Department of BotanyOsmania University

M.Sc Botany Syllabus

CBCS

With effect from 2011-2012

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEMDEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, OSMANIA UNIVERSITY

(Effective from Academic Year 2009-2010 for Campus and Constituent Colleges)

Semester-I (CBCS)

Paper & TitleInstruction Hrs. / Week

Internal Assessment

Marks

End Semester

Marks

Total MarksCredit

BOT –101 TBiology and Diversity of Lower Plants-I

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 102 TBryophyta & Pteridophyta (Living & Fossils)

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 103 TTaxonomy of Angiosperms and Medicinal Botany

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 104 T Plant Biochemistry

4 20 80 100 4

PracticalsBOT – 105 P

4 - - 50 2

BOT - 106 P: 4 - - 50 2BOT - 107 P 4 - - 50 2BOT - 108 P 4 - - 50 2

Total 600 24

Semester-II (CBCS)

Paper & TitleInstruction Hrs. / Week

Internal Assessment

Marks

End Semester

Marks

Total MarksCredit

BOT –201-TBiology and Diversity of Lower Plants-II

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 202 -TGymnosperms (living and Fossil) and Embryology

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 203 TStructural and Developmental Anatomy and Palynology

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 204 T Plant Physiology

4 20 80 100 4

PracticalsBOT – 205 P 4 - - 50 2BOT - 206 P 4 - - 50 2BOT - 207 P 4 - - 50 2BOT - 208 P 4 - - 50 2

Total 600 24

SEMESTER - III With Effect From: 2011-2012 (Revised CBCS)

Paper & TitleInstruction Hrs. / Week

Internal Assessment

Marks

End Semester

Marks

Total Marks Credit

BOT –301 TCell Biology Genetics and Biostatistics

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 302 TSpecial - A/B/C/D/E

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 303 TSpecial – A/B/C/D/E

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 304 T Special – A/B/C/D/E

4 20 80 100 4

Seminar 2 - - 25 1Practicals

BOT – 305 P(Common)

4 - - 50 2

BOT 306 PSpecial A/B/C/D/E

4 - - 50 2

BOT 307 PSpecial – A/B/C/D/E

4 - - 50 2

BOT 308 PSpecial A/B/C/D/E

4 - - 50 2

Total 625 25

SEMESTER - IV with effect from 2013-2014 (Revised CBCS)

Paper & TitleInstruction Hrs. / Week

Internal Assessment

Marks

End Semester

Marks

Total Marks Credit

BOT – 401 TEcology & Phytogeography

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 402 TSpecial -1 A/B/C/D/E

4 20 80 100 4

BOT -403 TSpecial -II– A/B/C/D/E

4 20 80 100 4

BOT – 404 T/ CBP*Biofertilizers / Environmental Pollution

4 20 80 100 4

Seminar 2- - - 25 1Practicals

BOT – 405 PCommon

4 - - 50 2

BOT – 406 P-2Special - A/B/C/D/E

4 - - 50 2

BOT – 407 P-3Special - A/B/C/D/E

4 - - 50 2

BOT – 408 P-4 CBP/ Project work for Foreign Students

4 - - 50 2

Total 625 25GRAND TOTAL MARKS AND CREDITS 2450 98

*Choice Based Paper (CBP) a) Biofertilizers & Organic farming b) Environmental Pollution and Protection

M.Sc Botany I Semester -CBCS

Paper-I: Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants-I

Paper –II: Bryophyta and Pteridophyta (Living and Fossils)

Paper-III: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Medicinal Botany

Paper-IV: Plant Biochemistry

M.Sc Botany II Semester -CBCS

Paper-I: Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants-II

Paper-II: Gymnosperms (Living and Fossil) and Embryology

Paper-III: Structural and Developmental Anatomy and Palynology

Paper-IV: Plant Physiology

M.Sc Botany III Semester-CBCS

Paper-I: Cell Biology, Genetics & Biostatistics (Common Paper-I)

Special-A: Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

Paper-II: Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Fungal GeneticsPaper-III: Field PathologyPaper-IV: Fungal Biotechnology

Special B: Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology

Paper-II: Carbon assimilation and Crop ProductivityPaper-III: Stress PhysiologyPaper-IV: Physiology and Molecular Biology of N2-Fixation

Special C: Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants

Paper-II: Biodiversity of AngiospermsPaper-III: Cultivation and Post-harvest technology of Medicinal PlantsPaper-IV: Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants

Special D: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics (Special)

Paper-II: CytogeneticsPaper-III: Genetics

Paper-IV: Plant Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering

Special E: Applied Palynology, Palaeophytology

Paper-II: Actuopalynology Paper-III: Aerobiology, Melitopalynology and Forensic PalynologyPaper-IV: Paleopalynology & Exploration of Hydrocarbons

M.Sc Botany IV Semester-CBCS

Paper-I: Ecology and Phytogeography (Common Paper)

Special A: Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

Paper-II: Molecular Plant PathologyPaper-III: Principles of Plant Pathology

Special B: Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology

Paper-II: Phytohormones and Plant DevelopmentPaper-III: Plant Molecular Biology, Genetics Engineering

Special C: Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants

Paper-II: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and EthnobotanyPaper-III: Pharmacognosy

Special D: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

Paper-II: Cytogenetics and Crop ImprovementPaper-III: Molecular Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technology

Special E: Applied Palynology, Palaeophytology

Paper-II: Plant Fossils, techniques and Floristics of Gondwana systemPaper-III: Antiquity of Angiosperms and Tertiary floristic studies of South India

Paper-IV: Choice Based Paper (Common paper)

a) Biofertilizers and Organic farmingb) Environmental Pollution & Protection

M.Sc Botany I SemesterPaper-I: Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants-I

Unit-I

1. General characters and comparative study of important systems of classification of Algae (Fritsch, Round and Parker).

2. Criteria used in the primary classification of Algae: a) Pigments b) Reserve food materials c) Flagella d) Cell wall e) Gross cell structure

3. Algae of diverse habitats: a) Terrestrial algae b) Freshwater algae c) Marine algae

4. Reproduction of Algae: a) Vegetative b) Asexual c) Sexual reproduction

Unit-II

5. General characters, morphology, life history and classification of the following groups of algae:

a) Cyanophyceae: Microcystis, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Aulosira

b) Chlorophyceae : Eudorina, Oocystis, Pediastrum, Hydrodictyon, Ulva, Pithophora, Stigeoclonium, Draparnaldiopsis, Closterium, Cosmarium and Bryopsis.

