prevent discrimination and harassment the group has drawn up an Equal Opportunity Strategy. We believe that this strategy will contribute to the following:

• an attractive study and work environment• development and creativity• quality in education and research• equitable structures and processes

The Equal Opportunities vision• IFM aims to be a study and working environ-ment that

makes full use of the resources contributed to the depart-ment by students and employees with different back-grounds, life situations and skills.

• IFM seeks to promote equal opportunities in the academic world and the community at large.

• Admission and recruitment processes should be non-dis-criminatory.

• IFM’s study programmes should formally offer equal op-portunities and be accessible to, prepared for and consider-ate of the needs of various student categories.

• The content of IFM’s study programmes should promote equal opportunities as far as possible.

• New students should be received in such a way that they all feel welcome.


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• Equal opportunities should prevail in terms of employees´ working conditions, salaries, influence, career prospects and scope for combining a professional career with responsibil-ity for home and family.

• IFM seeks to make it easier for employees and students, ir-respective of gender, to combine their studies with parental responsibilities

• IFM aims to be free from all discrimination and harass-ment.

Projects we worked with during 2009The equal opportunity group has worked with several projects during 2009 and listed below are some of the actions taken by the group:

IFM arranged two seminars during the year. The first was about how to integrate gender-quality aspects into the under-graduate education. The other seminar focused on the various preconceptions that we acquire throughout life and how they affect the way we act when we socialize with other people.

A website was created where all information regarding equal opportunity at IFM can be found in both Swedish and English.

Information was continuously sent out to all employees about upcoming events such as seminars, lecturers, meetings etc related to equal opportunity.

The personnel department ensured that there were not any unjustified differences in salaries between men and women.

We are trying to achieve a distribution according to gender that is within 40%-60% in the Board of Directors and all other working groups at IFM.

We are continuously trying to increase the number of female guest lecturers and our goal is to have both genders within a range of 40%-60%.

We have facilitated for our employees to combine parent-hood with a professional career by installing two permanent high chairs and two nursing tables in the building.

The Third University Taskschool contacts Our department has always been very active in different forms of school contacts. For several years we have had young re-searchers part time employed for external contacts, one each from physics, chemistry and biology. IFM is represented in the board for school contacts of LiTH. The goal of this board is to coordinate and support existing activities, as well as develop-ing new exciting activities.

Perhaps the most frequent activity is various study visits by children, young people and teachers. In May we have a popu-lar activity directed to secondary and upper secondary school teachers, the May Mingle, “Maj-minglingen”. School teachers and university teachers meet in lectures and discussions. This activity is arranged in cooperation with the Mathematics de-partment.

In October we had a Popular Science day for school teachers and pupils. This event was initiated by Professor Per Jensen in 2005, and the interest is growing. Around 1 000 high schoole pupils and teachers attended, and all of the lectures had to be given twice.

A natural contact with schools is in the teachers education program, where teacher students take part of their education as observations and teaching practice in schools.

Our department and the university is also developing new forms to support practising teachers with further education. The need for higher competence in science and mathematics among school teachers has been pointed out in several reports, and new national programs to meet this need have recently been or will soon be implemented. Our department offers both ordinary science courses and specially designed courses di-rected to practising teachers.

summer weekThe Summer week in August is directed to young people beginning grade 8. Around one hundred young people spend a week with experiments in physics, chemistry, biology and technology. This year the Summer week was arranged in co-operation with Berzeliusskolan, an upper secondary school in Linköping. The first day of the week the activities took place at our department, the next three days at Berzeliusskolan and the last day at Campus Norrköping. The pupils showed great interest and enthusiasm in the activities. This activity is a suc-cessful example of how science studies can be presented as an attractive alternative for young pupils.

The nominal time for the M.Sc. programs is 5 years. The first three years mainly consist of compulsory courses in basic sub-jects and corresponds to B.Sc. degree. During the third year the students make a choice among the different specialisations (profiles) in years 4-5, which contain some compulsory courses (profile courses) but most are selectable and can be composed to fit the students own interest.

The majority of courses given by IFM are for the Y, Yi, TB and KB-programs, but some basic courses are also given for the other programs. The Y(Yi)-students can choose between twelve profiles, three of which are related to the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM):• Theory, modelling and visualization

(Peter Münger)• Materials, electronics and photonics

(Ulf Helmersson)• Organic systems and sensors

(Olle Inganäs)

At the KB and TB programs, the IFM related profiles are:• Biotechnological physics, biomaterials

(Pentti Tengvall)• Biotechnological physics, biological production

(Carl- Fredrik Mandenius) • Biotechnological physics, micro systems and biosensors

(Olle Inganäs)• Protein chemistry with protein engineering (Uno Carlsson)• Biomolecular technology (KB profil)

Below is a list of the IFM courses given for the engineering M.Sc. programs. The courses are classified in two fields: Tui-tion in Physics, and Tuition in Biological Engineering. Some Measurement Technology courses are also given for the engi-neering B.Sc. programs: EI Electrical Engineering, DI Compu-ter Engineering and KI Chemical Engineering.

tuition in physics

• Basic (compulsory) courses in Physics:Engineering projects, 6hpWave Physics, 8hpWave Physics, 4hpElectromagnetic Field Theory, 8hpModern Physics, 6hpThermodynamics & Statist, Mechanics, 6hpElectromagnetic Theory and Experimental Physics Lab 6hpWave Physics and Modern Physics 6hpPhysics 6 hpEngineering Mechanics, 6hpElectromagnetism, 4.5hpModern Physics, 6hpWave Physics and Modern Physics, 6hpBiotechnology, 2,5pPrinciples of Physics, 2,5pPhysics, TB, 4,5pMolecular and Surface Physics, 6pModels in Physics, 8hpPerspectives on Physics, 2hp

Education for Undergraduate Studentswww.ifm.liu.se/undergrad/

The undergraduate education given by the Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) had five main divisions 2009.

• Physics at the Engineering and the Natural science programs (Director of Studies: Leif Johansson)

• Measurement Technology at the engineering programs and physics at the Engineering Biology and Chemical Biology programs (Director of Studies: Ragnar Erlandsson)

• Biology at the Natural science, Teachers and Engineering programs (Director of Studies: Agneta Johansson)

• Chemistry at the Natural science, Teachers and Engineering programs (Director of Studies: Stefan Svensson)

• Physics at the Teachers programs and the Basic year (Director of Studies: Magnus Boman)

These divisions have in turn subprograms.

Engineering Programs

stAFF

• Directors of studies: Leif Johansson and Ragnar Erlandsson• Administrative assistants: Marie Martinell Wirdeland and

Anette Svensson• Technical staff: Hasan Dzuho, Anders Evaldsson, Jonas

Wissting, Jan-Ove Järrhed, Ingemar Skarp

The Institute of Technology at Linköping University offers seven different engineering M.Sc. programs. The Swedish name of the degree from one of these programs is “Civilingenjör”. A total of about 700 students are annually accepted in these programs:

M: Mechanical engineering (120)D: Computer science and engineering (90)Y: Applied physics and Electrical engineering (90)Yi: Applied physics and Electrical engineering, international (28)I: Industrial engineering and Management (150)Ii: Industrial engineering and Management, international (40)TB: Engineering Biology (30)KB: Chemical Biology (30)IT: Information Technology (30)


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• Master of Sicence in Biology, profile Molecular Genetics and PhysiologyAdaption: Molecules to Organism, 6hpCommunicating science, 6hpCurrent Concepts, 6 hpDegree Project - Master's Thesis, 60 hpFunctional Genomics, 6 hpGene Expression Analysis, 6 hpImmunological Techniques, 6 hpMolecular Physiology, 6hpPlant Molecular Genetics, 6hp

• Masters of Science in Biology, profile Ecology and the EnvironmentAdvancements in Ecology and the Environment - Part I, 6 hpAdvancements in Ecology and the Environment - Part II, 6 hpCommunicating science, 6hpConservation Biology in situ, 6 hpCurrent Concepts, 6hpDegree Project - Master's Thesis, 60 hMethods in ecology, 6hpModelling of Biological Systems, 6 hpPopulation Ecology: Theories and Applications, 12 hp

• Masters of Science in Biology, profile Applied Ethology and Animal BiologyAdaption: Molecules to Organism, 6hpBehaioral Neurobiology, 6hpCommunicating science, 6hpConservation Biology in situ, 6 hpCurrent Concepts, 6hpDegree Project - Master's Thesis, 60 hpMethods of Applied Ethology, 6hpPrimate Ethology, 6 hpTheory of Applied Ethology, 6hpZoo Biology, 6 hp

• Programme For Education - Biology coursesBiologi: Genetics, Botany, 15hpBiology (ae 21-30), 15hpBiology : Zoology, Physiology, Morphology and Systematics, 15hpBiology: Cell Biology and Microbiology (ae 1-10), 15hpEvolution and Applied Ethology (41-50), 15 hpEnvironmental Science & Introduction to Molecular Genetics (51-60), 15 hp

• Engineering BiologyBioinformatics - Overview and Practical Applications, 6 hpCell Biology, 6 hpMicrobiology, 6 hpPrincipals in Physiology, 6hp

Biology courses are also given in the program cheMicAl

Biology(160 or 180 credits) and engineeRing Biology (180 credits).

sepARAte couRses. All courses within the Biology programme are also available as separate courses. Besides the courses in the Biology program 6 separate courses has been given.

BAsic yeAR, with introductory courses in biology on the Upper Secondary School level.

IIn the period 01.01.2009-31.12.2009 19 students in the Biol-ogy programme put forward their final theses, 36 students in the programme Bachelor of Science in Biology, 4 student in the Masters programme in Ecology and the environment, 6 students in the Masters programme in Applied ethology and animal biology, 4 students in the Masters programme in Mo-lecular genetics and Physiology.

35 students were awarded their Bacheolor of Biology de-gree, 4 students were awarded their Bachelor of Science de-gree, 28 students were awarded their Master of Science (two year) degree and 9 students were awarded their Master of Sci-ence degree.

BAcheloR pRogRAMMe, Biology pRogRAMMe

Advanced physiology, 15 hpAnimal Husbandry and its Administration, 6hpBotany 1 6 hp Botany 2 6 hpCell Biology 6 hp,Degree Project - Bachelor's Thesis, 16 hpEcology , second course, 15 hpEcology 6 hp Environmental Management, 6hpEthology and Animal Welfare, 15hpEnvironmental Engineering for Biologists, 15 hpEvolution 6 hp Genetics 6 hpGenomics and Bioinformatics, 9 hpIntroduction to Biology 3hpIntroduction to Molecular Genetics, 6 hpIntroduction to Scientific Methods, Analysis and Statistics, 6 hpMicrobiology 6 hp Molecular Biology, 15 hpNature Conservation in Practise, 15 hpPrincipals in Physiology, 6 hpScientific Methods and Ethics, 6 hpZoology, Physiology, Morphology and Systematics, 6 hp

• The Programme for Biology and Chemistry with MathematicsAnimal Husbandry and its Administration, 6hpEcology, second course, 15 hpEnvironmental Engineering for Biologists, 15 hpEnvironmental Management, 6hpEvolution 6 hpFinal thesis, 30 hpGenomics and Bioinformatics, 9 hpNature Conservation in Practise, 15 hpPopulation Ecology: Theories and Applications, 12 hp

• Specialised courses, mainly aimed at the Y-profiles.Mathematical Methods of Physics, 6hpAnalytical Mechanics, 6hpQuantum Mechanics , 6hpExperimental Physics, 6hpAnalytical Methods in Material Science, 6hpOptoelectronics, 6hpElementary Particle Physics, 6hpSemiconductor Technology, 6hpQuantum Dynamics, 6hpPhysics of Condensed Matter part I, 6hpPhysics of Condensed Matter part II, 6hpChemistry, 3,5pChaos and Nonlinear Phenomena, 6hpThin Film Physics, 6hpMaterials Optics, 6hpBio-analytical Methods, 3pSoft Condensed Matter, 6hpPhysical Metallurgy, 6hpSemiconductor Physics, 6hpQuantum computing, 6hpRelativistic Quantum Mechanics, 6hpSurface Physics, 6hpClassical Electrodynamics, 6hpOrganic electronics, 6hpAdv Project Work in Applied Physics, 6hp

• Tuition in Biological Engineering:Industrial Biotechnology, 3pBiomaterials, 5pBiomaterials, project, 5pBioprocess Engineering, 10pMicrosystems, 5pMicrosystems and Biosensors, project, 5pBiosensor Technology, 5pSurface Science, 5pSurfaces and interfaces, 6p

Biology

• Director of studies: Agneta Johansson• Education secretary: Kerstin Johansson• Engineers: Ingevald Abrahamsson and Tove Bjerg• Teachers: Jordi Altimiras, Mats Amundin, Karl-Olof Berg-

man, Christer Blomqvist, Kjell Carlsson, Bo Ebenman, Jo-han Edqvist, Anders Hargeby, Per Jensen, Matthias Laska, Ronny Lock, Örjan Lönnevik, Eva Mattsson, Per Milberg, Bengt Persson, Lina Roth, Karin S Tonderski, Cornelia Spetea-Wiklund, Dan Wahlström, Uno Wennergren and Thomas Östholm

Courses in biology are offered as parts of the following study programmes:

• Biology Programme• Bachelor of Science in Biology, profiles in Ecology,

Environmental• Management and Nature Conservation, Ethology och

Animal• Biology and Molecular Genetics and Physiology• Masters of Science in Biologi, profiles, Applied Ethology

and Animal Biology, Ecology and the Environment and Molecular Genetics and Physiology

• Programme for Biology and Chemistry with Mathematics• Chemical Biology• Engineering Biology• The Program for education in Linköping• Separate courses• Basic year

the Biology pRogRAMMe,leading to the degree of Master of Science (160 credits) or to the degree of Bachelor of Science (120 credits). The programme includes, in the first two years, basic courses in chemistry and general biology. In the third and fourth years there are a number of advanced level courses, mainly seven profiles; Ecology, Ethology, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Conservation Biology, Theoretical Ecology, Zoology and Zoophysiology and Biomedicine and Cellbiology. The latter profile is carried out in collaboration with the department of Pharmacology and others within the Faculty of Health Science, Linköping University.

BAcheloR oF science in Biology, profiles in Ecology, Environmental Management and Nature Conservation, Ethology and Animal Biology and Molecular Genetics and Physiology (120 credits). The Programmes include, in the first two years, basic courses in chemistry and general biology. In the third year here are courses specific for each profile.

MAsteR oF science in Biology, profile in Applied Ethology and Animal Biology, Ecology and the Environment and Molecular Genetics and Physiology (80 credits). The profiles in Applied Ethology and Physiology are a collaboration between the department of biology at Linköping University and the Kol-mårdens Djurpark.

The first year includes nine courses and at the end of the year the student start with his/her Master thesis. The Master thesis is a full year project that will take most of the second year. At the end of the second year the programme ends with a final course – Communicating science.

the pRogRAMMe FoR Biology AnD cheMistRy with MAtheMAtics, leading to the degree of Master of Science (160 credits) or to the degree of Bachelor of Science (120 credits). After study of mathematics (40 credits) the student makes a choice of further studies in biology or chemistry.

the cuRRent pRogRAM FoR eDucAtion for the Upper Secondary School and the Primary School started in 2001. The program involves a Biology and a Natur Science profile. The division has been responsible for the biology part of the program.


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• General Chemistry 15• Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, Teaching • Practice and Subject-specific Didactics 15• Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Experiments • and Teaching Practice with Subject Didactics 15 • Analytical Chemistry and Teaching Practice • with Subject Didactics 15• Chemistry: Organic Chemistry 15• Biochemistry and Analytical Chemistry 15• Chemistry in Natural Science (11-20) 15

Physics – Natural science

• Director of studies: M. Boman. • Administrative assistant: A. Andersson. Technicians: H.

Dzuho, A. Evaldsson, J.-O. Järrhed, and J. Wissting.• Teachers: M. Andersson, C. Asker, L.-E. Björklund, M.

Ekholm, L.-A. Engström, R. Erlandsson, F. Jeppson, M. Jo-hansson, K. Järrendahl, A. Knutsson, B. Lindquist, A. Lars-son, R. Magnusson, T. Marten, P. Münger, B. Sernelius, M. Syväjärvi, O. Tengstrand, R. Uhrberg, L. Wilzén.

Courses in physics are offered as parts of the following study programmes:

• Basic Year and Semester• Program for education in Linköping• Physics program, and as separate courses.

BAsic yeAR AnD seMesteR. A two-semester course (19.5 hp) on a secondary school level are offered to students without the necessary qualifications for studies in science and engineering at the university as a part of the Basic year in Linköping. In ad-dition, a one-semester Basic education (15 hp physics) is given for students that already fulfill the most basic.

The Basic education enrolled approximately 150 students at Campus Linköping alone, which is the highest number of students ever.

pRogRAM FoR eDucAtion in linKöping involves a Physics profile, leading to a teaching qualification either for the the later years of the compulsory school and the upper secondary school. We have given four A/B-level courses in physics (in to-tal 60 hp points) and , in addition, two new C-level courses (30 hp). 4 students were supervised when they carried out diploma work with a physics-profile.

We have also been responsible for the physics part of cours-es in the Naturals science profile of the program (15 hp phys-ics). In addition, a summer course in Basic natural science for teacher students without all necessary qualifications for natural science studies.

The department was also responsible for the natural science part of the interdisciplinary course Teaching and knowledge, which is compulsory for all first-year students and given for the first time.

Analytical Chemistry T 6Inorganic Chemistry 6Calculation tools for chemistry students 6Experimental Chemistry 6Physical Chemistry Spectroscopy 6Analytical Chemistry - Chromatography 6Biochemistry 2 12Organic Chemistry- Molecular Design 12Organic Analytical Chemistry 12Nanochemistry: Synthesis and properties 6Organic Spectroscopy 3Physical-Organic Chemistry 6Nanochemistry: Surface and Colloid Chemistry 6Advanced Organic Synthesis 18Medicinal Chemsitry 2 12Medicinal Chemistry 6Organic Synthesis 18Protein Chemistry 12Forensic Chemistry 6Combinational Protein Engineering 6Biomolecular Design 6Final Thesis C 15Final Thesis D 30Final Thesis D (KB) 30Final Thesis D 45Final Thesis D (KB) 45Final Thesis D (KB) 60

technicAl couRses

Chemistry A for Foundation Year 7,5Chemistry B for Foundation Year 6Organic Chemistry 2 6Chemistry 6Physical Chemistry 6Analytical Chemistry 6Biotechnical biochemistry 6Biostructural technologies 6Biochemistry 6Biological Measurements 6Gene Technology 3Project Course; Chemical Biology 6Applied Structural Biology 6Proteomics 6Experimental Structure Analysis 6Spectroscopy and Kinetics 6Interactions and Recognition in Biomolecular Systems 6Protein Engineering 6Protein Chemistry 6Environmental Chemistry 6Biomolecular Disease Processes 6Protein Engineering 3Materials for sustainable energy production 6Biochemistry 6Applied Chemometrics 6Introduction to Forensic Chemistry 6Project in Chemical Analysis Engineering 6Forensic Chemistry 6Chemistry 6

• Chemical BiologyBehavioral Neurobiololgy, 6hpBioinformatics, 3 hpBioinformatics - Overview and Practical Applications, 6 hpCell Biology 6hp Genetics 6hpImmunological Techniques, 6 hpMicrobiology 6hpMolecular biology, 15hpMolecular Physiology 6hpPlant molecular genetics, 6hpPrincipals in Physiology, 6hp

• Separate CoursesAnimal Behaviour 15hpAnimal Communication I, 7, h5pAnimal Communication II, 7,5hpBehaviour and Biology of the Dog, part 1 7,5pBehaviour and Biology of the Dog, part 2, 7,5hpFaunistics & Floristics 9hp summer courseFlora and Fauna in a Changing Climate, 7 hp

BAsic yeAR

Biology for Foundation Year 3hp Biology for Foundation Year 7,5hp

Chemistry

• Director of studies: Stefan Svensson • Education secretary: Rita Fantl• Study counselor: Helena Herbertsson• Technical staff: Bo Palmquist• Teachers: Fredrik Björefors, Uno Carlsson, Karin Enander,

Per Hammarström, Helena Herbertsson, Nalle Jonsson, Pe-ter Konradsson, Ingemar Kvarnström, Per-Olov Käll, David Lawrence, Patrik Lundström, Annika Niklasson, Gunilla Niklasson, Lars Göran Mårtensson, Lars Ojamäe, Nils-Ola Persson, Maria Sunnerhagen, Magdalena Svensson, Roger Sävenhed.

Study programmes in Chemistry:• Chemistry (Ke)• Chemical Biology (KB)• Chemical Analysis Engineering (KA)• Chemical Engineering (KBI)• Master of Science program. Profiles: Organic Synthesis/

Medicinal Chemistry and Protein Science.• Technical Biology (TB)• Teacher Training Programs• Separate Courses• Basic Year Most of the chemistry courses offered are part of the four-year programmes, cheMistRy (Ke) and cheMicAl Biology (KB), (240 credits points/hp). Students completing these programmes are awarded the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry. All

courses within the Chemistry Program are also available as separate courses.

The program, cheMicAl Biology (KB), have an open entrance for the students: after a year of studies the students can choice to continue in natural science (or to choose a more technical variant to become engineers. Chemical Biology combines understanding of complex biological processes with the fundamental principles of chemistry.

During 2009 these two programs were transformed into three-year Bachleor of science programs (180 hp) and mas-ter programs on advanced level for futher two years (120hp). Chemistry offer master profiles in oRgAnic synthesis/MeDici-

nAl cheMistRy and pRotein science.

Some of the chemistry courses are also included in the study programmes of students majoring in Biology and in teAcheR

tRAining pRogRAMs (students becoming Upper Secondary School teachers). Biology masters are required to earn about 21 hp chemistry, while Science Education majors earn up to 90-120 hp of chemistry.

Besides the above mentioned courses as part of the Mathemati-cal Natural Science, chemistry courses are offered for engi-neering students in the M.Sc. program cheMicAl Biology(also mentioned above)and engineeRing Biology (tB) (270 hp). The cheMicAl AnAlysis engineeRing, a three year programme intro-duced 2006 with analytical chemistry as the main profile.

BAsic yeAR (125 students, 13 hp), with introductory courses in Chemistry on a secondary school level, is offered to students who do not meet the requirements for studies at the University.

Final theses, the last 30 hp in the Chemistry and Chemical Biology program, have been carried out by five students, while 12 students completed a 45 hp variant. Besides projects con-ducted on campus or at the University Hospital, some projects were performed at University of Dundee and University of Minnesota. For the engineering programs 14 students carried out 16 hp, and 14 students the 30 hp final theses work in the chemistry area.

Under the period 17 students were awarded the Master of Science degree and five students the Bachelor science degree from the Chemistry and Chemical Biology program. The first eleven students examined from the Chemical Analysis Engineering were awarded the degree Bachleor of Science in Chemical Analysis Engineering

Altogether approximately 600 students have enrolled in about 70 courses in chemistry through the year 2009.

nAtuRAl sciences couRses hp

General Chemistry 6General Chemistry 6Organic Chemistry 6Organic Chemistry 3Biochemistry 1 6Physical Chemistry, Thermodynamics 6Analytical Chemistry S 6Organic Chemistry 2 12


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pRogRess. The programme started 1996 and around ten stu-dents have since then joined the programme each year. This year nine students entered the programme. The study results of our International master's students have overall been good. Several of them have produced very good results and have after receiving their degree been recruited as PhD students at LiTH, KTH, CTH, LTH, KU and at universities abroad.

Graduate EducationThe Board of Graduate Education (forskar-utbildningsrådet) at IFM is responsible for the graduate curriculum as well as department specific rules and regulations of graduate studies. The board is chaired by the director of doctoral studies, and, in addition, it includes researcher and student representatives. The student representatives are appointed by LinTek in consultation with the doctoral student reference group.

IFM is also host department for the doctoral programme Forum Scientium, which is a multidisciplinary doctoral pro-gramme within the area of natural sciences, technology and biomedicine. The PhD students are located at both the faculty of Health Sciences and the faculty of Science and Engineering.

IFM Graduate Program

Director of Graduate Studies: Per Olof HoltzAdministrator: Ingegärd Andersson

A student entering our graduate program at IFM, Linköping University aims at a degree of Licentiate or Doctor of Technol-ogy or Philosofy. In order to get this exam, the PhD student completes a number of courses and writes a doctoral/licentiate thesis. The course part corresponds to 30/45 and 60/90 credit points (hp), for the Licentiate degree and the Doctor degree, respectively, at IFM. The nominal time for training to the Doc-tor degree is four years (full-time training) and for the Licenti-ate degree approximately half the time. Most students also do teaching at undergraduate level (at maximum 20% of their time), which means that the total time to provide the Doctor degree can be up to five years. During the year 2009, 32 new students entered the graduate program at IFM (see below).

nnumber of students entering the graduate program at ifm during the last five years.

The course menu is organized jointly for the different scientific research groups at IFM, which means that a broad course menu within physics, chemistry and biology is offered, reflecting the strong inter-disciplinary character of IFM. During the aca-demic year 2008/09, the PhD students could choose between about 65 courses at IFM (see Table I). The students can also follow courses given at the graduate school Forum Scientium at IFM, at other departments of Linköping University or at other universities. For all PhD students, who do teaching at undergraduate level, a basic pedagogics course is compulsory. Starting year 2009, we arranged for the first time an IFM based pedagogics course. In addition, a new course in science meth-odology and ethics has been introduced as a compulsory for all PhD students.

At IFM, we have a doctoral-studies board, which is a forum for various topics associated with the graduate studies. This council, with four meetings per year, has the following mem-bers: The Director of Graduate Studies, one representative for each scientific research area at IFM and two PhD student rep-resentatives.

Each graduate student has to make up an individual study plan each year. This study plan should contain a time schedule for the PhD studies, a project plan for the research work to-gether with teaching and other duties at the department. This individual study plan is followed up each year.

Also, each new PhD student at IFM will get a mentor. The most important reason for the mentorship system at IFM is that each PhD student should have the possibility to discuss with another person than his/her supervisor on various questions re-lated to the graduate studies. The mentor is also taking part in the annual follow-up of the individual study plans.

Forum Scientium

• Stefan Klintström, programme director• Ingemar Lundström, chairperson scientific board• Susann Årnfelt, administrator

study visit Dublin, ireland.may 2009 forum scientium during three days visited ten different research departments and companies in Dublin. the intention was as usual to find possible positions for the next step in the doctoral students’ career.

Forum Scientium is multidisciplinary and the doctoral students have backgrounds within biology, chemistry, medicine, physics and technology. The research projects are located at two facul-ties, Faculty of Health Science and the Faculty of Science and

physics pRogRAM, leading to a Bachelor of Science in Physics. Our engagement in the physics programs primarily concerns two courses in mechanics and one course in astronomy. sepARAte couRses. Two course Planets, stars and galaxies were given as evening classes and/or distance courses and reached out to a broad audience, as a part of the of the IFM effort to communicate to the surrounding community (‘the third university task’). The course enrolled approximately 30 students. In addition, Teaching Physics was also offered as a separate course.

BAsic yeAR AnD seMesteR

Physics A 7,5 hpBasic education, physics 19.5 hpBasic education, physics 15 hp

pRogRAMMe FoR eDucAtionTeaching and knowledge 15 hpClassical mechanics and thermal physics 15 hpWave Physics and Electromagnetism 15 hpQuantum physics, geophysics and astronomy 15 hpTeaching physics 15 hpMechanics and physical seminars 15 hpStatistical physics and solid state physics 15 hpBasic natural science (summer course) 15 hpNatural Science: Physics 15 hpFinal thesis 15 hp

physics pRogRAMMe Mechanics I 6 hpMechanics II 4 hpAstronomy and Geophysics 6 hp sepARAte couRses Planets, stars and galaxies 4.5 hpTeaching Physics 4.5 hp

Master’s Programme

Applied Ethology and Animal Biologycms.ifm.liu.se/biology

picture: the master student Björn Johansson in peru. photo: K-o Bergman

All over the world, problems associated with keeping animals in captivity require increased attention and knowledge.

This program deals with animal behaviour and biology from an applications perspective. Central issues are the biology of stress and animal welfare, domestication effects on behaviour, physiology of behaviour and conservation biology.

The programme is taught in association with Kolmården Zoo which sometimes is the teaching venue. Learning rests on a mix of classroom lectures, seminars and hands-on projects involving studies of animals in captive environments.

Master’s Programme in Applied Ethology and Animal Bi-ology, 120 ects All over the world, problems associated with keeping animals in captivity require increased attention and knowledge. After completed studies, the student should be well-acquainted with theories of animal behaviour and biology, and have a close understanding of the concepts of animal wel-fare and conservation. Examination requires the ability to plan, implement and present a scientific investigation in the subject framework of the programme.

The instructors are members of a research team affiliated with a National Centre of Excellence that focuses on animal behaviour and welfare.

Completed studies qualify for postgraduate positions to pursue a PhD. Non-academic options include government and international agencies, animal welfare inspectors, wildlife con-servation, and advisors to zoos and private companies.

Materials Physics and Nanotechnologywww.lith.liu.se/sh/master/index.html

AiM AnD oRgAnisAtion. The Master's Programme in Materials Physics and Nanotechnology educates specialists in the area of physics of novel materials. The masters students are prepared for university or industry careers in materials related research and development.

The programme covers a wide range of materials including materials used in semiconductor and nano-technology, optoe-lectronics, biotechnical applications (biocompatibility), chemi-cal and bio-sensors, mechanical applications such as hardness and elasticity etc.

The programme comprises four semesters. The first autumn semester consists to a larger part of compulsory courses while the two following semesters contains mainly elective courses. The fourth semester is assigned to the Master's thesis project.

The student can chose courses among essentially four elective profiles:• Electronic Materials and Devices• Surface and Nano Sciences• Computational Physics• Organic Electronics and Sensors

The master’s thesis should be based on high quality scientific research within the area of the profile chosen by the student. This work can be performed either at Linköping University or at other universities.


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Engineering. Forum Scientium has financial support from the faculty, from three strategic areas and from the supervisors. 2009 was the second of five years with funding also from the Swedish Research Council, 2.5 million SEK per year.

The strategic objectives are “PhD’s well prepared for their future careers through a structured doctoral programme which includes research of world class, and cooperation and multifac-eted contacts with industry and society”.

During 2009, the doctoral programme Forum Scientium had around 70 PhD-students, and eighteen PhD-dissertations were defended.

During 2008, a new Forum Scientium Award was initiated. Forum Scientium PhDs can apply for an award providing 50% of the salary for a period of up till one year from the PhD-ex-am. The award aim at promoting the future career for the awar-dees, and to promote twinning among active Forum Scientium members. Most important is also that they should be of benefit for the active PhD-students. The awardees are called “Trans-formers” and during 2009 we had all together 10 transformers.

April 2009 we made study visits to Stockholm where many of the visits included meeting earlier Forum Scientium mem-bers, so called Former Scientium.

PhD courses offered

DuRing the AcADeMic yeAR 2009/10

• Advanced Material Optics: Hans Arwin• Material Optics: Hans Arwin• Thin Film Optics: Hans Arwin• Protein chemistry: Uno Carlsson• Electronic structure theory: Igor Abrikosov• Particle physics: Magnus Johansson• IR spectroscopy: Bo Liedberg• Vacuum technology: Per Eklund • Ion Beam Analysis of Condensed matter: Jens Jensen• XRD: Fredrik Eriksson/ Jens Birch • Fabrication of modern semiconductors: Rositza Yakimova• Crystalography: Per Olov Käll / L G Mårtenson • Computational Chemistry: Lars Ojamäe• Biophysical chemistry: Nils-Ola Persson • Chemical bondings: Nils-Ola Persson/Lars Ojamäe• Chemical Sensor and Science Technology:

Anita Lloyd Spetz• Contemporary Sensor Systems/Modern sensor systems:

Anita Lloyd Spetz• Magnetic resonance: Nguyen Son • Scanning Probe microscopy: Ragnar Erlandsson• Nano Chemistry II (Surfaces and Colloids): Nils Ola

Persson, Per-Olov Käll, Lars Ojamäe• Life Science Seminars: Stefan Klintström• Surface Physics: Leif Johansson• Spintronics: WeiMin Chen• Group Theory: Ivan Ivanov• Biosensor Technology: Fredrik Winquist• ”Att komma igång” (just in Swedish): Stefan Klintström /

Rune Olsson

• Projektledning (just in Swedish): Stefan Klintström / T Magnussson

• Bioethics /research ethics: Stefan Klintström / Health University

• Hyper Spectral Imaging: Daniel Filippini• Intellectual Properties as a Business Tool: Stefan Klintström

/Lena Sjöholm /Magnus Klofsten / Arne Jakobsson• Bio technology: Helena Herbertsson, Magdalena Svensson.• Plasma physics: Ulf Helmersson / Daniel Söderström• Nano Physics: Plamen Paskov• Biomolecular interactions: Bengt-Harald Jonsson• Bio/nanotechnology: Bengt-Harald Jonsson• Scientific Publishing: Per Jensen• Advanced Biosensor Technology with Medical Applica-

tions: Fredrik Winquist • Relativistic quantum mechanics: Sergei Simak• Deformation and Fracture of Engineering Materials:

Magnus Odén• Synchrotron Radiation: Martin Magnuson• Organic Chemistry: Stefan Svensson/ Peter Konradsson• Polymer Physics: Olle Inganäs• Optoelectronics: WeiXin Ni• Semiconductor physics: Fredrik Karlson• Thin Films Physics: Ulf Helmersson• Microsystems and nanobiology: Olle Inganäs• Introduction to Crystallographyand Diffraction Techniqes

in Materials Science: Rositza Yakimova• Device Physics : WeiXin Ni• Biomolecular interaction/ Biomolekylär interaktion: Bengt

Harald Jonsson• Biotechnology: Carl-Fredrik Mandenius• Biotechnology, Advanced course: Carl-Fredrik Mandenius• Biotechnology, Experimental Techniques: Carl-Fredrik

Mandenius• Electro dynamics: Bo Sernelius• Statistical and thermal physics I: Peter Munger • Statistical and thermal physics II: Peter Munger • Network theory: Bo Ebenman, Uno Wennergren, Bengt

Persson• Differential equations for bio applications: Peter Munger,

Bo Ebenman, Uno Wennergren• Nucleation, growth and epitaxy: Lars Hultman• Many particle physics I: Bo Sernelius• Sputtering technology: Ivan Petrov• Transmission Electron Microscopy I: Per Persson/Jun Lu• X-ray Diffraction: Fredrik Eriksson• Time resolved spectroscopy: Peder Bergman• Electrical characterization of semiconductor devices:

Anne Henry• Quantum computers: Irina Yakimenko• Quantum mechanics II: Irina Yakimenko• Quantum Dynamics: Irina Yakimenko

DuRing the AcADeMic yeAR 2008/09

• Quantum computers: Irina Yakimenko• Quantum mechanics I: Irina Yakimenko• Advanced Material Optics: Hans Arwin• Material Optics: Hans Arwin

• Thin Film Optics: Hans Arwin• Protein chemistry: Uno Carlsson• Electronic structure theory: Igor Abrikosov• Chaos and Non-Linear Phenomena: Magnus Johansson• Many particle physics: Bo Sernelius• IR spectroscopy: Bo Liedberg• Quantum Dynamics: Irina Yakimenko• Vacuum technology: Per Eklund• Ion Beam Analysis of Condensed matter: Jens Jensen• XRD: Fredrik Eriksson/ Jens Birch• Nucleation, growth and phase transformations: Lars

Hultman• Fabrication of modern semiconductors: Rositza Yakimova• Crystalography: Per Olov Käll, L G Mårtenson • Electrochemistry: Fredrik Björefors, Per-Olov Käll,

Nils-Ola Persson• Computational Chemistry: Lars Ojamäe• Biophysical chemistry: Nils-Ola Persson• Chemical Sensor and Science Technology: Anita Lloyd

Spetz• Contemporary Sensor Systems: Anita Lloyd Spetz• Magnetic resonance: Nguyen Son • Scanning Probe microscopy: Ragnar Erlandsson• Colloid Chemistry: Per-Olov Käll, Lars Ojamäe, Nils Ola

Persson• Scientific Computing: Fortran, parallell computing,

numerical methods: Patrik Norman• Life Science Seminars: Stefan Klintström• Surface Physics: Leif Johansson• Analytical TEM: Per Persson• Transmission Electron Microscopy: Per Persson• Group Theory: Ivan Ivanov• Biosensor Technology: Fredrik Winquist• ”Att komma igång” (just in Swedish): Stefan Klintström /

Rune Olsson• Projektledning: Stefan Klintström / T Magnussson• Protein folding: Per Hammarström• Bioethics /research ethics: Stefan Klintström / Health

University• Hyper Spectral Imaging: Daniel Filippini • Intellectual Properties as a Business Tool: Stefan Klint-

ström, Lena Sjöholm, Magnus Klofsten, Arne Jakobsson• Bioteknikkursen: Helena Herbertsson /Magdalena Sven-

sson.• Plasma fysik: Ulf Helmersson / Daniel Söderström• Nano Physics: Plamen Paskov• Biomolecular interactions: Bengt-Harald Jonsson• Bio/nano technology: Bengt-Harald Jonsson• Scientific Publishing: Per Jensen• Advanced Biosensor Technology with Medical Applica-

tions: Fredrik Winquist• Relativistic quantum mechanics: Sergei Simak• Deformation and Fracture of Engineering Materials:

Magnus Odén• Solid State Physics I: Roger Uhrberg• Synchrotron Radiation: Martin Magnuson• Bio research ethics: Stefan Klintström• Organic Chemistry: Stefan Svensson/ Peter Konradsson

• Polymer Physics: Olle Inganäs• Optoelectronics: WeiXin Ni• Semiconductor physics: Per Olof Holtz• Thin Films Physics: Ulf Helmersson• Microsystems: Olle Inganäs• Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nano Structures:

Fredrik Karlsson • Computational quantum chemistry: Patrik Norman,

Lars Ojamäe, Mathieux Linaret• Introduction to Crystallography and Diffraction: Rositza

Yakimova • Techniqes in Materials Science Device Physics : WeiXin Ni


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Scientific Branch of

Applied PhysicsGeneral Information

steeRing coMMittee DuRing yeAR 2009

Prof Bo Liedberg (chairman), prof Hans Arwin, prof Kajsa Uvdal, prof Olle Inganäs, prof Carl-Fredrik Mandenius, prof Ingemar Lundström and acting prof Stefan Klintström

ReseARch Divisions

During 2009, the branch consisted of the following research divisions:Applied OpticsApplied PhysicsBiomolecular and Organic ElectronicsBiotechnologyMolecular PhysicsMolecular Surface Physics and Nanoscience

lARgeR ReseARch pRogRAMMes

Organic Hybrid Printed Electronics and NanoElectronics (OPEN) within the Division of Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, funded by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research.

NanoSense within the Division of Molecular Physics, fund-ed by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research.

FunMat, Functional Nanoscale Materials, a VINN Excel-lence centre, funded by VINNOVA and co-funding from in-dustrial partners and Linköping University.

EVENT (www.ifm.liu.se/Applphys/S-SENCE/), Event de-tection in crisis management systems, within the Division of Applied Physics funded by VINNOVA, MSB and FMV and co-funded by industrial partners.

suMMARy oF Activities

The research within the Scientific Branch of Applied Physics is multidisciplinary and the majority of the activities belong to the field “Life Science Technologies”.

Most PhD-students within the scientific branch are mem-bers of the multidisciplinary graduate school Forum Scientium (see more info under Graduate Education). They often work in projects spanning two (or more) of the divisions at IFM or the rest of Linköping University. Forum Scientium is directed by Dr Stefan Klintström.

Staff from the branch teaches in several undergraduate programs, especially in Engineering Biology. Furthermore, staff from Applied Optics has the responsibility for many of the undergraduate courses in “Measurement Technology”. Prof Ragnar Erlandsson is the director of undergraduate studies.

Highlights during 2009speciAl issue oF sensoRs & ActuAtoRs B

In honour of Prof Emeritus Ingemar Lundström, a special is-sue of Sensors & Actuators B was published November 2009. Ingemar Lundström has during more than 30 years cultivated a variety of research interests in his career, from his pioneering work in field effect chemical sensing devices, to electrochemi-cal sensing principles, which evolved in present electronic tongues/noses, as well as to optical techniques for biosensing and ubiquitous POC monitoring. He has also contributed to the development of surface analytical techniques for studies of soft matter, molecular films and biomaterials. October 8 to 9, 2008 a symposium in his honour was held at Linköping University. The special issue of Sensors & Actuators B collects the differ-ent contributions made during the symposium.

electRoluMinescence FRoM plAstic solAR cells

Electroluminescence from plastic solar cells proves the ex-istence of an important intermediate state for generation of photocurrent from light. This new electronic state found at the interface between an electronic polymer and a fullerene mol-ecule emits and absorbs light, but with very low intensity. Still, this state determines the photovoltage, one essential element for converting light to electricity in an efficient manner.

Fuel cells

A new project related to materials science and energy conver-sion was initiated by Assoc. Prof. Fredrik Björefors and the private company Impact Coatings (Linköping). The activities are financed by the SSF-program Strategic mobility, and the main aim is to employ electrochemical techniques and other tools for surface analysis to develop, test, and implement new

electrode materials that can withstand the aggressive environ-ment in fuel cells. This project is also incorporated in two other SSF-programs (ProEnviro and ProViking) awarded to Impact Coatings and its collaborators.

A novel MethoD FoR stuDies oF MARine oRgAnisMs At suRFAces

The division of Molecular Physics has developed a novel meth-odology that enables studies of the exploration of surfaces by marine organisms. The work is a part of an EC-initiative on Biofouling “AMBIO” involving 30 European partners. The approach relies on imaging surface plasmon resonance (iSPR), a technology that has been developed in our laboratory for biosensing and microarray applications. In joint effort with the University of Newcastle we have shown that iSPR can be used to monitor the deposition of a protein-based glue from barnacle cyprids on surfaces in real time and that the amount as well as the rate of deposition depends on the chemical composition of the surface. A typical iSPR image is shown below.

experimental set up for studies of barnacle cyprid exploration of model surfaces in real time using ispr. the image shown illustrates the deposition of a protein-based glue secreted from the antennules of the barnacle cyprids upon exploration of the surface. the method has been developed jointly by olof andersson and tobias ekblad.

“sootsens, soot sensoRs FoR A heAlthy enviRonMent”

SootSens, coordinated by Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz (8 partners), funded by NICe (Nordic Innovation Centre) in Oslo, Norway and VINNOVA, has successfully demonstrated a soot sensor based on thermophoresis, that is a cold sensor surface is used in order to increase the sensitivity of the soot sensor. In this way e.g. detection of small amounts of soot after the particulate filter in a diesel engine exhaust system is possible. A technical report, Cleaner Air, was launched in November 2009 on the home page of NICe: http://www.nordicinnovation.net/

soot sensors based on thermophoresis for detection of low concentrations of soot in diesel exhausts

Applied Opticshttp://www.ifm.liu.se/applopt/

stAFF

Professor: Hans ArwinAdministrative assistant: Susann ÅrnfeltAssoc. professors: Kenneth Järrendahl, Lennart BåvallVisiting scientists: Arturo Mendoza (Mexico), Saulius Tume-nas (Lithuania)PhD students: Torun Berlind (post doc from December 2009), Roger Magnusson, Christina Åkerlind

visiting/DiploMA stuDents Rizwana Shamim, Aziza Sudirman, Marcin Rybka

scientiFic netwoRK (exteRnAl only) Mathias Schubert, John Woollam, Blaine Johs, Lincoln, Nebraska - ellipsometric methodology; Aleksandra Wronkowska, Bydgoszcz - ZnBeTe; Hans Kariis, Thomas Hallberg, FOI - tunable coatings; Iryna Valyukh, LCD-center, Borlänge - optical properties of liquid crystals; Bruno Gallas, Paris - chiral layers; Mikael Käll, CTH – metamaterials; Serge Berthiér, Paris – optics of insects; Kuei-Hsien Chen, Taiwan – nanotips; Hjalmar Granberg, INNVEN-TIA – paper optics; Vytas Karpus, Vilnius – quasicrystals; Robert Rehammar, CTH – carbon nanofibers; Pentti Tengvall, GU - bioadsorption.

ReseARch plAtFoRM – MAteRiAl optics AnD nAnostRuctuResWe combine material optics and development of ellipsometric methodology to analyze optical properties and nanostructure of bulk materials, thin layers, their surfaces and interfaces.

Our main technique is spectroscopic ellipso-metry which is based on changes in the state of polarization due to reflection of polarized light. Our instruments cover the spectral range 0.19-33 mm (0.04-6.5 eV) and can provide generalized ellipsometric


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Applied Physics

stAFF

Professors: Ingemar Lundström, Anita Lloyd Spetz, Fredrik Winquist, Ragnar Erlandsson, Martin Holmberg, Helen Dan-netun (leave of absence) and Pentti TengvallActing professor: Dr Stefan Welin Klintström (head of the divi-sion)Scientists: Doc Mats Eriksson, Doc Daniel Filippini, Dr Anke Suska, Dr Mike Andersson, Dr Robert Bjorklund, Dr Ruth Pearce, Dr David LindgrenAdministrative staff: Susann Årnfelt and Anna Maria UhlinGraduate students: Gunnar Forsgren, Roger Klingvall, John Olsson, Paula Linderbäck, Stephen Macken, Kristina Buchholt, Zafar Iqbal, Pakorn PrechaburanaResearch engineers: Agneta Askendal, Jörgen Bengtsson, Jeanette Nilsson, Hans Sundgren, Bo Thunér (laboratory man-ager) and Ingemar Grahn

geneRAl inFoRMAtion

The research within the Division of Applied Physics is multi-disciplinary. The members of the division are electrical engi-neers, physicists, chemists, biochemists and biologists. Several projects are in the areas between physics and chemistry, and physics and biology. The projects are often conducted in co-operation with other divisions within the scientific branch of “Applied Physics”. The research activities also include funda-mental multidisciplinary research, mainly within the surface sciences. Many projects are run in cooperation with external collaborators. The research activities include:

• Biomaterials and surface biology• Chemical- and biosensors• Computer screen photo-assisted techniques • Sensor systems S-SENCE

The division is engaged in a multidisciplinary doctoral pro-gramme, Forum Scientium, which started in September 1996 at Linköping University with funding from the Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF). Forum Scientium is multidiscipli-nary and the doctoral students have backgrounds within biolo-gy, chemistry, medicine, physics and technology. The research projects are located at two faculties, Faculty of Health Science and the Faculty of Science and Engineering. Forum Scientium has financial support from the faculty, from three strategic areas and from the supervisors. 2009 was the second of five years with funding also from the Swedish Research Council, 2.5 million SEK per year.

Within the doctoral programme, there are research projects at two faculties in Linköping. Ingemar Lundström is the chair-person of its scientific advisory board and Stefan Klintström serves as the director of Forum Scientium. Most of the gradu-ate students at the Division are engaged in Forum Scientium. Forum Scientium produce its own Activity Report, see “Grad-uate education”.

The division also since 2008 participates in two VINNOVA-graduate schools:

• Forum Securitatis is a multidisciplinary graduate school in the field of security in society and crisis management, and is managed by FOI and Linköping University. IFM is the host department at LiU.

• AgoraLink is an Agora for Medical Technology and Life Science Technologies in Linköping. Its main focus is to in-crease the PhD-students entrepreneurship. IMT is the host department at LiU.

ReseARch oveRviewwww.ifm.liu.se/applphys/applphys/ The research within the Division is conducted in collabora-tion with most of the other Divisions within the Scientific branch Applied Physics and often within the larger programs described elsewhere. This means that some activities are more extensively described at other places in the Activity Report. The research areas which are further described below are:• Optical Devices Lab• Chemical Sensor Science• Materials in Medicine• S-SENCE

collABoRAtions with specific funding through bilateral, na-tional and EU-support, during 2009 have been:• Department of Chemical Science and Technology, and De-

partment of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (colour indicators for CSPT; SIG-grant)

• Graduate School of Information Science and Electrical En-gineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (biomimetic odor sensors; Japan/Swedish cooperation grant)

• Walter Schottky Institute, Technical University, Munich (gas sensors; EU Marie Curie support)

• Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz and Prof. Sukumar Basu from Jadavpur University in Kolkata India received a 3- year grant for research cooperation through the program Swed-ish Research Links, financed by SIDA and administrated by the Swedish Research Council. The title of the program is “Nanodesigned materials for multifunctional chemical sensors”. A workshop was organized at Jadavpur University in March 2009 with three invited speakers from our depart-ment, the divisions of Applied Physics, Material Physics and Chemistry.

ReseARch

Optical Devices LabChemical sensing based on ubiquitous platforms such as con-sumer electronic devices is an emerging strategy for decentral-ized biomedical determinations and (bio)chemical sensing.In this sensing paradigm the users already own the measuring platforms, which are devices such as DVD units, flat bed scan-ners or computers screens, and the detection is made possible through an additional sensing element specially designed to be optically readable with such platforms.Our group works with the so called computer screen photo-assisted technique (CSPT), which utilizes computer screens as light sources and web camera as imaging detectors for the evaluations of optical responses of chemical sensing devices. CSPT is versatile platform and also highly disseminated, spe-cially considering mobile phones as CSPT capable devices.Within our most recent production, we have elucidated and

data as well as depolarization and Mueller-matrix data.

Activities 2009

Metamaterials - exploringextendedelectro-magneticre-sponseCurrent development in materials science makes it possible to fabricate metamaterials with new properties. New software from J.A. Woollam Co., Inc. allows analysis of the di-electric e, magnetic m and gyrotropic x and z tensors at optical frequencies using the extended constitutive relations

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Using these features we can address materials properties of new nanostructured materials in the emerging field of metama-terials.

Naturalphotonicstructures Natural systems offer technolog-ically unrealized photonic structures and design protocols and provide inspiration for applications that require unique optical performance.Studies of the optical properties of cuticles of several scarab beetles (loan from Swedish Museum of Natural History) to learn how nature has designed biomultilayers are in progress. Of special interest is the golden beetle Plusiotis argentiola which shows both left-handed and right-handed polarization properties depending on wavelength. Below, left-handed circular polarization from Cetonia aurata, which can be found in Sweden, is illustrated (Järrendahl, Landin, Arwin).

Cetoniaaurata-aleft-handed“circularpolarizer”

Right-handedcircularlypolarizedlight

Left-handedcircularlypolarizedlight

Artificial photonic structures Gold-silica-gold nanosandwiches were investigated in collaboration with Mikael Käll at CTH with objective to model artificial magnetism at optical frequen-cies (Mendoza, Järrendahl, Arwin).

Silicon nanotips fabricated by electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching of silicon wafers were studied by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The film nanostructure was parameterized and carbonaceous SiC and CHn, not detectable by transmission measurements, were observed (Mendoza, Järrendahl, Arwin).

Nanostructured helical films of InAlN were fabricated and analyzed in collaboration with Jens Birch at LiU. Both left-handed and right-handed structures were grown (Magnusson, Arwin, Järrendahl).

Photonic crystals based on vertically aligned carbon nanofibers grown in quadratic and rectangular lattices (col-laboration with Robert Rehammar at CTH) were studied with ellipsometry and photonic band gaps were determined (Mag-nusson, Arwin).

Rectangularlatticeofcarbonnanofibers

Proteinsatinterfaces-biomultilayersandinfraredproper-ties We develop methodology for engineering of multilayer structures layer-by-layer at solid/liquid interfaces using biorec-ognition between biomolecules combined with ellipsometric in situ growth monitoring for quality assessment. This project included ellipsometric studies of fibrinogen layer formation and cross-linking. A structural model for fibrinogen layer for-mation was suggested. (Berlind, Arwin)

Structuralmodelforfibrinogenlayerformation

Functionalcoatings Chemically induced optical switching in thin films of Rose Bengal has been studied. Studies of light scattering properties of the beetle Cyphochchilus insulans which exhibit structural white colors have also been initiated (Åkerlind, Hallberg, Arwin, Järrendahl)

Scientific output 2009 6 published publications, 6 manuscripts and 13 conference contributions.

Specialevent Torun Berlind defended her thesis “Carbon Ni-tride – characterization and protein interaction”.

Teaching The Ph D course “Reflection and trans-mission op-tics” was given. Järrendahl, Båvall and Arwin were responsible for many undergraduate courses and activites. Kenneth Järren-dahl is vice chairman for the EF study board.

Interactionwithindustryandsociety Järrendahl was respon-sible for the department interaction with high school teachers and students and organized study visits, open house and simi-lar activities. Arwin was involved in several industrial meas-urement projects.


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dicinnovation.net/. The project has got new financing, SootSens II, for 2010.

MultiFunctionAl BiosensoRs

The project financed by VR, development of multifunctional bio- and chemical sensors based on wide band gap materi-als, has got a three year extension, 2009-2011. The project has partners from three scientific areas of IFM, Prof Rositza Yaki-mova, Material Science, growth of material, Prof Kajsa Uvdal, Applied Physics, functionalization of wide band gap material surfaces with biomolecules and Prof Anita Lloyd Spetz, Ap-plied Physics, development of bio- and chemical sensors. Fur-thermore, from the Chemistry scientific area contributes Prof. Per-Olov Käll, synthesizing of nanoparticles for sensing layers and Prof. Lars Ojamäe, modeling, (Ojamäe is financed by his own VR grant). The project is expanded by a grant from VR / SIDA, as described above, for co-operation with India.

Fet sensoRs within cenAno

A grant by CeNano, IFM, contributes to the research on MAX material contacts, mainly Ti3SiC2, for SiC FET sensors in or-der to raise the long term stable operation temperature of the devices to at least 700°C. Characterization on the nanoscale of the contact material is important for the development and partly performed within this project. See also FunMat above.

MAteRiAls in MeDicine

Prof Pentti Tengvall, executive person in the Materials in Medicine research program, received a new professorship at Gothenburg University. He is now the leader of the doctoral programme “BIOSUM”. BIOSUM is an interdisciplinary re-search school which was established in 2008 by University of Gothenburg and Chalmers Technical University. More info can be found at http://www.biosum.org.gu.se/english/

s-sence

S-SENCE is a research group within bio- and chemical sensor science and technology with experience in research and ap-plications concerning gas phase sensing, liquid phase sensing, biosensing and sensor data evaluation techniques. S-SENCE was a member of VINNOVA’s first centres of excellence programme 1995-2006 and is currently running both basic research projects with academic partners and more applied projects in collaboration with industry. About 25 companies have been involved in and partly funding research and develop-ment projects together with S-SENCE.www.ifm.liu.se/applphys/s-sence

gAs sensoRs

We investigate basic gas sensing properties of chemical sensors based on the field effect. The Scanning Light Pulse Technique (SLPT) is a method to probe the local electric properties of metal-insulator- semiconductor (MIS-) devices and chemically induced changes in it and the technique is utilized to evaluate sensors where the properties of the chemical sensing layer var-ies in one or two dimensions.

sensoRs FoR Aqueous systeMs

For aqueous systems we study so called electronic tongues.

These are, in our case, based on voltammetric measurements with a set of electrodes combined with multivariate data analy-sis. One research field concerns general development and op-timization. This includes to increase the knowledge of various electrochemical reactions taking place on the surface of the electrodes of the electronic tongue, to develop and investigate the concept of the voltammetric electronic tongue in a generic way and to develop new concepts for liquid sensing. etc as electrode materials in the electronic tongue.

the event pRoJect

A consortium lead by S-SENCE is funded with 7.9 million SEK by the Swedish Agency for Innovation Systems, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the Swedish Defence Material Administration, to run a security related project, called EVENT, during three years. The EVENT project aims at strengthening and developing existing crisis management systems by incorporating a detector for unexpected events due to biological and chemical substances. This will lead to faster actions when terrorist attacks, sabotage or accidents occur. The municipal drinking water system is used as a test bed for the development of such an event detector connected to a munici-pal crisis management system.

The project consortium consists of S-SENCE, at Linköping University, one spin-off company in the chemical sensor field (Adixen Sensistor AB), Linköping municipality (in particular the security group), the drinking water supplier Tekniska Verk-en i Linköping AB and SAAB Security, supplier of the crisis management system ISAK.

Several technologies can be used for local event detection but in this project we have chosen to focus on a technique based on the electronic tongue. By utilizing this type of non-selective sensor, we will be able to detect a plurality of events without the need of a specific sensor for each type of event.

in the eVent project multivariate chemical sensor data from a drinking water system is evaluated and information is provided to a crises management system in real time.

the Bugit pRoJect

Insect attacks will often lead to serious damage of growing crops, and are controlled by the use of insecticides, which are typically used in preventive purposes or too late. Obviously, there is a need for a system that can detect insect attacks. The

modeled the spectral fingerprinting of the excitation emission matrix of fluorescent indicators in CSPT experiments (Malik et al.).

The progress of CSPT to more advanced and compact type of determinations demands to migrate optical, fluidic and chemical functions to disposable integrated devices designed to operate using the illumination and detection from CSPT platforms.

Some first examples of microstructures in CSPT experi-ments have been recently demonstrated (Macken et al.) and new fabrication methods have been explored (Macken and Filippini). The figure corresponds to monolithic cavities with a self aligned integrated reflector used to improve fluorescence collection by a 15-fold respect to open pillar microstructures.More sophisticated solutions require the development of new fast prototyping methods for fully defined 3D microstruc-tures compatible with optical and sensing uses. In this direc-tion we have recently introduced a mask less 3D fabrication method conceived to co-exist on epi-fluorescence microscopes (Preechaburana and Filippini). Work in progress will extend the capabilities of this system to channel and cavity definition able to support fluidics and sample conditioning (LIST and Carl Tryggers Foundation grants).

figure. fluorescene microscopy image of 0.5 mm rhodamine on 25 μm wide and 30 μm tall: (a1) open circular pillars, (a2) open circular pillars with a mir-ror in the back and (a3) closed circular structures with embedded cr mir-ror. s. macken, D. filippini, J. micromech. microeng. 19 (2009), 085011.

cheMicAl sensoR science

The research group of Prof Anita Lloyd Spetz runs projects over several scientific areas within IFM. Some highlights are given:

FunMAt

FunMat, Functional Nanoscale Materials, is one of 15 VINN Excellence centres, which will run for 10 years, 2007-2016, with a budget of 63 MSEK from VINNOVA and co-funding from industrial partners and Linköping University. The centre has researchers from two divisions within IFM; Director of the centre is Prof. Lars Hultman, Material Science and Vice Director Prof Anita Lloyd Spetz, Applied Physics. The centre now runs in stage II of its activity, 2009-2011, with 9 industrial partners. The activities are concentrated around development of MAX materials, which are conducting ceramics with ap-plications such as coatings for cuttings tools, electrical contacts for electronics and power transmission and for chemical gas sensors. The MAX material Ti3SiC2 is found to grow epitaxi-ally on SiC and is developed as ohmic contact to SiC as part of the strive to raise the allowed operation temperature of FET- SiC sensors to at least 700°C.

ti3sic2 as contact material till sic based gas sensors to en-able operation temperatures up to 700°c

sootsens, soot sensoRs FoR A heAlthy enviRonMent

SootSens, coordinatated by Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz, was funded within the MNT ERA - Net (the Micro Nano Technol-ogy area within the European Research Agency Net work). The program is headed by NICe (Nordic Innovation Centre) in Oslo, Norway and cofunded by VINNOVA and a Roma-nian funding agency 2008-2009 (total 3.5 Milj SEK). The aim of the project is to develop a soot sensor for OBD, On Board Diagnostics, that is information about the soot in the exhaust gases displayed on the dashboard. The eight partners are from Sweden: Linköping Universiy, Lund University, AB VOLVO and VOLVO Car Corporation, Mandalon Technology AB and SenSiC AB, Norway: Sintef, Finland: Selmic Oy and Romania: University of Iasi. The soot sensor technology is based on ther-mophoresis, that is a cold sensor surface to increase the sensi-tivity. In this way it is possible to detect small amounts of soot, e.g. after the particulate filter in diesel exhausts. Successful testing was performed in a stationary diesel engine at Volvo. A final technical report, Cleaner Air, was launched in November 2009 for the project at the home page of NICe: http://www.nor-


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ther insight on the mechanisms of charge formation. A new polymer from ICCAS, Beijing, has been used to

make devices with power conversion efficiencies of 5.4 % un-der one sun, a considerable step forward from earlier materials in our lab.

Improved understanding and modelling of the steps from optical absorption to charge collection has been obtained, to evaluate the major loss mechanisms in organic photovoltaics. Analysis of different mobility measurements of charge car-rier mobility in polymer solar cells reveal a very rapid loss of mobility from the picosecond to microsecond time frame. This process of cooling of hot and fast charge carriers to lukewarm and slow is essential in the process of charge collection.

Our approach for collecting more solar light with the help of folded solar cells has been evaluated via simulations of the lim-its to performance during operation over a full day, with sun rising and sun setting, in particular a day somewhere in Central Europe. The folded cells is always superior to the planar cell in terms of energy collection, both in single materials and two material tandem devices.

teAching

Teaching in the undergraduate curriculum included the under-graduate courses Microsystems and nanobiology (TB), Materi-als and Nanotechnology(TB),

collABoRAtions: Within European projects with Freiburg, Ger-many, Åbo Akademi, Finland and ECN, the Netherlands. With Chalmers University for polymer materials, and with Lund for spectroscopy.

With prof. J. Widengren at KTH for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.

We participate within the SSF research centre for organic bioelectronics, OBOE.

Funding in the field of printed organic electronics and or-ganic nanoelectronics comes from SSF, through the program OPEN 2008-2013. For polymer photovoltaics, the Swedish En-ergy Agency finances 5 different projects.

highlights

Electroluminescence from plastic solar cells prove the exist-ence of an important intermediate state for generation of photocurrent from light. This new electronic state found at the interface between an electronic polymer and a fullerene mol-ecule emits and absorbs light, but with very low intensity. Still, this state determines the photovoltage, one essential element for converting light to electricity in an efficient manner.

Biotechnologywww.ifm.liu.se/biotech

stAFF

• Professor (head): Carl-Fredrik Mandenius• Adjunct professor: Anders Brundin• Secretary: Anna Sundin• Assistant EU-Coordinator: Magnus Fredriksson• Research engineers: Maria Carlsson (lab manager), Gunnar Bergström• Postdocs: Michael Fritzsche, Henrik Andersson, • Graduate students: Tomas Mc Kenna

suMMARy

The research and education at the division of biotechnology focus on industrial applications of biotechnology. In essence, industrial biotechnology means the integration of engineering with biosciences for production purposes. The scientific break-throughs of the seventies and eighties in molecular genetics resulted in the industrial production of recombinant proteins in micro-organisms and animal cell cultures are now furthered by new developments. A number of bioengineering tools are currently exploited within genetic-, protein-, metabolic-, physi-ological- and organ engineering in order to produce foreign proteins, modified proteins, metabolites, host cells with new properties and artificial organs. It is a prime task for the current biotechnology research to integrate and develop these tools in order to achieve and optimize new and better industrial ap-plications. The biotechnology division at IFM is contributing to this by inventing and developing novel analytical means that could provide better insight into the biology of industrial production systems in relation to the engineering problems. The crossdisciplinary environment of Linköping University furnishes unique opportunities for this. The combination of sensor technology, mathematical computation methods and production design, allow new approaches to the understanding and optimization of the bio-industrial production systems. The integration of these topics in the curricula of the Engineering Biology program forms an important link between education and research at the division. Our PhD-study program in bio-technology is directly connected to the research of the division and is a part of the research highlights described below.

highlights

EUProjectInvitroheartPIs: C.-F. Mandenius, M. Fredriksson, A. Brundin, Postdoc: H. AnderssonRes.eng: G. Bergström, M. CarlssonThe objective of the EU-project Invitroheart is to establish stable cell lines that reliably reflect human cardiomyocyte properties by the development of models derived from human embryonic stem cells. The aim is to deliver reliable in vitro models that could be used by the pharmaceutical industry to replace experimental animals in (2) investigations on phar-macological toxicity and safety of compounds in the drug dis-covery and development processes, and (2) the testing of toxic effects of chemicals according to the new system of the Com-munity on the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of

BugIT project, supported by grants from the Swedish Farm-ers Foundation for Agricultural Research, aims to develop a system for monitoring and identification of insects in the field, which will help the farmers to optimize insect control.The system is based on an electrical detector, using 1.5 kV between two conductors, and when the insect passes them, an electrical shock is generated that knocks the insect and can be registered. The first detector was developed for the monitoring of pollen beetles, and to attract these, the detector was coloured yellow and contained a chemical attractant. The detector was connected to a microcontroller for measurements, data treat-ment and storage. To the system also sensors for air humidity, temperature, sun intensity and battery voltage were connected. The first measurement series was started in the summer of 2008. In the summer 2009, three stations were settled. Results from a station in Ledberg (outside Linköping) are shown be-low.

the upper curves show number of detected insects per 30 minutes, (pink), the date (blue) and sun intensity (yellow). the lower bars show the number of pollen beetles present in the plants, which very well correlates with the insect counts.

The final aim of the project is to have a set of measurement sta-tions spread over a field, where each measurement station can communicate with the other stations and send collected infor-mation to a computer at the farmer.

Biomolecular and organic electronics

stAFF

• Professor: Olle Inganäs, • Associate professor: Docent Fengling Zhang, Niclas Solin• Visiting scientists: Liying Yang• Postdocs: Hideyuki Tanaka(- March), Fredrik

Söderlind(Jan-April) Aurora Rizzo, Christian Müller, Tang Qun, Yi Zhou (- Nov) , Lintao Hou (Nov-), Mattias Anders-son, Kristofer Tvingstedt, Mahiar Hamedi (-May)

• Graduate students: Jens Wigenius, Viktor Andersson, An-ders Elfwing

• Visiting students: Weiwei Li (ICCAS, Beijing), Bekele Homa Badada (Addis Abeba, Ethiopia), Jens Lorrmann, (Wurzburg, Germany), Daniel Schmidt (Lincoln, Nebraska, USA)

• Administrators: Mikael Amlé 65%, • Research engineer Bo Thunér (10%), • Diploma students:

suMMARy:

Research in biomolecular and organic electronics is focused on the development of polymer electronics, particularly polymer photovoltaics, and the combination of biological macromol-ecules with synthetic conjugated polymers for biodetection, bioimaging and supramolecular materials assembly.• A PhD defense on polymer based neural electrodes by Mar-

ia Asplund at KTH was based on work at Biorgel. • We published 28 papers during 2009.

BioMoleculAR electRonics

To study the interaction of conjugated polyelectrolytes with biomolecules, we have used differential light scattering and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. These tools enable us to follow the growth of supramolecular structures in solution, in particular the misfolding of insulin to form amyloid nanowires. Some compounds influence also the growth kinetics and struc-tures of amyloids.

We have have developed new modes of synthesis of hy-brid materials formed between proteins and organometallics. When these hybrid materials are heated aqueous acid, they self-assemble into amyloid fibrils. By choosing organometallics which are phosphorescent, we can thereby prepare phosphores-cent amyloids. These amyloids can be further functionalized with an electroluminescent blue fluorescent polymer. By incor-porating red and yellow phosphorescent triplet emitters into the amyloids, and combining these materials with the blue polymer we can prepare light emitting diodes, making white light emis-sion possible. The new route to white light is based on triplet confinement to the amyloid nanowire.

oRgAnic electRonics

Spectroscopy of the charge transfer state at conjugated poly-mer/fullerene interfaces has contributed to new understanding of the determining factors for the photovoltage of solar cells. Using a Fourier Transform method, very weak photocurrent generation can be detected from these states in plastic solar cells; if operated at forward bias, the same devices emit light from the charge transfer states. The two experiments can be combined to predict the photovoltage, using the theories of de-tailed balance. This makes the classical treatment of thermody-namic limits for photovoltaics fully applicable also for plastic photovoltaics, and we have adapted these theories to accommo-date the presence of charge transfer states. The resulting reduc-tion of maximum conversion efficiencies is small, indicating a considerable potential for organics in the future photovoltaic technology. Competition between formation of photocurrent and light emission is visible in the electric field modulation of photoluminescence from charge transfer states, and gives fur-


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eDucAtion

During 2009 Tomas McKenna presented his TeknL thesis entitled: Oxidative Stress on Mammalian Cell Cultures dur-ing Recombinant Protein Expression (LiTH thesis no. 1425). The division has delivered three advanced level courses in the Engineering Biology program (Industrial Biotechnology, 6 hp; Bioprocess design, 6 hp; and Bioprocess manufacturing, 6 hp) and examined diploma work theses in biotechnology.

collABoRAtion

During 2009 the division had fruitful collaborations with the following companies and institutes: Cellartis AB (S), Pharma-celsus GmbH (D), Multi-Channel-Systems GmbH, Reutlingen (D), Presens GmbH, Regensburg (D), AstraZeneca R&D, Möl-ndal (S), Saarland University (D), Charité University Hospital, Berlin (D), ECVAM Joint Research Center, Ispra (I), Univer-sity of Pittsburgh, Penn (USA), IBET, Oeiras (P) Bodenkultu-runiversität, Vienna (A), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (S), Sahlgrenska University Hospital (S).

Molecular Surface Physics and Nano Science

www.ifm.liu.se/applphys/surfnano/

stAFF

• Professor Kajsa Uvdal • Postdoc: Xuanjun Zang• Visiting scientists: Almas Sadreev• PhD students: Cecilia Vahlberg, Maria Ahrén, Linnéa Se-

legård, Linnéa Axelsson• Project researcher Natalia Abrikossova• Diploma students: Andreas Skallberg, Ann Winzell • Technical staff: Bo Thunér• Administrative staff: Anna Maria Uhlin

geneRAl

The division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nano Science is a division at Applied Physics IFM, active in the field of Na-nomaterial and Molecular thin film physics and spectroscopy. Our main focus is on surface modification for sensing/biorec-ognition and nanoprobes for biomedical imaging. Biospecific binding phenomena at solid surfaces are investigated. Design

and characterization of new and improved nanoprobes for imaging are performed. Equipment used are X-ray Photoelec-tron Spectroscopy (XPS), Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) Spectroscopy, Infrared Absorption Spec-troscopy (IRAS), Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Super small particles i.e. particles with very small volume, with unique physical and chemical properties, have a high potential in biomedical imaging and future biosensing applications. We are designing biocompatible nanoparticles based on rare earth metal oxides. These are very promising as positive contrast agent (Patents) in MRI. Powerful equipment available at IFM, in house experience of life science technology and molecular physics as well as close collaboration with CMIV (Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization) facilitate progress in the field of novel nanomaterial design for bio medical imag-ing. We are now investigating protein nanoparticle interaction processes and are studying cell responses in collaboration with pharmacology HU. Preliminary studies within applied MRI are initiated together with Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm. We are studying functionalization of wide band gap material surfaces to be used for multifunctional bio- and chemical sen-sors. This is done in collaboration with Applied Physics and Material Science.

Research based on the use of synchrotron radiation is of main importance for our research group and is conducted at MAX II at MAX-lab, which is a Swedish national laboratory in Lund. MAX II is a third generation electron storage ring for synchrotron radiation. High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Struc-ture (NEXAFS) spectroscopy and X-ray Circular Dichroism (XCD) are the techniques that we are using at these synchro-tron facilities.

teAching A yearly course in Surface Science (TFTB35) which is an Undergraduate profile courses, 4th year for students on the programmes Chemical Biology and Engineering Biology, is conducted in our research laboratories. The students obtain hands on experience in using powerful techniques and equip-ment in surface science. The projects and molecular systems chosen are closely related to issues in biomolecular surface modification research.

the phD pRogRAMMe The PhD students within the division of Molecular Surface Physics and Nano Science are enrolled in the graduate school Forum Scientium.

highights

NanoparticlesforbiomedicalimagingIn this project we are designing and characterizing rare earth nanoparticles to opti-mize the contrast in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This project includes material design and synthesis, characteriza-tion, surface modification, biofunctionalization and signal opti-mization followed by tagging for targeting purposes.

The synthesis of the material is done in close collaboration with Inorganic Chemistry, IFM. The MR signal optimization is done in cooperation with the Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV) at the medical faculty and Univer-

Chemicals (REACH). In the pharmaceutical industry reliable in vitro cell models would contribute to replace current tech-niques with animal experimentation in the selection and opti-misation of lead compounds and in documentation of a selected drug candidate before it enters clinical phases. In the toxicity testing of chemical substances replacement of animal testing methods can be attained as well. The means to accomplish the objective are in addition to new stable human embryonic stem (hES) cell derived cardiomyocytes, (1) state of the art methods for electrophysiological cardiac cell monitoring, (2) optical micro-sensor monitoring in micro-cultivation systems for in vitro screening, (3) a multi-micro-bioreactor platform for high-throughput screening of drugs and chemicals. Comparative studies of cardiomyocytes derived from hES cells with estab-lished in vitro models will be carried out in order to validate the new models and methods. Other participants are: Lundbeck A/S (DK); PreSens GmbH (D); MultiChannelSystems GmhH (D), Saarland University (D); Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE); Cellartis AB, Göteborg (SE); Pharmacelsus GmbH, Saar-brücken (D); JRC European Centre for Validation of Alterna-tive Methods, ECVAM (IT).www.invitroheart.org

EUProjectVitrocellomicsPIs: C.-F. Mandenius, M. FredrikssonPostdocs: M. Fritzsche, Res. eng. : G. Bergström, M. CarlssonIn another EU project, Vitrocellomics, we investigate predic-tive drug testing by human hepatic in vitro models derived from embryonic stem cells. Here, the objective is to establish stable cell lines that reliably reflect human hepatic properties by the development of models derived from human embryonic stem cells.Also the aim is similar, to deliver reliable in vitro models that could be used by the pharma-ceutical industry to replace experimental animals in investigations on human drug metabolism, uptake and efflux properties of compounds in the drug discovery and development processes.

a novel cell-based fluorometric sensor system for in vitro toxicity testing

In the pharmaceutical industry reliable in vitro cell models would replace current techniques and animal experimenta-tion in the selection and optimisation of lead compounds and in documentation of a selected drug candidate before it enters clinical phases. The means to accomplish the objective are in addition to new stable human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derived hepatocytes, (1) 3D-hepatic cell culture and co-culture

methods, (2) micro-cultivation monitoring systems for in vitro screening, (3) genomic and metabolomic characterization, and (4) a multi-micro-bioreactor platform for high-throughput screening of drug candidates. Comparative studies of hepato-cyte derived from hESC with established in vitro models will be carried out in order to validate the new models and methods. During 2009 Vitrocellomics has been finished and reported to the European Commission. Other participants have been: Saarland University (D); Karolinska Institute, Stockholm (SE); Instituto de Biología Experimental e Tecnológica, IBET (P); Charité University Hospital, Berlin (D); Cellartis AB, Göte-borg (SE); Pharmacelsus GmbH, Saarbrücken (D); AstraZene-ca R&D, Mölndal (SE); JRC European Centre for Validation of Alternative Methods, ECVAM (IT); BioPredic SA (F).www.vitrocellomics.org

MechatronicDesignforBiotechnologyPIs: M. Björkman (IEI), C.-F. MandeniusIn collaboration with IEI at LiU and with project support from VINNOVA we have continued to study the industrial development and design process of complex biotechnology instruments and devices. Our recent study on principles for bi-omechatronic systems (Derelöv et al, 2008) has been followed-up by additional papers. New applications are highlighted such as systems of embryonic stem cell manufacture (Mandenius, Björkman, 2009). During 2009 we have started to write a book on the topic, to be published early 2011 (Wiley, New York).

examples of analysis of complex biotechnical prod-ucts using mechatronic methodology

Measurement,Monitoring,Modelling&Control(M3C)Measurement, monitoring, modelling and control (M3C) are critical issues for successful application of biochemical engineering. The recent interest of M3C methodology from the regulatory authorities such as FDA and EMRA and the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) further underscores its industrial relevance especially for the phar-maceutical and biopharmaceutical manufacturers but also to academic inventors and as educators. Prof Mandenius is from 2009 chairman of the M3C group of the European Federation of Biotechnology. The group develops network activities in Europe on M3C issues. During 2009 an expert workshop was organized in London on M3C education & training in academia and industry and a report is under preparation (Mandenius et al, 2010).


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suMMARy

The division of Sensor Science and Molecular Physics conducts fundamental and applied research in three closely related fields of biologically inspired surface and nanoscience: Biosensing and biochip technology; molecular thin film physics and spec-troscopy; and nanoscale physics/chemistry.

We are developing new and improved sensor principles for real time detection of biospecific binding phenomena at solid surfaces using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), plasmonic nanoparticles, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and elec-trochemical (EC) transducers. The division is also involved in the development of new technology and hardware for parallel bioanalysis using microarrays and miniaturized devices. The transducer and microarray oriented projects are conducted in collaboration with the division of Applied Physics and Swedish industry.

A new method for studies of the exploration of barnacle cyprids has been developed. The method is based on imag-ing surface plasmon resonance (iSPR) and it allows studies of surfaces with a lateral resolution of ~5-10 micrometer. This is enough to observe how cyprids explore surface via attachment of their antennules and secretion of a protein-based adhesive glue. This is a joint effort with University of Newcastle and we have shown that iSPR can be used to monitor the deposition of the adhesive glue from barnacle cyprids on surfaces in real time and that the amount as well as the rate of deposition de-pends on the chemical composition of the supporting surface, Figure 1.

figure 1. surface exploration of cyprids studied by ispr. the bright spots in the lower right image indicate deposition of adhesive glue used for attachment to the surface.

An interesting approach for nanoscale patterning on planar substrates using an AFM tip as a paintbrush has been exploited jointly with Institute of Physics (IOP), Vilnius, within a SI-supported program (The Visby program). The technique is of-ten referred to as “dip-pen nanolithography” (DPN) and it has been used to introduce monomolecular pattern, “nano-arrays”, with a line width of less than 100 nm. The focus this year has been on templated growth of hydrogel nanobrushes on DPN patterns.

The fundamental part of the biosensing and biochip re-search is devoted to the design and synthesis of surface active compounds and new biorecognition molecules. Polypeptide as well as carbohydrate recognition molecules are synthesized and evaluated using the above mentioned transducer platforms. We are also working with de novo synthesized helix-loop-helix polypeptides and minimized sequence peptides for microar-rays.

A significant portion of the research utilizes solution self-assembly techniques to produce novel surface architectures and materials. A new type of oligomeric monolayers forms the base for our investigations, and through a fruitful combination of surface vibrational spectroscopy and quantum chemical ab initio calculations we have improved the understanding of the mechanisms that influence the phase behaviour and orientation in such layers. Two review-type papers summarizing our ef-forts were published in 2009, one of which appeared in Lang-muir, in the 25th anniversary issue.

A new project on nanoparticle plasmonics also has been initiated. Nanoparticles of gold and silver of different size and shape have been synthesized by inorganic chemists at IFM. We are particularly interested in using them for studies of metal-enhanced optical phenomena including, for example, metal enhanced extinction (MEE) or metal-enhanced fluorescence (MEF). This research relates also to our activities on helix-loop-helix polypeptides for controlled aggregation of gold na-noparticles (NPs) into functional entities. The plasmonics work is a part of an SSF supported initiative on Nano sensing for medical diagnostics, imaging and drug screening (NanoSense).

The division is also involved in two Integrated EC projects within FP6; 1) Advanced Nanostructured Surfaces for the Con-trol of Biofouling “AMBIO”. Our part in this project concerns the development and in situ characterization of nanostructured surfaces. 2) HealthCARE by Biosensor Measurements and Networking “CAREMAN”.

highlights

DPN,nanoarraysandnanobrushes.PIs: Ramunas Valiokas, Bo Liedberg; Post doc:Olof Anders-son, PhD students:Emma Ericsson, Thomas Rackicks. We have developed DPN for to generated nanoscale molecular patterns for templated growth of hydrogel nanobrushes. A typical ex-ample of such brushes is shown below with spot sizes ranging from 300 nm to 1 mm.

figure 2. nanoarray composed of hydrogel nano-brushes generated by free- radi-cal polymerization of methacrylates on Dpn-generated sam template.

sity Hospital. We have shown that the relaxation properties of this contrast agent have an enhancing capability with respect of MRI signal, compared to the commercially available ion based Gd-DTPA contrast agent. With this new contrast agent the aim is to obtain higher resolution, tissue specific images and cell- and molecular imaging.

figure 1. a). fast fourier transform of a transmission electron microscope im-age of functionalized nanoparticles, notations for present crystal planes are indicated. B) schematic illustration of one surface modified nanoparticle c) transmission electron microscope images of one gd2o3 based nanopar-ticle and D) image of X. laevis fibroblasts exposed to nanoparticles.

Knowledge obtained with in the project will contribute to the understanding of drug delivery targeting. Our goal is to im-prove the contrast to enable high resolution imaging for e.g. early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. This is a true interdisciplinary project, combining Physics, Chemis-try, Biology and Medicine.

The material developed has high potential as a positive MR contrast agent. We have initiated and established a spin off company Spago Imaging AB, during 2007.

Design oF BiospeciFic peptiDes. One fundamental part of the bi-osensing research is devoted to the design and synthesis of new recognition molecules and to their immobilization on surfaces. Molecules mimicking neurotransmitters, important for the cell signaling system for the G-protein coupled receptor, are in focus. These neurotransmitter inspired molecular systems are designed, synthesized and evaluated by means of molecular orientation, binding strength to substrate, packing density etc. Our focus now is on the principles of coordination of signal substances, selectivity processes and biorecognition. Platform used is self assembly and thiol chemistry followed by stepwise coupling sequences.