c) Charophyceae : Nitella

Unit-III

6. General characters of fungi: Recent trends in the classification of fungi; Evolution and Phylogeny of the fungi

7. Substrates of fungi, Nutrition (Saprophytic, Parasitic and symbiotic) and Reproduction in fungi (Sexual and Asexual).

8. Fungal cytology and genetics; Heterothallism: Heterokaryosis, Parasexuality, Physiological specialization of races

Unit-IV:

9. Comparative study of the following sub-divisions (brief account of the types)

a) Myxomycotina - Stemonitisb) Mastigomycotina - Peronosporac) Zygomycotina - Mucor, Pilobolusd) Ascomycotina - Yeast, Emericella, Chaetomium

Pleospora, Morchellae) Basidiomycotina - Melampsora, Phallus, Polyporusf) Deuteromycotina - Drechslera, Phoma, Colletotrichum

References

1.Fritsch, F.E. The structure and reproduction of algae volume I and II2.Robin South, G and Alan Whittick: Introduction to Phycology3.Morris,I: An Introduction to Algae4.Round, F.E.: The Biology of Algae5.Bold, H.C. and Wynne, M.D.: Introduction to the Algae structure and reproduction6.H.D.Kumar: Introductory Phycology7.Peter Pay: The Blue greens8.M.G. Carr and S.A. Whitton: The biology of the Cyanobacteria9.Trainer, F.R.: Introductory Phycology10.Smith, G.M.: Manual of Phycology11.Dawaon, Y.: Marine Botany12.Dickson: Biology of the Rhodophyta13.Cole, K.M. and Robert G.Sheet: Biology of the red algae

Practicals

1. Identification of the genera mentioned in Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae of algae, collection and identification of algae occurring in and aound UniversityCollege / Campuses.

2. Introduction to Mycological techniques: I) Methods of Sterilization ii) Preparation of culture Meda iii) Culturing methods

3. Study of Symptomology of fungal diseases like Downy mildews, Tikka disease, Green ear of Bajra, Sunflower rust, Melampsora rust, Wheat and Sorghum rusts and powdery mildews. Study of mentioned diseases by taking section cutting and by slide preparation.

M.Sc BOTANY I SEMESTER

PAPER –II: Bryophyta and Pteridophyta (Living and Fossils)

BRYOPHYTA

UNIT- I 1. A general account of the structure, reproduction, life history, classification,

distribution of Archegoniatae and economic importance of Bryophytes with reference to : a) Marchantiales b) Jungarmaniales c) Anthocerotales d) Sphagnales e) Funariales f) Polytrichales.

UNIT-II2. Structure and evolution of gametophytes in Bryophytes.3. Structure and evolution of sporophytes in Bryophytes.4. Fossil history of Bryophytes – a general account5. Economic importance of BryophytesPTERIDOPHYTA

UNIT-III6. A general account of vegetation, morphology, reproduction and evolutionary trends in a. Psilotales, b. Lycopodiales, c. Selaginellales, d. Isoetales, e. Equisetales, f. Filicales (Ophioglosum, Salvinia, Azolla) 7. Telome concept and its appliciation 8. Stelar evolution in pteridophytes9. Heterospory and origin of seed habit.

UNIT-IV

10. Principles of Paleobotany and importance of fossil plants in the classification of vascular plants.

11. Origin and evolution of primitive and advanced vascular plants with suitable examples from: a.) Rhyniales, b.) Zosterophyllales, c.) Asteroxylales, d.) Psilophytales, e. ) Sphenophyllales

12. A general account of Lepidodendrales, Calamitales and Sphenophyllales

13. Origin and Evolution of Lycopsida with reference to Lycopodiales, Selanginellales, Isoetales and Lepidodendrales

14. Origin and Evolution of Sphenopsida with reference to Sphenophyllales, Calamitales and Equisetales.

Paper-IIPRACTICALS

1. Bryophytes: Morphological and structural study using whole mounta. Plagiochasma / Fimbirariab. Targioniac. Notothylasd. Sphagnum / Funaria

2. Pteridophyta, Morphology and anatomy of vegetative and reproductive organs using cleared whole mount sections, macerations and permanent preparations of Psilotum, Isoetes, Ophiglossum, Adiantum, Salvinia, Azolla

REFERENCES

1. Ram Udar: Bryology in India, 1976.2. Smith, G.M. Cryptogomic Botany. Vol. II3. Watson: The strsucsture and life history of Bryophytes4. Parihar, N.S.: Bryophyta5. Beirhorst, D.W. 1971. Morphology of Vascular Plants6. Parihar N.S. 1976: Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes7. Sporne, K.R. Pteridophyta8. Rashid: Introduction to pteridophyta9. Cavers, F. Inter-rerlations of Bryophytes10. Campbell. D.H.: Mosses and ferns11. Foster & Gifford: Comparative morphology of vascular plants

M.Sc Botany I SemesterPaper-III: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Medicinal Botany

Unit-I

1. Systems of classification: Phenetic and Phylognetic systems. Critical account of the systems of classifications of a) Hutchinson b) Cronquist and c) Takhtajan.

2. Taxonomic evidence and techniques used therein a) Morphology b) Micromorphology c) Epidermology d) Cytology e) Phytochemistry f) Nucleic acid hybridization

Unit-II

3. Nomenclature: a) Concept of ICBN b) Salient features of Botanical Nomenclature c) Ranks and Nomenclature of taxa d) Typification e) Rules of Priority f) Effective and valid publication g) Author citations.

4. Biosystematics: a) Concept b) Categories c) Species concept

Unit-III

5. A comparative study of the following pairs of families and their treatment in recent systems:a) Magnoliaceae & Winteraceaeb) Malvaceae & Sterculiaceaec) Rutaceae & Meliaceaed) Apocynaceae & Asclepiadaceaee) Verbenaceae &Lamiaceaef) Amaranthaceae & Chenopodiaceaeg) Cyperaceae & Poaceae

6. Origin of angiosperms, with reference to recent findings on fossil pollen, leaf remains and flower fossils.

Unit-IV

7. Medicinal Botany:a) Role of plants in medicine, its origin and developmentb) Morphology, active principles and medicinal value of the following:

i. Andrographis paniculataii. Asparagus racemosus

iii. Clitoria ternataiv. Phyllanthus emblicav. Gymnema sylvestre

8. Flora of Andhra Pradesh : Salient vegetational aspects and features.

Paper - III Practicals

1. Study of the locally available plants and recording of the intraspecific variation.

2. Description and identification at family, genus and species levels using Floras.3. Identification of key characters in a group of species of a genus and

construction of keys.4. Construction of indented keys for the given material5. Simple Nomenclatural problems6. Identification of families studied based on flowers or essential parts of the

flowers7. Knowledge of Herbarium techniques8. Record and Herbarium

References:

1.Lawrence: Taxonomy of Vascular Plants2.Sivarajan, V.V. (Ed. Robson). Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy3.Heywood, V.H. Plant Taxonomy4.Naik, V.N. Taxonomy of Angiosperms (1988)5.Stace, C.R. Plant Taxonomy and biosystematics (2nd Ed.)6.Hutchinson, J. The families of flowering plants (3rd Ed.),19737.Cronquist, R. The Evolution and classification of flowering plants (1988)8.Cronquist 1981. An integerated system of classification of flowering plants 9.Takhtajan, K. Outline of classification of flowering plants. Botanical Rev. 46:225- 359),198010.Flowering plants. Origin and Dispersal (Trans. By Jeffry),196911.Jones, S.B. & Luchsinger, A.E. Plant systematics,198812.Davis, P.H. & V.H. Heywood. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy13.Henry & Chandrabose. An aid to Interntional Code of Botanical Nomenclature14.Bennet. Plant Nomenclature15.Dunn, C. and B.S. Veritt. An introduction to Numerical Taxonomy16.R.Jain, S.K. & Rao, .R. A Handbook of Field and Herbarium Methods.17.Herborne, J.B. & B.L. Turner. Plant Chaemosystematics18.International code of Botanical Nomenclature – 2000. (Int. Association of Plant Taxonomist Pub.) Utrecht.19.Takhtajan 1997. Diversity and Classification of flowering plants. Columbia Univ. Press, New York.20.Nordenstam B., El/Gazalay and Kasas M. 2000. Plant Systematics for 21st Century. Portland Press Ltd., London.21.Woodland DW 1991, Contemporary Plant systematics, Prentice Hall, New Jersy.

M.Sc Botany – I Semester

Paper-IV : Plant Biochemistry

Unit-I1. Thermodynamics principles I) First law of thermodynamics a) energy b) enthalpy

ii) second law of thermodynamics a) spontaneity and disorder b) entropy c) free energy

2. Enzymes properties of enzymes, classification and nomenclature, co-factors enzyme kinetics, michaelis – Menten equation, mechanism of enzyme action, regulation of enzyme action, Isozymes, allosteric enzymes.

Unit-II3. Carbohydrates: Classification, structure and function of carbyhydrates a)

monosaccharides b) oligosaccharides c) polysaccharides, storage polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides, glycoproteins.

4. Lipids: Classification of lipids – simple lipids, compound lipids, sterols and terpenoids, biosynthesis of fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipoproteins,

oxidation of fats, - oxidation, β-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle, gluconeogenesis.Unit-III5. Amino acids and proteins: Amino acids a) General properties b) Classification and

characteristsics c) non protein amino acids d) peptide bonds e) Biosynthesis of amino acids with reference to GOGAT and GS. Proteins a) Classification of proteins b)

6. Structure and function of membranes c) Chemical composition b) Membrane models e) Function of Membranes

Unit-IV7. Respiration: Glycolysis, fermentation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, Regulation of TCA

cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, coupling oxidative phosphorylation to electron transport, chemiosmotic hypothesis, hexose monophosphate shunt and its significance, Cyanide – resistant respiration.

References:1.Plant Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. David, T: Dennis and Davis Turnip. Longman. Scientific and technical U.K. 1990.2.Plant Biochemistry Voet, D and Voet J.G. International3.Outlines of biochemistry. 5th edition Con E.E. and Stump P.K. 1995. Willey4.Principles of biochemistry, Lehnenger, A.L. 1982 CBS Publication5.Biochemistry, Strayer W.H. 1976. Foreman Company.

Paper-IV: Practicals (Plant Biochemistry)

1.Determination of catalase activity2.Determination of amylase activity3.Estimation of fructose by resorcinol method4.Estimation of protein by Biuret method5.Determination of nitrate reductase activity6.Estimation of soluble nitrogen; Ninhydrin method.

M.Sc Botany Semester-II

Paper-I Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants – IIUnit-I

1. General characters of morphology, life history and classification of the following groups of algae: a.Xanthophyceae : Botrydium b) Phaeophyceae: Laminaria,

Padina c).Rhodophyceae : Porphyra, Callithamnion, Gracillaria, Corallina

Unit-II

2. a)Bacillariophyceae: Cyclotella, Synedra, Cymbella, Gomphonema3. Algal blooms and toxic algae4. Algal Biofertilizers5. Algae as food and feed6. Fossil algae (A brief account only)

Unit-III

7. Fungi in Industry: Production of alcohol, organic acids and antibiotics

8. Fungi in Agriculture and Forestry: a) Fungi as plant parasites (Wilts, leafspots, root rots, smuts and rusts) b) Fungi as bio-fertilizers: Mycorrhizae: Ecto and Endomycorrhizae

9. Fungi as human and animal parasites (medical mycology)

10. Fungi as food: Mushrooms: Types of mushrooms, biology and growth of mushrooms, nutritional and medicinal value of edible mushrooms.

Unit-IV

11. Bacteria: a) General account, ultrastructure, nutrition (autotrophy, heterotrophy and symbiosis) reproduction in bacteria and economic importance

12. Viruses: Characteristics and ultra structure of virions, isolation and purification of virion b)Chemical properties of plant viruses (TMV, bacteriophages) c) Transmission of viruses d) Economic importance of the viruses

13. Mycoplasma: a) General account and systematic position of the mycoplasma b) Economic importance of the mycoplasma

Practicals

1. Identification of the genera mentioned in Rhodophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae of algae, Collection and identification of algae occurring in and around University Colleges/campuses..

2. Observation of algal blooms, Biofertilizers and Bio-indicators.

3. Identification of fungal cultures, slides and specimens of Stemonitis, Arcyria, Mucor, , Emericella, Eurotium, Chaetomium, Morchella, Cyathus, Phallus, Polyporus,, Ganoderma, Colletotrichum, Phoma, Drechslera, Curvularia, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium.

4. Study of Mycorrhizal colonization in roots of Parthenium and Tagetus.

5. Staining of Gram + ve and Gram - ve Bacteria

References

1.Change. S.T. & P.G. Miles, Edible mushrooms and their cultivation2.Mosses, B.V.A. Mycorrhizae3.Powel, C&D. J. Bagyaraj, V.A. Mycorhizae4.Smith, J.E. The Filamentous Fungi Berry, R,. Industrial mycology (Vol. I)5.Bio-synthesis and metabolism ( Vol II)6.Dubey, S.C. Biotechnology.