Synchrotron light is used for X-ray Photoelectron Spec-troscopy (XPS), Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray Circular Dichroism (XCD) studies of amino acids, peptides and related molecules at the national fa-cility MAX-lab, Lund. Adsorbates of neurotransmitter deriva-tives such as Dopamine- and Norandrenaline and the precursor Tyrosine are investigated.

figure 2. a) neXafs spectra of tyrosine-, dopamine- and noradrena-line terminated propanethiol chemisorbed on gold surfaces, meas-ured at normal and grazing angle. B) experimental set-up for neXafs at beamline D101 at the national laboratory, maxlab in lund.

Detailed information of the molecular orientation is ob-tained, by using different photoelectron take off angles and by varying the direction of polarisation of the incoming light rela-tive to the supporting surface.

We have now, in collaboration with P. Norman, Computa-tional Physics, Linköping University and U. Ekström, VU Uni-versity Amsterdam obtained theoretical calculations, verifying the experimental based assignments and molecular orientation.

Furthermore, the interaction between pure and mixed mon-olayers, of synthetic peptides derived from the 2nd and 3rd intracellular loops of the a 2A - Adrenergic receptor, with G-protein is investigated. ReseARch collABoRAtions M. Engström and H. Gustavsson Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV) S. Svensson, T Bengtsson and C. Skoglund Pharmacology, M Griffith, Nanomedicine, Health University Linköping, PO Käll Inorganic Chemistry, Prof, Rositza Yakimova, Prof. Anita Lloyd Spetz, Applied Physics, J Kehr, Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Max Lab Swedish national laboratory in Lund, A Sadreev, Theoretical Physics, Institute of nonlinear behaviour, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

Industry partners Astra Zeneca Södertälje , SPAGO Imag-ing AB Lund.

the centRe in nAno science AnD technology (cenAno) is an or-ganization within Linköping Institute of Technology (LiTH) at Linköping University. The mission of CeNano is to strengthen and support the competence within nano science and nano technology at LiTH. This is made by gathering research-ers with nano activities at LiTH in the centre and by acting for increased collaborations and common projects in the nano realm. CeNano also acts for development and coordination of the graduate and under graduate education in this scientific area. K. Uvdal is the director of CeNano.

Sensor Science and Molecular Physicscms.ifm.liu.se/applphys/molphys/

stAFF

Professor: Bo Liedberg (head of division).Lecturers: Fredrik Björefors, Thomas Ederth.Assistant professor: Karin Enander.Visiting scientists/post-docs: Lyuba Malyscheva, Ramunas Valiokas, Alexandr Onipko, Martynas Gavutis, Daniel Aili, Olof Andersson, Alex Kapitanchuk.

PhD students: Tobias Ekblad, Emma Ericsson, Daniel Kanme-rt, Hung-Hsun Lee, Erik Martinsson, Annica Myrskog, Robert Selegård, Feng-I Tai.

Technical staff: Bo Thunér.

Administrative staff: Pia Blomstedt, Anna Maria Uhlin


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A surface model, based on self-assembled monolayers of al-kane thiolates, has been designed to mimic a cell opsonised by human IgG (hIgG) antibodies, where IgG-Fc can be presented to phagocytotic cells in an oriented manner. The tendency of human monocytes to adhere to these surfaces was highly dependent on hIgG density (Figure 5). The surface platform will be used to study human macrophages of 158VV or 158FF genotype with respect to IgG-Fc-mediated cytokine release. In a second project, we aim at designing a fluorescence immu-noassay for the IgG variant of rheumatoid factor, autoantibod-ies specific for the Fc part of IgG molecules that are notoriously difficult to detect by traditional sandwich ELISA systems. For this purpose, recombinant glycosylated hIgG-Fc molecules are being produced in a Pichia pastoris host. The long term goal is to combine this activity with our efforts on metal-enhanced fluorescence using individual nanoparticles or periodic nano-particle arrays developed jointly with NDL, Taiwan.

figure 5. human monocytes adhered to higg-fc-presenting surfaces as a func-tion of higg density. left: 5%; middle: 40%; right: 100%. percentages relate to the fraction of alkane thiolates on the surface that can be modified with neutravidin, which in turn binds a biotinylated peptide that can act as an anti-gen for higg. this strategy ensures directionality in higg immobilization.

SupramolecularchemistryandplasmonicsPIs: Karin Enander, Bo Liedberg. Post doc: Daniel Aili,PhDs: Robert Selegård, Erik Martinsson.We are developing new methods to form supramolecular architectures based on helix-loop-helix polypeptides that can fold into four-helix bundles. This particular mechanism is used to prepare, e.g., stings, rings, and junctions of varying size, shape and composition. We have also used the peptides in combination with gold nano-particles for sensing applications. A kind of competitive assay has been developed for detection of human carbonic anhydrase (HCA) and infectious agents like the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein (TMVP). The basic idea is to prevent particle aggrega-tion (induced by Zn2+) by specific binding to HCA. The binding of HCA can be observed by the naked eye as a colour change from blue (without protein) to red (with protein). This concept was published in Small 2009 and appeared as an inside cover page in the journal, Figure 6.

figure 6. schematic illustration of the colorimetric assay for detection of hca. taken from the inside cover page in small, issue 5, 2009.

Self-assembledmonolayers-experimentsandtheoryPIs: Ramunas Valiokas, Alexander Onipko, Lyuba Malysheva, Yurij Klymenko, Bo Liedberg. Post doc: Alex Kapitanchuk.PhD students: Hung-Hsun Lee, Annica Myrskog, Tomas Rakickas. The synthesis and assembly of functionalized thiols and disul-phides are key activities for the molecular physics group. The research is conducted in close collaboration with the division of chemistry and with scientists from the Institute of Physics, Vilnius. A broad range of samples have been synthesized and characterized with vibrational spectroscopy for future applica-tions in our bio-oriented research programs.

We are also heavily involved in studies aiming at improving the understanding of structural properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). This work combines experimental and theoretical efforts and a significant portion of that research concerns the use of ab initio quantum chemical methods for studies of oligo(ethylene glycol) SAMs. Ab initio modelling was performed for isolated molecules by using density func-tional theory (DFT) with non-local gradient corrections and an elaborated basis set. The first DFT-study on the modelling of self-assemblies with account for intermolecular interactions was recently published. Figure 7 shows the outcome of such calculations for a series of partially deuterated oligo(ethylene glycol) SAMs of varying chain length.

figure 7. illustration of the most likely orientation and conformation for a series of long-chain oligo(ethylene glycol) sam constituents on gold.

Molecularinteractionswithbilayermembranes

PI: Thomas Ederth, Patrik Nygren.Peptides play a central role in numerous biological processes, but there is also an interest in peptides from a materials science point of view; as supramo-lecular building blocks, for increased biocompatibility or for specific recognition of surfaces. Previous work has demon-strated the possibility to equip peptides with catalytic function which is activated upon helix formation as the peptide is at-tached to inorganic surfaces, and we are continuing this study on model membranes. In collaboration with Bengt-Harald Jon-sson (division of Molecular Biotechnology), we have de novo designed cationic peptides which alter their conformation from random-coil to a-helix or b-sheet as they are electrostatically attached to negatively charged membranes. We investigate fac-tors regulating the secondary structure of these peptides, with the aim of controlling, for example, the activation of specific catalytic activity at the membrane, and we envision that the introduction of specific functions beyond mere lysis upon at-

ElectrochemistryforsurfaceanalysisandenergyconversionPI: Fredrik Björefors. In a fuel cell, chemical energy is direct-ly converted to electric energy. This conversion often results in a high yield and, if hydrogen is used as the fuel, only harmless water and small amounts of heat are obtained as byproducts. The chemical environment inside a fuel cell is, however, quite aggressive, and stresses the electrode material (i.e. the bipo-lar plate) that collects the current from the electrochemical reactions. One idea to circumvent this is to implement new ceramic materials as protective coatings on the fuel cell elec-trodes. Such materials, for example, have excellent corrosion protection properties while still maintaining a sufficiently low contact resistance. The idea behind this project is to employ electrochemical techniques and other tools for surface analysis to develop, test, and implement ceramic materials in fuel cell applications. The activities are financed by the SSF-program Strategic mobility, and operated together with the private com-pany Impact Coatings (Linköping). For example, amperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are employed to analyze the stability and corrosion properties of metallic and ceramic thin films deposited on bipolar plates. In other projects, those techniques are also used for analysis of con-ducting polymers and surface immobilized gold nanoparticles (together with Assoc. Prof. Nate Robinsson and MSc. Anders Lundgren, respectively).

AnovelhydrogelchemistryforgradientfabricationandproteinadsorptionPIs: Thomas Ederth, Bo Liedberg. Post doc: Olof Anders-son; PhD students: Tobias Ekblad, Emma Ericsson. A novel hydrogel chemistry based on oligo(ethylene glycols), OEGs, has been developed. The hydrogel network is generated by UV-induced radical polymerisation and can be used to modify the surface of organic films, polymers and glass. The technology is referred to as Self-Initiated Photografting and Photopolym-erization (SIPGP).The hydrogels were intitially intended for biochip and biosensing applications. However, they also turned out to be useful as model substrates for fundamental protein adsorption studies and for marine biofouling applications. We have shown that it is possible to generate surface-anchored gra-dients using the SIPGP technique in conjunction with a shutter setup that slowly uncovers the surface. This approach has been used to generate charge balanced gradients for studies of pro-tein adsorption, some of which display very interesting proper-ties that has deepened our understanding of the relationship between protein adsorption and surface chemistry (Figure 3).

figure 3. charge balanced gradient for protein adsorption experiments.a) gradient profile. B) protein deposition profile. note the low, almost ze-ro, protein adsorption in the charge balanced regime (white line).

Biomoleculardesignforadvancedproteindetection

PIs: Karin Enander. Post doc: Olof Andersson. PhD student: Daniel Kanmert. Affinity biosensors are based on the ability of immobilized ligands to specifically capture the analytes of interest. An attractive way of obtaining an extended dynamic range in a biosensor assay involves the simultaneous exposure of the analyte-containing sample to a family of ligands with different, known affinities for the analyte. We have demon-strated this concept with a set of synthetic peptides spanning more than three orders of magnitude in affinity towards an antibody fragment. Immobilization of the peptides in an ar-ray format was performed by means of piezodispensing onto a self-assembled monolayer of oligo(ethylene glycol)-containing alkane thiolates on gold and the response upon introduction of the antibody fragment was evaluated by imaging SPR. With this setup, the dynamic range of quantification was increased by approximately two orders of magnitude compared to if only the highest-affinity ligand would have been used.

In cooperation with Thomas Skogh and colleagues at IKE, Faculty of Health Sciences, we are studying IgG-Fc interac-tions of relevance to rheumatoid arthritis. One of the projects is focused on creating molecular models for detailed understand-ing of interactions between IgG complexes and Fcγ receptors on immunologically active cells (Figure 4).

figure 4. structure of a human igg-fc dimer (grey and blue) in com-plex with the soluble part of an fcγ receptor (green).


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BiologyChairman: Professor Per Jensen

Biology covers all aspects of life science, from subcellular molecular processes, via organisms to whole ecosystems. Ba-sic scientific challenges in the area concern the way in which genetic instructions influence the development of organisms which interact and constitute a complex biological system. This is knowledge which is strongly requested from society. It influences a wide range of societal issues from the use of gene technology for altering and affecting the function of various organisms, to questions of animal welfare in modern farming and the management of species and echosystems for biological conservation purposes.

The scientific branch Biology has about 50 persons em-ployed in total, of which about 20 are PhD-students. To organ-ize and lead the activities, the branch has a steering committee, which includes all professors and other main PhD-supervisors. This group meets every month and is responsible for matters concerning budget, research, PhD-education and organization.

The scientific branch of biology is organised in three different divisions, headed by the following persons:

• Ecology (professor Per Milberg and ass professor Karin Tonderski)

• Molecular biology (ass professor Johan Edqvist)• Zoology (ass professor Jordi Altimiras).

Within ecology, emphasis is on community and population ecology, including conservation biology. Wetland ecology is also studied in a number of international cooperative projects. Another important research area is vegetation ecology. Here, methodology and temporal trends have been studied in areas such as phenotypic plasticity and seed dormancy. In Molecu-lar genetics, research is carrie out in two groups, headed by ass professor Johan Edqvist and professor Cornelia Spetea-Wiklund, both focusing on plant molecular biology. In zool-ogy, research is mainly focused on developmental aspects of cardiovascular control systems, on domestication effects on behaviour in chickens, and on comparative olfaction research. The staff is also heavily involved in undergraduate teaching in all subjects covering the biological education programs.

The scientific branch has had an excellent success rate in external funding over the last couple of years, and important grants were also obtained 2009. For example, researchers within the branch received major grants from both Formas, and other bodies as well. Professor Per Jensen and prof Cornelia Spetea-Wiklund hold strategic awards from LiU, each compris-ing a guaranteed 2.2 million SEK per year in faculty support.

Research facilities include the research chicken house (“Wood-Gush”) and the hatchery (“Kruijt”), along with state-of-the-aret molecular lab facilities.

The scientific branch Biology was instrumental in plan-ning and organizing a popular science day, with parallel ses-sions containing lectures in biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. The theme was “Evolving knowledge”, partly to acknowledge the Darwin year 2009. The lectures attracted in total about 900 attendants, mostly school teachers and high school students.

The biology branch has a wide-ranging collaboration with groups and labs in different places of Sweden and abroad. For example, cooperation in both teaching and research is maintained with groups in Kenya, The Netherlands and Great Britain. Furthermore, the cooperation with Kolmården Zoo has continued and produces both research results and teaching col-laboration.

the growing seed is a good metaphor for ifm Biology: studies of developmental mechanisms in animals and plants rub shoulders with plant and landscape ecology.

Division of Ecology

stAFF

ProfessorsJan Landin (emeritus)Per Milberg

Associate professorsKarl-Olof BergmanAnders Hargeby (acting Head of division)Karin Tonderski

Junior lecturerKjell Carlsson

PhD-studentsHristina BojcevskaLars EldeforsKarin JohannessonHåkan Lättman

Administrative staffAnna Sundin (Administrator)Kerstin Johansson (Administrator)Ingevald Abrahamsson (Engineer)Rasmus Rönnberg (Technician)

tachment to selected membranes would open entirely new pos-sibilities for attachment of markers or performing operations on certain membranes.

In a recently started collaboration with Karin Öllinger (IKE, Faculty of Health Sciences), we investigate how the stability of model lysosome membranes are affected by the composition, particularly in the presence of lysosomotropic detergents and membrane components specific to lysosomal membranes. Lysosomes are vesicular organelles found in vir-tually all eukaryotic cells and are involved in macromolecule turnover and thus contain numerous hydrolytic enzymes, digesting unwated material in the cell. Lysosomes are also in-volved in apoptosis; the lysosomal membrane is permeabilized in response to cell death stimuli, although the mechanisms be-hind this are incompletely understood.

HealthCAREbyBiosensorMeasurementsandNetworking”(CAREMAN).PI: Karin Enander, Bo Liedberg. PhD student: Erik Martins-son, Technical staff: Chun-Xia Du.The objective of the EC integrated project “HealthCARE by Biosensor Measurements And Networking” (CAREMAN) is to develop a validated, intelligent and fully automated device for point-of-care diagnostics. Our contribution to the project is the fabrication of patterned array surfaces where receptors for known biomarkers can be individually distributed and which allow for low non-specific binding. Patterning is accomplished either by micro-contact printing of reversible, hydrophobic barriers or by means of polymer grafting of differently func-tionalized polyethylene glycol hydrogels. In particular, we have developed a hydrogel grafting procedure on Ta2O5-coated waveguide chips. Within CAREMAN we are also developing concepts for fluorescence signal enhancement, by investigating the dependence of fluorescence signals on the distance between the fluorophores and noble metal nanostructures. The distance is varied by spin-coating a well-defined layer of plastic film on top of immobilized gold and silver nanoparticles.

AdvancedNanostructuredSurfacesfortheControlofBiofouling,AMBIOPI: Thomas Ederth, Bo Liedberg, PhDs: Tobias Ekblad.AM-BIO is an integrated project under the EC 6th Framework pro-gramme. The project is at the crossroads between nanosciences and marine biology and is devoted to the development of anti-fouling coatings that function through their nanoscale physico-chemical properties, without the release of biocides which may damage the environment. Building to a large extent on past ex-perience from the biomaterials field, we have designed a range of oligomeric and polymeric peptide and saccharide building blocks for the production of micro- and nanostructured coat-ings, which are used to investigate settlement cues and adhe-sion processes of marine fouling organisms such as algae, bacteria, mussles and barnacles. Further, a significant part of our involvement in the project has concerned the use of poly-meric hydrogels for marine antifouling applications, where we have both investigated their interactions with common marine biofoulers, as well as explored new routes for preparation and characterization of such hydrogels. In particular, the efforts have been directed to composite hydrogels, hydrogel gradients

and sandwiched hydrogels, where new surface properties, and in particular antifouling characteristics, are obtained as two hydrogels are grown on top of each other, see Figure 8A. Fig-ure 8B shows the same hydrogel after deposition of of a protein layer.

figure 8. protein adsorption on a microscale charge gradient obtained by growing differently charged hydrogels onto each other, measured with imag-ing infrared spectroscopy. a) polymer content along the gradient, i.e. the gradient profile. B) the amount of adsorbed protein along the gradient, with a clear minimum (black area) at an intermediate gradient thickness, cf results with macroscale gradient of the same type in figure 3.

collABoRAtions

The division is actively taking part in several international col-laborations. Self-assembly: David Allara, Penn State; Michael Grunze, Heidelberg., Atul Parikh, UC Davis, Wetting: Avi Marmur, Technion, Isreal. Nanoparticles and nanostruc-tures: Wei Xin Ni and Yaw-Kuen Li, Taiwan, Chad Mirkin, Northwestern, Michael Grunze, Heidelberg, Biochips: Jacob Piehler and Robert Tampe, Frankfurt, Brian MacCraith, Dub-lin, Günther Gauglitz, Tübingen. Plasmonics: Fredrik Höök, Lund, Brian MacCraith, Dublin. Biomimetics: Fredrik Höök, Lund, Owe Orwar and Bengt Kasemo, Chalmers and many more. Molecular design: Daniele Altschuh, Strasbourg, Lars Baltzer, Uppsala. Biomedicine: Thomas Skogh and Jonas Wet-terö, Reumatoid diseases, LiU, Johnny Ludvigsson and Gunilla Westermark, Diabetes, LiU. Biofouling: James and Maureen Callow, Birmingham, Tony Clare, Newcastle, Peter Wilhem-sen, TNO, The Netherlands, Carsten Werner, Dresden. Sens-ing and Nanoscience .Freddy Boey and Subodh Mahaisalkar, NTU, Singapore.

Wolfgang Knoll, AIT, ViennBo Liedberg has been on sab-batical 2009. Three months in Vienna at the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), host Prof. Wolfgang Knoll, and for five months at the Nanyang Tehnological University, Singapore, hosts Prof’s Freddy Boey and Bertil Andersson.

inteRAction with inDustRy AnD society

The division interacts with numerous companies within several of the thematic areas outlined above including GE Healthcare - Biacore AB, Uppsala, AstraZeneca, Södertälje, Attana AB, Stockholm, RGB Technologies AB, Linköping, Modpro AB, Uppsala, Åmic AB, Uppsala (Johnson&Johnson).


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Bio

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ReseARch AnD phD tRAining

Our emphasis is on community and population ecology, includ-ing conservation biology and plant ecology (mainly grasslands and forests). In addition, one group focuses on ecosystem ecol-ogy, especially nutrient cycling in wetland ecosystems.

The group led by ass prof Karl-Olof Bergman and prof Per Milberg has studied the saproxylic beetle fauna on old oaks (Quercus spp.) in South Sweden. The aim was to test a way of finding indicator species which can be used to identify sites with high species number or that scored high on a conservation priority species index, based on occurrence of red-listed spe-cies.

part of the research in conservation biology focuses on the structure of oak landscapes as habitats for threatened species.

The importance of tree size and other environmental factors on the occurrence and abundance of six epiphytic lichens has also been investigated at two sites in southeastern Sweden, differ-ing in quality as judged by tree size distribution. Furthermore, the population genetic structure of a rare lichen species was studied.

gonopteryx rhamni, one of the butterflies inhabiting forests and grasslands.

Other landscape scale studies focus on butterflies. Monitoring of butterflies is often directed only towards grass-land fauna. Species associated with other habitats, as well as the impact of the surrounding landscape, are often neglected. In contrast to this, the group has performed and evaluated a landscape-based monitoring method for butterflies in diverse

habitats. Additionally, the butterfly fauna has been monitored in six seminatural grasslands to evaluate monitoring criteria for wind, sunshine, temperature and time of day for butterfly species richness and abundances when using the line transect method.

A more theoretical ecology analysis aim at understanding aspects of biodiversity and stability in ecosystems, and to use this to analyse and predict biological consequences of changes in landscape structures.

The group working on nutrient transport (led by Assoc. prof. Karin Tonderski) has started up a study on methods for identification of sources to phosphorus transported in streams and rivers. This is done in cooperation with SMHI, the County Administration in Linköping and Tübingen University, Ger-many. In cooperation with SLU, Uppsala, the function of wet-lands as sinks for phosphorus losses from agricultural areas is investigated. Ten wetlands with different catchement character-istics have been selected for detailed studies of sedimentation and resuspension processes. In addition, more detailed studies of water flow and concentration dynamics are made in a few of the wetlands.

phD students Karin Johannesson and pia Kynkäänniemi (slu) install-ing sediment traps in a wetland receiving agricultural runoff.

In 2009, a study on structural ecosystem shifts in the shallow lake Tåkern was initiated by Assoc prof. Anders Hargeby.

a study on structural ecosystem shifts was intiated in 2009 in the shallow lake tåkern.

He also works with studies on local adaptive changes that fol-low from such shifts, and their functional consequences, using the fresh water isopod (Asellus aquaticus L.) as model organ-ism.

highlights

During 2009, there was one doctoral thesis defense: ‘Habitat requirements and preservation of the beetle assemblages asso-ciated with hollow oaks’ by Niklas Jansson. Furthermore, Dr. Karl-Olof Bergman was appointed Associate professor.

coopeRAtion

Our projects involve cooperation with a number of universi-ties and research institutes around the world, e.g. University of Lund, Sweden; SLU (Uppsala & Umeå), Sweden; Halmstad Högskola, Sweden; SMHI, Sweden; University of Bergen, Norway; Oklahoma State University, USA; Towson Univer-sity, USA; University of Madrid, Spain; Alemaya University, Ethiopia. These projects concern both practical and theoretical research in ecology and environmental science.

exteRnAl Activities

Our staff presented research for students and teachers from secondary schools in the county at the Popular Science Day, arranged by IFM. We have also been involved in presenta-tions for the public arranged by the university, and have guided study visits from primary and secondary schools. Our staff acts as one of several LiU partners in a new multidisciplinary secondary school profile education, with the theme sustainable development, that will start at Folkungaskolan in Linköping. We also serve as expert advisors to the County Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and the Swedish Board of Agriculture, and one person is research advisor to Sida s project on Biotechnology Research in East Africa.

Division of Molecular Genetics

Head of division: Assoc. prof. Johan Edqvist

1. stAFF

Associate Professors: Johan EdqvistCornelia Spetea Wiklund

Post.doc:Lorena Ruiz Pavón

PhD students:Monika Malmbecker EdstamPatrik KarlssonLan Yin

2. ReseARch AnD phD tRAining

In the Molecular Genetics division, research is focused on plant molecular genetics. The research performed by the two groups headed by Johan Edqvist, and Cornelia Spetea Wiklund are focused on understanding lipid transport proteins, and photo-synthetic regulation, respectively, using Physcomitrella patens, Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula as model sys-tems.

The group of Cornelia Spetea Wiklund (Photosynthesis Group) uses a functional genomics approach in Arabidopsis to identify and functionally characterize transport proteins from the chloroplast photosynthetic (thylakoid) membrane. These membranes can undergo compositional and structural changes to provide functional flexibility in response to light fluctua-tions. Our in silico analyses have indicated the existence of approx. fifteen solute transporters in the Arabidopsis thylakoid membrane. Main goal of this project is to study the location, function and physiological role in thylakoid biogenesis and turnover of putative solute transporters from Arabidopsis: (i) the ATP/ADP carrier, (ii) the thylakoid phosphate transporter, and (iii) one K+-channel. Furthermore, one phosphate trans-porter from Arabidopsis root plastids has been studied in terms of function and physiological role (Fig. 1).

fig. 1. Wild type arabidopsis plant (left) and one mutant lacking the root plastid phos-phate transporter (right) grown under hydroponic conditions. photo taken by Jacob Kuruvilla, during his master thesis project in molecular genetics and physiology.

A new project has been initiated this year, and aimed to study the mechanism of photosynthesis improvement during arbus-cular mycorrhiza symbiosis in a model legume (Medicago truncatula). (Fig. 2)

Fungi Root

Leaf

Water &Nutrients

Water & Nutrients

CPL

Soil surface

fig. 2. mycorrhiza symbiosis: underground exchange of water and nu-trients (black arrows) for photosynthesis-derived carbohydrates (red arrows) between fungi and plants. cpl, leaf chloroplast.


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The research in the group headed by Johan Edqvist (Lipid Transfer Protein (LTP) group), is focused on function, structure and evolution of three classes of lipid transporting proteins, the non-specific lipid transfer protein (ns-LTP), sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) and glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP). The LTP-group is engaged in a systematic classification of evo-lutionary relationships and gene expression patterns among the members of the large plant specific ns-LTP gene family in order to identify the function of the enigmatic, extracellular ns-LTPs. Johan Edqvist is also involved in a research project concerning the genetics of land race crops, seed bank propaga-tion and agricultural history, working with a 19th century seed collection belonging to Nordiska Museet.

3. highlights

The Photosynthesis group has made important progress in elu-cidating the role of the thylakoid ATP/ADP carrier in the repair of the photosynthetic machinery during light stress. In addi-tion, a detailed biophysical characterization of mutants lacking the Arabidopsis PsbO2 protein as a GTPase has been published in an original research article (Biochimica Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics). In addition one book chapter and one review providing an overview of chloroplast transporters have been accepted for publication.

4. coopeRAtion

Individual external collaborations• Cornelia Spetea Wiklund – Bengt L. Persson (Linnaeus

University, Kalmar), Benoit Schoefs (Université de Bour-gogne, Dijon), Eva-Mari Aro (Turku University), Wayne Versaw (Texas A&M University).

• Johan Edqvist- Tiina Salminen (Åbo Akademi University), Peter Mattjus (Åbo Akademi University), Bing Song Zheng (Zhejiang Forestry University), Matti Leino (Nordiska Mu-seet).

Collaborations within LIU• Cornelia Spetea Wiklund - Alexander Vener (IKE Cell Biol-

ogy), Bengt Persson (IFM Bioinformatics).

5. exteRnAl Activities

The Photosynthesis group has participated with a total of three posters, two invited talks at International Conferences, namely the Gordon Research Conference on Mechanism of Membrane Transport (Waterville MA), the 2nd International Photosynthe-sis Workshop (Bichl, Germany), and 4 invited talks at Swedish and non-Swedish Universities. The LTP group organized and participated in the 5th Swedish Plant Lipid Meeting. The LTP group also participated with a poster presentation in the Gor-don Research Conference on Plant Lipids.

6. speciAl events

The growth chambers for Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula have been set-up at Molecular Genetics.

Cornelia Spetea Wiklund was appointed a professor con-tract by the University.

Division of Zoology

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• Professors: Mats Amundin (adjunct professor), Per Jensen, Matthias Laska

• Associate professor: Jordi Altimiras (head of division)• Assistant professors: Thomas Östholm, Jennie Håkansson

(adjunct)• Junior lecturers: Eva Mattson, Örjan Lönnevik• Guest lecturer: Christer Blomqvist, Lina Roth• Post doc: Dominic Wright, Vivian Goerlich• PhD-students: Annelie Andersson, Beatrix Eklund, Markus

Jöngren, Anna-Carin Karlsson, Isa Lindgren , Daniel Nätt, Josefin Starkhammar (LU), Anna Wirén

• Administrative staff: Anna Sundin (Administrator), Ida Gustafson (Research Technician), Ingevald Abrahamsson (Engineer)

ReseARch AnD phD tRAining. Research in Zoology involves the study of fundamental and applied aspects of animal biology, with special emphasis on the physiology and behaviour of birds and mammals. The division includes four research groups: the Sensory and Behavioral Physiology Group led by Matthias Laska, the Animal Biology Group led by Mats Amundin, the Applied Ethology Group (ApE) led by Per Jensen and the Car-diovascular Development Lab (CADE) led by Jordi Altimiras.

Research in the Sensory and Behavioral Physiology Group focuses on odor structure-activity relationships, that is, on determining the properties of stimulus molecules that are criti-cal for the interaction with an olfactory receptor and thus for the odor quality they evoke. A second research topic concerns correlations between chemosensory performance and ecologi-cal niches. With both topics, a comparative approach including human subjects and a variety of mammalian animal models is employed.

Research in the Animal Biology Group focuses on the study of communication and sonar in marine mammals. At Kolmårdens Djurpark, adjunct professor Mats Amundin in collaboration with the Electrical Measurement Department at Lund’s University, is exploring a new dolphin-human inter-face called ELVIS (Echolocation Visualization and Interface System). During 2009 it was used in a study of beam steering in the white whale, Delphinapterus leucas, held at Sea World, San Diego. The whales were trained to station in front of the screen, grab a bite plate with its teeth and track a moving tar-get with its sonar beam. A second area of work at Kolmarden involves the census of harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea us-ing Porpoise Click Loggers (PCL), developed by Kolmarden. During 2009 funding from the LIFE+ program was received to assess the total abundance of porpoises in the Baltic.

a spider monkey performing an olfactory detection task

Research in ethology focuses on the genetic basis of behaviour-al changes due to domestication. Particular interest is paid to side-effects of increased selection for production on behaviour and welfare. The main areas of research are stress reactions in relation to adaptation capacity, and social behaviour in the same perspective, using the chicken as a model species. For this purpose the behaviour of the Red Junglefowl (ancestor of all domestic chickens) and a selected White Leghorn strain is compared. Using molecular genetics tools, genomic regions of importance for the behavioural differences are identified, and candidate genes are selected. By utilising genetic crossing strategies, specific genetic strains can be created for further studies of the gene effects. Extensive phenotyping took place on the F8-generation of an inter-cross between Red Junglefowl and White Leghorns, as a major part of a large-scale QTL-analysis. DNA has been sampled from the over 500 pheno-typed individuals to provide material for a linkage study.

In order to study the correlated responses to selection dur-ing domestication, the first steps were taken in a five-year project to map the genetic and behavioural consequences of selecting Red Junglefowl for reduced fear of humans. The out-bred parental generation has been extensively phenotyped, and the first selected generation was hatched late during the year.

During 2009, the group published a study demonstrating the apparent inheritance of a stress-induced behaviour modifica-tion, and the epigenetic mechanisms involved in this will be studied intensely.

comb size in females indicates egg laying capacity, and is one of the traits that will be mapped in a new Qtl-study.

Research in the CADE Lab focuses on two main topics: 1) the genetic and physiological mechanisms of cardiac growth and adrenergic regulation in broiler chickens and 2) the involve-ment of thermoTRP channels in the incubation physiology of birds. Broiler chickens grow extremely fast and they are prone to cardiovascular dysfunction and development of ascites so the ultimate goal of the studies is to alleviate or delay the onset of these dysfunctions. In 2009 we published the first of a series of papers that showed that adrenergic function in cardiac cells can be “programmed” during incubation by reducing oxygen availability and our current efforts are dedicated to understand the downstream changes in the cellular signalling pathways (Lindgren and Altimiras, 2009).

On the other hand thermoTRP channels are important me-diators in temperature sensation and vascular regulation so the purpose of our studies is to dissect the mechanisms inte-grating both functions in the brood patch in birds during egg incubation. We measure thermoTRP channels in the skin using mRNA expression analysis and antibodies for microscopic localization. These studies are complemented with measure-ments of egg temperature during incubation in eggs easily amenable for manipulation such as the large eggs (larger than half a kilogram) of South American Rheas.

highlights. Thirteen articles were published by researchers in the division in 2009 in a wide range of topics, from diving physiology, olfactory sensitivity, behavioural genetics and ce-tacean acoustics. Only some will be mentioned. Daniel Nätt, together with Per Jensen and colleagues in Uppsala, showed that a clear behavioural adaptation in chickens – a modified foraging strategy as a response to unpredictable food avail-ability – was transferred to the next generation by means of epigenetic mechanisms (Nätt et al, 2009). Per Jensen and col-leagues further found that Red Junglefowl and domesticated White Leghorn chickens respond differently to stress (feed restriction; unpredictable light), in a manner which reflects the adaptation during domestication to a more predictable and food safe environment (Lindqvist et al, 2009; Lindqvist and Jensen, 2009). By using a congenic hybrid selection strategy, Jensen’s group studied the effects of two important loci on domestica-tion related changes in chickens. An important QTL-hotspot on chromosome 1, earlier known to affect growth, egg production, and several other domestication phenotypes, was shown to af-fect social behaviour in a way which may have been important in the adaptation of chickens to domestication (Wirén et al, 2009). For another gene, PMEL17, a mutation in which causes the white plumage of White Leghorns, we were able to exclude that the mutation also affects visual ability in chickens (Karls-son et al, 2009), something often found in other species.


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Jordi altimiras is candling eggs from south american rheas at Kolmården Djurpark

Matthias Laska and one of his students were able to dem-onstrate that mice have an excellent olfactory sensitivity for alkylpyrazines, a class of odorants that serve as warning signals for a variety of plants and insects. Further, they found a clear correlation between detectability of these odorants and the number of alkyl groups attached ot the pyrazine ring (Laska et al. 2009).

In collaboration with colleagues from Karolinska Institute, Matthias Laska showed that antagonistic interaction between odorants at the receptor level can affect the perception of odor mixtures at the organismal level in humans (Brodin et al. 2009)

coopeRAtion. The Applied Ethology Group is involved in a large cooperative project with researchers from UU, SLU, KTH and KI, aiming at studying different aspects of the functional genomics of fowl. In total about 15 PhD-students, 5 postdocs and 6 principal investigators are involved. This is conducted within the framework of the so called Center for Functional Genetics, where Per Jensen is vice chairman.

The Sensory and Behavioral Physiology Group has a long-standing collaboration with the Instituto de Neuro-Etologia of the Universidad Veracruzana in Xalapa, Mexico. Ida Eng-ström, student of the International Master Programme in Ap-plied Ethology performed the experimental part of her thesis work in Mexico and collected data on chemosensory perform-ance of spider monkeys. The same group is also collaborat-ing with the Department of Neurobiology at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where Hanna Österman spent five months collecting data for her Master thesis on olfactory performance in Alzheimer Disease model mice. In addition to these ongoing collaborations, Matthias Laska initiated a new collaboration with Dr. Natalie Hempel de Ibarra from the Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour at the University of Exeter, England, to study olfactory capabilities in honeybees.

ida engström testing the olfactory capabilities of a spider monkey.

Mats Amundin is collaborating with LU, Sea World San Diego, the US Navy, the Swedish Board of Fisheries, the Swedish En-vironmental Protection Agency, Aarhus University, the Finish Ministry of Environment.Danmarks Miljöundersögelser, Fjord & Baelt Center, Denmark, and Loughborough university, UK.

Besides the ongoing collaborations with Dr.Eduardo Vil-lamor (Maastricht University Hospital) and Dr.Phil Trathan (British Antarctic Survey), Jordi Altimiras initiated a new col-laboration with Dr.Álvaro Garitano from Universidad de San Andrés la Mayor in La Paz, Bolivia to study the metabolic and physiological adaptations to altitude of the most primitive fly-ing birds, the tinamous.

captive-bred ornate tinamous are maintained at the Biology Depart-ment, universidad mayor de san andrés, la paz, Bolivia

exteRnAl Activities.Members of the division have been heav-ily involved in external lecturing and committee advicing. The group has been visible several times on national TV, radio and in several newspaper articles on various subjects relating to the research conducted. Per Jensen was invited speaker at confer-ences in Great Britain, Holland and Norway.

Scientific branch of ChemistrysteeRing coMMittee

Prof. Bengt-Harald “Nalle” Jonsson (chairman), Assoc. Prof. Stefan Svensson, Prof. Uno Carlsson, Prof. Per Hammarström, Prof. Peter Konradsson, Prof. Ingemar Kvarnström, Prof. Lars Ojamäe, Prof. Per-Olov Käll.

The e-mail address to the head of the branch is: [email protected]

ReseARch Divisions oF cheMistRy

Protein ChemistryMolecular BiotechnologyOrganic ChemistryPhysical Chemistry Inorganic ChemistryOrganic Analytical Chemistry

suMMARy oF Activities: The research branch of Chemistry, cover all traditional areas of chemistry. The major research programs Protein Chemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Or-ganic Chemistry all have a strong focus on Molecular Life Sci-ence and Chemical Biology. Research activities in Analytical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry and Physical Chemistry are led by senior staff, often in co-operation with other research-ers in the department and with other research programs at the University. 25 PhD students have been enrolled and 7 PhD Dis-sertations were defended at the department during 2009.

The research in the different research divisions are present-ed in the following sections.

Protein Chemistry Professors: Uno Carlsson and Per HammarströmAdministrator: Susanne AnderssonAssociate professors: Lars-Göran Mårtensson and Magdalena SvenssonPost-doc: Minna GroenningPhDstudents: Karin Almstedt (graduated in 2009), Ina Berg, Karin Carlsson, Satish Babu Moparthi(graduated in 2009), Sofie Nyström (graduated in 2009), Daniel Sjölander, Patricia Wennerstrand.

Activities

The general objective of our research in biochemistry is to understand different important aspects of the protein folding process. This also includes misfolding and related diseases as well as conformational changes associated to protein-protein interactions and protein adsorption to solid surfaces.

A major goal of protein engineering is the design of sta-bilized protein variants for use in many applications. In this project we use several strategies based on experience from our folding studies to stabilize the structure of our model protein carbonic anhydrase. Engineered proteins with varying stability and different surface structure are also employed to study the interaction with solid surfaces, a phenomenon that is very im-portant in many biotechnological applications.

Molecularchaperones.Folding in vivo is for many proteins assisted by several protein factors such as molecular chaper-ones. Although proteins can fold spontaneously the chaperones suppress aggregation during folding and increase the yield. In our research we aim to gain insights into the mechanism of chaperone function that is essential for the understanding of the folding mechanism and prevention of misfolding.

Misfoldingdiseases represent a large collection of diseases. This group includes for example the prion diseases Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mad cow disease; the amyloid diseases such as Alzheimers disease and familial amyloidotic polyneuoropa-thy (Skellefteåsjukan). All these diseases are connected to a specific protein that misfolds into alternate conformations and often forms aggregates. We are working with proteins involved in all of the mentioned folding diseases. Our objectives are also to inhibit the formation of the toxic species of amyloid and prion diseases by using different strategies including small-molecule binding and interactions with molecular chaperones.

fig i. amyloidogenic proteins studied in the hammarström lab. all with to-tally different native sequence and fold which nevertheless ultimately mis-fold into cross-beta-sheet structure of amyloid fibrils. the central image is a transmission electron micrograph of lysozyme amyloid fibrils taken at

80000 fold magnification.

Thiopurinemethyltransferase (TPMT) is a polymorphic enzyme and a key enzyme in treatment of childhood leukemia and inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease. TPMT is one of the few classical examples of pharmacogenet-ics where the dosages of medical drugs are directly dependent on the polymorphism of the enzyme.

In collaboration with Department of Clinical Pharmacol-ogy at University Hospital in Linköping mutants of different variants are engineered and biophysically characterized, using a repertoire of techniques such as enzyme activity measure-ments, circular dichroism, fluorescence and differential scan-ning calorimetry.

In parallel we are also screening conditions to crystallize the various variants.


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fig ii: structures of thiopurine methyltransferase (tpmt) with cofactor sah (red)

Protein-proteininteractions are intrinsic to virtually every cellular process. We are studying the interaction of the cellular receptor tissue factor (TF) with the coagulation factors VII (FVII) and X (FX) that is the key step in the initiation of blood clotting and thrombus formation. The information output from this project will directly be used in drug design of therapeutic agents that can intervene in the association process of FVII and FX to TF. ß-sheetpropensityofaminoacids is investigated also using Tissue Factor (TF) as a model protein to better understand how to rationally stabilize ß-sheet containing proteins. In addition, the stabilizing effects of additives are investigated to find biop-harmaceutical formulations that will prolong the shelf-life of proteins.

Protein-surfaceinteraction.Little is known about the direc-tion and specificity of protein adsorption to solid surfaces, a knowledge that is of great importance in many biotechnologi-cal applications. Site-directed fluorescence probing has suc-cessfully been employed to resolve in what direction a protein binds to silica nanoparticles. A continuation of this work is now in progress where attempts are made to reorient the ad-sorption direction of the protein. The strategy is by protein engineering to change the surface charge of the protein in spe-cific regions to be able to direct the adsorption.

Molecular Biotechnology

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Professor: Bengt-Harald”Nalle” JonssonAdministrator: Susanne AnderssonAssociate Professor: Maria SunnerhagenAssistant Professors: Ann-Christin Brorsson and Patrik Lund-strömPost-doc: Janosch HennigPhDstudents: Cecilia Andrésen, Janosch Hennig (graduated in 2009), Anna Lena Göransson, Jutta Speda, Linda Andrén, Sara Helander

Activities

The research activities in molecular biotechnology are focussed on detailed characterizations of protein structure and dynam-ics at the molecular level. The role of protein interactions for understanding a variety of biological functions are addressed in different projects. The results which are gleaned from our studies of these fundamental biological phenomena are also

utilized in projects, which aim at efficient diagnosis and novel strategies for treatment of some human diseases.

TheproteinmisfoldingdiseaseALS: The mis-folding and intracellular aggregation of the protein superoxide dismutase is strongly coupled to the neurodegenerative disease ALS. To find the molecular basis for ALS we perform a detailed characterization of the structural and dynamical effects of a large set of different ALS-associated mutations in the gene for CuZnSOD. Therefore, we have used an array of different techniques to decipher the effects of the mutations on the dynamics of the protein. A combination of chemical cross-linking, analytical ultra-centrifugation and hydrogen/deuterium-exchange experiments has given a detailed understanding of the conformational dynamics in CuZnSOD.

Functionalizationofnanoparticlesbypeptidedesign: Earlier studies have given us a firm knowledge about the structure of and dynamics in proteins upon adsorption to solid surfaces. Recently we have unraveled fundamental principles that govern the formation of helical structure on silica nanoparticles, which is important in the development of devices that interact with biological systems.

Alzheimer’sdisease: The aim of this project is to perform detail studies of the molecular origins of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and of systemic amyloidosis (SA). The aggregation process of the amyloid β peptide (associated with AD) and lysosyme (associated with SA) is studied by using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism, in parallel with biophysical studies. The challenge is to identify and characterize toxic spe-cies as well as to study the influence of cellular factors on the toxicity. This knowledge will then be used to test the effect of anti-aggregation agents in vitro as well as in vivo.

Bacterialandimmunologicalresponsesininfectiousdisease. The human Ro52 protein is an autoimmune target in Sjögren’s disease, and involved in the production of fetal antibodies in pregnant mothers. We have characterised the interaction of the disease-related antibodies and are currently characterizing the subdomains of Ro52 and their interactions on a molecular level.

Our most recent results show that patient autoantibodies that hinder ubiquitination interfere with the E2-binding surface of the E3-active RING domain of Ro52. Taken together with our previous studies, we can now propose an action model for the entire Ro52 protein (Fig III, below) MexR is a DNA_binding protein that regulates the expression of the Pseudomonas Aeru-ginosa efflux pump, and a target for antibiotic resistance muta-tions leading to multi-drug resistance. We have described the biophysical and molecular basis for resistance and are currently evaluating their implications on structure.

fig iii

Structuralbiologyincancerdevelopmentandprotection. The oldest characterized oncogene, c-Myc, houses a series of fatal hotspot mutation sites leading to increased tumor development. We have characterized the structural properties of the transactivation domain which, surprisingly, adopts a molten globule structure, perhaps a prerequisite for its high-affinity binding to a range of biologically important target proteins. A range of protein interactions are currently being screened on a structural level.

Organic Chemistry

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Professors: Peter Konradsson, Ingemar KvarnströmAssociate professor: Stefan SvenssonAssistant professor: Peter NilssonSenior researcher: Åsa RosenquistPost-doc: Andreas ÅslundPhDstudents: Alma Åslund, Lan Bui, Marcus Bäck (graduated in 2009), Timmy Fyrner, Veronica Sandgren, Andreas Åslund (graduated in 2009), Roger Karlsson, Rozalyn Simon, Therése Klingstedt, Leif Johansson, Karin Magnusson. Administrator: Susanne Andersson

Activities

Synthesisoffunctionalizedoligothiophenederivativeswithspecificopticalandelectronicproperties:By combining the features of polymers and the electro-optical properties of conjugated molecules, conjugated polymers suitable for a wide range of applications, such as solar cells, displays and biosensors are created. Our research is mainly focused on creating well-defined oligothiophene derivatives through rational chemical design (See figure below, and highlight)

As a first instance we are synthesizing oligothiophenes that can be utilized as tools for studying biological and pathological process. The aim of these projects are mainly to provide mo-lecular tools that can be used for real time in vivo imaging of biological events from the nanoscopic level (biomolecules and cells) to the macroscopic level (organs and body).

Furthermore, we are developing electro-active oligothi-ophene derivatives that can be combined with defined biologi-cal template molecules, such as amyloid fibrils, to generate materials that can be implemented with in research areas such as nano-bioelectronics. Though a multidisciplinary collabora-tion with other researchers at IFM and ITN, we are aiming at develop novel materials that can be used for electronic release of pharameuticals, and devices that can stimulate and record cellular activity in complex environments.

fig iV: general chemical structure of functionalized oligothiophene derivatives.

Synthesisofpotentialproteaseinhibitors: Proteases are enzymes capable of restructuring peptides and proteins by specific hydrolysis and are therefore powerful mediators for health and disease. There are five different classes of proteases, classified according to the most significant functional group in the active site of the enzyme. Design and synthesis of inhibitors and screening for efficient and selective inhibitors of key proteases have become an attractive and powerful course for new drug development. This is an area of fundamental importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Structure based drug design has been used in the search for potent and selective drug candidates. An important part of this is to find the minimum necessary chemical features for binding to a particular protease. Methods for screening of potential inhibitors are available and it is possible to screen large libraries of single compounds to identify lead compounds. Design and synthesis of inhibitors have been studied against the following proteases: HIV-1 protease, Hepatit C protease, Malaria parasite proteases, Thrombin and γ–Secretase (Alzeimers disease). The research projects are done in collaboration with the University of Stockholm, BMC, Uppsala and Medivir AB, Huddinge.

Physical Chemistry

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Professor: Lars OjamäePost-docs: Dr. Mathias Kula, Dr. Maria LundqvistPhD students: Annika Lenz (graduated in 2009)

Activities

The research projects concern computational-chemistry studies of nanostructures, functionalized nanoparticles, dye-sensitized metal oxide solar cells, electron transfer processes, heterogene-ous catalysis, and water and hydrogen bonding phenomena. We thereby apply quantum-chemical computations and molecular-


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dynamics simulations using national supercomputer facilities to address these fundamental issues in surface science and atmospheric chemistry.

Nanoparticles exhibit many unique properties. We model crystallites of materials such as ZnO, TiO2, RuO2 and Gd2O3 and quantum dots of GaN, which are of interest in applications ranging from nanomedicine to optoelectronics. In particular we design novel nanocompunds by functionalising metal oxide na-noparticles using organic adsorbates. One such example is the dye-sensitised solar cell, where organic molecules are chemi-sorbed at a nanostructured metal-oxide surface (ZnO, TiO2). Catalytic reactions at metal-oxide surfaces (RuO2) are also studied, where we are developing ab initio MD methods that are useful for elucidating the mechanisms of surface-catalyzed reactions.

fig V: a self-assembled monolayer (sam) of mptms on a Zno surface.

Another research theme concerns hydrogen bonding, where we are elucidating the phase transitions and proton-ordering phe-nomena involving water clusters, liquid water, ice and clathrate crystals. These investigations are of importance for under-standing for example the properties of liquids, environmental processes occurring in the atmosphere, and CO2 emission from the tundra.

Inorganic Chemistry

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Professor: Per-Olov KällPost-docs.: Richard Becker, Fredrik Söderlind

Activities

The research in inorganic chemistry at IFM is mainly focused on colloidal synthesis and characterisation of (i) magnetic metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g. Gd2O3, GdFeO3) for magnetic resonance imaging; (ii) wet synthesis of noble metal nanopar-ticles (e.g. Au, Ag) for use in plasmon resonance enhanced fluorescence for application in medical imaging and diagnos-tics; and (iii) chemical or electrochemical synthesis of semi-conducting nanoparticles, e.g. ZnO, as sensing material in gas sensing studies (e.g. O2, NOx, CO, H2). The above projects are pronounced interdisciplinary with collaboration partners both within and outside IFM.

(i) Several of the rare earth metals are strongly magnetic

and at least one of them, gadolinium, is a unique because it combines a high magnetic moment with a very high cross-section for thermal neutrons, implying that Gd(III) containing nanocrystals are potentially interesting both as contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neutron capture therapy (NCT). We have found that small nanocrystals of cubic Gd2O3 and orthorhombic (perovskite) GdFeO3 (3-5 nm) coated with diethylene glycol seem to produce significantly shorter T1 relaxation times than the conventional gadolinium containing chelates normally used in examination of patients. A possible explanation of the effect is the higher density of magnetic ac-tive ions in a nanoparticle compared to that of a bulky chelate with a single magnetic ion at its centre.

(ii) A recently initiated project is aimed at the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag) of various sizes and shapes for surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence for bio imaging applications. We are also synthesizing core-shell nanoparticles with a magnetic core and a shell consisting of a noble metal, or silica, that can be functionalized with bio-active molecules, e.g. peptides (Fig.VI ).

fig Vi(iii) a third project is aimed at the synthesis of semiconducting Zno nanopar-ticles for gas sensing applications. it turns out that such particles have surprisingly good sensitivity towards o2 and even nox in the temperature range 350-500 °c.

Organic Analytical Chemistry

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Associate Professor: Roger Sävenhed

Activities

Research in Analytical Chemistry is focused on the application of different analytical techniques related to technical, environ-mental, medical and forensic projects.

We participate in projects regarding the regional and large-scale distribution of natural and anthropogenic compounds in the envirnonment.

Chemical methods are developed for the analysis of techni-cal products in relation to an artificial nose and an artificial tongue.

Sophisticated analytical instruments are empolyed in the different studies e.g. GC-FID, GC-ECD, GC-MS, CE-DAD, HPLC-UV and HPLC- MS.

Chemistry Highlights

I. Patrik Lundström have been appointed as ”LiU postdoc research fellow” and he is are now building an independent research group

II. Per-Olov Käll has been appointed as professor in inorganic chemistry.

III. Dr Maria Sunnerhagen has spent a year of sabbatical at University of Toronto, selected and sponsored by Swedish VINNOVA to promote knowledge and technology transfer.

IV. Using 1H−15N HSQC NMR spectroscopy, Museth, Brors-son, Lundqvist, Tibell and Jonsson, (Biochemistry, 2009, 48 (37), pp 8817–8829) have analyzed hydrogen exchange at the amide groups of wild-type CuZnSOD and the ALS-associated G93A SOD variant. From analyses of the exchange pattern it is apparent that the G93A mutation had no effect on the dynam-ics at a majority of the investigated positions. As expected, the mutation results in local destabilization at the site of the muta-tion. However, most remarkably, the mutation selectively desta-bilized the remote metal binding region (see fig VII. below). The results indicate that the metal binding region may affect the intermolecular protein−protein interactions, which cause formation of the potentially toxic protein aggregates.

fig Vii. the g93a mutation (upper left) in cuZnsoD selec-tively destabilizes the metal binding region (lower right)

V. An article in ACS chemical biology (2009), by the research groups of Peter Nilsson, Peter Konradsson and Per Ham-marström, showing the proof-of principle of using novel lumi-nescent conjugated oligothiophenes (LCOs) as amyloid specific agents for real time in vivo imaging of protein aggregates in cerebral amyloidoses, such as Alzheimer’s disease . Especially, the use of the anionic LCO, p-FTAA as a conformation sensi-tive optical probe for spectral assignment of A-beta aggre-gates or neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), the two pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease were highlighted (see figure VIII). These novel LCOs were also used for showing a novel natural form of amyolid. The study, “Functional amyloids as natural storage of peptide hormones in pituitary secretory granules.” was published as a paper in Science (Maji, SK, et al. Science 2009, 325:328-332.)

fig. Viii a) chemical structure of the anionic lco, p-ftaa. b) real time in vivo imag-ing of a-beta aggregates with p-ftaa in the brain of a transgenic mouse model for alzheimer’s disease. c) p-ftaa stained a-beta aggregates (green arrows) and nfts (red arrows) in a brain tissue sample from a patient with alzheimer’s disease.

VI. A study from the Hammarström lab in collaboration with Stefan Thor has demonstrated the use of Drosophila Mela-nogaster as a potent model for familial amyloidotic polyneu-ropathy (Skellefteåsjukan). The flies harboring the human disease gene (transthyretin mutant V30M) displayed neuronal degradation, amyloid accumulation resulting in decreased ac-tivity and shortened lifespan. (Berg, Thor, Hammarström Neu-rodegenerative diseases 2009.

fig iX. manifestations of a human amyloidosis in a fruit fly. the study “modeling familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (transthyretin V30m) in Drosophila melanogaster” by Berg, i, thor, s and hammarström, p. was published in neurodegener Dis. 2009, 6(3):127-38..

VII. Recent data obtained in Hammarström’s lab in col-laboration with Peter Nilsson have revealed the amyloid fibril formation pathway of the human prion protein (PrP). Under near physiologic conditions PrP formed initial disordered as-semblies from which fibrils protruded in a classic nucleation dependent step. The study represents the first prion study from the IFM prion research lab featuring only LiU researchers and was featured as the cover story ( Fig X) of the Prion journal in the Oct/Nov/Dec issue of 2009.


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fig.X cover of the journal prion issue featuring the article:. “amyloid fibrils of human prion protein are spun and woven from morphologically disordered aggregates” alm-stedt, K, nyström, s, nilsson Kpr, and hammarström p prion. 2009 oct;3(4):224-35.

VIII. Patrik Lundström and collaborators at University of To-ronto have developed selective isotopic labeling schemes and NMR experiments to characterize millisecond dynamics in proteins. It is now possible to study conformational exchange using all atomic nuclei of the protein backbone as probes and the new methods in principle allow structure calculations of short lived protein states like folding intermediates (Lundström et al., Nat. Protoc., 2009)

IX. Annika Lenz successfully defended her thesis Theoretical investigations of water clusters, ice clathrates and functional-ized nanoparticles in June 2009. Her work together with Lars Ojamäe and coworkers has been published in for instance PNAS during the year (The inhomogeneous structure of water at ambient conditions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15214, 2009). (see fig XI below)

fig Xi

X. Silver nanowires, i.e. nanorods with an extremely high as-pect ratio, are very interesting due to their electrical and ther-mal properties in combination with high stability. Becker et al. have recently demonstrated the synthesis of Ag nanowires in an aqueous medium, using as templates aromatic organic molecules. The wires have a length of several micrometers and a width of about 30 nm, as shown in the TEM micrographs in Fig XII below. (Becker, Söderlind, Liedberg, Käll, Materials Letters, dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2010.01.072)

fig Xii

XI. Recently Moparthi, Hammarström and Carlsson showed that arginine-55 is nonessential for catalysis of proline isomeri-zation by cyclophilin 18 during protein folding. This amino ac-id has for several years been assigned to play a crucial catalytic role for this important folding catalyst, a characteristic that, however, appears to be restricted to small peptide substrates (Moparthi et al. Prot. Sci. 2009).


Material PhysicsGeneral Information

ReseARch Divisions AnD pRoFessoRs

• Functional Electronic Materials:Weimin Chen, HeadIrina Buyanova

• Nanostructured Materials: Magnus Odén, HeadBo Jansson (Adjunct from SECO Tools AB)

• Plasma and Coatings Physics: Ulf Helmersson, HeadNils Brenning (Adjunct from KTH, Stockholm)

• Semiconductor Materials:(Formerly Materials Science) Erik Janzén, Head

Per-Olof HoltzLeif JohanssonRositza YakimovaBo Monemar (emeritus)Satoshi Kamiyama (Adjunct from Meijo Univ.)

• Surface Physics and Chemistry: Mats Fahlman, HeadWilliam Salaneck (emeritus, honorary Nanjing)Koung-An Chao (emeritus)

• Surface and Semiconductor Physics: Roger Uhrberg, HeadGöran Hansson (Prefect of IFM)Wei-Xin Ni

• Thin Film Physics: Lars Hultman, HeadJens BirchPeter Isberg, Adjunct from ABB Corp. ResearchJoseph E Greene (Adjunct from Univ. Illinois)Ivan Petrov (Adjunct from Univ. Illinois)Michel Barsoum (Adjunct from Drexel Univ.)

steeRing coMMittee

Lars Hultman (Head), Erik Janzén (Deputy Head), Weimin Chen, Mats Fahlman, Ulf Helmersson, Magnus Odén and Roger Uhrberg.

lARgeR ReseARch pRogRAMMes

• ERC Advanced Grant (Hultman)• EU-Epitaxial Graphene Transistor, EPIGRAT (Janzén et al.) • KORRIGAN – A Comprehensive Initiative for GaN HEMT

Technology in Europe (Janzén et al)• Government Strategic Faculty Grant in Materials Science

(Hultman et al.)• VR Linnaeus Center (Hultman et al.)• VR SiC Material för Energy Efficient Power electronics

(Janzén et al)• VINNEX Center FunMat (Hultman et al.)• SIMARC (magnetic resonance research) Nordic Research

Center (Chen et al.)• SSF Coordinated Grant in Materials Science (MultiFilms)

in 2009 (Odén et al.)• SSF Nano-N (Holtz et al.)• SSF Strategic Res. Center MS2E (Hultman et al.)• SSF project: III-nitrides for UV and high frequency applica-

tions (Janzén et al)• The Linköping Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnol-

ogy CeNano (Hultman, Chair)


The Material Physics Area is the largest research unit of the Faculty and is internationally recognized as a strong research environment. It engages 150 persons, including over 50 PhD students.

The research is of a basic experimental character, but direct collaboration with industry is essential in many projects. Theoretical modelling is a natural part of many projects.

The research activities include growth of a variety of mate-rial structures with different techniques, mainly PVD-, CVD- and sublimation-based. The materials studied span a broad field, such as metallic thin films, semiconductor materials, nanostructures, and organic structures.

We operate several advanced laboratories; mostly in clean room environment. Advanced characterization tech-niques include electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, FIB, EELS, CL) and surface studies (ARUPS, STM, AFM, XRR, ERDA), partly at external synchrotron radiation facilities, but also ex-tensively optical, transport and magnetic resonance techniques. Collaboration with foreign laboratories is typical for all re-search groups; in fact most published papers have international co-authors.

eDucAtion

The researchers are heavily involved in under-graduate teach-ing in physics, nanotechnology, and materials science (more than 30 courses). About 10 graduate courses for PhD students are also given each year.

Prof P O Holtz is Director of the Graduate Education at IFM.

Prof. L I Johansson is Director for undergraduate teaching in Physics of the Engineering programs at IFM. He is also Di-rector of the Master Education in Materials Physics at LiTH.

In 2009 we examined 12 diploma works, 1 licentiate thesis, and 5 PhD theses.

technology tRAnsFeR

Our research has generated high-tech industries like Norstel AB in Norrköping, producing SiC substrates, Epigress AB in Lund, producing SiC growth systems, and Impact Coatings AB in Linköping, developing PVD-processes and equipment for functional and decorative thin films. Several patent applica-tions were filed in 2009.

highlights

• We are part of the Linköping Univ. Fund Raising Cam-paign; www.liu.se/expanding_excellence.

TheSemiconductorEnergyandEnvironmentalMaterialsInitiative(SENMAT)(www.liu.se/senmat) makes production-oriented research of new materials and applications based on hexagonal and cubic SiC, AlN, and graphene. produced by the Fast Sublimation Growth Process developed at Linköping. Nordic Energy Research, SSF (collaboration with CTH) and Ångpanneföreningen support this initiative. Senmat was also high-lighted in the press, radio, and television.

the image shows new energy and environmental materials which are produced with the fast sublimation growth process, a technol-ogy which has been developed at linköping university.


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• In 2009, we placed an order for a FEI Titan3 Transmission Electron Microscope. The instrument will be monochro-matized and have double spherical aberration correction as well as a fast EELS spectrometer. The concept laboratory building for the instrument to be placed close to the Phys-ics Building is shown below. Courtesy of Tham & Videgård Hansson Arkitekter.

Functional Electronic Materials (cms.ifm.liu.se/materialphysics/funcel/)

stAFF

• ProfessorsWeimin Chen, Head of DivisionIrina Buyanova

• Visiting scientists and post-docs:Dr. Hélène CarrèreDr. Alexander FionovDr. Vladimir Kalevich Dr. Sun-Kyun LeeDr. Natalia RozhkovaProf. Leonid VlasenkoDr. Deyong WangDr. Xingjun Wang

• PhD students:Jan BeyerShula ChenDaniel DagnelundYuttapoom Puttisong

• Administrative/Technical staff:Lejla KronbäckArne Eklund

suMMARy oF Activities.

In the Functional Electronic Materials Division, we conduct scientific research on electronic, magnetic and optical prop-erties of semiconductor materials and nanostructures. The

materials systems under study in 2009 include: (i) advanced spintronic materials based on II-VI and III-V semiconductors; (ii) novel photonic materials based on dilute nitrides; (iii) ZnO-based materials and nanostructures; and (iv) self-assembled InAs/GaAs nanostructures. The research has been carried out mostly through a close collaboration with many groups worldwide. Our aim is to obtain a better understanding of fun-damental physical properties and a good control of materials properties, and to fully explore functionality of the studied ma-terials for applications in future generation micro- and nano-electronics and photonics, spintronics, as well as in potential multifunctional devices and systems.

In the area of spintronic semiconductors, several materials and structures were investigated. We have carried detailed studies of spin dynamics and spin injection mechanism from a diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) ZnMnSe to CdSe quantum dots (QD). We have continued and extended studies of our recently discovered room temperature spin-filtering in a non-magnetic semiconductor such as Ga(In)NAs. We have investigated the effectiveness of the spin-filtering in thin quan-tum wells, aiming at incorporating and optimizing the spin-enabling functionality in nanostructures.

For dilute nitrides like Ga(In)NAs and Ga(Al,In)NP, the pres-ence of harmful residual defects is still one of the major ob-stacles preventing the materials from practical applications in photonics and optoelectronics. In 2009, we have continued our experimental efforts to identify non-radiative defects responsi-ble for deteriorating optical quality of the materials.

In the area of ZnO-based materials, several topics were ad-dressed. We have investigated native defects such as O and Zn vacancies in as-grown bulk ZnO and their role in light emis-sion. Studies of ZnO nanostructures, e.g. nano rods and tetra-pods, were carried out with an emphasis on exciton dynamics and exciton-phonon coupling. Effects of size, shape, structural and surface quality on the optical properties of individual na-nostructures were studied.

In 2009, we have conducted detailed studies of self-assembled InAs/GaAs QD, QD molecules and rings. Special attention was paid to spin generation, spin injection and spin detection, and other issues that are relevant to spintronics and quantum computation.

We have also been actively involved in the education program for undergraduate students. During the year, the courses in “Semiconductor Technology” (TFFY39) and “Perspectives on Physics” (TFFM12) were given.

highlights:

figure 1 Band-to-band light emission from ganas at room temperature. spin block-ade of non-radiative carrier recombination via gai interstitial defects led to 800% increase in emitting light intensity as compared with that without spin blockade.

• Dominant recombination centers in Ga(In)NAs alloys: Ga interstitials

We have provided unambiguous experimental evidence that the defects involving Gai are the common grown-in defects in Ga(In)NAs alloys, regardless of the growth methods employed for material fabrication ranging from gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), solid-source MBE, to metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). They acted as efficient non-radiative recombination centers which controled carrier lifetime and degraded light-emitting efficiency of the alloys and their optoelectronic devices. The defects formation was concluded to become thermodynamically favorable under the presence of N, possibly because of local strain compensation. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 241904 (2009)).

• Identification of oxygen and zinc vacancies in as-grown ZnO single crystals

The oxygen and zinc vacancies were unambiguously shown to be formed in as-grown ZnO bulk crystals grown from melt without subjecting to irradiation, from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) studies. Both defects were detected in the EPR measurements, but only Zn vacancies observed in the ODMR experiments. This may imply a more important role of the lat-ter in carrier recombination. It was also shown that whereas concentrations of both defects could be reduced by post growth annealing, the Zn vacancy exhibited higher thermal stability. (J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 42, 175411 (2009)).

• Spin injection in lateral InAs quantum dot structures by op-tical orientation spectroscopy

Optical spin injection was studied in novel laterally arranged self-assembled InAs/GaAs QD structures, by using optical orientation measurements in combination with tuneable laser spectroscopy. It was shown that spins of uncorrelated free car-riers were better conserved during the spin injection than the spins of correlated electrons and holes in an exciton. This was attributed to efficient spin relaxation promoted by the electron-hole exchange interaction of the excitons. Our finding sug-

gested that separate carrier injection, such as that employed in electrical spin injection devices, can be advantageous for spin conserving injection. (Nanotechnology 20, 375401 (2009), and invited journal highlights article http://nanotechweb.org/cws/article/lab/40357).

figure 2 top: atomic force microscopy images of the investigated inas QD structures: single QDs (sQD), double QDs (DQD) and QD rings (QDr). Bot-tom: photoluminescence intensity and polarization of the QDs as a function of photon energy of circularly polarized excitation light, showing a decrease of spin polarization in the QDs under exciton spin injection (light orange sec-tion) as compared to free carrier spin injection (light blue section).

collABoRAtions:

We have active scientific cooperation with many international groups. Several scientific exchange programs have been es-tablished and sponsored by (i) the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) (Tohoku University, Japan, and University of Florida, USA); (ii) the Swedish Research council (VR) and Swedish In-ternational Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) through the Swedish Research Link program (Fudan University, Chi-na); and (iii) the Swedish Institute through the Visby program (Moscow State University, Russia). Below is a short list of our scientific partners with whom we have had joint scientific pub-lications in 2009.• University of California, San Diego, USA, Prof. C.W. Tu • Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, USA, Profs. S.J. Pearton, C.R.

Abernathy and D. Norton• Hokkaido University, Japan, Prof. A. Murayama• Tohoku University, Japan, Prof. Y. Oka• University of Toulouse, France, Prof. X. Marie• LPN, France, Dr. J.C. Harmand• A F Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russia, Prof. Leonid

Vlasenko, Dr. Vladimir Kalevich• National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA, Dr. Aaron J.

Ptak• Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörpelektronik, Germany, Prof.

H. Riechert, Dr. L. Geelhaar


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Nanostructured Materials

stAFF

Professors:Magnus Odén, Bo JanssonAssistant Professors:José Manuel Córdoba, Naureen GhafoorMats JohanssonPost-docs:Klara Asp GrönhagenPhD students:Mohamed Ballem, Emma JohanssonAxel Knutsson, Lina RogströmJianqiang Zhu, Jennifer UllbrandRickard Forsén, Niklas NorrbyDiploma studentsKlara Kemmer, Hao Tso TsaiNai-Yuan Ku, David DilnerAdminstrative and Technical Staff:Therese Dannetun, Karl-Olof BrolinVisiting researchers:Edwin Escalera, Andreas EngströmJesper Stjernberg

geneRAl inFoRMAtion

The division of Nanostructured Materials was established 1 April 2007. The group is a direct effect of the fact that several research centers was granted IFM (i.e. FunMat, LiLi-NFM, and MS2E). In 2009 SSF granted the group an additional Mate-rial Science program called MultiFilms. Naturally most of the Nanostructured Materials group’s research activities are related to these centers.

The scientific aim of the group conforms to the material science paradigm: understanding of the synthesis, microstructure evolution and material properties of nanostructured materials of industrial interest.

ReseARch pRogRAMs

• Hard coatings: The thermomechanical properties of na-nostructured reactive arc evaporated ceramic materials are studied in model systems that include a miscibility gap. Special interest is paid to the kinetics of the decomposition process in hard coatings and how it is influenced by the environment. Here we use high energy SAXS, and DSC as tools to in situ study the formation of nm-sized particles within the solid solution. STEM and 3D-atom probe in combination with phase field and ab-initio calculations are used to further advance the understanding. In addition the microstructure evolution of alloyed cathode surface is also studied.

• Composite materials: Electroless copper deposition on car-bon nanofibers is studied in order to obtain an engineered Cu-C interface and a C-Cu with an improved thermal con-ductivity. Electroless deposition is also used to infiltrate mesoporous materials with different metal atoms.

• Mesoporous materials: Synthesis of different types of pore structures with a variable pore size (3-300 Å) based on mi-celles and how to use these mesoporous materials as chemi-cal microreactors.

scientiFic highlights

• Discovered the possibility to melt and solidify nanosized Al-grain without coarsening when located in a MAX-phase matrix.

• Reactive arc evaporated ZrAlN shows a thermally stable na-nocrystalline structure which exhibits age hardening.

• Mesoporous materials have been synthesized (SBA-15 and SBA-16) and by adding different swelling agents the pore size with Å-precision can controlled.

• Improved thermal stability of TiAlN when properly archi-tectured in nm-sized layers such that growth of precipitates is hindered.

hardness and calorimetry data showing improved thermal stabil-ity of tialn in a multilayer structure compared to a monolith

• Proposed a model for how nitrogen is incorporated in the microstructure of an arc evaporation cathode.

• Established a phase filed model for the microstructure evo-lution in metastable TiAlN.

simulation of the early stages of decomposition in tialn

collABoRAtion

• Drs J. Almer, U. Leinert, and J. Ilavsky, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, USA

• Prof. W. Clegg, Cambridge University.• Dr J. Molina, IMDEA Materials, Spain• Industrial partners such as SECO Tools, Sandvik

Tooling, Ionbond, and Element Six.

Plasma & Coatings Physics

stAFF

Ulf Helmersson, professor, Nils Brenning, adjunct professorDaniel Söderström, assistant professorPetter Larsson, research engineerDaniel Lundin, PhD-studentMattias Samuelsson, PhD-studentMontri Aiempanakit, PhD-studentUlrika Isaksson, PhD-studentDaniel Magnfält, PhD-studentAsim Aijaz, PhD-studentSankara Pillay, research assistantMikael Amlé, administrative assistantRikard Forsén, master studentEkaterina Rezugina, visiting PhD-studentYoichi Nagata, visiting PhD-student

geneRAl inFoRMAtion

The Plasma & Coatings Division works with fundamental and applied research in the field of thin film materials. An im-portant part of the research is focused on the development of the potentially very important deposition process high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS). This technique opens another dimension in the control of thin film synthesis, since the film forming particles are charged and therefore control-lable.

The pioneering work that has been done in the group on HiPIMS is continuing. The work span from fundamental plasma investigations and modeling to different applications such as metal plasma cleaning and activation processes, direct ion implantation, low temperature and advanced film growth, and the synthesis of new materials. Some achievements are re-ported under Scientific Highlights.

A new area for the group is using plasma technology for rapid growth of complex nanoparticles. Some initial results are reported below.

scientiFic highlights in 2009

HiPIMS – increased film densityWhen the microstructural appearance of films deposited by HiPIMS are compared to those of conventional sputtering they are often described as smooth and dense, although the actual density is seldom measured. A systematic study of densities comparing films from eight different metals deposited by HiPIMS and conventional sputtering has been performed. The results confirm, for the first time, significant density increase for films grown by HiPIMS. This increase for the individual

metal was found to correlate to the degree of metal ionization of the particular element as calculated using a newly developed global plasma model. HiPIMS plasma properties

HiPIMS – reactive sputteringIn the field of reactive sputtering we have worked with several materials. Here is one example: TiC was grown using a gas mixture of argon and acetylene with a titanium target. The results show that when using HiPIMS the process window is widened and its stability increased as compared to the conven-tional sputtering process. Also the film properties are improved in that the formation and growth of carbide is promoted in the HiPIMS process, and the normally encountered difficulties in the process are avoided.

HiPIMS – plasma propertiesThe total energy flux during the HiPIMS discharge was meas-ured using thermal probes as seen in Figure 1. It was found that the substrate heating is reduced in the HiPIMS process compared to conventional direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) at the same average power. Furthermore, the heating due to radial energy flux (parallel to the magnetron surface) reached as much as 60 % of the axial energy flux, which is likely a result of the anomalous transport of charged species present in the HiPIMS discharge, causing a large fraction of the highly energetic ions being transported sideways and lost to the walls.

figure 1. energy flux using hipims at 500 W measured with the thermal probe facing the magnetron surface.

In order to gain a better understanding of the complete dis-charge pulse, as well as providing a link between the HiPIMS and DCMS discharge regimes, the current and voltage charac-teristics were investigated for discharge pulses longer than 100 μs. Based on the experimental findings it was suggested that high-current transients commonly seen in the HiPIMS process cause a depletion of the working gas in the area in front of the target, and thereby a transition to a DCMS-like high voltage, lower current regime as seen in Figure 2.


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figure 2. current characteristics plotted for a fixed discharge potential of 700 V for different discharge pulse lengths. the low current plateau is stable at about 3.5 a, but gets cut off for different pulse lengths.

References: D. Lundin et al, J. Phys. D 42, 185202 (2009), D. Lundin et al, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18, 045008 (2009), and N. Brenning et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 225003 (2009)

NanoparticlesA novel method for plasma synthesis of nanoparticles (particles with sizes in the range of a few to hundreds of nanometers) was developed. In the first tests, we have synthesized Titanium and Molybdenum nanoparticles (see figures 3, 4, and 5). Our method allows us to create advanced nanoparticles with a core-shell structures of a wide range of materials. Computer models have also been developed, that show that we may have more than a hundred times the growth rate of the nanoparticles as compared to conventional plasma synthesis techniques. The experiments we have done with our method shows that we have a rapid growth of the nanoparticles, as can bee seen in e.g. fig-ure 2, where 500 nm particles were synthesized in a short time (on the order of micro seconds). A patenting process for the novel method was initiated during the year.

figure 3: tem image of single crystal ti nanoparticles, about 200 nm in width. they also have a thin oxide shell.

figure 4: sem image of mo nanoparticles, with diameters about 500 nm.

figure 5: tem image of a single crystal mo nanopar-ticle with a diameter around 200 nm.

Half-Heusler (NiMn)MnSb – from ab initio calculations to synthesis

In a joint theoretical and experimental project, we have grown half-Heusler structured (NiMn)MnSb with varying Ni-Mn composition by DC magnetron sputtering. NiMnSb is known to be a so-called half-metal far below room temperature, which means that it is metallic for spin up electrons but a semicon-ductor for spin down electrons. This remarkable property has made it a popular candidate for spin electronic (spintronics) applications. Ab initio calculations predict that by substituting Ni with extra Mn, strong magnetic interactions are obtained, which may pave the way for half-metallicity even at room tem-perature. A critical issue is for the alloy to be grown with the half-Heusler crystal structure. See obtained results in fig 6.

figure 6: X-ray diffraction performed on our samples indicating that for both stoi-chiometric samples (blue) and for one with over 10% mn surplus (red), the desired half-heusler crystal structure (indicated by marks above the x-axis) is indeed obtained.

AwARDs 2009

• Daniel Lundin received 100 000 SEK from IVA for being the best student in the Mentor4Research program 2009.

• Daniel Lundin has received the CIP student grant from the French Vacuum Society (SFV) for best student oral presen-tation at the CIP 09 conference in Marseille.

• Daniel Lundin was ranked 65 among 101 “Supertalents” by the Swedish business journal, Veckans Affärer.

inviteD lectuRes given DuRing 2009

• High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering; Plasma Condi-tions, Reactive Sputtering, and Film Growth, Ulf Helmers-son, The 10:th International Symposium on Sputtering & Plasma Processes, 8 th July 2009, Kanazawa, Japan

• High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering - the sputter-ing technique for tomorrow!, Ulf Helmersson, International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering (PSE 2009), 20th September 2009, Busan, Republic of Korea plenarytalk

• Ionized-PVD with HiPIMS - The future of Sputter Deposi-tion?, Ulf Helmersson, Sixteenth International Summer School on Vacuum, Electron, and Ion Technologies, 28 Sep-tember 2009, Sunny Beach, Bulgaria

AcADeMic AnD inDustRiAl collABoRAtion pARtneRs (outside the department) in on-going pRoJects oR Joint puBlicAtions 2009:

• Prof JT Gudmundsson, and co-workers, Science Institute, University of Iceland

• Dr Tomas Kubart, Uppsala University• Prof H Kersten and co-workers, Kiel University, Germany• Prof MA Raadu, KTH, Stockholm• Prof. JE Greene, University of Illionois, USA• M Lattemann, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Ger-

many• RL Merlino, Dep of Physics and Astronomy, University of

Iowa, USA• Prof. W Möller and co-workers, Forschungszentrum Dres-

den-Rossendorf, Germany• E Rezugina and Prof Y Tessier, Université d’Orléans,

France• Yoich Nagata and Prof Akitoshi Okino, Tokyo Institute of

Technology

• Prof J Boettiger and co-workers, Aarhus University, Den-mark

• Drs H Ljungcrantz and H Högberg, Impact Coatings AB, Sweden

• Prof J Bradley, University of Liverpool, UK• E Jaremalm, Midsummer AB, Sweden• B Stevens and Prof S Barnett, Northwestern University,

USA• A Bulliard and G Eichenhofer, Solvix SA, Switzerland• Drs J Alami and G Erkens, Sulzer Metaplas GmbH, Ger-

many• Prof T Minea and co-workers, Université Paris-Sud, France

Semiconductor Materialswww2.ifm.liu.se/semicond/

stAFF

• Professors: Erik Janzén, Per Olof Holtz, Leif Johansson, Rositsa Yakimova (emerita) and Bo Monemar (emeritus).

• Associate professors (docents): Peder Bergman, Anne Hen-ry, Ivan Ivanov, Anelia Kakanakova, Plamen Paskov, Galia Pozina, Nguyen Tien Son, Mikael Syväjärvi, Qamar-ul Wa-hab, Vanya Darakchieva, Carl Hemmingsson, Olle Kordina.

• Assistant professors: Chariya Virojanadara, Fredrik Karls-son, Urban Forsberg.

• Post docs: Gholamreza Yazdi, Jawad ul-Hassan, Milena Be-shkova, Somsakul Watcharinyanon.

• Visiting scientists: Alexey Toropov, Chun-Chiang Kuo, Evgenii Moskalenko, Hashim Raza Khan, Hisashi Mu-rakami, Hyunchol Cho, Nebiha Ben Sedrine, Qing Xiang Zhao, Sadia Muniza Faraz, Tatiana Shubina, Volodymyr Khranovskyy, Yen-Ting Chen.

• PhD students: Ahsan Ullah Kashif, Anders Lundskog, An-dreas Gällström, Arvid Larsson, Björn Magnusson, Chih-Wei Hsu , Daniel Dufåker, Daniel Nilsson, Franziska Beyer, Jr-Tai Chen, Mengyao Xie, Patrick Carlsson, Remigijus Vasiliauskas,, Sher Azam, Stefano Leone, Supaluck Amloy, Susanna Stammbach.

• Others: Rickard Liljedahl, Valdas Jokubavicius, Tihomir Iakimov.

• Administrative/Technical staff: Eva Wibom, Arne Eklund, Sven Andersson.


The research activities in the Semiconductor Materials Divi-sion cover a broad spectrum, dominated by basic research. The projects are mainly funded by external agencies, partly with di-rect industry collaboration. There is a strong international co-operation within most research projects. The present research program can be divided into the following partly overlapping areas:- preparation and characterization of epitaxial films and bulk material of semiconductors with chemical vapor deposition (CVD), liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and sublimation techniques, with a strong emphasis on SiC and III-nitrides. The charac-terization includes surface and interface properties, structural


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properties, optical properties and transport properties. - investigation of properties of dopants and defects in a large variety of semiconductors, including structural as well as elec-tronic properties. The latter covers bulk, surface and interface defects, with several techniques including laser spectroscopy and magnetic resonance. - preparation and investigation of the electronic properties of semiconductor quantum structures and nanostructures such as heterostructures, quantum wells, quantum wires and dots, and superlattices, with various spectroscopic techniques in several material systems. - studies of the electronic structure of III-nitride materials in-cluding defects and H-related properties.- fabrication and characterization of graphene on SiC.- development of GaN and AlGaN/GaN HEMT structures for high-frequency power devices and Al-rich AlGaN heterostruc-tures for laser diodes (LDs) and light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the UV (<400 nm) and deep UV (DUV, <300 nm) spectra regions.- fabrication and characterisation of TiO2.- simulation, design and fabrication (with the collaboration with FOI) of RF and microwave power transistors based on SiC and GaN. Research activities in this division during 2009 have produced ~ 60 papers published in high quality international journals, ~ 50 conference proceedings papers with peer review and 4 book chapters. During the year 20 invited talks were given by the staff at international conferences or symposia. The researchers of the division are well cited in international journals, the SCI citations of papers cited for the researchers in the division cover about 16500 ISI citations since 1975. The highlights of the research work are presented at our website: http://www2.ifm.liu.se/semicond/. An undated list of publica-tions can be search in Linköping University (LiU) data base: http://liu.diva-portal.org/smash/searchlist.jsf?searchId=2The budget for research in our division was about 28MSEK during the period 090101-091231, excluding equipment grants. The major part of this budget comes from external sources. The faculty support for research was about 9 MSEK for the year. External grants originate mainly from VR, the Swedish Strategic Research Foundation (SSF), Swedish Energy Agency and EC. In addition there is a strong support from and intimate cooperation with several industries, mainly Norstel and Aix-tron AB, and with the Defense Research Institute FOI. The Division was during 2009 engaged in several European research projects and Nordic project:• KORRIGAN – A Comprehensive Initiative for GaN HEMT

Technology in Europe.• MANSiC– A FP6 project for promoting and structuring a

Multidisplinary Academic-inductrial Networt through the heteropolytype growth, chracterisation and application of 3C-SiC on hexagonal substrates.