M.Sc. Botany – II SemesterPaper – II Gymnosperms (Living and Fossil) and Embryology

Unit – I

1. Distribution of Gymnosperms - Past and present.2. Classification of Gymnosperms – Proposed by Sporne and Pant.3. Economic importance of Gymnoperms4. Wood anatomy of Conifers

Unit – II

5. A general account of Gymnosperms with reference to their vegetative morphology and anatomy of the following taxaa). Cycadales (Cycas, Zamia) b). Ginkgoales (Ginkgo)c). Coniferales (Araucaria, Podocarpus, Cupressus and Cedrus)d) Taxales (Taxus)e).Gnetales (Ephedra, Welwitschia)

6. Structure of male and female cones in the following: a) Cycadales b) Gingoalesc) Coniferalesd) Taxalese) Gnetales

Unit – III7. Development and trends of evolution of male gametophyte in

Gymnosperms6. Structure of Ovule and development of female gametophyte.7. Embryogeny in Gymnosperms8. General Account of:

a). Pteridospermalesb). Cordaitalesc). Pentaxylales

Unit IVIntroduction to Embryology

1. Fertilization: Pollen stigma interaction, Pollen germination, Pollen tube growth and Pollen tube discharge, mechanism of nuclear fusion.2. Breeding systems: a. Introduction b. factors recombination in plants c. Self-incompatibility d. Incompatibility mechanism; Multigenic system, Heterostyly, protandry and protogyny; unisexuality and dioecism e. Establishment of in breeding f.Advantages of self – incompatibility.g.Biological significance of incompatibility and methods to overcome them.

3. Apomixis: a). Causes of Apomixis b). Diplospory c). Apospory d). Causes of Apomixis e). Significances of Apomixis.4. Parthenocarpy: Genetical parthenocarphy, Environmental parthenocarpy,

Chemically induced parthenocarpy.5. A brief account of experimental embryology - Embryology in relation to

taxonomy.

Practicals:

1. Gymnosperms: Comparative study of the vegetative, reproductive parts and Anatomy of the following: Zamia, Araucaria, Cedrus, Thuja, Ginkgo and Taxus.

2. Palaeobotany: Lyginopteris, Medullosa, Ptilophyllum and Glossopteris.3. Embryology: i) Study of ovules by Hand section of ovaries and their identification

ii). Pollen germination studies in different locally available plants and estimation of pollen fertility.

4. Study of Heterosity of Oldenlandia and Bryophyllum.5. Study of embryos and Haustoria in locally available plants by dissection of young

seeds.6. Study of Protandy and Protogyny in some locally available plants.7. Study of pollen grains in Heterostylus plants.

References

1. Chamberlain, C.J. Gymnosperms: Structure and evolution2. Sporne K. R: The Morphology of Gymnosperms.

3. Vashistha, P.C. 1978: Gymnosperms.

4. Foster & Gifford. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants

5. Delevoryas, T.1963. Morphology and evolution of Fossil Plants

6. Arnold C.W. introduction to Paleobotany

7. Shukla & Mishra: Essentials of Paleobotany

8. Steward, W.N. 1988: Paleobotany & Evolution of plants

9. Sergeiv, Moyen: Fundamentlis of Paleobotany – 1098

10. Taylor, T.N. 1981. Introduction to Fossils

M.Sc. Botany – II SemesterPaper: III Structural and Developmental Anatomy and Palynology

Unit-I

1. Introduction, importance and relationships of Plant Anatomy

2. Shoot Development: a) Recent views on organization of shoot Apical Meristem and types of vegetative shoot apex. b). Cytological zonation – Anneaun initial and Meristem :c) d’ attented). Sub-apical differentiation of tissues.

3. Root Development: a) Organization of root apex and significance of Quiscent center b) Recent experimental studies on differentiation of tissues.

4. Leaf: Structure with reference to C3 and C4 plants – Kranz and CAM Syndrome

Unit-II

5. Epidermology: a) Structural composition of Epidermal cells, stomata and trichomes b). Epidermal cell complex – Structure, orientation and arrangement c). Stomatal complex – Basic structure with reference to subsidiaries and ultra structure of guard cells

d) Ontogeny of Paracyctic, diacytic, and anisocytic stomata e) Trichome complex-Basic structure with reference to foot and body, classifications – uniseriate, biseriate and multiserate types.

6. Phloem structure and differentiation of Phoem elements, ultrastructure of sieve elements, companion cells.

7. Transfer cells: Structure, distribution, ontogeny and function.

UNIT-III8. a). Secondary growth with reference to stem:

b) Wood: Significance of study of 3-dimentional structure of woodc). Morphology and arrangement of Vessels, Axial Parenchyma Fibres and Ray parenchyma and their value in wood identifiction

9. Salient features of the following woods. a). Tectona grandis b). Terminalia tomentosa c). Shorea robusta d) Pongamia pinnata

Unit – IV

10. Palynology: a). Introduction and scope of palynological science b). Pollen preparation, pretreatment, acetolysis c). Morphology of pollen – Polarity, symmetry, size and shape, apertural pattern, exine stratification and ornamentation of pollen wall.

11. Aeropalynology – principles, dissemination, distribution of aerospora and meteorological factors. Monitoring of aerospora with air samplers; pollen and and spore allergy and clinical treatment.

12. Melittopalynology and Bee botany – pollen and nectar collection by Honey bees Importance of melittopalynology.

13. Role of Palynology in Taxonomy

14. Application of palynology in oil exporation and Forensic science.

PRACTICALS

1. Study of angiosperm leaf epidermis in the following taxa: Crotalaria, Portulaca or Talinium, Tridax, Petunia or Datura, Barleria, Rheodiscolor or Commelina, Brassica, Cyperus and Grass.