• NORLED– The N-Inner project with partners from Swe-den, Denmark, Germany and Norway develops an innova-tive and industrially feasible white LED technology for general lighting.

• Two PhD students (Jawad ul-Hassan, PhD exam 2009-03-

26: “Epitaxial Growth and Characterisation of SiC for High Power Devices”, Sher Azam, PhD exam 2009-09-10: “Mi-crowave power devices and amplifiers for radar and com-munication systems”) and four diploma works graduated in 2009.

The Division is very active in teaching and has the responsibil-ity for about 20 undergraduate and graduate courses at IFM. highlights

TwoMgrelatedacceptorsinGaN.(B Monemar, PP Paskov, G Pozina, JP Bergman, C Hemmingsson). As part of an inter-national collaboration we have been able to study Mg doping in MOCVD grown layers on bulk GaN substrates, allowing a detailed study of bound exciton properties. The surprising result is that Mg causes two different acceptor states in GaN, with very similar hole binding energy. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 235501 (2009)).

Hydrogenasoriginofn-typeconductivityinInN.(V Dar-akchieva, B Monemar). In another international collaboration involving several groups MBE-grown InN materials were studied. Experiments with infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry combined with He+ elastic recoil detection analysis clearly demonstrate that hydrogen accumulates in the near surface region of InN during postgrowth handling, and that H is likely to be responsible for the n-type behaviour of bulk InN as well. (Appl. Phys. Lett., in press, 2010).

Theinternalstructureofacceptorboundexcitonsinwurtzitesemiconductors.(B Gil, P Bigenwald, PP Paskov, B Monemar) Acceptor bound excitons in wide bandgap wurtzite semicon-ductors are described in the context of angular momentum algebra by constructing the wave functions of the two-hole sys-tem that fulfill Pauli’s exclusion’s principle an then adding the electron states to complete the complex. We discuss the sym-metry and splitting of the states and the optical selection rules for the acceptor bound exciton recombination. Our theoretical results are compared with experimental data for CdS and GaN. (Phys. Rev. B 81, 085211 (2010)).

IntrinsicdefectsinGaN. (NT Son, C Hemmingsson, T Paskova, KR Evans, A Usui, N. Morishita, T. Ohshima, J. Isoya, B Monemar, E. Janzén). In collaboration with several international groups on crystal growth and electron irradiation, we were able to identify the gallium vacancy-oxygen pair in the negative charge state (VGaON)– in GaN by electron para-magnetic resonance (EPR). Using photo-EPR, the (1-/2-) and (0/-) acceptor levels of the complex were determined to be at ~1.2-1.4 eV and at ~0.94 eV above the valence band maximum, respectively. (Phys. Rev. B 80, 153202 (2009)).

ThesiliconvacancyinSiC.(E Janzén, A Gali, P Carlsson, A Gällström, B Magnusson, NT Son). The isolated silicon va-cancy (VSi) is one of the basic intrinsic defects in SiC. Based on new experimental data and new calculations on the VSi levels, a new model that explains the optical transitions and the magnet-ic resonance signals observed as occurring in the singly nega-tive charge state of VSi in 4H and 6H SiC is proposed. (Physica B 404, 4354 (2009)).

Interstitialdefectsin3C-SiC.(NT Son, E Janzén, J Isoya, N Morishita, H Hanaya, H Takizawa, T Ohshima, A Gali). Interstitial-related defects in 3C-SiC irradiated with 2 MeV electrons at 77 K were studied by EPR. Combining EPR and ab initio calculations we have identified the Si vacancy-interstitial Frenkel pair in the 3+ charge state. The electronic structure of the defect, its thermal stability and migration path are investi-gated. (Phys. Rev. B 80, 125201 (2009)).

Carbonvacancylevelsin4H-SiC.(P Carlsson, NT Son, F C Beyer, H Pedersen, J Isoya, N Morishita, T Ohshima, E Janzén). Defects created by low-energy (200 keV) electron ir-radiation in 4H-SiC were studied by EPR and deep level tran-sient spectroscopy (DLTS). Combined data from photo-EPR and DLTS suggest that the EH6/7 (at ~EC-1.6 eV) and EH5 (at ~ EC-1.0 eV) electron traps may be related to the single donor and double acceptor levels, respectively, of the carbon vacancy. Judging form the relative intensity of DLTS signal, the EH6/7 level may also be contributed by other unidentified defects. (Phys. Status Solidi Rapid Res. Lett. 3, 121 (2009)).

Dicarbonantisitedefectinn-type4H-SiC.(T Umeda, J Isoya, N Morishita, T Ohshima, E Janzén, A Gali). In an inter-national collaboration study of defect in irradiated n-typ 4H-SiC using EPR and first-principles calculation, the negatively charged dicarbon antisite at the cubic and hexagonal lattice sites were identified. (Phys. Rev. B 79, 115211 (2009).

ElectricalcharacterisationofSiC.(FC Beyer, C Hemmers-son, A Henry, E Janzén). After low-energy (200 keV) electron irradiation of epitaxial n-type 4H-SiC, the signals of the Z1/2 and EH6/7 DLTS defect levels, which are often observed in as-grown epitaxial layers, increased and the commonly found peaks EH1 and EH3 appeared. New bistable defects, the EB-centers, evolved after annealing out of the M, EH1 and EH3 are likely carbon-related defects.

SiCepitaxialgrowthbyCVDtechniques.(A Henry, S Leone, J ul Hassan, JP Bergman, S Andersson , E Janzén)

Developmentoftheon-axisepitaxialgrowthprocessfornon-degradingPiNdiodes. To avoid basal plane dislocation to penetrate from the substrate to the epitaxial layer growth on nominally on-axis has been developed. The main obstacle was to avoid the formation of parasitic 3C polytytpe inclusion. 100% 4H polytype was obtained in the epilayer on 2” waferusing growth parameters with Si-rich conditions at the begin-ning of the growth. Simple PiN diodes were processed on the on-axis material, and tested for bipolar degradation. More than 70 % of these showed a stable forward voltage.

Improvedmorphologyforepitaxialgrowthon4°off-axis4H-SiCsubstrates. Epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC on 4° off-axis 4H-SiC substrates has been investigated in the horizontal hot-wall CVD reactor. Smooth epilayer (RMS as low as 0.3 nm for a 6 µm thick epilayer ) without step-bunching and triangular defects on 75 mm diameter wafer has been achieved using lower growth temperatures and low C/Si ratio than for 8° off axis or vicinal on-axis growth. The key parameters were then

transferred to a chloride-based growth process and used to grow epilayers at ten times higher growth rate (28 µm/h). (J. Cryst. Growth 311, 3265 (2009)).

Chloride-basedSiCepitaxialgrowth. Effects of additional HCl to the standard procusor in chloride-based epitaxy us-ing single molecule precursor methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) has been investigated. It is found that MTS is the most efficient precursor and that the growth becomes carbon limited at C/Si<1. We have investigated dopant incorporation and successfully improved of surface morphology by using the Cl-based epitaxial process (J. Cryst. Growth 311,1321 (2009) and J. Cryst. Growth 311, 3364 (2009))

Concentratedchloride-basedCVDof4H-SiCondiffer-entoff-anglessubstrates.A systematic study of the effect of gas speed on the growth rate, uniformity and morphology of 4H-SiC epitaxial layers grown on substrates with different off-angles. 2” wafers with a very good thickness uniformity (be-low 2% σ/mean without rotation of the substrate) and smooth morphology have been achieved using growth rates up to 50 μm/h and one tenth of the typical gas carrier flow and process pressure.

On-axisSiCepitaxialgrowth.(J Hassan, JP Bergman, A Henry, E Janzen). The development of low angle and on-axis epitaxial growth of SiC, is important in order to reduce the propagation of structural defects along the basalplane from the substrate. These defects are the source of most epitaxial defects and for the critical bipolar degradation in SIC devices. Homoepitaxial growth has been demonstrated with 100% 4H polytype stability on full 3” nominally on-axis substrates using conventional hot-wall CVD. The layers are found to be of high quality and no epitaxial defects typically found on off-axis epi-taxial layers are observed. A remaining issue is a high surface roughness, which however has been significantly reduced with increasing growth rate, without affecting the polytype stability in the epilayer. EpitaxialdefectsinSiC. (J Hassan, A Henry and JP Berg-man). Different in-grown stacking faults have been observed in SiC epitaxial layers, with different off-axis angles. The stack-ing faults have been studied using both optical and structural techniques. Each stacking fault creates a quantum well like local potential which gives a unique optical signature. Photolu-minescence and carrier lifetime mapping with high spatial res-olution have been developed and improved. The high resolution mappings reveals influence on carrier lifetime from stacking faults, micropipes and even single dislocations. The mapping techniques are also used for full wafer mapping to identify spe-cially ingrown stacking faults.

Improvedhot-wallMOCVDgrowthofhighlyuniformAl-GaN/GaNHEMTstructures.(U Forsberg, A Lundskog, A Kakanakova-Georgieva, R Ciechonski, E Janzén). The devel-opment of AlGaN/GaN HEMT has resulted in novel susceptor design to improve both the thickness and the electrical uni-formity over a full 4” (100 mm) wafer. By eliminating arching


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effects the run-to-run reproducibility and process reliability have drastically been improved. HEMT structures grown on 4” wafers have a typically thickness uniformity and a sheet resist-ance better than 3% (σ/mean). Typical sheet carrier density in the dimensional electron gas is 1´1013 cm–2 and the mobility is around 1560 cm2/Vs. By inserting a few nanometer of AlN be-tween the AlGaN barrier and the GaN buffer layer, the random alloy scattering is reduced resulting in carrier mobility well above 2000 cm2/Vs. (J. Cryst. Growth 311, 3007 (2009)).

Hot-wallMOCVDforhighlyefficientanduniformgrowthofAlN.(A Kakanakova-Georgieva, RR Ciechonski, U Fors-berg, A Lundskog, and E Janzén). We demonstrated successful growth of AlN at a temperature of 1200°C in a set of hot-wall MOCVD systems with the possibility of straightforward scal-ing up the process on larger wafer areas to meet the demand of device technologies. We outlined several aspects of the careful-ly optimized design and process parameters with relevance to achievement of a high overall growth rate (1 and up to 2 um/h), efficiency, and uniformity, which to a great extent depends on how consumption of growth limiting species by gas-phase ad-duct formation can actively be prevented. The AlN layer thick-ness can be controlled with an accuracy of ±1.3% on 2” wafers. The low-temperature cathodoluminescence spectrum of the AlN epitaxial material is strongly dominated by the intense near band-gap deep UV emission at about 208 nm. (Crystal Growth & Design 9, 880 (2009)).

ExcitonfinestructureofC3v-symmetryquantumdots:Sym-metryloweringandelevation.(KF Karlsson, MA Dupertuis, DY Oberli, E Pelucchi, A Rudra, PO Holtz, and E Kapon).We predict theoretically that C3v-symmetric semiconductor quan-tum dots (QDs) exhibit zero exciton fine structure splitting and are ideally suited as sources of polarization entangled photons. Furthermore, we analyze in detail the fine structure of exciton complexes for symmetries lower and higher than C3v, and pro-vide the methodology to experimentally detect the symmetry of quantum states. Photoluminescence measurements (PL) and computations reveal surprising effects of symmetry elevation, affecting all the optical properties of the QDs. Our results are expected to have an impact on the development of QD based devices for quantum information processing, and we suggest that the substrates for QD fabrication should be shifted from the conventional (100)- to (111)-cut in order to achieve a crystal compatible with C3v symmetry.

Fig. 1. Illustration of symmetry elevation and symmetry breaking, and the spectral signatures of the neutral exciton X .

Phononcouplingtoexcitonictransitionsinsinglequantumdots.(D Dufåker, KF Karlsson, V. Dimastrodonato, L Mere-ni, PO Holtz, BE Sernelius , and E Pelucchi).Quantum dots (QDs), often referred to as “artificial atoms”, are promising for quantum information processing. In this work, the coupling between LO-phonons and the optical decay of excitonic com-plexes were investigated for single InGaAs/AlGaAs QDs. The Huang-Rhys parameter, describing the strength of phonon-replicas, was determined experimentally and large variations were recorded between various exciton complexes. Computa-tions yield values of the Huang-Rhys parameter in agreement with the PL measurements and provide insight into the popu-lation dependent charge redistributions which modulates the phonon-coupling efficiency. These results shine light onto the unavoidable interaction between the QD and its solid state en-vironment, i.e. a process differentiating a single QD from a real isolated atom.

OpticalcharacterizationofZnOnanoparticles.(A.Larsson, F Söderlind, PO Käll and PO Holtz ) Electrochemical synthesis and physical characterization of ZnO nanoparticles functionalized with different organic acids have been performed. These functionalized nanoparticles have been characterized in different ways e.g. by Fourier trans-formed infrared spectroscopy and photoluminescence spec-troscopy. A considerable enhancement of the PL intensity of the near band edge emission have been monitored for nanopar-ticles functionalized with formic acid as compared to the larger aromatic acids. By means of quantum-chemical computations, this was interpreted to be due to the absence or reduction of surface states in the band gap of ZnO, caused by the formation of a complete monolayer of HCOOH.

Growthandcontrolofmono-layerandbi-layergraphene. (A Tzalenchuk, S Lara-Avila, A Kalaboukhov, S Paolillo, M Syväjärvi,R Yakimova, O Kazakova, TJBM Janssen, V Fal’ko, S Kubatkin). The futural ultrafast electronics demand new materials and graphene, a single layer of carbon atoms, is such strategic material. In collaboration with Chalmers Institute of Technology, the large-area monolayer graphene produced by our group was shown to have similar high quality as sili-con. The results give the first resistance standard, a measure of the electrical resistance which is dependent only on natu-ral constants. (Nature Nanotechnology, online Jan 17, 2010) (DOI:10.1038/NNANO.2009.474)

Fig. 2. The high quality graphene was measured even though the SiC surface shows a stepped. appearance at heating

Hydrogeningraphene.(C Virojanadara, R Yakimova, T Iaki-mov, LI Johansson). The influence of hydrogen exposures on a high quality monolayer graphene grown on SiC(0001) demon-strates a transformation from monolayer graphene with carbon buffer layer to bi-layer graphene with no carbon buffer layer. This opens the possibility for altering between monolayer and bi-layer graphene and for avoiding the buffer layer which is believed to degrade epitaxial graphene quality. (Surf. Sci. Lett. Online Jan 15, 2010).

Spin-converingexcitationoftheN-V–centerindiamond.(A Gali, E Janzén, P Deák, G Kresse, E Kaxiras). An international collaboration in theoretical study of the N-V– center in diamond – a key defect that can be used as a qubit in quantum comput-ing. Using hybrid density-functional-theory calculations in a large supercell, it was possible to reproduce the zero-phonon line and the Stokes and anti-Stokes shifts, yielding a complete picture of the spin-conserving excitation of this defect. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 186040 (2009)).

SiLDMOSandGaNbasedmicrowavepoweramplifiersandZnOdevices.(S Azam, AU Kashif, S Faraz, R Yakimova and Q Wahab). Microwave power transistors are designed by TCAD simulations utilizing physical models and parameters of GaN semiconductors. We optimized GaN HEMT, Si-LDMOS and enhanced version of our previously fabricated and tested SiC MESFET transistor for enhanced RF and DC characteris-tics. The TCAD physical model of the transistor is then used to design several power amplifier circuits without any intermedi-ate large signal models and fabricated in collaboration with Swedish Defense Research (FOI-Linköping). The fabricated power amplifiers are operated from VHF to UHF bands. The comparison is performed in three broadband class AB power amplifiers fabricated using SiC MESFET and two differ-entGaN HEMT technologies (GaN HEMT on SiC and GaN HEMT on Silicon substrate). The maximum output power for GaN HEMT on Si amplifier is 42.5 dBm (~18 W) with a maxi-mum PAE of 39 % and a gain of 19.5 dB.

KORRIGAN–AComprehensiveInitiativeforGaNHEMTTechnologyinEuropeKORRIGAN is a large-scale joint multinational initiative of leading system houses and research laboratories in Europe aiming at the development of an independent and state-of-the-art capability in GaN HEMT technology. The main objective of KORRIGAN is to establish a stand alone European supply

chain and foundry service. Several key research areas such as materials, processing, reliability evaluation, thermal man-agement and packaging, will be addressed and will involve European industrial and university partners. The benefits of GaN technology will finally be evaluated at system level for critical defence applications up to 20 GHz with the fabrication and test of circuit, MMIC and module demonstrators. The role of Linköping University in KORRIGAN is to develop epitax-ial growth technology for HEMT structures using Hot-Wall MOCVD.

SSFproject:III-nitridesforUVandhighfrequencyap-plicationsThis joint effort between Linköping University and Chalmers, supported by industry, aims at developing a III-nitride (III-N) technology that allows for the fabrica-tion of- laser diodes and light emitting diodes as sources for co-herent and incoherent UV and DUV radiation.- advanced High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) to be used in high-power, high-frequency applications with performances significantly exceeding those of to-day’s technologies, thereby enabling exploitation of III-N based systems in several ICT application areas such as: High density data storage, Biological sensor system, Solid State Lighting, Tools for the microelectronics industry, Wireless communication and Radar systems. This will be accomplished by combining a set of unique capabilities.LiU has developed a novel technique for growth of high quality wide band gap (WBG) materials, known as “hot-wall CVD”, which is very suitable for preparing the high quality Al-rich AlGaN heterostructures needed for emission in the UV/DUV as well as the InAlN/GaN heterostructures useful for both UV and HF applications. Defects in WBG materials are another focus area of LiU, which will be very valuable in the project.Chalmers has many years of experience and expertise from high level research on semiconductor based light emitting devices and HF electronics as well as well-devel-oped techniques for fabrication of WBG devices.

NANO-N

ASSFconsortium

Nitride based quantum dots and wires for optoelectronic applications

Ananoconsortium

The NANO-N consortium, one out of five new consortia, is financed within the NANO-X program by SSF during the period 2006 - 2010. The focus for NANO-N is towards nano structures made of the wide bandgap semiconductors: GaN/AlN/InN based quantum wires and dots.


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Fig. 3. The priciples for fabrication of GaN pyramidal structures by means of SAG.

fabrication of nitride based nano wires and dots

Fabrication. The fabrication is primarily focused towards nitride based pyramidal structures by means of selective area growth in our MOCVD reactor. The pyramidal structures are grown on a patterned silicon nitride (SiN) film (see Fig. 3). GaN pyramids are grown selectively by a patterned SiN film on top of an epitaxially grown GaN thin film. The pattern, consisting of micrometer sized holes in the silicon nitride film is fabricated by standard UV lithography and RIEs etching. When the patterned substrate is placed in the growth chamber for regrowth, the growth will only occur in the holes, which subsequently will evolve into pyramids (Fig. 3). The described process is called Selective Area Growth (SAG) and the process is scalable to the nanometer scale. The pyramid is then covered by a thin InGaN quantum well layer, and finally, a GaN cap layer on top. Due to the different growth environment on the GaN pyramid tip, a phase separation is expected to occur for the InGaN layer, forming an InGaN quantum dot at the tip of the pyramid (Fig. 4). The pyramidal growth offers a control-lable positioning and more controlled dimensions of the dots (Fig. 5), and accordingly more well-defined emission energies. Such deterministic dots have considerable advantages for light emitter applications.

Fig. 4. An InGaN quantum dot is formed in the top of the GaN pyramid

CharacterizationofthenitridebasednanostructuresStructural characterization Within the NANO-N consor-tium, structural characterization is carried out in order to give feedback to the growth. In addition, correlations between the

topography, as measured with AFM and TEM, with internal domain boundaries seen by TEM is established. Further-more, the pyramidal structures are routinely characterized by HRXRD. TEM measurements are complementary to the HRXRD in order to determine structural defects, not easily as-sessed by diffraction techniques. High accuracy cuts of the py-ramidal structures have been performed by means of focused in beam (FIB). This opens the possibility to gain information on the cross section of the pyramids. It has been of particular importance to study the thin InGaN well, which is the basis for the quantum dot in the peak of the pyramid.

Optical characterization. The main tool for the optical char-acterization of the nitride pyramidal structures is the micro-luminescence, but also magneto-optical spectroscopy and near-field spectroscopy (SNOM) are performed. During the last year, well defined luminescence lines from the dots in the pyr-amids have been monitored. These lines are excitonic features originating from the InGaN dot-in-pyramids. Furthermore, po-larization dependent luminescence of excitonic features from single InGaN/GaN quasi-0D structure has been performed. By means of Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), parallel monitoring of the GaN pyramidal microstructures by AFM and luminescence has been demonstrated at cryo tem-peratures.

Simulations. The computational investigations proceed along different complementary routes, where different issues as prompted by the experimental investigations are addressed. The development with simulatations of successively larger quantum dots is investigated in order to obtain a clear picture of the onset of quantum confinement. This constitutes a chal-lenge for quantum-chemical computations, and the strategy adapted is a novel elongation scheme, which enables us to obtain results for e.g. quantum structures of lengths of tens of nanometers and containing thousands of atoms. The hetero-geneous environment of the quantum dots and wires is also modeled. In a first step, simulations of GaN dots embedded in matrices of AlN or GaN/AlN shell structures are performed. Subsequently, structural modifications, strains and optical ab-sorption properties are compared to those of the bare dot struc-tures. Also the more complicated dot-in-pyramids structures are calculated.

Fig. 5. GaN pyramids fabricated by Selective Area Growth (SAG).

TheorganizationofourNANO-Nconsortiumatpresent• Consortium leader: Prof. Per Olof Holtz• Senior academic mentors: Prof. Erik Janzen, Prof. Bo Mon-

emar, Prof. Jens Birch, Prof. Lars Hultman and Doc Lars Ojamäe

• Industry/institute mentors: Jan Andersson, Susan Savage, Tersita Kvarnström, Qin Wang, Acreo, Kista and Steven Savage, FOI, Linköping

• Junior researchers: Fredrik Karlsson, Mattias Kula, Urban Forsberg, Maria Lundskog, Ching-Lien Hsiao, Reui-San Chen

• PhD students: Anders Lundskog, Chi-Wei Hsu, Supaluck Amloy, Justinas Palisaitas, Muhammad Junaid

MANSiC–TheRTNMansic(www.mansic.eu)is a Marie Curie project which promotes the European collaborative platform. Mansic is devoted to research on cubic SiC. The main idea is to develop conditions for bulk growth of 3C-SiC starting from 6H-SiC substrates in order to avoid well known problems of using Si substrates. Mansic project involves groups with expertise in growth, characterization and devices. We have studied the initial stage of heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC and homoepitaxial growth of 6H- SiC on nominally on-ax-is 6H-SiC substrates. Different sublimation growth conditions of 3C-SiC approaching a bulk process have been investigated with the focus on appearance of macrodefects. As a part of the Mansic plans, during the Fall of 2009 we did a preparation work for a Winter School on growth, which took place in Janu-ary 2010 ( http://pam3.ifm.liu.se/)

NORLED–NorthernLightEmittingDiodeInitiative(M Syväjärvi, R Yakimova, V Jokubavicius).NORLED (www.ifm.liu.se/norled) is a project funded by Nordic Energy Research. Eleven partners in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Germany, open a new multidisciplinary research area in SiC for light emitting diodes in general lighting, together with representa-tives from the industry. The interdisciplinary research consor-tium combines experts in semiconductor growth technology, energy systems, lighting design, social tendencies, lighting armature end-user solutions and production technology. The project develops an innovative white LED structure free of phosphor and which has a highly efficient luminescence with a comfortable light quality to the human eye. The fluorescent SiC is produced with the fast sublimation growth process de-veloped at LiU.

collABoRAtions

We have active collaboration with more than 30 research groups and industries in Europe, USA, Asia, Australia and Africa.

Surface & Semiconductor Physicswww.ifm.liu.se/semiphys

stAFF

Professors: Göran Hansson, Head of DepartmentRoger Uhrberg, acting Head of DivisionWei-Xin NiPost-Docs: Jacek Osiecki, Amir KarimPh.D. students: Ivy Razado, Amir Karim, Bouchaib Adnane, Johan Eriksson, Hafiz SohailAdm/Techn. staff: Kerstin Vestin, adm. asst. Karl-Olof Brolin, research eng.

Activities

The research within the division of Surface and Semiconductor Physics concerns the following fields. Firstly, basic studies are made of the electronic and atomic structure of semiconductor surfaces, either clean or with well-characterized overlayers. Foreign atoms on a surface may result in a large variation of ordered atomic structures, i.e. surface reconstructions. Physical properties like metallic or semiconducting surface conduct-ance may depend on what reconstruction is formed. Various physical properties are studied by a range of different tech-niques. The most important one is photoelectron spectroscopy from which one can obtain a complete determination of the surface electronic structure. These studies are performed at the synchrotron radiation facility, MAX-lab in Lund, Sweden. Another important technique that we use is scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) that provides information about the atomic structure of the different surfaces. A variable temperature STM (Omicron) in our lab at IFM is the major instrument used for these studies.

Within this field, the division was supported by the Swed-ish Research Council (VR) as Roger Uhrberg has one research grant for studies of the atomic and electronic structure of semi-conductor surfaces.

Secondly, there are studies, development and application of silicon-based molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), which is a crystal growth technique to produce advanced semiconduc-tor structures for fundamental physics and device studies. We have also built up competence and process capability for the development of some device modules like SiGe-heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) for applications in optoelectronics and rf technologies. Samples have been produced for studies of the properties of Ge self-assembled dots and the mechanisms behind relaxation of strained SiGe layers. Erbium doped struc-tures for light emission at 1.55 µm have been studied and pro-cessing of cavity structures for Er-doped laser structures has been done using Focussed Ion Beam (FIB), however without achieving stimulated emission.

For the basic research there has been support from VR to the project “Erbium-doped silicon for laser structures” (Hans-son).

couRses

The division has during the year been responsible for the following undergraduate courses for students within the Engineering Programs and the International Masters


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Program on Material Science: TFYA38 Optoelectronics (Ni), TFYA25 Physics of Condensed Matter, part II (Uhrberg).

highlights

1) One monolayer of Sn on Si(111) forms an intriguing double layer structure after annealing. The complex surface recon-struction has a large unit cell that contains 12 Sn atoms. The atomic positions of four of these atoms have been reported in the literature based on scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies. We have performed detailed STM investigations that not only show the uppermost four Sn atoms but also reveal the structure associated with the eight atoms positioned under-neath. The electronic structure of a reconstructed surface con-stitutes important information from which an atomic structure can be deduced. Fig. 1 shows the surface band structure, i.e., the energy of electrons occupying surface states plotted vs. their wave vector in reciprocal space.

fig. 1. experimental band structure of the 2√3 si(111):sn surface. inten-sity in the color map indicates features in the arpes data. Vertical dot-ted lines indicate symmetry points in the 2√3 surface Brillouin zone.

These experimental data were obtained by angle resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at beam line I4 at MAX-lab. Six different surface bands were identified in the experiment, labeled S1-S6. The surface bands show a periodic change in energy with wave vector that follows the periodicity of the re-constructed surface as indicated by the symmetry point labels. The characteristic experimental surface band dispersions were compared to calculated surface bands for a model that was sug-gested, in the literature, to correspond to the positions of the Sn atoms. The comparison resulted in a rejection of the proposed model. The Sn layer undergoes a melting transition at 190 °C. By detailed studies of the electronic structure just below and above the transition temperature we were able to verify that the molten phase shows a solid-like behavior. By comparing to theoretical band structure calculations we could conclude that the Sn atoms prefer an on-top site relative to the upper silicon layer in the liquid phase.

2) Following the earlier success in fabricating Si/SiGe/Si(Ge-dot) hetero-junction phototransistors with high photoresponse

and low dark current, the group continues its effort in making photodetectors based on three-terminal MOSFET detectors with MBE grown coupled Ge(dot)/SiGe-quantum-well(QW) heterostructures incorporated in the active absorption for detection in the near infrared (0.85-1.55 µm) and mid-infrared (4-12 µm) range for the enhancement of the photoresponse. For this structure, three-dimensionally localized holes in the Ge dots were first excited by incident photons to the higher energy states, and subsequently transferred via a field emission proc-ess to the two-dimensional Ge wetting layer or the coupled SiGe QW layer for the lateral transport, i.e., forming photocur-rent that could be increased due to the photoconductive gain effect in the FET, while deep trapping of photoexcited holes in the dot well with a high thermal barrier may ensure a low dark current. Fig. 2 shows a typical photoconductivity spectrum ob-tained from lateral transport of such a FET type detector with multiple finger source-drain contacts, in which the peaked pho-toresponse was measured with the incident infrared radiation at ~10 µm (photon energy ´ 0.123 eV).

In order to optimize the device design, the optical transi-tions in the MBE-grown self-assembled Ge/Si dot structures were studied in detail using photo -luminescence excitation (PLE) and selective photoluminescence (SPL) measurements. We have for the first time observed well-resolved PLE reso-nances in the Ge/Si dots. By comparing with 6-band k.p calcu-lations for truncated pyramidal shape dots, our experimentally observed PLE features were assigned to be due to optical tran-sitions of two kinds involving two different dot populations: Spatially direct inside the GeSi dot and the spatially indirect across the Si/Ge interface. In fact these two processes are co-existing in any single Ge dot, and dispersed in a wide spectral range over all dots with a variation of size, composition, and strain, which consequently results in a broadband PL emission.

fig.2. photoconductivity spectrum from the lateral fet ge dot photodetector structure measured at 10 K with an applied bias of 7 V at normal incidence.

(a) (b)fig. 3. (a) ple spectrum detected at 785 meV and t = 2K from a mul-tilayer ge/si dot structure. (b) schematic band-edge diagram of the gesi-dot/si heterojunction along the z direction with the relevant in-terband transitions corresponding to the observed ple peaks.

3) Si(Ge) nanocrystal (nc) embedded mesoporous silica sam-ples prepared by spin-coating and atomic layer chemical vapour deposition were optically investigated by means of PL with various excitation powers, together with several dif-ferent post rapid thermal annealing processes. The shape and energy position of PL spectra of the nc-Si embedded in MS samples and a reference MS template without nc incorporation were rather similar, but, the luminescence was much more in-tense for those embedded with nanocrystals. This implies that though the emission mechanism for MS samples with or with-out nc-Si(Ge) could be the same, i.e., the light emission was governed by the surface properties of silica, the semiconductor nanocrystals played a role by sensitizing the luminescence emission through generating more photo-excited carriers. These carriers were then trapped in the defect state e.g. the interfacial oxygen defect sites and subsequently recombine to increase the PL intensity.

AssignMents

1. Scientific programme committee of the 6th International Conference on Si Epitaxy and Heterostrudtures (ICSi-6, Los Angels, USA, May 17-22, 2009). Ni2. Advisory commitee of the 5th International SiGe Technol-ogy and Device Meeting (ISTDM-2010, Stockholm, May 24-26, 2008). Ni

AppointMents

1. Prof. Wei-Xin Ni is currently an appointed associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

collABoRAtions

There is extensive collaboration with other groups at IFM for the characterization of MBE-grown structures, in particular the divisions of Materials Science and Thin Film Physics. External collaboration has been done with, e.g., groups at Jo-hannes Kepler Universitaet (Prof. G. Bauer, Dr. T. Fromherz), Heriot-Watt University (Prof. C. Pidgeon), National Nano Device Labs in Taiwan (Drs. M.-N. Chang and J.-M. Shieh),, Sichuan Institute of Solid State Circuits (Dr. K.-C. Li), Royal Institute of Technology (Dr. H. Radamson). In projects involv-ing synchrotron radiation we collaborate with Dr. K. Sakamo-to, Chiba University, Japan.

Surface Physics & Chemistry

1. peRsonnel

• Professors: Mats Fahlman (Head of Division), Koung-An Chao (Emeritus), William R. Salaneck (Emeritus)

• Associate professors: Nathaniel Robinson• Post.docs: Zeki Altun, Slawomir Braun, Fenghong Li, Xian-

jie Liu, Yiqiang Zhan• PhD students: Elin Carlegrim, Per Erlandsson, Linda Lin-

dell, Sara Nilsson, Parisa Sehati• Administrative/Technical staff: Anders Evaldsson, Kerstin

Vestin

2. suMMARy

The division consists of three research groups: Hybrid Or-ganic Electronic Interfaces (Fahlman, Braun, Liu, Lindell, Sehati), Organic Spintronics (Fahlman, Li, Zhan, Carlegrim) and Transport and Separations (Robinson, Altun, Erlandsson, Nilsson). The Hybrid Organic Electronic Interfaces research is divided in four areas: fundamental study and model develop-ment of weakly-interacting organic-organic and organic-metal interfaces; interface engineering in organic electronics i.e. development of techniques for improving charge injection, exciton dissociation and stability of interfaces in organic elec-tronic devices; transparent conducting oxides and their interac-tion with organic electronic materials; intrinsically conducting polymers such as PEDOT and PAni: the effect of synthesis and choice of (poly)anion on conductivity, bio-compatability and general surface properties.

The Organic Spintronics research is divided into two areas: the study and design of hybrid organic spintronic interfaces with the aim to understand and improve devices such as hybrid spin-valves and spin-polarized transistors; and the development and study of thin film organic-based semi-conducting magnets such as V(TCNE)x, x~2, with the aim to understand and tune materials properties to enable efficient organic spintronic de-vice design and fabrication.

The Transport and Separations group grew from 2 to 5 persons in 2009 and focuses on ionic and electronic transport in fluids and solid-state materials. One particular goal of the research is to create and understand new devices in areas such as micro- and nano-fluidics and solid-state lighting. The group develops pumps for microfluidic labs-on-chips. In addition to this work, the group studies the interface between large mol-ecules and conducting surfaces for applications in separation processes. In addition to the work on microfluidics, studies the transport of ions and electrons in light-emitting electrochemi-cal cells are carried out in collaboration with Umeå University and the Eindhoven University of Technology.

Collaborations with specific funding during 2009 included the EU-FP7 project on Organic Nanomaterials for Electron-ics and Photonics (ONE-P, Fahlman PI of LiU), the EU-FP7 project on Modelling of electronic processes at interfaces in organic-based electronic devices (MINOTOR, Fahlman PI of LiU) and the EU-FP6 STREP Organic-Ferromagnetic Hybrid Interfaces for Spintronic Applications (OFSPIN, Fahlman PI of LiU).

The division received additional funding from three con-tracts issued by the Swedish Research Council (VR) as well as funding from industrial partners, Vinnova, KVA and the Carl Tryggers Foundation.

The division’s involvement in the undergraduate teaching activities of the university during 2009 consisted of the course TFYA52 Organic Electronics.

3. highlights

Hybrid Organic Electronic Interfaces group- Continued development of the Integer Charge Transfer Model was carried out including demonstrating the viability of the model for predicting energy level alignment at bulk heterojunc-tions in organic solar cells.


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- Determined the correlation between polarizability, inter- and intra-molecular order on energy level alignment and charge mobility at weakly-interacting organic-organic and hybrid-organic interfaces.

- Studied the influence of molecule buffer layer upon penta-cene film growth processes. We demonstrated that a single molecule buffer layer between pentacene and a substrate can tune the film growth and hence the molecular electronic prop-erties at the interface and the bulk, applicable for designing injection barriers and hole mobility in devices.

- New efforts involving studies on molecular-based and ZnO-hybrid solar cell systems were initiated with a focus on de-termining energetics and molecular order at the interfaces in devices.

Organic Spintronics group- In collaboration with theoretical groups in Uppsala and Los Alamos, magnetic proximity effects at hybrid interfaces was demonstrated for Alq3/FM interfaces. This effect offers a huge potential for modification of the spin transfer rates in hybrid materials with magnetic components.

- In collaboration with ISMN-CNR, Bologna, nano-structured interface engineering of spin-injecting/detecting contacts in hybrid organic spin valves have been developed and studied. In particular the pentacene/LSMO interface was studied in terms of molecular order and energy level alignment.

- Interface engineering of the FM/V(TCNE)x contact was car-ried out an new device structures for V(TCNE)x-based spin-valves were proposed.

Transport and separations group- New members: Zeki Altun (post-doc) and Per Erlandsson (PhD-student) joined the group during 2009.

- An article demonstrating the dynamic formation of p-n junctions in electrochemical organic electronic light-emitting devices was featured on the cover of Nature Materials (shown below)

The dynamic p-junction article was featured on the cover of Nature Materials in August, 2009.

a metal-free polymer electronic light-emitting device (shown below) based on a graphene electrode was created. publication is anticipated in early 2010.

A metal-free polymer light-emitting device illuminates papers with the logos of the collaborators’ universities above and below the device simultaneously.

- A new type of electro-osmotic pump for use in lab-on-a-chip applications such as low-cost medical diagnostics has been developed.

4. coopeRAting pARtneRs

The division’s work is very international. The different interna-tional universities, institutes and companies with which fund-ing were shared in three EU-funded projects during 2009 are listed below:

EU-FP7 ONE-P: Université Libre de Bruxelles, Université de Mons, University of CambridgeConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Wissenschaften, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, University of Copenhagen, Chalm-ers University of Technology, Interuniversitair Micro-Ele-ktronica Centrum, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast-natuurwetenschappelijk, Université de Strasbourg, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tec-nologia dei Materiali, University of Nova Gorica, University College London, Technische Universität Dresden, Philips Elec-tronics Nederland, STMicroelectronics, Merck, Scriba Nanote-cnologie, Johnson Mattey, BASF, Innova and Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine.

EU-FP7 MINOTOR: University of Mons, University of Twente, Interuniversitair Micro-Electronica, University Bor-deaux, Bologna University, Universitad Autonoma de Madrid, BASF, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Georgia Institute of Technology.

EU-FP6 OFSPIN: ISMN-CNR, University of Würzburg, Thales; Parma University, CNRS- Strasbourg; and Fudan Uni-versity.

There are many other partners in co-publishing activities out-side of the co-financed projects as well, e.g. Umeå University, Eindhoven and Princeton (Transport and Separations group);

Uppsala University and Los Alamos National Laboratory (Organic Spintronics group): National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center Taiwan, National Cheng Kung University Taiwan, IFW-Dresden, Sandia (Hybrid Organic Electronic In-terfaces group).

5. entRepReneuRiAl eFFoRts AnD coMMunity outReAch

Patent applications have been submitted for both the metal-free light-emitting device and the electro-osmotic pump for future commercialization. The Hybrid Organic Electronic Interfaces group carried out joint research projects with industrial part-ners, both within large EU-financed projects as well as bilateral projects exclusively financed by the private companies them-selves.

Thin Film Physics Divisionwww.ifm.liu.se/thinfilm

pRoFessoRs

Lars Hultman, Head of DivisionJens BirchMichel Barsoum, Adjunct Prof., Drexel UniversityJoe Greene, Adjunct Prof., University of IllinoisIvan Petrov, Adjunct Prof., University of IllinoisPeter Isberg, Adjunct Prof., ABB AB.

AssociAte pRoFessoRs (lectuReRs AnD Docents)

Valeriu ChiritaGueorgui GueorguievHans HögbergJens JensenMartin MagnusonPer PerssonGalia Pozina Johanna Rosén

AssistAnt pRoFessoRs

Per Eklund (Docent 2010)Fredrik Eriksson (Docent 2010)

post Docs

Manfred Beckers, Forschungszentrum Rossendorf Reui-San Chen, National Taiwan UniversityChing-Lien Hsiao, National Taiwan UniversityGunilla Wingqvist, Uppsala University

phD stuDents

Martin DahlqvistAnders ErikssonHanna FagerAmie Fallqvist (start 2010)Jenny Frodelius LangAndrej Furlan Cecilia Goyenola (start 2010)Niklas G Sarius (formerly Gunnarsson; institute student)Carina Höglund

Lars JohnsonAli KhatibiSergey Khromov Aurelija Mockute Junaid MuhammadJonas LauridsenSimon OlssonJustinas Palisaitis Davide SangiovanniSusann SchmidtSteffen Sønderby (industry PhD student)Olof Tengstrand Agne Zukauskaite

ADMinistRAtive AnD technicAl stAFF

Inger Eriksson, Division Secretary & Linné CoordinatorTherese Dannetun, FunMat Vinnex Center CoordinatorSven Andersson, 1st Research Engineer Karl-Olof Brolin, Research EngineerGrzegorz Greczynski, PhD, 1st Research EngineerThomas Lingefelt, 1st Research EngineerJun Lu, PhD, 1st Research EngineerPär Sandström, PhD, 1st Research Engineer

AiMs AnD vision

We conduct application-inspired basic research on thin films to fundamentally understand the atomistic nature of materi-als properties and behavior and learn how to make materials perform better through new methods of synthesis and process-ing. Emphasis is put on the relationships between growth from the vapor phase, microstructure, and properties of thin solid films. We thus extend the frontiers of materials and nano sci-ences to expand the scientific foundations for the development of materials. Our research concerns lead to unsurpassed design of new multifunctional materials for engineering, electronics, and the life sciences. Results are explored in collaboration with industry and the properties of structures unique to thin films form the basis for new and improved materials and processes in applications. We further seek to discover novel phases and structures, as well as finding new materials phenomena.