2. Estimation of stomatal frequency and stomatal index in the materials studied.3. Maceration of wood and identification of various elements in Michelia,

Bombax, Tectona, Terminalia and Azadirathta4. Study of wood structure with the help of T.S., R.L.S. in the following:

Tectona, Bombax, Michelia, Pongamia and Azadiratha5. Histochemical tests for identification of the following: a) Callose b) Lignin c)

Pectin d) Starch e) Suberin f) Silica bodies in the leaf of grasses and sledges.6. Study of shoot apex in suitable locally available materials to understand cyto

histological zonation (Coleus, Kalanchoe)7. Study of roots in Monocots and Dicots. Examination of L.S. of root from a

permanent preparation to understand the organization of root apical meristem and its derivatives (maize, aerial roots of banyan, Pistia, Jussiea)

8. Study of the pollen grains of Hibiscus, Tribulus, Ocimun and Grass.9. Acetolysis

REFERENCES

1. Fahn, A. Plant Anatomy (4th Ed.), 1990.2. Easu, K. Anatomy of Seed Plants.3. Easu, K. Plant Anatomy, 2nd Ed. Wiley N.Y. 1965.4. Cutter, E.G. Plant Anatomy, Part I and II Edward Arnold; London, 1971 and 1978

5. Metcalf and Chalk. Anatomy of dicots (2nd Edition) (1983). Clarendon Press, Oxford.

6. Metcalf (1982-87) Anatomy of Dicots Vol. I to III7. meureth, J.D. 1988. Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Pub1. Inc., Menlo

Park California.8. Carliquist. S. (1988). Comparative wood anatomy, Springer – Berlag, Berlin.9. Jeffrey, E.C. The Anatomy of woody plants.10. Rao, K.R. & K.B.S. Juneja (1971) A Hand book for identification of fifty

important Timbers of India.11. Pearspm & Brown – Commercial Timbers12. Lyndon R.F. 1990. Plant development – The cellular basis. Unnin. Hyman,

London.13. Steeves T.A. & Sussex 1. M, 1989, Pattersacin plant development 92nd Edition)

Cambridge Unity Press, Cambridge.14. P.K.K. Nair. Pollen Morphology of angiosperms.15. P.K.K. Nair: Essentials of Palynology16. Moor & Moor: Pollen analysis17. R.B. Knox, Pollen allergy18. M.R. Suxena : Palynology

M.Sc. Botany – II SemesterPaper-IV: Plant Physiology

Unit-I1. Water relations: 1) Water potential ii) SPAC concept iii) stomatal regulation of

transpiration – energy and hormonal dependent hypothesis.2. Mineral nutrition: i) Role of micronutients in plant nutrition ii) Mechanism of ion

uptake iii) role of ATPase as a carrier b) ion channels. Unit-II

3. Photosynthesis: i) Photosynthetic apparatus ii) properties of light and absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments iii) composition and characterization of photo systems I and II iv) Photophosphorylation v) path of carbon a) differences between C3 and C4 photosynthesis b) CAM pathway and its regulation vi) Photorespiration, biosynthesis of glycolate and regulation of photorespiration.

Unit-III4. Nitrogen metabolism: i) Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation ii) nitrate

reductase and its induction iii) protein biosynthesis5. Sulphur metabolism: i) Assimilation of sulphate ii) sulphur reduction 6. Calmodulin i) Structure ii) Function iii) Protein phosphorylation

Unit-IV7. Hormonal control of growth and development: i) General role of auxins, Gibberellins,

Cytokinins, ethylene and Abscisic acid ii) mechanism of hormonal regulation-hormone receptors, secondary messengers, amplification of kinases.

8. Physiology of flowering I) Photoperiodism ii) Phytochrome – structure and function9. Physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy and germination: i) Causes of

dormancy and methods of breaking dormancy ii) Biochemical changes accompanying seed germination.

References

1. Principles of Plant nutrition 4th Edition by Mengel K. and E.A. Kirby International Institute of Polesh Switzerland 1987.

2. Mineral nutrition of crop plants. H. Marshener academic Press 1986.3. Plant Physiology by F.B. Salisbury and C.W. Ross. Wordsworth biology series.4. Growth and differentiation in plants by Warering and Phillips, Pergamon press.5. Plants Cell structure and metabolism. J.L. Hall, Flower and Roberts, ELBS, Longman.6. Advanced Plant Physiology by M.B. Wilkinson, ELBS, Longman7. Introduction to Plant Physiology by G.R. Noggle and G.J. Fritz, Printice Hall Press8. Cell Biology by C.B. Powar, Himalaya Publishing9. Plant Physiology by R.N. Devlin and F.H. Witham, CBS 198610. Introduction to plant physiology W.G. Hopkins. 1999. John Wiley and sons.

Paper IV – Practicals:1. Determination of water potential by Shardolo’s methods.2. Determination of total and titrable acidity.3. Separation of chloroplast pigments by solvent method4. Determination of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls in C3 and C4 plants.5. Estimation of reducing sugars in fruits.6. Determination of iodine number.

M.Sc Botany III Semester [CBCS]

Paper-I: Genetics, Cell Biology and Biostatistics (Common Paper-I)

Specialization -A: Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant PathologyPaper-II: Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Applied MycologyPaper-III: Field PathologyPaper-IV: Fungal Biotechnology

Specialization B: Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular BiologyPaper-II: Carbon assimilation and Crop ProductivityPaper-III: Stress PhysiologyPaper-IV: Physiology and Molecular Biology of N2 – fixation

Specialization C: Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal PlantsPaper-II: Biodiversity of AngiospermsPaper-III: Cultivation and Post-harvest technology of Medicinal PlantsPaper-IV: Phytochemistry and Medicinal Plants

Specialization D: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics (Specialization)Paper-II: CytogeneticsPaper-III: GeneticsPaper-IV: Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Specialization E: Applied Palynology, PalaeophytologyPaper-II: ActuopalynologyPaper-III: Aerobiology, Melitopalynology and Forensic PalynologyPaper-IV: Paleopalynology and Exploration of Hydrocarbons

M.Sc. Botany III SemesterCommon paper

Paper-1. Cell Biology, Genetics and Biostatistics

UNIT-I1. Basic principles of microscopy, computer assisted karyotype analysis, Flow cytometry and in

situ hybridization. 2. Brief account of DNA replication and transcription. Introns and exons. 3. Brief study of regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (Lac-operon) and eukaryotes (promoters, transcription factors and enhancers).4. Overview of cell cycle. Control mechanisms: role of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases,

retinoblastoma and E2F proteins. Apoptosis and Programmed cell death.

UNIT-II5. Brief account of Mutations: Single base substitutions: Frame-shift mutations; Insertions and

Deletions; Inversions and Translocations; Transposon-induced mutations; Site-directed mutagenesis.

6. Brief study of types of DNA damage and repair mechanisms7. General account of inherited human diseases and Gene therapy8. Brief account of Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.9. Mendelian inheritance. Gene interaction (12:3:1; 9:3:4; 9:7 ratios).10. Linkage and chromosome mapping in eukaryotes

UNIT-III11. Extra nuclear inheritance: Cytoplasmic male sterility12. Hardy-Weinberg Law. Gene frequency and genotype frequency13. Brief account of plant tissue culture and micropropagation. 14. Overview of recombinant DNA technology. restriction mapping, gene cloning, genomic /

cDNA libraries, blotting methods, polymerase chain reaction and DNA fingerprinting.15. General account of transgenic plants.

UNIT-IV16. Basic concepts of gene sequencing, microarrays, genomics and proteomics. 17. Basic concepts of Bioinformatics.18. Mean, Variance, Standard deviation and Standard error.19. Chi-square and Student’s “t” test. Concept of Probability: Addition and multiplication rule.20. Introduction to computers. Use of Word and PowerPoint in the preparation and presentation

of documents. Use of Internet and World Wide Web in research.______________________________________________________________________Practicals

1. Cytological Squash preparation of onion root tips to study mitosis. 2. Problems in Genetics:

Mendelian inheritance and gene interaction. Chromosome mapping in eukaryotes Population Genetics

3. Problems in Restriction mapping of plasmids.4. Problems in Biostatistics:

Graphic representation of data: Histogram.

Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation and Standard Error. Chi-square and Student’s “t” test. Concept of Probability: Addition and multiplication rule.

5. Demonstration of Isolation of DNA.6. Demonstration of plant tissue culture methods.7. Maintenance of Practical Record.

List of books recommended 1. A. K. Sharma and A. Sharma. 1990. Chromosome techniques. Butterworths. 1990

Ed.2. Edward. S. Lenhoff. 1990. Tools of Biology Mc Millan Company.3. E.D.P. De Robertis and E. M. F. De Robertis. 1987. Cell and Molecular

biology. 8th Ed.. (Indian Edition is also available..Varghese Company), Ed.4. G. M. Cooper. 1997. The Cell and Molecular approach. ASM Press. Ed.

5. Strickberger. Genetics. 3rd Ed. 1990. Ed.6. Snustad and Simmons. 1997. Principles of Genetics. Ed.7. Benjamin Lewis. 1999. Genes VII.8. Daniel Hartl. 1994. Basic Genetics. Ed.

9. Griffiths, Miller, Suzuki, Lewontin and Gelbert . 1999. An introduction to Genetic analysis.

10. Winter, Hicky and Fletcher . 1999. Instant notes in Genetics. Ed.11. A.V.S.S. Sambamurthy. 1999. Genetics.

12. Ahluwalia. 1993Genetics.13. P.K. Gupta. 1990. Genetics.14. U. Sinha and S. Sinha. 1994. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding & Evolution. Ed.

15. K. K. De. 1992. Plant tissue culture. 16. Narayanaswamy. 1994. Plant cell & tissue culture. 17. Y.P.S. Bajaj. 1986 to 1990. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 1 to 16.

Ed..18. I. Vasil. 1995. Plant tissue culture. Vol. 1 to 4. Ed.

1. Watson, Gilman, Wittkowsky and Zoller. 1992. Recombinant DNA.2. Rastogi, Sharma and Tandon 1994. Concepts in Molecular Biology.

3. Snustad, W and Simmons Wiley.1991. Principles of Genetics. 4. Shaw, G. M. 1988. Plant Molecular Biology. A practical approach. Ed.

5. Davis, L, Kuehl and Battey. 1994.Basic methods in Molecular Biology. Ed.6. Twyman. 1998. Advanced Molecular Biology.7. Turner, Mclennon, Bates and White. 1999. Instant notes in Molecular Biology. 8. Primrose. 1999. Molecular Biotechnology. 9. Hughes, M. A. 1992. Plant Molecular Genetics. 10. Prathibha Devi. Principles & Methods in Plant Molecular Biology,Genetics &

Biochemistry,,Agrobios. 11. Purohit. S. S. 1999. Agricultural Biotechnology. 12. Stansfield. 1996. III Ed. Theory & Problems in Genetics. Schaum’s Series. McGraw & Hill.13. Khan, I. A. and A. Khanum. 1994Fundamentals of Biostatistics14. B. N. Mishra and K. K. Mishra. Naya Prakash. 1983. Introductory practical Biostatistics. 15. Jain, v. k. Computers for beginners. Pustak Mahal.16. Vikas Gupta, 2000. Rapidex computer course. Rapidex series.

17. Bennet Falk. 2000. The Internet road map. BPB Publications.18. BPB Publications 2000. The ABCs of Internet..19. Cynthia Gibas. O’Reilly & Assoc.2000. Developing Bioinformatics Computer skills. 20. Balasubramainan. Ed. Concepts in Biotechnology.Universities Press.1996.21. Deepak Bharihoke.2000. Fundamentals of Information technology.22. Crumlish. 1999. The Internet.Ed.23. Gralla. 2000. How the Internet works. 24. White.2000. How computer works.

M.Sc. Botany III Semester

PRACTICAL EXAM MODEL PAPER-2011-2012

Paper-1. Cell Biology, Genetics and Biostatistics

Time: 4 Hours Answer all questions Maximum marks: 50

1. Prepare a cytological squash from the given material (A), identify & report any two Mitotic stages of cell division and describe them.

(20)[Slide preparation & identification of two Mitotic stages = 10 marks;

Description of the two stages: 5 + 5 =10 marks]

2. Solve the Genetics problem (B) . (5)

3. Solve the Genetics problem (C). (5)

4. Solve the Biostatistics problem (D). (5)

5. Solve the Biostatistics problem (E). (5)

6. Record and Viva (10)

CBCSM.Sc. Botany III Semester

Specialisation: Applied Mycology & Molecular Plant Pathology

M.Sc Botany-III SemesterSpecialisation: Applied Mycology & Molecular Plant Pathology

Paper-II Biodiversity, Taxonomy and Fungal Genetics

Unit-I Biodiversity1. Biodiversity of fungi – a general account2. Fungi in diversified habitats – soil, water, air.3. Fungi on plant surfaces – Phyllosphere, Rhizosphere and Spormosphere

Taxonomy4. Principles of Taxonomy – Morphotaxonomic criteria5. Brief account of ICBN with reference to fungi (principles of Author citation,

Typification, holomorph concept, Nomenclatur e)6. Chemical basis (proteins and carbohydrates) of taxonomy7. Molecular basis of Taxonomy

Fungal Genetics8. Genetic importance: Basic features of sexual reproduction9. Biology of some important fungi: Saccharomyces, Aspergillus and

Neurospora10. Fungal nucleus, gene organization11. Yeast genome: Genetic analysis in yeasts12. Applied molecular genetics of fungi

Unit-II

1. Introduction to Ectomycorrhizae, AM Fungi and orchid mycorrhizae2. Glomeromycota - Recent trends in mycorrhizal taxonomy3. Isolation and multiplication of mycorrhizae, role in crop productivity and

forestry.4. Mycorrhizae and mushrooms5. Phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF)6. Types of Mushrooms

a. Oyster, white button, paddy straw, Morels, Truffles and poisonous mushrooms. General account

b. Cultivation and economics of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus and Volvoriella

c. Medicinal and nutritional value of edible and poisonous mushroomsd. Effect of environmental, nutrient and chemical factors on mushroom

cultivatione. General techniques and their application in improving mushroom

production (protoplast fusion, Dimon matings and sporeless mutants, breeding of high performing strains and germplasm conservation).