ReseARch pRogRAM

The overall research program concerns the materials science and nanotechnology of thin films. It is aimed at increasing the understanding of vapor phase deposition, ion-surface interac-tions, and reactions in advanced materials. Specifically, we fo-cus on increasing the understanding of the nature of epilayers, textured thin films, and nanoscale materials. Model systems


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include transition metal nitrides, wide-band gap nitrides, mul-tifunctional ceramics (MAX phases; e.g., Ti3SiC2, Ti2AlN), nanocomposites, superlattices, fullerene-like compounds, and nm-sized metallic multilayers. Several deposition techniques are covered including unbalanced magnetron sputtering, mag-netron sputter epitaxy (MSE), and cathodic arc. Our materi-als science laboratory specializes in applying and developing methods for plasma characterization, analytical and high-reso-lution electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, ab initio calculations (including our Synthetic Growth Concept based on Density Functional Theory), and multi-billion time-step molecular dynamics simulations.

exteRnAl ReseARch FunDing

• Part in the Swedish Government Strategic Grant in Materi-als Science at Linköping, AFM

• ERC Advanced Grant (Hultman)• SSF Strategic Research Center, MS2E• VR Linnaeus Grant, LiLi-NFM • VINNOVA Excellence Center, FunMat • VINNOVA VINNMER: III-nitride functional hybrid na-

nostructures (Pozina)• SSF Sabbatical Grant (Barsoum)• SSF Ingvar Carlsson Award (Rosén)• VR Special Researcher (Persson) • VR Selforganized nanostructures (Hultman)• VR Role of Interfaces in Multilayers (Birch)• VR Diffusion in Ceramic Films (Hultman)• VR Design of Nanolaminated Films (Rosén)• VR Epitaxial & nanostr cobaltate films (Eklund )• VR Atomically resolved electr. prop. (Persson)• VR Design of Nanostr. Materials (Gueorguiev) • Nordforsk “PhD research for industrialization of thin films

for fuel cell electrolytes” (Eklund)• EU: FOREMOST, INTERFACE, INNOVATIAL• EnergyAgency: Freestanding GaN wafers (Pozina)• Carl Trygger Found.: Defects in GaN (Pozina)• STINT Cluster-assembled materials (Gueorguiev)• KAW Foundation (Aberration-corrected TEM)

unDeRgRADuAte couRses oFFeReD

TFYA21 Materials Science (Hultman)TFYY78 CDIO – Computational Physics (Chirita) TFFM 40 Analytical Methods in Mtrl Sci (Eriksson)TFYY87 Nanotechnology (Birch)NFYA04 Nano Scientific Project (Rosén)

gRADuAte couRses oFFeReD

Synchrotron Radiation (Magnuson)Ion Beam Analysis of Condensed Matter (Jensen)Vacuum Technology (Eklund)Electron Microscopy (Persson)X-ray Diffraction (Birch and Eriksson)

Docent DegRees in 2009

Martina Lattemann

phD DisseRtAtions in 2009

Andrej Furlan

licentiAte exAMinAtions in 2009

Jonas LauridsenDiploMA woRKs in 2009

Gustav Edman JönssonMaria Fawakhiri

Hafiz Muhammad Sohail

speciAl events

• Prof L Hultman was elected member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA) in 2009.

scientiFic highlights in 2009

• The Division published 38 peer-reviewed papers.

• The novel class of Solid Fullerene-like C-based materials developed at the Thin Film Physics Division becomes not only better understood by simulating formation mecha-nisms of structural defects in FL-CPx, FL-CNx, and their amorphous counterparts (a-CPx, a-CNx, and a-C) (G.K. Gueorguiev et al. Chem. Phys. Lett. 482 (2009) 110), but also grows by investigating potential new members such as CSx and CFx.

• Anewbondinginterfacestatediscoveredinnanocompos-ites: TiC nanocrystallites embedded in amorphous carbon was investigated by bulk-sensitive x-ray spectroscopy. The results suggest that electronic charge-transfer occurs at the TiC/C interface, which is strongest for the smallest grains. This represents an additional interface bonding, which is essential for the understanding of this nanocomposite ma-terials’ properties such as the electrical conductivity and toughness M. Magnuson, Phys. Rev. B80 (2009) 235108.

• Phase transformations in alumina coatings for cutting tools caused by heat treatment is found to correlate with a strong modification of the cathodoluminescence spectra. This sug-gests a powerful technique for identification of different pol-ymorphs on the microscopic level. G.Pozina et al., Scripta Mater.61 (2009) 379.

• We wrote an invited review on the Materials Science and Thin-film Processing of Mn+1AXn Phases, Eklund et al, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 1851) (published online: summer 2009; highlighted by Elsevier to start the new decade). Im-age by Per Persson.

• Chemicalbondinganisotropyinw-AlN: The differences between the electronic structure and chemical bonding of wurtzite AlN and Al metal was used to characterize the hybridization regions and the position of the valence band edge influencing the magnitude of the large band gap of 6.2 eV in AlN. The spectra of AlN confirm 3d states with a chemical shift in comparison to pure Al metal.

m. magnuson et al., phys. rev. B 80, 155105 (2009).

Technology Transfer and Interaction with Society• Two patent applications were filed in 2009

• ABB Corporate Research / Kanthal AB /Impact Coatings AB / SPfor applications of MAX phases.

• SKF-ERC BV for application of carbon-based coatings on rolling and sliding bearings.

• SECO Tools ABand Sandvik Tooling Sverige AB for re-search on wear-resistant coatings.

• Impact Coatings AB – a spin-off company by Dr. H. Ljungcrantz – for film processing. A multifunctional nano-composite coating is on the market.

• Press coverage in The Times of India, Östgöta Correspond-enten, and chemicalnet.se.

• The group organized the department’s outreach activities at the job-market days at LiU (LARM) 2009, and host and speaker for Open House at the Alumni Days Sept. 2009

• Hosted a visit by Members of the Swedish Parliament to IFM, Linköping University, 7 Dec. 2009.


Theory and Modelingwww.ifm.liu.se/theomod

The program ‘Theory and Modeling (T&M)’ at the Depart-ment of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM) includes Theo-retical Physics, Computational Physics, Theoretical Biology, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. The field of theory and modeling is presently in a very expansive phase. It offers new and rich opportunities to solve in realistic ways many important problems. Theory can now supplement expensive and/or time consuming experiments, replace hazardous and/or dangerous experiments and even substitute inaccessible ex-periments as in geophysics and astrophysics. The need for re-search and education in the broad field of theory and modeling is evidently great. IFM is a good place for conducting such a program, because it offers close contact with experimental ac-tivities and educational programs in engineering and science. Another important aspect is the access to the local computa-tional facilities and expertise at the National Supercomputer Center (NSC). A recent example of our collaboration with NSC is given by the Network for excellent research Materials Sci-


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ence for New Energy Technology, where Igor Abrikosov, Sven Stafström and Bengt Persson participate. The Network aims at solving fundamental problems and creating advanced theoreti-cal models in rapidly developing field of energy research. It has received support from Knut and Alice Wallenbergs Foundation and Swedish Infrastructure for Scientific Computing for a new computer cluster to be placed at NSC. Activities of the Net-work were described by us in an interview for a leading Swed-ish Newspaper Svenska Dagbladet special issue ”Framtidens Forskning”, June 2009

There are about fifty persons actively engaged in T&M. To organize common activities within T&M there is a steering committee, which includes Igor Abrikosov (theoretical phys-ics and head of theory and modeling), Bo Ebenman (theoreti-cal biology), Bengt Persson (bioinformatics), Sven Stafström (computational physics), Jesper Tegnér (computational biology).Lejla Kronbåck and Anna Sundin acted as administrative assistants. Members of T&M carry out innovative research. During 2009 we published 73papers in international journals with referee system. Our papers are well cited. For example, the average field-normalized citations index of physics papers at IFM is above 1.2. We gave large number of invited talks at international conferences.

Scientists at T&M participate in leading national research programs. In particular, our groups are actively involved in a new Swedish e-Science Research Centre (SeRC) and in the Interdisciplinary Materials Science Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials (AFM),both supported by the Swed-ish Government. These highly prestigious long-term grants were received in 2009, in very tough competition between all Swedish universities. We actively participate in national and international research networks. In particular, we are involved in Linnaeus Strong Research Environment supported by the Swedish Research Council, in Strategic Research Center “Ma-terials Science for Nanoscale Surface Engineering (MS2E)”, Strategic Research Centre “Multifilms”, and the “Center of Organic Electronics (COE)”, supported by the Swedish Foun-dation for Strategic Research. We participate in the European Networks “Psi-k” and “SIZEMIC”, as well as in NordForsk Networks “Coherent quantum gases-from cold atoms to con-densed matter” and “Spintronics – Theory and Simulations”. We have established collaboration with many scientists leading in their research fields, in Sweden and internationally. Mem-bers of T&M are active in undergraduate and graduate teach-ing.

T&M represents a broad and interdisciplinary research program. To find out more about each other research we organ-ized an annual group meeting, “Theory and Modeling Day” at Vårdnäs Stiftsgård, December 7, 2009. Theoretical Biology hosted the meeting this year, which included a field trip to the oak landscape of Östergötland, as well as presentations by PhD students on theory and modelling of an oak landscape and theoretical and empirical approaches to investigate the decline of the Arctic char in Lake Vättern (see the picture).

at t&m we promote collaborations with experiment, and sometimes do them ourselves. here we see tB field work in lake Vättern (photo by sofia Berg).

Bioinformaticswww.ifm.liu.se/bioinfo

stAFF

Bengt Persson, professorJonas Carlsson, Ph. D. Joel Hedlund, Ph. D. studentJan-Ove Järrhed, sys.adm.Yvonne Kallberg, Ph. D. Fredrik Lysholm, Ph. D. student Lejla Vrazalica, administrative assistant

MAsteRs stuDents 2009

Malin Pehrsson

ph. D. exAM 2009

Jonas Carlsson defended his thesis “Mutational Effects on Pro-tein Structure and Function”, 6 November 2009

ReseARch

Bioinformatics is a fast developing field of science, devoted to the interpretation of biological information related to DNA and proteins. At IFM, the bioinformatics group was established in the autumn 2002. Our research aims at the detection of se-quence patterns and relationships, which will be used to create prediction algorithms and to do functional assignments. The methodology includes genome-wide sequence comparisons, machine-learning techniques, and molecular modelling. We apply the methods on a number of biomedical problems, often in collaborations with experimental groups. We also develop bioinformatics tools and methods for large scale analyses within proteomics.

CharacterisationofproteinfamiliesWe develop methods and strategies for protein family char-acterisation, These methods have been used for systematic classification of the superfamilies of SDRs (short-chain dehy-drogenases/reductases) and MDRs (medium-chain dehydro-genases/reductases). These wide-spread super-families are occurring in close to all living organisms. Our classification method has been used as basis for a sustainable nomenclature system (http://www.sdr-enzymes.org).

StructuralcalculationsandpredictionsWe use molecular modelling techniques to study molecular interactions and sequence variations in relation to structural changes. A method has been developed to predict the effects of mutations in the p53 cancer suppressor gene (Fig. 1). The new method uses several novel parameters combined with previously established parameters. Most important of the novel parameters is the stability measure of the mutated structure calculated using molecular modelling. For each mutant, a se-verity score is reported, which can be used to classify them into deleterious and non-deleterious. The method has a predic-tion accuracy of 77% on all mutants and 88% on breast cancer mutations on the WAF1 promoter. Thanks to the severity score calculated for every mutant, valuable knowledge can be gained regarding p53, a protein that is believed to be involved in over 50% of all human cancers.

This technique has now been generalised and applied to fur-ther protein families, showing promising results. Furthermore, web servers have been set up to give users world-wide the pos-sibilities to predict effects on particular mutants.

fig. 1. comparison of calculated energy (a), positional conservance (B), and trans-activating activity of mutants (c) of p53. the structure is based upon the 1tsr crystal structure of p53. in a, p53 is coloured according to the simulated energy for each position. red indicates high energy and blue low energy. in B, the colours reflect conservation, where red corresponds to highly conserved and blue non-conserved residues. in c, the positions are colour-coded from red to blue were red is most severe are blue indicate wild type activity. the energies in a and con-servations in B do not fully correlate with experimental values in c. therefore, we developed a prediction algorithm taking 12 different parameters into account.

LargescalesequenceanalysisA novel method for alignment of sequence data has been de-veloped, considering the 454 data characteristics while align-ing allowing the algorithm to counter the effects of plausible reading errors. Furthermore, an automated efficient BLAST pipeline has been set-up for handling and characterisation of 454 data (Fig. 2). This pipeline has been applied in large-scale studies to find new viruses in metagenomic samples.

fig. 2. schematic view of the 454 pipeline for analysis of new viruses.

elixiR

Bengt Persson is on the steering board for the planning for the future European infrastructure for biological information, ELIXIR, where he also is chairing the bioinformatics com-munities committee. The planning will be performed over the years 2008–2010, and the infrastructure should be launched in 2010/2011.

teAching

During 2009, we have arranged courses in bioinformatics:• at LiTH (TFTB29 and TFBI14 autumn 2009)• at HU in collaboration with IBK (spring 2009)

populAR science

Bengt Persson is on the organising committee of the annual research school at the Nobel manor Björkborn, Karlskoga, for 2nd/3rd year of Swedish high school students. Furthermore, Persson is member of the organising committee for the annual Berzeliusdagarna aiming at increasing the interest and educa-tion in Chemistry among high school students.

Computational Biology

stAFF

Professor: Jesper Tegnér Associate Professor: Johan Björkegren PhD student: Sara Hägg Administrative assistant: Kerstin Vestin

geneRAl

We published 15 papers including 5 invited reviews. As high-lights we had one paper in Nature Genetics and another paper in PNAS during 2009. In addition to research we have also been active in entrepreneurial projects with the following re-sults during 2009: • we became partners in one successful FP7 grant, DOPAMI-

NET (2009-2011) • we filed one patent (company, CGN) • we reached got a 2 year collaboration (2009-2010) agree-

ment with Merck (company, CGN).

phD exAMinAtions

Sara Hägg: “Gene Expression Profiling of Human Atheroscle-rosis (Linköping Studies in Science and Technology, disserta-tion No. 1282). Thesis defence 2009-12-18.

Computational Physics

stAFF

Professors: Patrick Norman, Sven Stafström (head of division) Associate professors: Magnus BomanAssistant professors: Gueorgio Gueorguiev, Mathieu Linares, Sebastien VillaumeVisiting scientist: Jonas BjörckPhD students: Johan Böhlin, Mattias Jacobsson, Elham Mosaf-fari, Jonas SjöqvistAdm. Assistant: Lejla Vrazalica

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In their work to describe electronic structure and electronic motions in molecular materials, the Computational Physics


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group employs a wide variety of methods including first prin-ciples electronic structure theory, response theory (for spectro-scopic applications), finite size scaling for studies of electron localization, the Landauer formalism (for conduction studies), and classical Monte Carlo methods (for transport studies). Most of the systems that we are studying are based on carbon. The research cuts across a range of disciplines (molecular and supramolecular electronics, materials and polymer science, device physics) with many applications in the fields of nano-technology, optoelectronics, and organic electronics.

The Computational Physics group gives a large number of courses on graduate as well as under-graduate levels: Electron transport in molecular and polymeric materials (graduate, Sven Stafström), Quantum Physics (undergraduate, Magnus Boman), Introduction to Computational Physics (under-grad-uate, Magnus Boman), Quantum Mechanics (undergraduate, Magnus Boman), and Quantum Chemistry (graduate, Patrick Norman). The group has also had 6 diploma students working in the group during the year.

highlights

• Characterization regarding optical properties of a dendrimer encapsulated Pt(II)-organic chromophore in THF solution at room temperature has been made. J. Sjöqvist, M. Linares, and P. Norman in J. Phys. Chem. A .

• Based on the Marcus theory we have developed a method that can give detailed information regarding the charge transport properties in DNA. M. Jakobsson and S. Stafström in J. Chem. Phys., 131:155102, (2009).

• Based on x-ray circular dichroism spectra, the dependence of optical activity on separation between chromophore and chiral center has been studied. S. Villaume and P. Norman in Chirality (in press).

• The electron-lattice method developed in the group of Sven Stafström has been described in two invited reviews to be published 2010 by Wiley-VCH and Chemical Society Re-views, respectively

Figure: Linear absorption for dendrimer encapsulated Pt(II)-organic chromophore in tetrahydrofuran solution.

collABoRAtions within liu

• Center in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CeNano)• Center of Organic Electronics (COE)• Thin-Film Physics, IFM• Surface Physics and Chemistry, IFM• Mol. Surf. Phys. and Nano Science, IFM• Organic Electronics, ITN.

exteRnAl Activities AnD netwoRKs

• Head of Department, ITN (SS)• Board member, Swedish Science Research Council, secre-

tary general from 2010 (SS)• Board member, Nordita (SS)• Unimolecular Electronics Center, Uppsala University• Swedish Research Establishment • Co-authoring the DALTON and DIRAC programs (PN)• inDiviDuAl exteRnAl collABoRAtions

• H. Ågren (KTH, Stockholm)• T. Saue (Strasbourg, France)• M. Bekele (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)• K. Ruud (Tromsø, Norway)

exteRnAl FunDing

External funding is absolutely essential for the activities in the computational physics group. We are grateful for support from a number of sources including the Swedish Research Council (VR), European Commission, Foundation for Strate-gic Research (SSF), Swedish Defence (FMV), Carl Trygger Foundation, and International Science Programme (ISP). In particular, Patrick Norman is "rådsforskare" at VR and Gue-orgio Gueorguiev has a VR "forskarassistent" position. High performance computing resources were provided by the Swed-ish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) and the Na-tional Supercomputer Center, NSC, at Linköping University.

Theoretical Biologyhttp://cms.ifm.liu.se/theomod/theobio.html

stAFF

Professor: Bo Ebenman (head of division)

Associate professors:Uno WennergrenPeter MüngerTomas Jonsson (guest lecturer)

PostdocCéline Hauzy

PhD students:Sofia BergAlva CurtsdotterDavid GilljamSara GudmundsonAnna EklöfNina HåkanssonLinda KanerydJenny LennartssonTom LindströmMalin Setzer

Research assistantTorbjörn Säterberg

Administrative assistant:Anna Sundin

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The research in theoretical biology is mainly focused on the structure and dynamics of complex ecological networks. Present projects include:

• The response of ecosystems to species loss: using com-munity viability analysis to quantify the risk and extent of extinction cascades (Bo Ebenman PI)

• Using sensitivity analysis to identify keystone species and keystone links in ecosystems (Bo Ebenman PI)

• The robustness of ecosystems to an increasingly variable world: effect of climate change on the structure and func-tioning of ecosystems (Bo Ebenman PI)

• The response of metacommunities to habitat and species loss: the role of local and regional processes (Bo Ebenman PI)

• Ecologically effective population sizes (Bo Ebenman PI)• Population growth in heterogeneous landscapes: crop man-

agement strategies for effective biological control of pests (Uno Wennergren PI)

• Reducing the risk of spread of diseases (Uno Wennergren PI)

• Long term strategies for preserving species in a dynamic landscape (Uno Wennergren PI)

• Analysis and optimization of animal transport: logistics and animal welfare (Uno Wennergren PI)

Members of the group are involved in several courses at graduate as well as undergraduate levels including courses in ecology, population ecology: theories and applications, math-ematical models in chemistry and biology, and conservation biology.

soMe highlights

Organizationofthe2ndWorkshopoftheESFNetworkingProgrammeSIZEMICAndrea Belgrano (Swedish Board of Fisheries) and Bo Eben-man organized the international workshop “Body size and ecosystem dynamics: Implications for conservation and man-agement of natural resources” at the Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Sciences (University of Gothenburg), Tjärnö, Ström-stad (June 3-6). The workshop gathered together theoretical and empirical ecologists engaged in ecosystem management and conservation to discuss the current use of size-based food web models and their integration into a framework for an eco-system-based management of natural resources. The meeting was a great success with a lot of interesting presentations and discussions. Proceedings from the meeting will be published in Oikos, an international journal of ecology.

figure 1. field trip to the Koster archipelago with one of the research ves-sels at tjärnö marine Biological station (station in the background).

InvitedpresentationsattheInternationalCongressofEcol-ogyinBrisbane,AustraliaThe10th International Congress of Ecology in Brisbane, Aus-tralia (August 16-21) had the theme “Ecology in a Changing Climate”. We presented new research results at the meeting: a talk with the title “Effects of biodiversity on the vulnerability of ecosystems to an increasingly variable world” (Bo Eben-man) and a poster with the title “Ecological consequences of increased variation in the strength of species interactions” (Alva Curtsdotter & David Gilljam).

DissertationAnna Eklöf successfully presented and defended her PhD thesis “Species extinctions in food webs – local and regional processes” December 18. Professor Marcel Holyoak from the University of California at Davis was the faculty opponent at the public examination. Dr. Anna Eklöf will spend the coming year as a postdoc at the lab of Professor Stefano Allesina, Uni-versity of Chicago.

exteRnAl Activities AnD netwoRKs

Participation in:• The ESF Research Networking Programme SIZEMIC

(Body-size and ecosystem dynamics: integrating pure and applied approaches from aquatic and terrestrial ecology to support an ecosystem approach). The programme is funded by the Swedish Research Council (VR) and several other national research councils in Europe. Bo Ebenman is a member of the steering committee of the programme. Sofia Berg, Alva Curtsdotter, David Gilljam and Anna Eklöf are active in two of the working groups organized by the network; “Body size and redundancy: Across system comparisons” and “Testing the generality of Elton’s Rule: Comparing aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems across envi-ronmental conditions”.

• Mathematics in the Living Environment (MILE). Erasmus/Socrates collaboration with York University.


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exteRnAl collABoRAtions

• Bo Ebenman - Prof. Richard Law (York University, UK), Dr. Owen Petchey (Sheffield University, UK), Dr. Guy Woodward (Queeen Mary University of London, UK), Dr. Mark Emmerson (University of Cork, Ireland), Dr. Ulrich Brose (Darmstadt Technical University, Germany), Dr. Eric Berlow (University of California, USA) and Dr. Annie Jons-son and Dr. Tomas Jonsson (Skövde Univer sity, Sweden).

• Uno Wennergren - Prof. Jan Bengtsson (SLU, Uppsala, Sweden), Prof. Mikael Rönnquist (Bergen University), Dr. Annie Jonsson and Prof. Bo Algers (SLU) and Prof. Ivar Vågsholm (SVA).

exteRnAl FunDing

Financial support has been received from the Swedish Re-search Council (VR), Swedish Research Council for Environ-ment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS), Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), Swedish Animal Welfare Agency and Swedish Emergency Management Agen-cy.

Theoretical Physics

stAFF

Professors• Igor Abrikosov (Head of T&M) • Karl-Fredrik Berggren • Bo Sernelius AssociateProfessors• Peter Münger • Sergei Simak • Irina Yakymenko • Magnus JohanssonLectors• Arkady Mikhaylushkin• Eyvaz Isaev Lecturers• Lars Alfred Engström • Bruno LindquistAssistantProfessors• Mathias Boström• Leonid PourovskiiPhDstudents• Björn Alling • Christian Asker • Olga Vekilova • Marcus Ekholm • Olle Hellman • Tobias Marten • Francois Liot • Peter Steneteg VisitingScientists/PostDocs• Ferenc TasnadiAdministrativeassistant• Lejla Kronbäck

Diplomastudents• Hans Lind• Hannes Svensson Frenander• Erik Welander

visiting ReseARcheRs

Prof. Lennart Stenflo, SwedenDr. Lars Kroon, SwedenDr. Alena Ponomareva, Moscow, RussiaProf. Yuri Vekilov, Moscow, RussiaProf. Almas Sadreev, Krasnoyarsk, RussiaProf. Antonio Ferreira da Silva, Salvador de Bahia, Brazil

AppointMents in 2009

During 2009 Eyvaz Isaev and Arkady Mikhaylushkin were appointed as ALVA lectors, Leonid Pourovskii as Assistant Professor, whereas Mathias Boström finished his employment as Assistant Professor.

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The research in theoretical physics is focused on condensed matter physics/theoretical materials science, nanoscience, elec-tromagnetic modeling, and non-linear physics. Typical projects are:• Electronic structure theory and first-principles simulations

of materials properties (I. Abrikosov, • S. Simak, T. Marten, C. Asker, F. Liot, F.Tasnady). • Phase stabilities and phase transformations • (I. Abrikosov, B. Alling, T. Marten, E. Isaev, S. Simak, A.

Mikhaylushkin, O. Vekilova, C. Asker)• Theoretical study of materials with fast ionic conductivity

for energy applications (S. Simak,• O. Hellman)• Physics of strongly correlated materials (L. Pourovskii)• Nanotechnology, mesoscopic physics , ultrasmall semicon-

ductor structures and devices in the quantum regime, quan-tum information, transport and quantum and classical wave chaos in microwave cavities (K-F Berggren, A Sadreev, I I Yakimenko)

• Studies of dispersion forces in nanoscience, of the funda-mental nature of the Casimir force and its temperature de-pendence (B. E. Sernelius and M. Boström)

• Gravitation as a Casimir interation (Bo E. Sernelius)• Luminescence in ZnO nanorods, nanotubes and nanoparti-

cles (Bo E. Sernelius)• Understanding Specific Ion Effects in Biology and Colloid

Science through Mean-Field Theory and Monte Carlo Simu-lations (M. Boström).

• Dynamical simulations of defect formation and crystal growth (Peter Münger, I. A. Abrikosov, P. Steneteg).

• Nonlinear dynamics of anharmonic lattices: localization, transport, instabilities and thermodynamics. Applications in nonlinear optics, photonics, Bose-Einstein lattices and crys-tals (M. Johansson, L. Kroon)

We participate in leading national research programs. In par-ticular, we are actively involved in a new Swedish e-Science Research Centre and in the Interdisciplinary Materials Science Laboratory for Advanced Functional Materials,both supported

by the Swedish Government. Igor Abrikosov is leading the Network for excellent research “Materials Science for New Energy Technology”. We are part of the Strategic Research Centers MS2E and “Multifilms”, both supported by the Swed-ish Foundation for Strategic Research. Also, we, together with Computational Physics Group, build the node “Materials Modeling” within the Linköping Linnaeus Initiative for Novel Functional Materials, supported by the Swedish Research Council. At the European level, we were actively involved in European Network Psi-k, where Prof. Abrikosov is a spokes-person for Working Group “Alloy Theory”.

The theory group gives a large number of courses on gradu-ate as well as undergraduate levels. The teaching has a wide range of courses, including analytical mechanics, quantum the-ory, relativistic quantum mechanics, condensed matter physics, many-body physics, statistical mechanics, quantum informa-tion and computing, chaos and nonlinear phenomena.

phD exAMinAtions

Francois Liot: “Thermal Expansion and Local Environment Effects in Ferromagnetic Iron-Based Alloys-A Theoretical Study” Dissertation No. 1245

AwARDs

PhD student Olga Vekilova won The Best Poster Award at In-ternational Conference on High Pressure Science and Technol-ogy (AIRAPT-22) in Tokyo, Japan (July 2009).

2009 highlights

Superhardsemiconductingopticallytransparenthighpres-surephaseofboron [E. Yu. Zarechnaya, L. Dubrovinsky, N. Dubrovinskaia, Y. Filinchuk, D. Chernyshov, V. Dmitriev, N. Miyajima, A. El Goresy, H. F. Braun, S. Van Smaalen, I. Kan-tor, A. Kantor, V. Prakapenka, M. Hanfland, A. S. Mikhaylush-kin, I. A. Abrikosov, S. I. Simak, Phys.Rev.Lett. 102, 185501 (2009).]

Combined efforts of an international group of scientists, due to synergy of experiment and theory, led to a synthesis of single crystals of high pressure boron that has a great potential for application in electronics and optics. The structure and physical properties of this material have been investigated by the members of the research team in scientific laboratories in

Germany, France and the USA, while our group carried out advanced quantum mechanical calculations. In our work nice red single crystals of the high pressure boron phase B28 were synthesised for the first time. It was found to be an optically transparent and thermally stable wide band gap semiconductor. Theory showed very strong covalent bonding in the structure consisting of highly incompressible units, B12 icosahedra and B2 dumbbells (see figure), which is characteristic for superhard materials. Indeed, measured hardness (58 GPa) and low com-pressibility (bulk modulus of 227 GPa) make B28 the second hardest elemental material after diamond.

calculated charge density distribution in B28

AnionSpecificPartitioninginTwoPhaseFiniteVolumeSystems:PossibleImplicationsforMechanismsofIonPumps [M. Boström, E. Lima, E. C. Biscaia Jr, F. W. Tavares, P. Lo Nostro, D. F. Parsons, V. Deniz, and B. W. Ninham, J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 8124–8127 (2009)]

Specific ion effects occur everywhere in biological systems. A classical example is the highly ion specific Donnan equi-libria of red blood cells. The attribution of such ion specificity to active ion pumps is a central tenet of biology. Our group has studied, theoretically (MB et al.) and experimentally (PLN), a model system consisting of two phases in equilibrium with each other (one with salt and one with lipids and salt). There in this system no ion pumps that could give rise to an ion specific Donnan equilibrium. However, we find that in this two phase finite volume systems the ratio of the electrolyte concentra-tion in the upper phase and in the lower phase depend on the ionic species (see Figure a below). The reason is that one phase has lots of surfaces available that can attract polarizable ions. This attraction between ions and available lipid surfaces is due to ionic dispersion forces that lead to specific ion binding. The mechanism may also provide a contribution to active ion pumps not previously considered (a thought provoking fact is that there is lots of hemoglobin available inside the red cell that can adsorb polarizable cations).


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the variation of the concentration ratio between the upper and lower phase for the investigated anions as a function of the ion polarizability in solution. com-parison between experimental results (taken from lo nostro and co-workers) and our theoretical results (using ab initio calculated ion polarizabilities).

ElectronictopologicaltransitionasanoriginofpeculiarelasticpropertiesofRu1-xNixAlsuperalloys[I. D. Bleskov, E. A. Smirnova, Yu. Kh. Vekilov, P. A. Korzhavyi, B. Johansson, M. Katsnelson, L. Vitos, I. A. Abrikosov, and E. I. Isaev, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 161901 (2009)].

Fermi surface of a metallic alloy (see enclosed figure) separates occupied and empty electronic states, and therefore it determines many important properties of the material. By changing the alloy composition it is possible to modify the topology of the Fermi surface, giving rise to the so-called elec-tronic topological transition (ETT). We calculated electronic structure and elastic properties of refractory (Ru,Ni) Al alloys with high melting temperature. The observed peculiarities in elastic constants of the alloys were explained as a result of a ETT occurring upon the increase of Ni content. We showed that there was optimal concentration range up to 40 at. % of Ni for alloying of RuAl by Ni where the elastic constants of Ru1-

xNixAl alloys did not change considerably. High elastic con-stants in combination with reduced density and high melting temperature allowed us to suggest that (Ru,Ni)Al alloys should be promising refractory materials for gas turbine and jet engine technology.

calculated fermi surface cross sections by the (001) and (110) planes for ru80ni20al alloy

GravitationasaCasimireffect[Bo E. Sernelius, Interna-tional Journal of Modern Physics A (IJMPA) 24, issue 8/9, 1804-1812]

The Casimir effect between two atoms is caused by fluc-tuations in the electron density within the atoms. In analogy, fluctuations in the quark density within two nucleons should lead to an interaction between the nucleons. We show that, if the fundamental interaction between quarks is described by a harmonic oscillator interaction potential, fluctuations lead to an

attractive force between the composite particles (nucleons) that varies as 1/r, i.e., just like the gravitational potential does. This is derived in analogy with the Casimir interaction between atoms. This demonstrates that gravitation can be a Casimir ef-fect.

2009 collABoRAtions

CollaborationswithinLiU• Strategic Centre in Materials Science for Nanoscale Surface

MSE2

• Linköping Linnaeus Initiative for Novel Functional Materi-als

• Strategic Research Centre “Multifilms”• Centre in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CeNano).• National Supercomputer Center (NSC).

ExternalactivitiesandnetworksParticipation in: • European Spallation Source- Scandinavia, Lund University• National microfabrication laboratories• VR International Evaluation of Onsala Space Observatory• The Swedish Universities Association Ethics Committee for

external funding• Swedish Research Council, Condensed Matter Physics

Committee and Panel for Strategic Energy •

´

´ k -Network • The European Commission project NANOCASE • NordForsk Network “Coherent Quantum Gases – From

Cold Atoms to Condensed Matter” (M. Johansson)• NordForsk Network: Spintronics – Theory and Simulations

(coordinator Prof. C. Canali, University of Kalmar, Sweden)• Peter Münger participates in “The ‘Stakeholders Tune Euro-

pean Physics Studies’ (STEPS) initiative by the ‘European Physics Edu-cation Network’ (EUPEN) within the SOCRATES programme.” (http://www.eupen.ugent.be/)

Individualexternalcollaborations

- Peter Münger and Prof. J.E. Greene (University of Illinois, USA).- Bo Sernelius and Prof. G. D. Mahan (Penn State University, USA), Prof. Antonio Ferreira da Silva (Salvador de Bahia, Bra-zil), Prof. Barry Ninham (Australian National University, Aus-tralia), Prof. Chris Binns (University of Leicester, England), Dr. Mike Ward, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and Dr. Astrid Lambrecht, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France- Magnus Johansson with Prof. Yu.S. Kivshar, Dr. A. A. Su-khorukov, Australian National University, Canberra, Dr. R.A. Vicencio, Santiago (Chile), Dr. S. Aubry (Saclay, France), Dr. G. Kopidakis (Heraklion, Greece), and Dr. S. Lepri (Firenze, Italy); Prof. A. S. Kovalev, Dr. O. V. Usatenko, Dr. J. Prilepsky and K. Malyuta (Kharkov, Ukraine)- Igor Abrikosov and Prof. M. I. Katsnelson (University of Ni-jmegen, The Netherlands), Prof. L. Dubrovinsky (Universität Bayreuth, Germany), Prof. Yu. Kh Vekilov (Moscow Institute

of Steel and Alloys, Russia), Dr. A. Karimi (EPFL), Switzer-land- Leonid Pourovskii and Prof. Antoine Georges, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France- K-F Berggren and I. Yakimenko with M Pepper (Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK), London Centre for Nanotechnol-ogy, UCL and Prof. V. P. Shevchenko and PhD student V.S. Tsykunov (Kiev University, Ukraine).- Peter Münger, collaboration with Prof. Bo Ebenman and An-na Eklöf, Theoretical Biology, IFM, on “Cascading extinctions in food webs - local and regional processes”.- Mathias Boström with Dr. Drew Parsons, Prof. Barry W. Ninham (Australian National University, Canberra, Australia); Prof. Werner Kunz (Regensburg University, Germany); Dr. Ed-uardo Lima, Prof. Frederico W. Tavares (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); Prof. Roland R. Netz (Technische Universität München, Germany), Dr. Andrea Salis, Dr. Sergio Murgia, and Prof. Maura Monduzzi (University of Cagliari, Italy).exteRnAl visits

- Björn Alling spent one month at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. - Peter Steneteg spent one month at Los Alamos National Laboratories, USA- Magnus Johansson worked 3 months as an invited guest re-searcher at the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden- M. Boström worked one month at Department of Chemical Science, University of Cagliari, Italy, and one month in Can-berra, Australia.

populARiZAtion oF science

- ”Hållbar energi i sikte”, interview in SvenskaDagbladet special issue ”Framtidens Forskning”, June 2009 by I. Abriko-sov et al. - K-F Berggren, Interviews on ESS (Vetenskaps-radion,SwedishRadioP1NewsÖstgötacorres-pondenten,RadioÖstergötland,DN,ResearchEurope). - K-F Berggren, Almedalenseminar on the licensing and en-vironmental process for ESS.- The start page of our group web-cite http://cms.ifm.liu.se/theomod/theophys/ is used to present highlights of our recent research for the general public- A figure from the article by A. S. Mikhaylushkin, I. A. Abrikosov, A. B. Belonoshko, B. Johansson, and S. I. Simak, “Instability of the body-centered tetragonal phase of iron un-der extreme conditions”, Phys. Rev. B 79, 132106 (2009) was selected by the editors of Phys. Rev. B for PRBKaleidoscopeImagesApril 2009- A figure from the article by R.A. Vicencio and M. Johansson, “Discrete gap solitons in waveguide arrays with alternating spacings”, Phys. Rev. A 79, 065801 (2009) was selected by the editors of Phys. Rev. A for PRAKaleidoscopeImages June 2009- ”LiU-fysiker löser spinntronik-problem”, an interview with PhD student B. Alling at LiU web-page 09-04-28- M. Johansson was co-organizer of “Länsstudiedagen för fy-siklärare på gymnasiet: Aktuell fysik och fysikforskning”, 1 October 2009,

and gave Lectures on “Symmetribrott i stort och smått - No-belpriset i fysik 2008”, “Higgspartikeln och experimenten på CERN”, and “Vem får Nobelpriset i fysik 2009? (vilda speku-lationer)”- I. Yakymenko. “Quantum computers and quantum informa-tion”, Lecture on “Länsstudiedagen för fysiklärare på gymna-siet”, 1 October 2009. - K.-F. Berggren. Om ESS (The European Spallation Source), Lecture on »Länsstudiedagen för fysiklärare på gymnasiet«, 1 October 2009.

CeNanothe centRe in nAno science AnD technology (cenAno) is an or-ganization within Linköping Institute of Technology (LiTH) at Linköping University. The mission of CeNano is to strengthen and support the competence within nano science and nano technology at LiTH. This is made by gathering research-ers with nano activities at LiTH in the centre and by acting for increased collaborations and common projects in the nano realm. CeNano also acts for development and coordination of the graduate and under graduate education in this scientific area. Included in the mission of CeNano is also exposure of the nano activities at LiTH by seminars, actions for contact estab-lishment, taking initiative to larger projects, etc.

the BoARD oF cenAno:

• Lars Hultman, Chair • Igor Abrikosov • Per-Olof Holtz • Olle Inganäs • Per-Olov Käll • Kajsa Uvdal, Director of CeNano

the cenAno syMposiuMThe scope of the yearly Symposium is to inform about nano science and technology activities at LiTH and in Sweden. The intention is to bring together researchers with an interest in the nano realm to promote cross-linking between projects at different departments at LiTH. The 5:th CeNano Symposium in Nano Science and Nano Technology was held November 19, 2009. Physics building at Linköping University. Projects within CeNano were presented by involved PhD students. Invited speaker this year was Prof Anthony P F Turner Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.

pRoJects suppoRteD cenAno in 2009:

• Lattices of Freestanding Carbon Nanofibres Characterized by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Arwin Hans,

• Time resolved spectroscopy on functionalized nano parti-cles based on the ZnO and GaN systems Holtz Per Olof,


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• Tunable metal-enhanced fluorescence with hydrogel-bound probesLiedberg Bo,

• Novel Luminescent Properties of Nanoparticles for Cell- and Molecular Imaging” Uvdal Kajsa

• Epitaxially grown nanostructured ohmic contacts for high temperature stable FET sensors Spetz Anita Lloyd

• Graphene-based nanoelectronics Zozoulenko Igor • Plasmon energy mapping of nanostructures Persson Per • Tailoring of materials properties in nanolaminate thin films

Rosén Johanna

highlights

Cannano-pyramidshelpusinfutureenergysavings?(P-O Holtz, IFM)Energy savings on illumination reaching almost 90 % are pre-dicted if conventional light bulbs are replaced by efficient light emitting diodes. However, the diodes used today have still a too low efficiency due to the fact that the semiconductor mate-rial generally used for this purpose, gallium nitride, has a too high defect level, which limits the radiative emission efficiency. In order to circumvent this problem, researchers at IFM have introduced gallium nitride based micro-pyramids. In the peak of each pyramid, a nm-sized quantum dot is located. The light emitting diode concept is based on an injection of electrons into the peak of the pyramid. The electrons are subsequently captured into the dot and will give rise to an efficient emission of photons.

figure 1 sem pictures of gan pyramidal structures

Nanoparticlesforbiomedicalimaging(L Selegård, K. Uvdal, IFM), Nano Science and nanotechnology enable design of material and structures with unique material properties. Nanomaterial with such unique properties, in combination with biomolecular self-assembly opens up for new applications, powerful within medicine. We are now developing magnetically and optically active nanoprobes for biomedical imaging. Detailed informa-tion of properties of the core, as chemical composition, surface states and defects, magnetic response, optical activity are in-vestigated.

figure 2 nano probes are designed, with tunable luminescent properties, to be used for bioimaging. a) schematic drawing of Zno nanoprobes tuned as a func-tion of capping agent. B) samples of nanoparticles, with three different capping agents are exposed to uV light (upper row) and exposed to day-light. (lower row).