Unit-III: Fungi as biopesticides

1. Entomogenous fungi

2. Nematophagous fungi3. Mycoherbicides4. Fungi in plant disease control5. Selection, production and formulation of fungal biopesticides6. Commercial use of biocontrol agents7. Exploitation of biocontrol agents by genetic manipulation

Unit-IV Post-harvest pathology and Medical Mycology

General account of post-harvest fungal diseases of fruits and vegetables1. Biochemical changes in fruits and vegetables due to post-harvest fungal infections2. Management of post harvest fungal diseases of fruits and vegetables3. A detailed account of tropical mycotic diseases of man and animals4. Keratinophilic fungi- Distribution, Isolation and its economic importance5. Mycotoxicoses (General Account)

Practicals

1. Collection, isolation and identification and of fungi from soil, litter, water, air, leaf, root, seed and various other sources.

2. Techniques of isolation of fungi: Dilution method, soil plate method, agar plate method

3. Isolation and identification of AM Fungi and estimation of root colonization

4. Mushroom cultivation

5. Demonstration of antagonistic fungi a) Antibiosisb) Competition and c) Mycoparasitism

6. Study of pesticide degradation by fungi using HPLC (demonstration)

7. Record

M.Sc Botany - III Semester

Specialization: Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

Paper- III Field Pathology

Unit-I

1. Introduction and History of Plant Pathology2. Classification of plant diseases: Symptomology of Fungal, Bacterial, Viral and

Phytoplasma3. Plant diseases caused by Phaneorgamic plant parasites Loranthus, Orobanche,

Striga and Cuscuta.4. Nematode disease: Meloidogyne – Root knot disease of tomato

Unit-II Plant diseases caused by Bacteria,Viruses, Viroids, Phytoplasma and Spiroplasmas

1.Bacteria: Wildfire of tobacco, angular leaf spot of cotton, leaf spot of mango, wilt of potato and tomato, soft rot and scab of potato

2.Viruses and Viroids : Bhendi vein clearing, papaya leaf curl, bunchy top of banana, rice tungro, bud necrosis of groundnut, bean common mosaic and potato spindle tuber.

3.Phytoplasmas and Spiroplasmas: Grassy shoot disease of sugarcane, little leaf of brinjal, sandal spike, sesamum phyllody

Unit-III Diseases of Cereals, Plantation crops, Pulses and Oil Seeds:

Cereals:Rice: Bakanae disease, sheath blight Wheat: Loose and Karnal buntSorghum Grain and loose smutBajra Downy mildewMaize Common smut

Plantation cropsCoffee RustTea Blister blightRubber Stem rot

Pulses and Oil SeedsPigeon pea : WiltChick pea : BlightOil seeds : Rust of groundnut, sunflower, linseedCoconut : Bud rot

Unit-IV Diseases of fruits, vegetables and cash crops

Fruits:Grapes : Downy and Powdery mildewsMango : AnthracnoseCitrus : Gummosis, root and dry rot

Vegetables:Cucurbits : Powdery mildewsTomato and Brinjal : Leaf spotsCabbage and Crucifers : Club rootChilli : Die-back

Cash cropsSugarcane : Whip smutCotton ; Wilt and Black armTobacco : Damping off and black shankTurmeric : Leaf spot

Practicals

1. Micrometry and standardization of microscope.

2. Measurement of fungal spores and mycelium and camera lucida drawings

3.Plant disease diagnosis by studying symptoms

4.T.S. of infected plant material eg. Leaf spots, blight, mildews, rots, wilts,

rusts smuts.

5.Study of plant diseases in the field

6.Field book

7. Record

Reference Books:Specialization: Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

1.Agrios, G.N. 1999. Plant Pathology. Academic Press2.Annual Review of Phytopathology, 1999. Vol. 37, APS Press3.Cairney, J.W.G. & Chambers, S.M. 1999. Ectomycorrhizal Fungi. Springer Publishers4.Chandanwala, K. 1986. Introduction to Plant Pathology. Ammol Publishers and Distributors6.Cheet,I. 1993. Biotechnology in Plant Disease Control. Wilen-Liss, Inc.7.Dennis Allsopp and Seal, K.J. 1986. Introduction to Biodeterioration. E Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.8.Frisvad, J.C. Bridge, P.D. and Arora, D.K. 1998. Chemical fungal taxonomy Marcel and Dekker Inc.9.Horsfall, J.G. & Cowelling, E.B. 1978. Plant Diseases – An Advance Treatise Vol. II and IV. Academic Press10.Ignacimuthu, S.J. 1996. Applied Plant Biotechnology. Tata Megrew – Hill Publishsing Company Ltd.11.Mahadevan, A. 1991. Post infectional defense mechanisms. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and publishers12.Mehrotra, R.S. 1991. Plant Pathology. Tata Megrew – Hill Publishing Company Ltd.13.Miles, P.G. and Chang, S.T. 1997. Mushroom Biology. World Scientific Publ. Company14.Natish, S. Chopra, V.L. & Ramachandra, S. 1994. Biotechnology in Agriculture. Oxford and IBH Publishing Company15.Rajak, R.c?. 2000. Microbial Biotechnology for sustainable development and productivity. Scientific publishers (India) Jodhpur16.Roberts, S. Fritz & Elien. I. Simms. 1992. Plant Resistance to Herbivors and Pathogens (Ecology, Evolutin and Genetics), University of Chicago Press.17.Rudra P. Singh, Uma S. Singh & Keiisuke Kohmoto (eds.) 1995. Pathogenesis and host specificity in plant diseases. Vol. III Pergamon Press.18.Scheffer, R.P. 199. The nature of disease in plants. Cambridge University Press.19.Tarr, S.A.J . 1987. Principles of Plant Pathology. Academic Press20.Verma, A & Hock, B. 1999. Mycorrhizae. Springer Publishers

M.Sc Botany-III Semester

Specialization Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

Paper – IV Fungal Biotechnology

Unit-I

1. Scope, techniques and economics and fungal biotechnology.2. Isolation, identification, selection and strain improvement of some useful

fungi.3. Fermentation methods and biomass production of fungi, growth kinetics,

fermenter systems scale up, Fermentation processes.4. Yeasts: Yeast genome (brief account) Baker’s yeast, food and feed yeasts,

Glycerol and adhesive, bio-polymer from yeasts.5. Environmental and regulatory aspects of using genetically-modified

microbes in the field. Commercial and Legislative aspects of biotechnology in crop protection.