FunMatVINNOVA Excellence Center in Research and Innovation on Functional Nanoscale Materials FunMatis financed in equal parts by VINNOVA, industry and the university. It runs between 2007 and 2016 with the mission to:

• Provide the strongest research platform for a consortium of companies in the area of advanced surface engineering, with a focus on nanotechnology for tools, components, con-tacts, and sensors

• Offer knowledge-based design of functional materials on the nanoscale to provide unique and improved surface prop-erties with commensurate industrial opportunities

• Expand core R&D capabilities by enlarging and protecting the IPR base of Swedish companies in key industrial sec-tors.

The Center is based at IFM, Linköping Univeristy.

hoMepAge

www.liu.se/funmat

centeR BoARDStage 2 (2009-2011)Lennart Karlsson, SECO Tools AB (Chair)Hans Högberg, Impact Coatings AB and LiUBirgit Jacobson, CEI-Europe ABWillam Salaneck, Linköping UniversityTrine Vikinge, AddBIO ABÅke Öberg, ABB AB (Adjunct)

HeadProf. Lars Hultman

DeputyHeadProf. Anita Lloyd Spetz

ResearchCoordinatorProf. Magnus Odén

CoordinatorMs. Therese Dannetun

PartnerCompaniesStage 2 (2009-2011)ABB AB, Corporate Research CemeCon AGFord Motor Company / Volvo Car CorporationImpact Coatings AB Ion Bond Sweden ABSandvik Tooling Sverige ABSECO Tools ABSenSiC ABVolvo Technology

SeniorResearchersatIFMMike AnderssonJens Birch Robert BjörklundPer EklundNaureen GhafoorGueorgui GueorguievHans Högberg (at Impact Coatings 2008-09)Anelia KakanakovaJun LuPer PerssonGalia PozinaJohanna RosénRositza Yakimova

ResearchEngineersKarl-Olof BrolinIngemar GrahnThomas LingefeltMikael Syväjärvi, Ph.D.

Ph.D.StudentsKristina BuchholtAnders ErikssonJenny Frodelius Andrej Furlan (PhD during 2009)Niklas G Sarius (SP)Carina Höglund Lars JohnsonJonas Lauridsen (Licentiate during 2009)Erik Lewin (PhD during 2009, Uppsala University)Nils Nedfors (Uppsala University)Lina RogströmSusann SchmidtOlof TengstrandJennifer Ullbrand Jianqiang Zhu

Post-docsVolodymyr KhranovskyyRuth Pearce

UniversityandInstituteCollaborationsProf. Ulf Jansson, Uppsala University Prof. Peter Leisner, SP

ReseARch pRogRAM

FunMat is a leading environment for problem-oriented research on nanoscale functional materials. It offers scientific compe-tence and innovative solutions in advanced surface engineer-ing. We develop thin film processing, advanced materials analysis, and IPR.

Project Themes • MultifunctionalNanocompositesforCombinedElectric

andMechanicalContactsWe develop novel coating materials for electrical contact ap-plications. The nanocomposite MaxPhase coating materials replace gold in electrical contacts. They are tough, electri-cally conducting, resistant to corrosion and wear, cheap, and environmentally friendly – truly multifunctional materials.

photo: impact coatings aB

• Self-OrganizingNanoscaleCoatingsforCuttingToolsandComponentsFunMatgenerates strategic knowledge for the deposition and structure evolution of new hard coatings used in wear protection of metal machining tools. The next generation of tools must withstand yet higher mechanical and thermal loads than those of today. We explore nanostructured ce-ramic coatings and push the frontiers of characterization techniques as well as computational methods.

photo: sandvik tooling aB


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• Low-Energy/FrictionSurfacesforComponentsWe explore new nano-structured carbon-based coatings, which can resist mechanical wear and have tunable sur-face energy. Examples of applications are rolling bearings, orthopedic implants, and hard discs. The coatings are produced in laboratory and industry magnetron sputtering systems. Expertise is provided on the growth and doping of fullerenes and graphene, characterization by nanotribology and electron microscopy as well as theoretical calculations.

photo: cemecon ag

• NewNanoscaleSensorMaterials&ApplicationSilicon carbide chemical sensors are commercialized for applications in harsh environment at temperatures below 400 °C. Applications at higher temperatures require im-proved contact materials. The conducting ceramic materials developed within FunMatoffers a unique possibility for the silicon carbide sensors as well as other challenging sensor developments.

photo: sensic aB

highlights 2009

• Stage 2 of FunMatwas successfully started.

• First Theses presented; Andrej Furlan (PhD, Linköping University), Erik Lewin (PhD, Uppsala University), and Jo-nas Lauridsen (Licentiate, Linköping University).

• Two patent applications on coating design for cutting tool applications.

• Ti3SiC2 was successfully grown on SiC and is now tested as ohmic contact to high temperature SiC-FET gas sensors.

• We published a comprehensive invited review on“TheMn+1AXnphases:Materialsscienceandthin-filmprocess-ing”;published online in Thin Solid Films summer 2009 and highlighted by Elsevier and the journal to start the new decade (Eklund et al, Thin Solid Films 518 (2010) 1851).

LiLi-NFMLinköping Linnaeus Initiative for Novel Functional Materials - LiLi-NFM

LiLi-NFM is a coordinated laboratory for interdisciplinary research on advanced materials. It is supported by the Swedish Research Council (VR) for a 10-year period until 2016 by Lin-naeus Grant.

The research environment constitutes the backbone of ma-terials research at Linköping. It consists of ~125 researchers organized in 9 divisions located within the Physics Building of IFM.

DirectorProf. Lars Hultman

DeputyDirectorProf. Erik Janzén

CoordinatorMs. Inger Eriksson

ResearchDivisionsandPrincipalInvestigators

Computational Physics Prof. Sven Stafström

Functional Electronic Prof. Weimin ChenMaterials Prof. Irina Buyanova

Nanostructured Materials Prof. Magnus Odén

Plasma & Coating Phys. Prof. Ulf Helmersson

Semiconductor Materials Prof. Erik Janzén Prof. Per-Olof Holtz Prof. Leif Johansson Prof. Bo Monemar Prof. Rositza Yakimova

Surface & Semiconductor Prof. Göran Hansson,Physics Prof. Wei-Xin Ni Prof. Roger Uhrberg

Surface Physics and Prof. Mats Fahlman Chemistry Theory and Modeling Prof. Igor AbrikosovThin Film Physics Prof. Lars Hultman Prof. Jens Birch

oBJective

Our objective is in doing basic research to fundamentally un-derstand the atomistic nature of materials synthesis, structure, and properties. We can thus extend the frontiers of materials and nano sciences to expand the scientific foundations for the development of materials that improve, e.g., the efficiency, environmental acceptability and safety in energy generation, conversion, transmission and use.

The core activity of LiLi-NFMis within the largest and most rapidly developing area of physics research worldwide. In fact, the understanding of materials is the fundamental driving force in natural science and basic engineering research. We fo-cus on studies on the nature of epilayers, thin films, and nanos-cale materials. Here, we are in the forefront regarding materials synthesis including wide-band gap materials (SiC, AlN, GaN, ZnO), graphene, nanocomposites, superlattices, fullerene-like compounds, and organic molecular materials.

Our research concerns unsurpassed knowledge-based design of new functional materials for electronics, engineering and the life sciences. We design novel material structures and explore outstanding phenomena. We also anticipate to be mak-ing discoveries of novel phases and original structures.

stRAtegy

It is our strategy for excellence to develop and integrate theory, simulations, and experiment. The philosophy for operating LiLi-NFM contains the following elements: • Natural science and basic engineering research • Strategic recruitments and tenure-track plans. • Intra-disciplinary excellence.• Inter-and multi-disciplinary modus operandi • Strong national & international collaboration• State-of-the-art laboratories• Leading computational capacity

Strategic Recruitments in 2009/10• Leonid Pourovskii• Olle Kordina• Per Eklund• Mathieu Linares• Daniel Dagnelund• Gunilla Wingqvist• Daniel Söderström

scientiFic highlights

ScAlNIn 2009 we performed an experimental and theoretical study of the novel material system Sc1-xAlxN. It exhibits similarities

with group III-V mixed nitrides of use in semiconductor de-vices and with hard coatings systems such as Ti1-xAlxN.Using magnetron sputtering, we grow rock salt cubic structure Sc1-xAlxN in the composition range 0<x<0.6 while wurtzite (w) Sc1-xAlxN this far has been grown in the regime 0.8<x<1. First-principles calculations together with alloy theory tools helped identify single-phase and mixed phase regimes.

The figure shows the calculated energy landscape of w-Sc0.5Al0.5N as a function of volume (y-axis) and c/a ratio (x-axis). The system displays an interesting shallow region along c/a of positive implications for the usability of the material in sensor applications. C. Höglund et al., J. Appl. Phys. 105, 113517 (2009)

C. Höglund, J. Birch, B. Alling, J. Bareno, Zs. Czigány P.O.Å. Persson, G. Wingqvist, A. Zukauskaite, and L. Hultman (unpublished)

TiN-SiNxnanocompositesWe have made progress on understanding the nature of su-perhard TiN-SiNx nanocomposites. Specifically, the structure of the SiNx tissue phase is one important issue. It was first considered to be amorphous, but shown by us in earlier experi-mentally to be crystalline with up to six monolayers stabilized by TiN(001).

In 2009 we theoretically investigated the dynamical and thermodynamic stability of a single isostructural monolayer of SiNx sandwiched between B1-TiN (001) and (111) oriented slabs using density functional theory. Possible dynamical stabi-lization of the (001) interface, by distortion of the Si-N bonds, is considered and found to almost, but not completely, remove the phonon instabilities. The (111) interface on the other hand is found to be dynamically stable. We furthermore relax the compositional degree of freedom by allowing for Si vacancies in the lattice and show that the 1:1 SiN stoichiometry in both interfaces are thermodynamically unstable with respect to Si vacancy formation regardless of nitrogen rich or poor condi-tions, and therefore ruling out its relevance for real materials.

the figure shows the energy landscape calculated for 001 tin/1ml sin/tin interface as a function of the positions of the si atom relative to n atom. Zero corresponds to the energy when both atoms occupy the B1 lattice positions. De is measured in eV per si and n pair. Distortions dx and dy are shown in percentage of the si-si nearest neigh-bor spacing. t. marten, e. isaev, B. alling, l. hultman, and i. abrikosov, submitted.


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Hydrogeningraphene(C Virojanadara, R Yakimova, M Sy-väjävi, T Iakimov, LI Johansson).

We have successfully prepared large and homogeneous mon-olayer graphene on different 6H-SiC(0001) substrate orien-tations. The size and the width of the graphene sheet were possible to tune by the off-cut angle of the SiC substrate. The smoothest and largest graphene sheet was found to grow on a 0.03o misoriented substrate, as shown in Fig. 1. On the (0001) substrate the graphene grows on top of an interface layer, so called buffer layer, which is believed to degrade the quality of the epitaxial graphene.

Hydrogen exposures on a high quality monolayer graphene grown on SiC(0001) were demonstrated to intercalate, i.e., to lift up this buffer layer and transform it into a second graphene layer. This opens the possibility for altering between monolay-er and bi-layer graphene by hydrogen intercalation and thereby modifying the electronic properties of the graphene film. Surf. Sci. Lett. Online Jan 15, 2010.

leem images of continuous graphene sheets with a) size larger than 50 μm2 and b) regular steps and terrace widths ~2 μm. surf. sci. lett. l87, 2009

MS2ESSF Strategic Research Centre on Materials Science for Nano-scale Surface Engineering, MS2E

www.liu.se/ms2e

inventionibus iis, quae vacuo et investigatione in situ et silicio nituntur

BoardDr. Ingrid Reineck, Sandvik Tooling Sverige AB, ChairProf. Helen Dannetun, Dean LiTH, LiUProf. Jan-Åke Schweitz, Dean Eng. Sci., UUProf. Peter Isberg, ABB ABDr. Lars Bråthe, Volvo Technology ABProf. Sven Lidin, Stockholm UniversityDocent Johanna Rosén, LiU, Secretary

DirectorProf. Lars Hultman, IFM, LiU

DeputyDirectorProf. Karin Larsson, Materials Chemistry, UU

SeniorResearchersLars Hultman, LiU Karin Larsson, UUIgor Abrikosov, LiU Ulf Jansson, UUJoakim Andersson, UU Åsa Kassman, UUJens Birch, LiU Ilia Katardjiev, UUHans-Olof Blom, UU Tomas Kubart, UUValeriu Chirita, LiU Martin Magnuson, LiUVanya Daracheva, LiU A. Mikhaylushkin,LiUFredrik Eriksson, LiU Peter Münger, LiUNaureen Ghafoor, LiU Tomas Nyberg, UUGueorgui Gueorguiev, LiU Magnus Odén, LiUUlf Helmersson, LiU Per Persson, LiUHans Högberg, LiU Johanna Rosén, LiUEyvaz Isaev, LiU Sergei I. Simak, LiUHåkan Engqvist, UU Ferenc Tasnady, LiUStaffan Jacobsson, UU Urban Wiklund, UUVentislav Yanchev, UU Gunilla Wingqvist, LiU Post-GraduateStudentsMontri Aiempanakit, LiU Björn Alling, LiU Nils Nedfors, UUBenny André, UU Lina Liljeholm, UULilia Arapan, UU Tobias Marten, LiUJenny Frodelius, LiU Aurelia Mockute, LiUMatilda Hanson, UU Junaid Muhammed, LiU Fredrik Gustavsson, UU Simon Olsson, LiUCarina Höglund, LiU Anna Pallas, UUUlrika Isaksson, LiU Daniel Petrini, LiUJohan Karlsson, UU Peter Steneteg, LiUAli Khatibi, LiU Daniel Lundin, LiUDavide Sangiovanni, LiU

VisitingScientists/PostDocsAndrej Furlan, UU Jussi Koskilinna, UUManfred Beckers, LiU Daniel Söderström, LiU Johan Bjurström, UU Stefano Rubini, UUGunilla Wingqvist, LiU

ScopeSSFStrategicResearchCenter2006-2010MS2E is a consortium of research groups from Linköping Uni-versity and Uppsala University. We focus on solving strategic research issues in functional materials for nanotechnology and advanced surface engineering. Our mission is to; 1) Provide

strategic basic research to expand and maintain core research and development capabilities by protecting and enlarging the intellectual property base of companies in key industrial sec-tors; 2) Create high performance surfaces by exploring new concepts for thin film processing with the design of interfaces and surfaces; and 3) Train future generations of leading scien-tists and industrialists.

MS2E is funded by SSF 2006-2011.

ReseARch pRoJect clusteRs AnD pRoJect leADeRs

Wide-Band Gap Nitrides by MSE, Jens Birch Wide-Band Gap Nitrides; DFT&ALD, Karin LarssonWide-Band Gap Nitrides by PVD, Ilia Katardjiev Piezo-electric Nitrides – PVD, Gunilla Wingqvist Age Hardening in Thin Films, LarsHultman Nanocomposite and amorphous M-A-X films, Ulf JanssonArc Processing and DFT, Johanna RosénSelf organizing nano surfaces, Urban WiklundBiotribology, Håkan Engqvist Quasicrystalline Thin Film Materials, Fredrik Eriksson High-Rate HIPIMS, Ulf Helmersson Reactive Sputter Process Developm., Tomas NybergPlasma Control, Joakim AnderssonQuantum Surface Chemistry Calc., Karin LarssonMultiscale Materials Simulations, Igor AbrikosovMolecular Dynamics Simulations Valeriu ChiritaSynthetic Growth Approach (DFT) G.K. Gueorguiev

phD theses in 2009

Andrej Furlan, LiU: Fullerene-like CNx and CPx Thin Films; Synthesis, Modeling, and Applications

Erik Lewin, UU: Design of Carbide-based Nanocomposite Coatings

scientiFic highlight

ElectronicmechanismfortoughnessenhancementinTiWNandTiMoN(D. Sangiovanni, V. Chirita, and L. Hultman)

Toughness, besides hardness, is one of the most important properties of wear resistant coatings. We use ab-initio density functional theory calculations to investigate the mechani-cal properties of ternary metal nitrides TixMe1-xN, with Me = Mo and W, for x=0.5. Results show that Mo and W alloying enhances the toughness and hardness of TiN. The electronic mechanism responsible for this improvement, as revealed by electronic structure calculations, stems from the changes in charge density induced by the additional transition metal atoms, primarily through metallic, second nearest neighbors d(t2g)-d(t2g) orbital interactions. This leads to the formation of a layered electronic arrangement, characterized by strong, respectively weak, directional bonding, which enables a selec-tive response to strain, respectively shear, deformations of the structures, and yields up to 60% decrease in C44 values.

charge densities of ti0.5W0.5n under trigonal deforma-tion (shearing). scale units are electrons/Å3.

SIMARCSwedish Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance Center

www.ifm.liu.se/simarc

1. stAFF:

• DirectorWeimin Chen

• Board:Prof. Anders Lund, Linköping Univ., ChairProf. Uno Carlsson, LiTH, Linköping Univ. Prof. Weimin Chen, LiTH, Linköping Univ. Prof. Erik Janzén, LiTH, Linköping Univ.Prof. Eva Lund, HU, Linköping Univ.Doc. Ann Magnusson, Uppsala Univ.Prof. Bo Monemar, LiTH, Linköping Univ.Prof. Einar Sagstuen, Oslo Univ. (Norway)

• Senior scientists:Prof. Irina Buyanova, Prof. Uno Carlsson, Prof. Weimin Chen, Dr. Håkan Gustafsson, Prof. Per Hammarström, Prof. Erik Janzén, Prof. emeritus Anders Lund, Prof. Eva Lund, Prof. emeritus Bo Monemar, Dr. Sara Olsson, Doc. Nguyen Tien Son

• Visting scientists:Dr. Hélène Carrère, Dr. Alexander Fionov, Dr. Vladimir Ka-levich, Dr. Sun-Kyun Lee, Prof. Mikael Lindgren, Dr. Natalia Rozhkova, Prof. Leonid Vlasenko, Dr. Deyong Wang, Dr. Xingjun Wang


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• PhD students:Emelie Adolfsson, Laura Antonovic, Axel Israelsson, Jan Beyer, Patrick Carlsson, Shula Chen, Daniel Dagnelund, Yut-tapoom Puttisong

• Administrative/Technical staff:Lejla Kronbäck, Arne Eklund

2. suMMARy oF Activities.The research activities at SIMARC cover several areas of vari-ous disciplines, including Materials Science, Chemical Physics, Chemistry, Applied Physics, Radiation Physics and Medical Science. The materials studied include novel spintronic ma-terials and nanostructures, advanced electronic and photonic materials such as wide bandgap semiconductors and highly mismatched semiconductors, organic materials for dosimetry and biochemical materials.

Importantdefectissuesandrecombinationprocessesinelectronicmaterials: The goal is, by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR), to identify chemical nature and geometrical structure of defects, impurities and dopants that are important in semi-conductor materials and nanostructures. The activities in this area during 2009 were focused on (i) studies of native defects such as O and Zn vacancies in as-grown ZnO; and (ii) identifi-cation of the dominant non-radiative recombination centers in Ga(In)NAs and GaNP dilute nitrides.

Spintronicsemiconductormaterialsandnanostructures:The aim is to understand the fundamental physics underlying spin phenomena such as spin relaxation, spin injection, mecha-nism for spin loss, etc., so that the full potential as well as the fundamental limits of spintronics can be assessed. Within this year we have concentrated our studies on (i) understanding and optimization of our recently discovered defect-engineered spin filtering effect in Ga(In)NAs quantum and nano struc-tures; (ii) spin injection dynamics and mechanism in ZnMnSe/CdSe quantum dot structures; and (iii) spin dynamics in ZnO-based materials; and (iv) optical spin injection in InAs quan-tum dots.

Developmentofspin-sensitivelocalprobemicroscopy/spectroscopy:The aim is to develop a variety of advanced spin-sensitive scanning probe microscopies (SPM) and to ap-ply them to studies of nano-magnetism and spin detection and manipulation on the nano- and atomic scale in novel electronic and magnetic materials and nanostructures.

EPRdosimetry: The aim of the research within this project is to improve EPR dosimetry (ionising radiation dose measure-ments) to be a competitive dosimetric method for applications in radiation therapy. We are working with the optimization of measurement precision and accuracy in dose measurements by the development of new dosimeter read-out protocols and dosimeter calibration protocols. We are also searching for new dosimeter materials with higher sensitivity and better tissue equivalence with respect to attenuation and scattering of ion-izing radiation. We are currently clinically evaluating a lithium

formate EPR dosimeter system for dosimetry in special meas-urements situations such as dosimetry in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and brachytherapy.

RetrospectivedosimetrybymeansofEPRspectroscopy:EPR spectroscopy measurements of chewing gums and sweet-eners sorbitol and xylitol have been performed in order to optimize the use of them as retrospective dosimeters. Radical identification, transitions, stability, dose response and light de-pendence have been investigated. Retrospective dosimetry on tooth enamel has also been performed through participation in an international tooth comparison study.

3. highlights:

• Dominant recombination centers in Ga(In)NAs alloys: Ga interstitials

We have provided unambiguous experimental evidence that the defects involving Gai are the common grown-in defects in Ga(In)NAs alloys regardless of the growth methods employed for material fabrication ranging from gas-source molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), solid-source MBE, to metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). They act as efficient NRR centers which control carrier lifetime and degrade opti-cal quality of the alloys. The defects formation is concluded to become thermodynamically favorable under the presence of N, possibly because of local strain compensation. (Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 241904 (2009))

• Evaluation of a lithium formate EPR dosimetry system for dose measurements around 192Ir brachytherapy sources

A lithium formate EPR dosimetry system was used for meas-urements of dose distributions around clinical 192Ir brachyther-apy sources. Experimentally measured doses agreed well with the doses calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS) within ± 2.9 % and uncertainty in dose measurements was esti-mated to 1.3 % to 1.7 % (k=1.96). This study therefore showed that the low energy dependence and wide dynamic range of linear dose response of lithium formate EPR dosimeters, as compared to commonly used thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD). This makes them well suited for dose measurements in situations where energy dependence cannot be easily account-ed for e.g. around clinical brachytherapy sources. However, for clinical use in single source dosimetry it would be useful if the size of the dosimeters could be further reduced for improved spatial resolution in the dose measurements. (Medical Physics 36 2236-2247 (2009)).

4. collABoRAtions:

About 30 research groups from Europe, USA and Asia are in active collaboration with SIMARC.

5. otheRs:

Håkan Gustafsson has been awarded an assistant position by the Swedish Research Council. The project title is “Medical applications of electron paramagnetic resonance imaging”. The project has the aim to use EPRI for imaging of radicals in bio-logical samples such as atherosclerotic plaques and imaging of dose distributions for applications in radiation therapy. ( http://vrproj.vr.se/detail.asp?arendeid=71224 ).

PublicationsscientiFic BRAnch oF ApplieD physics

Aili D, Selegård R, Baltzer L, Enander K, Lied-berg B. Colorimetric sensing: Small 21/2009. (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany). 2009; 5 (21)

Aili D, Selegård R, Baltzer L, Enander K, Liedberg B. Colorimetric Protein Sensing by Controlled Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Synthetic Receptors. Small. 2009;5(21):2445-2452.

Åkerlind C, Arwin H, Jakobsson F, Kariis H, Jär-rendahl K. Optical Properties and Switching of a Rose Bengal Derivativ. 2009. p. 28-28.

Ali Malik M, Gatto E, Macken S, DiNatale C, Paolesse R, DAmico A, et al. Imaging fingerprint-ing of excitation emission matrices. Analytica Chemical Act. 2009;635(2):196-201.

Almstedt K, Nyström S, Nilsson P, Hammarström P. Amyloid Fibrils of Human Prion Protein are Spun and Woven from Morphologically Disor-dered Aggregates. Austin: Landes Bioscience Journals; Prion. 2009;3(4)

Andersson B, Herland A, Masich S, Inganäs O. Imaging of the 3D nanostructure of a polymer solar cell by electron tomography; Nano letters. 2009;9(2):853-855.

Andersson H, Myrskog A, Ingemarsson B, Pei Z. Optimizing immobilization conditions on a two dimensional carboxylbiosensor surface: pH de-pendence of antibody orientation andantigen bind-ing capacity. Analytical Biochemistry. 2009;

Andersson M, Inganäs O. From short to long - Optical and electrical transients in photovoltaic bulk heterojunctions of polyfluorene/fullerenes; Chemical Physics Letters. 2009;357(1-3):120-123.

Andersson O, Ekblad T, Aldred N, Clare A, Lied-berg B. Novel application of imaging surface plas-mon resonance for in situ studies of the surface exploration of marine organisms. Biointerphases. 2009;4(4):65-68.

Andersson O, Larsson A, Ekblad T, Liedberg B. Gradient Hydrogel Matrix for Microarray and Biosensor Applications : An Imaging SPR Study. ; Biomacromolecules. 2009;10(1):142-148.

Andersson O, Nikkinen H, Kanmert D, Enander K. A multiple-ligand approach to extending the dynamic range of analyte quantification in pro-tein microarrays. Biosensors and bioelectronics. 2009;24(8):2458-2464.

Andersson V, Herland A, Masich S, Inganäs O. Imaging of the 3D Nanostructure of a Polymer Solar Cell by Electron Tomography. Nano letters (Print). 2009;9(2):853-855.

Arwin H, Aspnes D. Follow the light : Ellipsome-try and polarimetry. Physics Today. 2009;62(5):70-71.

Arwin H, Järrendahl K, Landin J, Boulenquez J, Berthier S. Ellipsometry applied to natural biopho-tonic structures : a review. 2009.

Arwin H, Järrendahl K, Landin J, Boulenquez J, Berthier S. Optical activity in the cuticle of the beetle Cetonia aurata studied by Mueller-matrix ellipsometry. 2009.

Arwin H, Landin J, Järrendahl et.al. Optical Ac-tivity in the Cuticle of the Beetle Cetonia Aurata. In: 5th Workshop Ellipsometry, Zweibrücken, Germany, March 2-4 2009. 2009. p. 38-38.

Arwin H, Mendoza-Galván A, Järrendahl K, Dmitriev A, Pakizeh T, Käll M. Artificial Magnet-ism in Gold-Silica-Gold Metamaterials - an ellip-sometric Study. 2009. p. 51-51.

Arwin H. Characterization of Metamaterials with Ellipsometry. 2009. p. 7-7.

Arwin H. Ellipsometry applied to natural biophot-onic structures - a review. 2009.

Arwin H. Spectroscopic Ellipsometry on Protein layers: Characterization and Sensor applications.

Aslund A, Nilsson K, Konradsson P. Fluorescent oligo and poly-thiophenes and their utilization for recording biological events of diverse origin-when organic chemistry meets biology.. Journal of chemical biology. 2009;2(4):161-175.

Åslund A, Sigurdson C, Klingstedt T, Grathwohl S, Bolmont T, Dickstein D, et al. Novel Penta-meric Thiophene Derivatives for in Vitro and in Vivo Optical Imaging of a Plethora of Protein Ag-gregates in Cerebral Amyloidoses. ACS Chemical Biology. 2009;4(8):673-684.

Asplund M, Thaning E, Lundberg J, Sandberg-Nordqvist A, Kostyszyn B, Inganäs O, et al. Toxicity evaluation of PEDOT/biomolecular com-posites intended for neural communication elec-trodes. Biomedical Materials. 2009;4(4):045009

Barrau S, Andersson V, Zhang F, Masich S, Bi-jleveld J, Andersson M, et al. Nanomorphology of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells in 2D and 3D Correlated to Photovoltaic Performance. Macromolecules. 2009;42(13):4646-4650.

Basu P, Saha N, Jana S, Saha H, Spetz Lloyd A, Basu S. Schottky Junction Methane Sensors using Electrochmically Grown Nanocrystal-line-Nanoporous ZnO Thin Films. Hindawi Publishing Corporation; Journal of Sensors. 2009;2009(790476):1-9.

Berlind T, Furland A, Czigany Z, Neidhardt J, Hultman L, Arwin H. Spectroscopic ellipsom-etry characterization of amorphous carbon and amorphous,graphitic and fullerene-like carbon nitride thin films. Elsevier; Thin Solid Films. 2009;517(24):6652-6658.

Berlind T, Poksinski M, Tengvall P, Arwin H. Formation and cross-linking of fibrinogen layers-monitored with in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry. Colloids and Surfaces B.

Berlind T. Carbon Nitride : Characterization andProtein Interactions. [Thesis]. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press; 2009. Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, 1263.

Bittoun E, Marmur A, Östblom M, Ederth T, Liedberg B. Filled Nanoporous Surfaces : Con-trolled Formation and Wettability .Langmuir .2009;25(20): 12374-12379.

Björk P, Thomsson D, Mirzov O, Andersson J, Inganäs O, Scheblykin I. Oligothiophene As-semblies Defined by DNA Interaction : From Single Chains to Disordered Clusters. ; SMALL. 2009;5(1):96-103.

Bjorklund R, Magnusson C, Martensson P, Win-quist F, Krantz-Rülcher C. Continuous monitoring of yoghurt fermentation using a noble metal elec-trode array; International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2009;44(3):635-640.

Bjorstrom Svanstrom C, Rysz J, Bernasik A, Budkowski A, Zhang F, Inganäs O, et al. Device Performance of APFO-3/PCBM Solar Cells with Controlled Morphology. Advanced Materials. 2009;21(43):4398-+.

Bolin M, Svennersten K, Wang X, Chronakis I, Richter-Dahlfors A, Jager E, et al. Nano-fiber scaffold electrodes based on PEDOT for cell stimulation. Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical. 2009;142(2):451-456.

C Stummann T, Beilmann M, Duker G, Dumotier B, Fredriksson J, Jones R, et al. Report and Rec-ommendations of the Workshop of the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods for Drug-Induced Cardiotoxicity. Cardiovscular Toxicology. 2009;9(3):107-125.

Dal Zilio S, Tvingstedt K, Inganäs O, Tormen M. Fabrication of a light trapping system for or-ganic solar cells. Microelectronic Engineering. 2009;86(4-6):1150-1154.

Di Natale C, Buchholt K, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, Pomarico G, DAmico A, et al. Investigation of quartz microbalance and ChemFET transduction of molecular recognition events in a metallopor-phyrin film. ; Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical. 2009;135(2):560-567.

Di Natale C, Martinelli E, Paolesse R, DAmico A, Filippini D, Lundström I. An artificial olfaction system based on the optical imaging of a large ar-ray of chemical reporters. Sensors And Actuators B-Chemical. 2009;142(2):412-417.


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Di Natale C, Paolesse R, DAmico A, Lundström I, Lloyd Spetz A. Multi-transduction of molecular recognition events in metalloporphyrin layers. Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines. 2009;13(11):1123-1128.

Dini F, Martinelli E, Pomarico G, Paolesse R, Monti D, Filippini D, et al. Chemical sensitivity of self-assembled porphyrin nano-aggregates. ; Nan-otechnology. 2009;20(5):055502-. Ederth T, Pettitt M, Nygren P, Du C, Ekblad T, Zhou Y, et al. Interactions of Zoospores of Ulva linza with Arginine-Rich Oligopeptide Monolay-ers. Langmuir. 2009;25(16):9375-9383.

Einarson S, Wärnberg-Gerdin E, Hugoson A. Oral health impact on quality of life in an adult Swedish population. ; Acta Odontologica Scandi-navica. 2009;67(2):85-93.

Ekblad T, Andersson O, Tai F, Ederth T, Lied-berg B. Lateral Control of Protein Adsorption on Charged Polymer Gradients. ; Langmuir. 2009;25(6):3755-3762.

Eriksson J, Khranovskyy V, Söderlind F, Käll P, Yakimova R, Lloyd-Spets A. ZnO nanoparticles or ZnO films : A comparison of the gas sensing capabilities. Sensors and actuators. B, Chemical. 2009;137(1):94-102.

Faxälv L, Ekblad T, Liedberg B, Lindahl T. Blood compatibility of photografted hydrogel coatings. Biomaterials. 2009;

Filippini D, Gatto E, Alimelli A, Ali Malik M, Di Natale C, Paolesse R, et al. Spectral fingerprinting of porphyrins for distributed chemical sensing. ; Journal of Porphyrins And Phthalocyanines. 2009;13(1):77-83.

Filippini D, Liedberg B. Sensors And Actuators B: Chemical Special Issue : in Sensors And Actuators B-Chemical, vol 142, issue 2, pg 405. 2009. 142(2)p. 405-405.

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H Labrador R, Olsson J, Winquist F, Martinez-Manez R, Sotoa J. Determination of Bisulfites in Wines with an Electronic Tongue Based on Pulse Voltammetry. ; Electroanalysis. 2009;21(3-5):612-617.

Hamedi M, Herlogsson L, Crispin X, Marcilla R, Berggren M, Inganäs O. Fiber-Embedded Electro-lyte-Gated Field-Effect Transistors for e-Textiles. ; Advanced Materials. 2009;21(5):573-577.

Hamedi M, Tvinstedt K, Karlsson R, Asberg P, Inganäs O. Bridging Dimensions in Organic Electronics : Assembly of Electroactive Polymer Nanodevices from Fluids. Nano letters (Print). 2009;9(2):631-635.

Hellstrom S, Zhang F, Inganäs O, Andersson M. Structure-property relationships of small bandgap conjugated polymers for solar cells. Dalton Trans-actions. 2009;45:10032-10039.

Homa B, Andersson M, Inganäs O. Photogen-erated charge carrier transport and recombina-tion in polyfluorene/fullerene bilayer and blend photovoltaic devices; Organic Electronics. 2009;10(3):501-505.

Inganäs O, Zhang F, Andersson M. Alternating Polyfluorenes Collect Solar Light in Polymer Photovoltaics. Accounts of Chemical Research. 2009;42(11):1731-1739.

J Lindgren L, Zhang F, Andersson M, Barrau S, Hellstrom S, Mammo W, et al. Synthesis, Charac-terization, and Devices of a Series of Alternating Copolymers for Solar Cells. Chemistry of Materi-als. 2009;21(15):3491-3502.

Järrendahl K, Landin J, Arwin H. Mueler-Matrix Ellipsometry Studies of Optically Active Struc-tures in Scarab Beerles (conf. France). 2009.

Järrendahl K, Landin J, Arwin H. Mueller-Matrix Ellipsometry Studies of Optically Active Struc-tures in Scarab. 2009.

Karlsson R, Herland A, Hamedi M, Wigenius J, Åslund A, Liu X, et al. Iron-Catalyzed Polym-erization of Alkoxysulfonate-Functionalized 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Gives Water-Soluble Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) of High Conductivity. ; Chemistry of Materials. 2009;21(9):1815-1821.

Karpus V, Babonas G, Reza A, Tumenas S, Arwin H, Assmus W, et al. Optical response of si-ZnMgHo quasicrystal. ; Zeitschrift Fur Kristal-lographie. 2009;224(1-2):39-41.

Khranovskyy V, Eriksson J, Lloyd Spetz A, Yaki-mova R, Hultman L. Effect of oxygen exposure on the electrical conductivity and gas sensitivity of nanostructured ZnO films; Thin Solid Films. 2009;517(6):2073-2078.

Klenkar G, Brian B, Ederth T, Stengel G, Hook F, Piehler J, et al. Addressable adsorption of lipid vesicles and subsequent protein interaction studies; Biointerphases. 2009;3(2):29-37.

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Li F, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Liu X, Zhan Y, Fahlman M. Tuning Work Function of Noble Metals As Promising Cathodes in Organic Electronic De-vices. Chemistry of Materials. 2009;21(13):2798-2802.

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Lloyd Spetz A, Pearce R, Hedin L, Khranovskyy V, Söderlind F, Käll P, et al. New transducer material concepts for biosensors and surface functionali-zation. In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol 7362. 2009. 7362p. 736206-.

Lloyd Spetz A, Skoglundh M, Ojamäe L. FET sensors gas sensing mechanism, experimental and theoretical studies. In: Solid State Gas Sensing: Fundamentals and new trends in gas sensing. XV US: Springer; 2009. p. 153-(27pp).

Macken S, Di Natale C, Paolesse R, DAmico A, Lundström I, Filippini D. Towards integrated devices for computer screen photo-assisted multi-parameter sensing. ; Analytica Chimica Acta. 2009;632(1):143-147.

Macken S, Filippini D. Monolithic SU-8 micro-cavities for efficient fluorescence collection. Jour-nal of Micromechanics And Microengineering. 2009;19(8):085011-.

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Mandenius C, Björkman M. Mechatronic design methodology for biotechnology products : in New Biotechnology, vol 25, supplement 1. In: 14th European Congress on BiotechnologyBarcelona, Spain 13–16 September, 2009. Amsterdam: Else-vier; 2009. p. S190-. New Biotechnology, 25.

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Petoral R, Söderlind F, Klasson A, Suska A, Fortin M, Abrikossova N, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of Tb3+-Doped Gd2O3 Nanoc-rystals: A Bifunctional Material with Combined Fluorescent Labeling and MRI Contrast Agent Properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 2009;113(17):6913-6920.

Qin R, Li W, Li C, Du C, Veit C, Schleiermacher H, et al. A Planar Copolymer for High Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells. Journal Of The American Chemical Society. 2009;131(41):14612-.

Söderlind F, Selegård L, Nordblad P, Uvdal K, Käll P. Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of polycrystalline GdFeO3 and Gd3Fe5O12 thin films; Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2009;49(2):253-259.

Suska A, Belen Ibanez A, Lundström I, Berghard A. G protein-coupled receptor mediated trimeth-ylamine sensing. Biosensors And Bioelectronics. 2009;25(4):715-720.

Teixeira A, Ilkhanizadeh S, Wigenius J, Duck-worth J, Inganäs O, Hermanson O. The promotion of neuronal maturation on soft substrates. Bioma-terials. 2009;30(27):4567-4572.

Tortora L, Stefanelli M, Mastroianni M, Lvova L, Di Natale C, DAmico A, et al. The hyphenated CSPT-potentiometric analytical system : An ap-plication for vegetable oil quality control. Sensors And Actuators B-Chemical. 2009;142(2):457-463.

Tvingstedt K, Vandewal K, Gadisa A, Zhang F, Manca J, Inganäs O. Electroluminescence from Charge Transfer States in Polymer Solar Cells. Journal Of The American Chemical Society. 2009;131(33):11819-11824.

Ulrich C, Andersson O, Nyholm L, Björefors F. Potential and Current Density Distributions at Electrodes Intended for Bipolar Patterning. ; Ana-lytical Chemistry. 2009;81(1):453-459.

Valiokas R, Malysheva L, Onipko A, Lee H, Ruzele Z, Svedhem S, et al. On the quality and structural characteristics of oligo(ethylene glycol) assemblies on gold : An experimental and theoreti-cal study. ; Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena. 2009;172(1-3):9-20.

Valyukh I, Green S, Arwin H, Niklasson G, Wäckelgård E, Granqvist C. Optical Properties of Amorphous Tungsten Osice Films Deposited by Reactive DC magnetron sputtering. 2009. p. 48-48.

Vandewal K, Tvingstedt K, Gadisa A, Inganäs O, Manca J. On the origin of the open-circuit voltage of polymer-fullerene solar cells. Nature Materials. 2009;8(11):904-909.

Virshup A, Porter L, Lukco D, Buchholt K, Hult-man L, Lloyd-Spets A. Investigation of Thermal Stability and Degradation Mechanisms in Ni-Based Ohmic Contacts to n-Type SiC for High-Temperature Gas Sensors. ; Journal of Electronic Materials. 2009;38(4):569-573.

Wingqvist G, Anderson H, Lennartsson C, Weissbach T, Yantchev V, Lloyd Spetz A. On the applicability of high frequency acoustic shear mode biosensing in view of thickness limitations set by the film resonance. Biosensors And Bioelec-tronics. 2009;24(11):3387-3390.

Winquist F, Krantz-Rülcher C, Olsson T, Jonsson A. Measurements of cadmium in soil extracts us-ing multi-variate data analysis and electrochemical sensors; Precision Agriculture. 2009;10(3):231-246.

Zako T, Kobayashi T, Sakono M, Lindgren M, Hammarström P, Nilsson P, et al. Structure and cytotoxicity of novel insulin noodle-like filamen-tous amyloids. In: in Febs Journal, vol 276. 2009. 276p. 173-173.

Zhou Y, Li F, Barrau S, Tian W, Inganäs O, Zhang F. Inverted and transparent polymer solar cells pre-pared with vacuum-free processing. ; Solar Energy Materials And Solar Cells. 2009;93(4):497-500.

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scientiFic BRAnch oF Biology

Altimiras J, Crossley II D, Villamor E. Prenatal development of cardiovascular regulation in avian species.. In: Cardio-respiratory control in verte-brates: comparative and evolutionary aspects. Dor-drecht Heidelberg London New York: Springer; 2009. p. 397-427.

Arwin H, Järrendahl K, Landin J, Boulenquez J, Berthier S. Ellipsometry applied to natural biopho-tonic structures: a review. 2009.

Arwin H, Järrendahl K, Landin J, Boulenquez J, Berthier S. Optical activity in the cuticle of the beetle Cetonia aurata studied by Mueller-matrix ellipsometry. 2009.

Bergstedt J, Westerberg L, Milberg P. In the eye of the beholder : bias and stochastic variation in cover estimates. Plant Ecology. 2009;204(2):271-283.

Brodin M, Laska M, Olsson M. Odor Interaction between Bourgeonal and Its Antagonist Undeca-nal. Chemical Senses. 2009;34(7):625-630.

Campler M, Jöngren M, Jensen P. Fearfulness in red junglefowl and domesticated White Leghorn chickens; Behavioural Processes. 2009;81(1):39-43.

Jansson N, Bergman K, Jonsell M, Milberg P. An indicator system for identification of sites of high conservation value for saproxylic oak (Quercus spp.) beetles in southern Sweden. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2009;13(4):399-412.

Jansson N, Ranius T, Larsson A, Milberg P. Boxes mimicking tree hollows can help conservation of saproxylic beetles. Biodiversity and Conservation. 2009

Järrendahl K, Landin J, Arwin H. Mueller-Matrix Ellipsometry Studies of Optically Active Struc-tures in Scarab. 2009.

Johansson V, Bergman K, Lättman H, Milberg P. Tree and site quality preferences of six epiphytic lichens growing on oaks in southeastern Sweden. Annales Botanici Fennici. 2009;46(6):496-506.

Kallner Bastviken S, Weisner S, Thiere G, Sven-sson J, Ehde P, Sundblad-Tonderski K. Effects of vegetation and hydraulic load on seasonal nitrate removal in treatment wetlands. Ecological Engi-neering. 2009;35(5):946-952.

Karlsson A, Kerje S, Hallböök F, Jensen P. The Dominant white mutation in the PMEL17 gene does not cause visual impairment in chickens. Vet-erinary ophthalmology. 2009;12(5):292-298.

Laska M, Persson O, Salazar L. Olfactory sensitiv-ity for alkylpyrazines - A comparative study in CD-1 mice and spider monkeys. Journal of Experi-mental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. 2009;311(4):278-288.

Laska M, Ringh A. How Big is the Gap between Detection and Recognition of Aliphatic Alde-hydes? In Chemical Senses, vol 34, issue 7. 2009. 34(7)p. A108-A109.

Laska M, Rivas Bautista R, Hernandez Salazar L. Gustatory Responsiveness to Six Bitter Tastants in Three Species of Nonhuman Primates; Journal of Chemical Ecology. 2009;35:560-571.


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Lättman H, Lindblom L, Mattsson J, Milberg P, Skage M, Ekman S. Estimating the dispersal ca-pacity of the rare lichen Cliostomum corrugatum. Biological Conservation. 2009;142(8):1870-1878.

Lättman H, Milberg P, Palmer M, Mattsson J. Changes in the distributions of epiphytic lichens in southern Sweden using a new statistical method. Nordic Journal of Botany. 2009;27(5):413-418.

Lindgren I, Altimiras J. Chronic prenatal hypoxia sensitizes beta-adrenoceptors in the embryonic heart but causes postnatal desensitization. Ameri-can Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 2009;297(2):R258-R264.

Lindqvist C, Jensen P. Domestication and stress effects on contrafreeloading and spatial learning performance in red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) and White Leghorn layers; Behavioural Processes. 2009;81(1):80-84.

Lindqvist C, Lind J, Jensen P. Effects of domestic-cation on food deprivation-induced behaviour in red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, and White Leghorn layers; Animal Behaviour. 2009;77(4):893-899.

Nätt D, Lindqvist N, Stranneheim H, Lundeberg J, Torjesen P, Jensen P. Inheritance of Acquired Behaviour Adaptions and Brain Gene Expression in Chickens. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6405-.

Persson Vinnersten T, Lundström J, Petersson E, Landin J. Diving beetle assemblages of flooded wetlands in relation to time, wetland type and Bti-based mosquito control. Springer; Hydrobiologia. 2009;(635):189-203.

Starkhammar J, Amundin M, Nilsson J, Jansson T, Kuczaj S, Almqvist M, et al. 47-channel burst-mode recording hydrophone system enabling measure-ments of the dynamic echolocation be-havior of free-swimming dolphins. Journal of The Acoustical Society Of America. 2009;126(3):959-962.

Sundblad-Tonderski K. Molecular and microbial advances in wetland science: in Ecological Engi-neering, vol 36, no 6 pages 959-960; 2009. 35(6)p. 959-960.

Svärd C, Fahlman A, Rosen D, Joy R, Trites A. Fasting affects the surface and diving metabolic rates of Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus. Oldenorf/Luhe: Inter-Research; Aquatic Biology. 2009;8(1):71-82.

Wikstroem L, Milberg P, Bergman K. Monitoring of butterflies in semi-natural grasslands: diurnal variation and weather effects. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2009;13(2):203-211.

Wiren A, Gunnarsson U, Andersson L, Jensen P. Domestication-related genetic effects on social behavior in chickens - Effects of genotype at a ma-jor growth quantitative trait locus; Poultry Science. 2009;88(6):1162-1166.

scientiFic BRAnch oF cheMistRy

Ahl I, Jonsson B, Tibell L. Thermodynamic Characterization of the Interaction between the C-Terminal Domain of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase and Heparin by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. Biochemistry. 2009;48(41):9932-9940.

Almstedt K, Nyström S, Nilsson P, Hammarström P. Amyloid Fibrils ofHuman Prion Protein are Spun and Woven from Morphologically Disor-dered Aggregates. Austin: Landes Bioscience Journals; Prion. 2009;3(4)Almstedt K, Rafstedt T, Supuran C, Carlsson U, Hammarström P. Small-Molecule Suppression of Misfolding of Mutated Human Carbonic An-hydrase II Linked to Marble Brain Disease. Bio-chemistry. 2009;48(23):5358-5364.

Aslund A, Nilsson K, Konradsson P. Fluorescent oligo and poly-thiophenes and their utilization for recording biological events of diverse origin-when organic chemistry meets biology. Journal of chemical biology. 2009;2(4):161-175.

Auer R, Neudecker P, Muhandiram D, Lundström P, Flemming Hansen D, Konrat R, et al. Measur-ing the Signs of H-1(alpha) Chemical Shift Dif-ferences Between Ground and Excited Protein States by Off-Resonance Spin-Lock R-1 rho NMR Spectroscopy. Journal Of The American Chemical Society. 2009;131(31):10832-10833.

Berg I, Thor S, Hammarström P. Modeling Fa-milial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy (Transthyretin V30M) in Drosophila melanogaster; Neurodegen-erative Diseases. 2009;6(3):127-138.


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Huang C, Wikfeldt K, Tokushima T, Nordlund D, Harada Y, Bergmann U, et al. The inhomogeneous structure of water at ambient conditions. Proceed-ings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America. 2009; 106(36): 15214-15218.

Karlsson R, Herland A, Hamedi M, Wigenius J, Åslund A, Liu X, et al. Iron-Catalyzed Polymeri-zation of Alkoxysulfonate-Functionalized 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Gives Water-Soluble Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) of High Con-ductivity. ; Chemistry Of Materials. 2009;21(9): 1815-1821.

Leino M, Hagenblad J, Edqvist J, Karlsson Strese E. DNA preservation and utility of a historic seed collection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Seed Science Research. 2009;19:125-135.

Lenz A, Ojamäe L. A theoretical study of water equilibria: The cluster distribution versus tem-perature and pressure for (H2O)n, n=1–60, and ice. Journal of Chemical Physics. 2009;131(13): 134302-134302-13.

Lenz A, Selegård L, Söderlind F, Larsson A, Holtz P, Uvdal K, et al. ZnO Nanoparticles Functional-ized with Organic Acids: An Experimental and Quantum-Chemical Study. The Journal of Physi-cal Chemistry C. 2009;113(40):17332-17341.

Li F, Martens A, Åslund A, Konradsson P, de Wolf F, Cohen Stuart M, et al. Formation of nanotapes by co-assembly of triblock peptide copolymers and polythiophenes in aqueous solution. ; Soft Matter. 2009;5(8):1668-1673. Lloyd Spetz A, Pearce R, Hedin L, Khranovskyy V, Söderlind F, Käll P, et al. New transducer material concepts for biosensors and surface functionali-zation. In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, vol 7362. 2009. 7362p. 736206-.

Lloyd Spetz A, Skoglundh M, Ojamäe L. FET sensors gas sensing mechanism, experimental and theoretical studies. In: Solid State Gas Sensing: Fundamentals and new trends in gas sensing. XV US: Springer; 2009. p. 153-(27pp).

Lundström P, Lin H, Kay L. Measuring C-13(beta) chemical shifts of invisible excited states in pro-teins by relaxation dispersion NMR spectroscopy. Journal Of Biomolecular Nmr. 2009;44(3):139-155.

Lundström P, Vallurupalli P, Hansen D, Kay L. Isotope labeling methods for studies of excited protein states by relaxation dispersion NMR spec-troscopy. Nature protocols. 2009;4(11):1641-48.

Moparthi S, Fristedt R, Mishra R, Almstedt K, Karlsson M, Hammarström P, et al. Chaperone ac-tivity of Cyp18 through hydrophobic condensation that enables rescue of transient misfolded molten globule intermediates. 2009;

Moparthi S, Hammarström P, Carlsson U. A nonessential role for Arg 55 in cyclophilin18 for catalysis of proline isomerization during protein folding. Protein Science. 2009;18(2):475-479.

Museth A, Brorsson A, Lundqvist M, Tibell L, Jonsson B. The ALS-Associated Mutation G93A in Human Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Se-lectively Destabilizes the Remote Metal Binding Region. Biochemistry. 2009;48(37):8817-8829.

Philipson O, Hammarström P, Nilsson K, Portelius E, Olofsson T, Ingelsson M, et al. A highly insol-uble state of Aβ similar to that of Alzheimers dis-ease brain is found in Arctic APP transgenic mice. Neurobiology of Aging. 2009;30(9):1393-1405.

Söderlind F, Selegård L, Nordblad P, Uvdal K, Käll P. Sol-gel synthesis and characterization of poly-crystalline GdFeO3 and Gd3Fe5O12 thin films; Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 2009;49(2):253-259.

Wangsell F, Russo F, Savmarker J, Rosenquist Å, Samuelsson B, Larhed M. Design and syn-thesis of BACE-1 inhibitors utilizing a tertiary hydroxyl motif as the transition state mimic. Bioorganic And Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2009;19(16):4711-14.

Zako T, Kobayashi T, Sakono M, Lindgren M, Hammarström P, Nilsson P, et al. Structure and cytotoxicity of novel insulin noodle-like filamen-tous amyloids. In: in Febs Journal, vol 276. 2009. 276p. 173-173.

Åslund A, Sigurdson C, Klingstedt T, Grathwohl S, Bolmont T, Dickstein D, et al. Novel Penta-meric Thiophene Derivatives for in Vitro and in Vivo Optical Imaging of a Plethora of Protein Ag-gregates in Cerebral Amyloidoses. ACS Chemical Biology. 2009;4(8):673-684.

scientiFic BRAnch oF MAteRiAls physics

Adnane B, Karlsson F, Hansson G, Holtz P, Ni W. Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of self-assembled SiGe/Si quantum dots. 2009.

Adnane B, Karlsson F, Hansson G, Holtz P, Ni W. Spatially direct and indirect transitions of self-assembled SiGe/Si quantum dots studied by pho-toluminescence excitation spectroscopy. Applied Physics Letters. 2009;

Adnane B, Karlsson F, Zhao M, Hansson G, Holtz P, Ni W. Origin of photoresponse at 8-14 μm in stacks of self-assembled SiGe/Si quantum dots. Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materi-als Physics. 2009;

Adnane B, Lai Y, Shieh J, Holtz P, Ni W. Photo-luminescence study of nanocrystalline-Si(Ge) embedded in mesoporous silica. Solid-State Elec-tronics. 2009;53(8):862-864.

Agekyan V, Holtz P, Karczewski G, Moskalenko E, Yu A, Serov x, et al. Exciton localization and sp-d energy transfer in CdMnTe/CdMgTe nanos-tructures with ultrathin narrow-gap magnetic lay-ers. In: 17th Int. Symp. “Nanostructures: Physics and Technology”. 2009.

Ali M, Svensk O, Zhen Z, Suihkonen S, Törmä P, Lipsanen H, et al. Reduced photolumines-cence from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well structures following 40 MeV iodine ion irradia-tion. Elsevier; Physica. B, Condensed matter. 2009;404(23-24):4925-4928.

Alling B, Odén M, Hultman L, Abrikosov I. Pressure enhancement of the isostructural cubic decomposition in Ti1−xAlxN. Applied Physics Letters. 2009;95(181906)

Amini S, Cordoba Gallego J, McGhie A, Ni C, Hultman L, Oden M. On the Stability of Mg Na-nograins to Coarsening after Repeated Melting. Nano Letters. 2009;9(8):3082-3086.

Antti M, Cheng Y, Odén M. Synthesis and phase development in the Ct-Al-N system. In:Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, vol 29, no 2; 2009. 29(2)p. 3-12.

Atlasov K, Karlsson F, Gallo P, Rudra A, Dwir B, Kapon E. Observation of Stimulated Emission and Lasing in Quantum-wire Photonic-crystal Nano-cavities. In: IEEE/LEOS Winter Topical Meeting Series on Nanophotonics,2009.

Atlasow K, Calic M, Karlsson F, Gallo P, Rudra A, Dwir B, et al. Photonic-crystal microcavity laser with site-controlled quantum-wire active medium. Optics Express. 2009;17(20):18178-18183.

Azam S. Microwave Power Devices and Ampli-fiers for Radars and Communication Systems. Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, 1265.

Bano N, Hussain I, Nour O, Willander M, Kla-son P, Henry A. Study of luminescent centers in ZnO nanorods catalytically grown on 4H-p-SiC. Semiconductor Science And Technology. 2009;24(12):125015-.

Beckers M, Höglund C, Baehtz C, Martins R, Persson P, Hultman L, et al. The influence of substrate temperature and Al mobility on the microstructural evolution of magnetron sputtered ternary Ti-Al-N thin films. Journal of Applied Physics. 2009;106(6):064915-.

Berlind T, Furland A, Czigany Z, Neidhardt J, Hultman L, Arwin H. Spectroscopic ellipsom-etry characterization of amorphous carbon and amorphous,graphitic and fullerene-like carbon nitride thin films. Elsevier; Thin Solid Films. 2009;517(24):6652-6658.

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Vekilova O, Bazhanov D, Simak S, Abrikosov I. First-principles study of vacancy-hydrogen intera-ction in Pd. Physical Review B. 2009;80(2): 024101-

Vicencio R, Johansson M. Discrete gap solitons in waveguide arrays with alternating spacings. Physi-cal Review A. 2009;79(6):065801-.

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Wallin E, Münger P, Chirita V, Helmersson U. Low-temperature alpha-alumina thin film growth: ab initio studies of Al adatom surface migration. Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics. 2009;42(12): 125302-.

Welander E, Yakimenko I, Berggren K. Electron localization and spin polarizationin circular quan-tum wires with a barrier. 2009.

Yakimenko I, Berggren K. The Influence of Many-Body Interactions on the Electron States in Quantum Point Contacs : Persistence of Exchange-Driven Splitting at High External Magnetic Fields. Journal of Superconductivity And Novel Magnet-ism. 2009;22(5):449-454.

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ThesesDoctoRAl theses

Karin Almstedt: Protein misfolding in human deseases.Dissertation No 1239 (26 februari 2009)

Ivy Razado Colambo: Scanning tunnelling micro-scopy and photoelectron spectroscopy studies of Si(111) and Ge(111) surfaces: Clean and modified by H or Sn atoms.Dissertation No 1236 (20 mars 2009)

Jawad ul Hassan: Epitaxial Growth and Charac-terization of SiC for High Power DevicesDissertation No 1243 (26 mars 2009)

Andrej Furlan: Fullerene-like CNx and CPx Thin films: Synthesis, Modeling, and ApplicationsDissertation No 1247 (30 mars 2009)

Francois Liot: thermal expansion and local en-vironment effects in ferromagnetic iron-based alloys.Dissertation No 1245 (3 april 2009)

Gunnar Forsgren: Evaluation of volatile organic compounds related to board based packaging by use of instrumental and sensory analysis Dissertation No 1251 (17 april 2009)

Marcus Bäck: Design and Synthesis of Inhibitors Targeting the Hepatitis C Virus NS3 Serine Pro-tease and the Aspartic Protease BACE-1Dissertation No 1253 (15 maj 2009)

Nicklas Jansson: “Habitat requirements and pres-ervation of the beetle assemblages associated with hollow oaks”Dissertation No 1246 (5 juni 2009)

Annika Lenz: Theoretical Investigations of Water Cluster, Ice Clathrates and Functionalized Nano-particles.Dissertation No 1254 (9 juni 2009)

Torun Berlind: Carbon Nitride Characterization and Protein InteractionsDissertation No 1263 (28 augusti 2009)

Sher Azam: Microwave Power Devices and Am-plifiers for Radars and Communication SystemsDissertation No 1265 (10 september 2009)

Sofie Nyström: Early Events in Disease Associated Protein MisfoldingDissertation No 1270 (20november 2009)

Jonas Carlsson: Mutational effects on protein structure and function.Dissertation No 1271 (6 november 2009)

Janosch Hennig: Structure-function studies on TRIM21/Ro52, a protein involved in autoimmune diseasesDissertation No 1272 (30 oktober 2009)

Satish Babu Moparthi; Biophysical studies of protein folding upon interaction with molecular chaperonesDissertation No 1285 (27 nov. 2009)

Andreas Åslund: Designing thiophene-based fluo-rescent probes for the study of neuro-degenerative protein aggregation diseases. From test tube to in vivo experimentsDissertation No 1286 (17 december 2009)

Anna Eklöf: Species extinctions in food webs – lo-cal and regional processesDissertation No 1291 (18 december 2009)

Sara Hägg: Gene expression profiling of human atherosclerosisDissertation No 1282 (19 december 2009)

licentiAte theses

Annica Myrskog: Self assembled monolayers for quartz crystal microbalance based biosensing.Thesis No 1408 Liu-TEK-LIC-2009:16

Lan Bui: Synthesis of substituted alkanethiols intended for protein immobilization – Chelate as-sociated photochemistry (CAP)Thesis No 1411 Liu-TEK-LIC-2009:19

Jonas Lauridsen: Multifunctional Ti-Si-C based nanocomposite coatingsThesis No 1424 Liu-TEK-LIC-2009:32

Tomás McKenna: Oxidative stress on mammalian cell cultures during decombinant protein expres-sionThesis No 1424 Liu-TEK-LIC-2009:33

Under graduateThesesengineeRing pRogRAMs – MAtheMAticAlAnD nAtuRAl sciences pRogRAM

Abdul Hameed; Design and fabrication of AlxGa (1-x) N based ultraviolet detectors arrays for space applications. Ex-2050

Alexandra Ahlner; Enzymatic characterization of glycogen synthase kinase in Cryptosporidium parvum . Ex-20036

Amie Fallqvist; Pillar gate devices for gas sensing. Ex-2124

Anders Huynh; Impact of Cathepsin D in UVB Induced Cell Death Using Crystal Violet Staining for Evaluation. Ex-2115

Anders Jinnelöv; Investigation of small molecules binding to UDP-galactose 4’-epimerase. Ex-2197

Andreas Frisk; Growth and characterization of Ge quantum dots on SiGe-based multilayer structures.Ex-2055

Andreas Ring; Evolution of the SCP-2 domain in Fungi. Ex-2174

Andrey Höglund; The evolution of SCP-2-domain in fungi. Ex-2161

Anna Bergström; SPR sensor surfaces based on self-assembled monolayers. Ex-2044

Anna Maitz; Taste responsiveness to the 20 protei-nogenic amino acids and taste preference thresh-olds for Glycine and L-Proline in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Ex-2143

Anna Nilsson; Exchange of anti-bloom emulsifiers and fat systems for chocolate coatings in baking applications. Ex-2104

Anna Senior Kindstrand; Does the availability of phosphorus in sediment and water determine the distribution of submerged marophytes? Ex-2176

Anna Sjölander; The effect of water chemistry and fibre-size distribution on dissolved air flotation efficiency.

Anneli Wennman; The effect of selenium and gold compounds on resistant human tumor cells. Ex-2107

Annelie Kaukonen; Antagonistic activity of lactic acid bacteria against Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium difficile. Ex-1902

Annika Engstrand; Dendritic cell response after exposure to Salmonella enterica with different LPS structure. Ex-2034

Annika Hofling; Do enclosure characteristics af-fect anti-predator behaviour in the European bison (Bison bonasus)? Ex-2129

Annika Udd; The interaction of human carbonic anhydrase II to solid surfaces and its applications. Ex-2092

Ann-Louise Borg; Investigation of aa method for determination of anticomplementary activity (ACA) in Octagam. Ex-2207

Asim Aijaz; Design and characterization of syn-chronous co-axial double magnetron sputtering system. Ex-2041

Azizahalhakim Sudirman; Combining reflectom-etry, ablation and fluid collection in a microstruc-tured fiber Ex-2065

Behrad Baluch Shiki; Olfactory discrimination ability in human subjects for L– and D-amino acids. Ex-2177

Belma Salagic; Regulation of COX-2 signaling in the blood brain barrier. Ex-2041

Benjamin Jöngren; The effect of domestication in social and fear behaviour: a comparison between red jungle fowl (gallus gallus) and White Leghorn. Ex-2166

Björn Freij; Mocrophage response to different types of Salmonella enterica strains. Ex-2031

Björn Johansson; Stay below water! – A strategy to avoid seed predators – seed survival and germi-nation of Mauritia flexuosa in Southeastern Peru. Ex-2131

Camilla Halvarsson; Substitution of disulphide bonds to hydrophobic amino acids in BACE1. Ex-2108

Camilla Sarin; Habitat utilisation of burnet moths (Zyhaena spp.) in southern Sweden: a multi-stage and multi-scale perspective. Ex-2139

Caroline Göransson; Mutagenesis of human lgG-Fc for detection of lgG rheumatoid factor. Ex-2217

Catarina Zweigel; Validering av metoder för ana-lys av Cu, Fe och Na I processvatten med AAS-grafitugn. Ex-2113

Catrine Larsson; Effects on product quality for probiotic yoghurts caused by long storage times during production. Ex-2042

Cathrine Nygren: Recovery of chemicals in xylan extraction process. Ex-2052

Cecilia Salomonsson; ”Lactation contact” in pigs (Sus scrofa). Ex-2175

Charlotte Uddén; Kortsiktiga effecter av brand på gräsmarker I Östergötland. Ex-2056


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Christian Karlsson; En jämförelse mellan får- och nötkreatursbetade hagmarker med avseeende på populationsstorlek samt artsammansättning hos dagfjärilar och örter. Ex-2058

Cristian Alsund Sporrong ; A study of the Connec-tion Between Submerged Vegetation and Sediment Phosphorus in Shallow, Eutrophic Lake Tåkern, Southern Sweden. Ex-2146

Daniel Mroczek; Fotosyntesen –” Har vi läst om det?” En studie om gymnasieelevers förståelse och alternativa föreställningar kring fotosynstesen

Daniel Nilsson; Analysis of gene- and protein expression in an Alzheimer model of Drosophila melanogaster Ex-2077

Daniel Nilsson; Simulation of cubic GaN growth in SA MOVPE. Ex-2079

Daniel Remes; Biosensor based on a MOS capaci-tor with an internal reference electrode. Ex-2186

David Andersson; Påverkan av byte till hälso- och miljövänligare bindemedel. Ex-2095

David Arnlund; Overexpression, reconstitution and functional characterization of a bacterial sig-nalling complex. Ex-2099

David Dilner; Behavior of cutting tool coating metarial Ti1-xAIxN at high pressure and high tem-perature. Ex-2209

David Gilljam; Metapopulation persistence of in-sects living in hollow oaks: effects of adding oaks in the surrounding landscape. Ex-2030

David Gotthold; Structural characterization of the dually targeted presequence peptide from Threonyl-tRNA synthetase in Arabidopsis thal-iana. Ex-2218

Elin Lord; Olfactory discrimination of aliphatic 2-ketones and 1-alcohols in South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). Ex-2135

Elin Salomonsson; Exponering för bly vid et met-allgjoteri. Ex-2089

Elin Diczfalusy,; Non-invasive methods for detect-ing drug and alcohol impaired drivers: - a study of alcohol and drug biomarkers and optical detection techniques. Ex-2048 Elin Weijland; Färgkomponenter som avgår vid bandlackering. Ex-2088

Emelie Jansson; Gaskromatografisk metod för analys av GHB i urin. Ex-2083

Emma Colnerud Nilsson; Salivary cortisol and post traumatic stress symptoms – a ten year follow-up of Swedish UN soldiers after a 6 months mission in Bosnia. Ex-2029

Emma Hemmingsson; En jämförelse av sju me-toder för att inventera vedlevande skalbaggar för ek. Ex-2057

Emma Löfgren; The role of PAR1 and PAR4 in platelet PAI-1 secretions. Ex-2116

Emma Malis: The effect of mechanical stimuli on healing Achilles tendons in rats. Ex-22201

Erik Boman; Olfactory and Cognitive Abilities in Two Strains of Alzheimer s Disease Model Mice. Ex-2141

Erik Carlsson; Undersökning av cyanidhaltigt vatten I dagvattenutsläpp från process för metal-lytbehandling. Ex-2080

Erik Hermansson; Expansion and Validation of an HPLC-MS/MS method for detection and quantifi-cation of pharmaceuticals in water. Ex-2074

Erik Nilebäck; A novel biotinylated surface de-signed for QCM-D applications. Ex-2199

Erik Nordell; Effekter av zeoliter i biogasproduk-tion. Ex-2038

Erik Welander; Electron localization and spin po-larization in a quantum circle. Ex-2198

Erika Godoy; Effects of the captive environment and enrichment on the daily activity of European bison (Bison bonasus). Ex-2142

Fanny Herold; TRPV3 and V4 in arterio-venous anastomosis of Jungle fowl brood patch. Ex-2160

Fredric Carlsson; Habitat factors affecting but-terflies at forest edges in south-eastern Sweden. Ex-2122

Fredrik Bäcklund; Model-based evaluation of an insulin signalling feedback hypothesis. Ex-2100

Fredrik Johansson; Genetisk variation av betydelse för adenosinsignalering vid nydebuterad rheuma-toid artrit. Ex-2032

Fredrik Pettersson; In vitro proximity studies of the platelet glycoprotein receptor GPIbα and the protease-activated-receptor (PAR1) and their inter-actions with thrombin. Ex-2111

Frida Olsson; Forest structure, dead wood and their importance for the bird species richness. Ex-2183

Golam Kafi Afrose Mia; Characterization of the pancreatic β-cell auto antigen targeted by the IC2 monoclonal autoantibody. Ex-2136

Gustav Edman Jönsson; Sputtring av Ti-Si-C-Ag-beläggningar från sammansatta sputterkällor. Ex-2053

Hafiz Muhammad Sohail; Growth of Pt/Mg Mul-tilayer X-ray Mirrors – Effects of sputter yield amplification. Ex-2051

Hanna Fager; The influence of cutting edge mi-crogeometry in hard part turning with cubic boron nitride tools. Ex-2204

Hanna Hasanagic; Expression of TRPV4 in differ-ent tissues and bird species. Ex-2158

Hannes Frenander; Heat flow in classical one-di-mensional anharmonic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam chains. Ex-2194

Hao-Tso Tsai; SBA-15 SiOx as Mesoreactor for copper nanoparticles. Ex-2118

Hedvig Boresson; The robustness of ecological communities to species loss in an increasingly variable world. Ex-2020

Helena Johansson; Importance of a multi-layered tree composition, logs an other dead wood in a bo-real forest for diversity of small singbirds. Ex-2162

Helene Pettersson; Understanding of human com-municative motives in domestic dogs. Ex-2138

Henrik Norman; Effects of domestication on social behaviour and fear in Red Junglefowl and White Leghorn. Ex-2171

Ingrid Almkvist; Functional studies of novel sol-ute carrier proteins in the mouse brain. Ex-2098

Ingrid Södersten; Conjugation of the laccase from a Coriolopsis Polyzona to silica silver nanoparti-cles and study of their catalytic properties towards degradation of potential organic pollutions in drinkig water. Ex-2067

Jacob Kuruvilla; Localization, physiological role and functional analysis of Anion Transporter 3 (Arabidopsis thaliana). Ex-2134

Jennifer Ullbrand; A comparison of SPS and HP sintered, electroless copper plated carbon nanofi-bre composites for heat sink applications. Ex-2150

Jenny Ekman; The Importance of Forest Structure and Dead Wood for Breeding Avian Species. Ex-2153

Jenny Larsson; Differences in behaviour of hens in novel situations: A comparison between Red Junglefowl and White Leghorn. Ex-2168

Jessica Olsen; Introns as a tool study molecular evolution in SCP-2. Ex-2172

Jimmy Johansson; A first principles study of the thermodynamics of phase separation systems – The examples RhPd and AlZn. Ex-2125

Johan Belteky; Expression and homology of TRPV4 in birds. Ex-2151

Johan Härmark; Sekretess. Ex-2110

Johan Leo; Monitoring of bumblebees in semi-natural grasslands – nectar preferences, dauly variation and weather effects. Ex-2035

Johanna Karlsson; Correlations between fearful-ness and social behaviours in an F7 intercross of red jungle fowl and White Leghorn layers. Ex-2132

Johanna Karlsson; What does the layering of the forest, broad-leaved trees and dead wood mean for the diversity of small birds? Ex-2167

John Bergqvist; Fotosyntesen –” Har vi läst om det?” En studie om gymnasieelevers förståelse och alternativa föreställningar kring fotosynstesen.

John Grünberg; Studies on potential APC/β-catenin target genes in the Notch pathway. Ex-2078

Jonas Ljungblad; Antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles integrated in a fluorescence based biochip. Ex-2193

Jonas Sjöqvist; Platinum (II) and phosphorous MM3 force field parameterization for chromo-phore absorption spectra at room temperature. Ex-2195

Karin Lidén; Metodutveckling för XRD – Be-stämning av hydratiseringsgrad på negativt aktivt material I NiCd batterier. Ex-2084

Karin Lundengård; Surrogate data analysis of the spontaneous blood pressure fluctuations method for measuring the baroflex. Ex-2169

Karin Åkesson; Analys av tanniner – från gran-barksextrakt. Ex-2094

Klara Johansson; Do presence of fish and colour of bottom substrate influence mating in the freshwa-ter isopod Asellus aquaticus. Ex-2163

Krishna Chytanya Chinnam; Capacitive pH-Sen-sors using pH sensitive polymer. Ex-2031

Kristina Pettersson; Frivilliga avsättningar I groan skogsbruksplaner – en fallstudie av sex skogsfas-tigheter samt en enkätundersökning I Östergöt-land. Ex-2034

Kristina Soutukorva; Thrombus formation in flowing whole blood, a study on the platelet PAR! and PAR4 receptors. Ex-2117

Kristine Wiktorsson; Provtagning dagvatten. Ex-2093

Kuan-Hung Yu; Optical spectroscopy of GaN/Al(Ga)N quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Ex-2184

Lena Jacobsson; Evaluation of novel materials for wound healing. Ex-2054

Leo Thorsell; Kemisk passivering av varmför-zinkat stål. Ex-2202

Lina Lindberg; Evaluation of different enzymes and yeasts, and their impact on bioethanol produc-tion based on debranned wheat. Ex-2103

Lina Tegesjö; Synthesis and investigation of an oxygen-evolving catalyst containing cobalt phos-phate. Ex-2091

Linda Flyckt; The Effect of EDTA on the Micro Fauna in an Extended Aeration Activated Sludge Plant at a Pulp Mill. Ex-2154

Linda Gustavsson; Effects of domestication on social behaviour and fearfulness in White Leghorn and red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Ex-2156

Linda Haglund; Thrombin receptor signalling in platelets: PAR1 but nor PAR4, is rapidly desensi-tized. Ex-2128

Linda Olsson; How important is phosphorus avail-ability in sediments and water for the distribution of submerged macrophytes. Ex-2173

Linnéa Axelsson; Lanthanide-alloyed gadolinium oxide nanoparticles: Bifunctional paramagnetic and luminescent materials for biomedical imaging. Ex-2190

Linnéa Isaksson; Cell-free expression of integral membrane proteins. Ex-2101

Lisa Bläckberg; Determination of representative spectra for the characterization of waste from a 450 GeV proton accelerator (SPS, CERN). Ex-2064

Lovisa Österlund; Surrogate data analysis of spon-taneous baroreflexes in Gallus gallus domesticus. Ex-2180

Ludwig Ring; Purification of phychoactive dio-molecules in plats using size exclusion chromatog-raphy. Ex-2115

Luna Kjeldmand; Olfactory sensitivity of spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) for six structurally related aromatic aldehydes. Ex-2133

Magdalena Hjalmarsson; Effects of Heparin on NO-dependent Relaxation in Vessels. Ex-2123

Malin Andersson; The effect of EDTA on micro-organisms in an extended areation activated sludge plant at a pulp mill. Ex-2147

Malin Marklund; Analys av råvaran CaSi efter ox-idation och smältisoformering, med haltbestämn-ing på röntgenfluorescens (XRF). Ex-2085

Marcus Gidby; Defects in ceria. Ex-2022

Maria Blomqvist; Inventering och utvärdering av ekologisk äggproduktion i Östergötland. Ex-2119

Maria Fawakhiri; Investigation and growth of nickel coatings for electrical contact applications. Ex-2

Maria Jonson; Copper-induced oligomerization of recombinant Aβ1-42. Ex-2102

Maria Lundström; Comparison of intron positions in eukaryotic sterol carrier protein-2. Ex-2170

Marie Andersson; Elucidation of the product syn-thesis of the sesquiterpene synthase Cop6 isolated from Coprinus cinereus. Ex-2039

Marie Andersson; Oak (Quercus robur L.) mortal-ity in south-eastern Sweden: influence of weather and environmental variables. Ex-2126

Marie Holmbergh; A study of eye preferences in humans. Ex-2182

Marie Johansson; Growth rate of lichens calcu-lated from dated gravestones. A study of eye pref-erence in humans. Ex-2164

Markus Jöngren; Gene expression in brains from red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) that differ in fear response. Ex-1903

Mathias Borg; Study of the insulin-like peptide 3 in human platelets. Ex-2066

Mia Golam Kafi Afroze; Characterization of the Pancreatic β-cell Auto Antigen Targeted by the IC2 Monoclonal Autoantibody. Ex-2136

Mia Grafström; Characterization and optimization of a novel biosensor surface – emphasis on low Ex-2043

Mikael Jonsson; Evaluation of an inlet air quality measurement system for gas turbines Ex-2062

Mikael Persson; Utveckling av HPLC-metoder för kvantifiering av nyckelkomponenter I en villkorad emulsion. Ex-2085

Muralidhar Amalakanti; Study on elkanethiol in the active layer of low band gap polymer solar cells. Ex-2114

My Persson; Metodutveckling för XRD – Be-stämning av hydratiseringsgrad på negativt aktivt material I NiCd batterier. Ex-2084

Noomi,Altgärde; Local release of lithium from sol-gel coated orthopaedic screws: an in vitro and in vivo study. Ex-2203

Nanny Wallmark; Immobilization of platelets to patterned hydrogel surfaces. Ex-2106

Patrik Larses; Synthesis and investigation of an oxygen-evolving catalyst containing cobalt phos-phate. Ex-1914

Paulina Hillberg; Development of a quantitative chromatographic method for the determination of Imatinib and its main metabolite in human plasma

Peter Olsson; Human male superiority in olfactory sensitivity to the sperm attracting odorant bour-geonal. Ex-2144

Peter Wieselblad; Adhesive cure process and vis-coelastic shear modulus examined using magne-toelastic resonance. Ex-2205

Po-Feng Hsu; Activation and long term stability of sensitive layers in suspended gate GasFET sen-sors. Ex-2206


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Pontus Lundemo; Enrichment strategy develop-ment for phosphoproteome analysis of saccaromy-ces cerevisiae Ex-2040

Rebecca Bakszt; Enzymatic characterizaation and allosteric regulation of Plasmodium falciparum pyruvate kinase. Ex-2037

Rebecka Johansson; A study of eye preference in human. Ex-2165

Rickard Wahlström; Validation of docking per-formance in the context of a structural water mol-ecule using model system. Ex-2196

Rikard Forsén; Dynamic pressure measurements in high power impulse magnetron sputtering. Ex-2211

Rizwana Shamim; Optical studies of nano-sturc-tures in the beetle Cetonia Aurata Ex-2060

Robert Pilemalm; Dispersion forces in a four-component density functional theory framework. Ex-2185

Robin Lövgren; Four-component DFT calculations of phosphorescence parameters. Ex-2189

Sabina Birgersson ; Differences in the behav-iour of hens in situations of fear: A comparison between Red Junglefowl and White Leghorn. Ex-2149

Saga Pettersson; Personalities in Dairy Cows and Differences Between Breeds. Ex-2120

Sandra Hellberg; TRPV3 and TRPV4 expression in the brood patch of junglefowl (gallus gallus). Ex-2159

Sankara Pillay; Development of a dense diffusion barrier layer for thin film solar cells. Ex-2216

Sarah Broberg, Non-invasive methods for detect-ing drug and alcohol impaired drivers: - a study of alcohol and drug biomarkers and optical detection techniques.

Sara Gudmundsson; Stabilizing factor in spatially structured food webs. Ex-2127

Shadi Jafari; The expression of thermoTRP chan-nels in the grood patch of jungle fowl (Gallus gal-lus) during egg incubation. Ex-2130

Sofia Fahlvik Svensson; The influence of cutting edge microgeometry in hard part turning with cu-bic boron nitride tools. Ex-2204

Sofia Fried; Surrogate data analysis on the sponta-neous baroreflex. Ex-2155

Sofia Hammarberg; Ventilation patterns in turtles during hypoxia. Ex-2157

Sonja Bialowas; Ventilation patterns in turtles dur-ing hypoxia. Ex-2148

Sophie Tunros; Lactation contact on the pig (Sus scrofa): Which piglets use it and why? Ex-2179

Srikrishna Chanakya Bodepudi; Design and con-struction of ultrahigh vacuum system to fabricate Spintronic devices, fabrication and characteriza-tion of OMAR 8Organic magnetoresistance) devices. Ex-2189

Theodor De Jounge; TRPV3 & TRPV4 in the brood patch of Gallus gallus. Ex-2152

Therese Holmberg; Do nature reserves affect the number of Ips typographys in the surrounding forests? Ex.1900

Therese Rindberg; Färgkomponenter som avgår vid bandlackering. Ex-2088

Therese Rudberg; Studies of barrier properties for polymer films using the gravimetric method for water vapour transmission rate. Ex-2109

Thomas Fransson; Chemical bond analysis in thr ten-electron series. Ex-2112

Tomas Lindblom; Comparision of optical and electrochemical sensors for measuring dissolved oxygen in bioreactors. Ex-2061

Toni Kamula; Analys aav rökgaskondensering vid tillverkning av fiberväv. Ex-2072

Torbjörn Säterberg; Minimum ecologically viable populations – Risk assessment from a multispecies perspective. Ex-2140

Ulrike Münzner; Gene fishing in Cataglyphis fortis – Identification of genes in the desert ant. Ex-2086

Victor Lindqvist; Thermistor bases on SiC for high temperature applications. Ex-2045

Yohei Okabayashi; Synthesis of azide- and alkyne-terminated alkane thiols and evaluation of their application in Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (“click”) reactions on gold surfaces. Ex-2069

Yuttapoom Puttisong; Spin dependent recombina-tion in GaNAs. Ex-2187

Yves Nindorera; Differential Gene Expression in the Heart of Hypoxic Chicken Fetuses (Gallus gal-lus). Ex-2137

Åsa Jonsson; Enhancement of dry content in coat-ing solution for functional packaging. Ex-2049

Åsa Rosandher; Olfactory Enrichment for Captive Snow Leopards (Uncia uncia). Ex-2145

About this publication

• Editor: Ingegärd Andersson, Linköping University.

• Print: LTAB, Linköpings tryckeri AB.

• Production: Peter Karlsson, Svarteld form & foto AB.

IFM Activity Reports are also available at www.ifm.liu.se/ar/

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