Unit-II: Production and Application of industrial fungal enzymes

1) Amylases 2) Cellulases 3)Lactases 4) Pectinases 5) Dextranase6) Proteases 7) Peptidases 8) Chitinases 9) Aspartic proteinases

Unit-III: Production and Application of Primary metabolites.

1) Vitamins2) Proteins3) Organic acids4) Amino acids5) Lipids6) Alcohols

Unit-IV: Production and Application of secondary metabolites

1) Antibiotics: Various fungal antibiotics, Physiology and Genetics of antibiotic production.

2) Mycotoxins: Types of various mycotoxins and their origin, contamination in foods and feeds.

3) Pigments: A general account.4) Alkaloids:

a) General Account of alkaloidsb) Ergot alkaloids: Occurrences, signification developmental cycle of Claviceps, structure, biosynthesis, production, application and strain improvement of ergot alkaloid

Practicals

1. Estimation of organic acids in fungal cultural filtrates.

2. Estimation of enzymes: Cellulases, Pectinases, Chitinases and Amylases.

3. Estimation of sugars, proteins and amino acids in fungal mycelium and culture

filtrate.

4. Elaboration of aflatoxins – TLC method.

5. Record.

Reference Books:1) Agrios, G.N. 1999, Plant Pathology. Academic press.2) Alexander, N. Glazer & Hiroshi Nikaido, 1995. Microbial Biotechnology, W.H.

Freeman and Company.3) Bau, A.N. & Giri, B.K. 1993. The essential of viruses, vectors and plant diseases.

Wiley Eastern Limited.4) Bernard R. Glick & Jack J. Pasternak. 1996, Molecular Biotechnology, Panima

Publishing Company.5) Bridge, P., Jeffriens, P. and Morse, D.R., 1998, Information technology, plant

Pathology and Biodiversity, CAB international Publications.6) Bridge, P.D. 1995, Molecular Variability of Fungal Pathogens, CABI Publ.7) Bridge, P.D., Arora, D.K., Reddy, C.A. & Elander, R.P. 1998. Applications of

PCR in Mycology, CABI Publ.8) Callow, J.A. 1983. John Wiley & Sons, Biochemical Plant pathology.9) Chandanwala, K. 1986 Introduction of Plant pathology Anmol Publications Pvt.

Ltd. New Delhi.10) Dubey, R.C. 1995. A Text Book of Biotechnology, S. Chand & Company Ltd.11) Greg J. Boland & Kuykendall, L.D. 1998. Plant Microbe Interactions and

Biological Control. Marcel Dekker Inc.12) Gurr, S.J. & Mc. Pherson, M.J. & Bowles, D.J. 1992. Molecular Plant Pathology,

Vol. I & II Oxford Univ. Press.13) Horst w. Doelle, 1994, Microbia Process Development, World Scientific14) Marshall, G. & Walters, D. 1994 Molecular Biology in Crop Protection, Chapman

& Hall.15) Mehrotra, R.S. 1991 Plant pathology, Tata Megrew – Hill Publishing Comp Ltd.16) Natish, S. Chopra, V.L. & Ramachandran, S. 1994. Biotechnology in Agriculture

Oxford and IBH Publishing Company.Natish, S., Chopra, V.L. & Ramachandran, S. 1994 Biotechnology Agriculture Oxford

and IBH Publishing Company.

CBCSM.Sc. Botany III Semester

Specialisation: Applied Plant Physiology & Molecular Biology

M.Sc Botany - III Semester

Specialisation: Applied Plant Physiology & Molecular Biology

Paper II Carbon assimilation and crop productivity

UNIT-I

1. CO2 metabolism in C3 plantsa) C3 pathwayb) Rubisco-structure and assembly of enzymec) Mechanism of activation, catalysis and inhibition of the enzyme2.CO2 metabolism in C4 plantsa)C4 plantsb)Kranz leaf anatomyc)Biochemical schemes for C4 pathway, aspirate and malate formsd)Regulation of C4 pathwaye)Efficiency of C4 pathway and productivity

UNIT-II

3. CO2 metabolism in CAM plantsa. CAM pathwayb. Regulation of CAM pathway and productivity4.Photorespirationa) Mechanism of photorespirationb) Regulation and significance

UNIT-III

5.Partitioning of photosynthatesa)Starch sucrose metabolisms and assimilate partitioningb)Source-sink relationship and yield6.Starch metabolisma)Manipulation of starch metabolismb)Genetic manipulation of starch structure and propertiesc)Cyclodextrins and fructansUNIT-IV

7.Molecular biology of photosynthesis in higher plants: plastid genome and nuclear genes encoding plastid proteins8.Regulation of gene expression during chloroplast development. Light regulation

PRACTICALS

1.Determination of leaf area

2.Estimation of total chlorophyll: chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll b and ratio of

chlorophyll-a / chlorophyll - b

3.Determination of stability index of chloroplast pigments

4.Estimation of reducing sugars by dinitrosalicyclic acid reagent (DNS)

5.Estimation of protein content by Lowry’s Bradford’s method

6.Estimation of phosphorus

REFERENCES

1. Plant Physiology: by F.B. Salisbury and Cleon W. Ross. 4th edition 1992. Words worth publishing company. Belmont California2. Photosynthesis and crop productivity in different ensvironments. J. Cooper, Cambridge3. Plant Physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Ed. David. T. Dennis and David H. Turnip (1990). Longman scientific technical4. Photosynthesis: A comprehensivie treatise (1998) Ed. A.S. Raghavendra Cambridge University Press,5.Introduction to Plant Physiology by W.G. Hopkins 2nd Ed. John Wiley, NY

M.Sc Botany - III SemesterSpecialisation: Applied Plant Physiology & Molecular Biology

Paper – III: Stress Physiology

UNIT-I

1. Water stress:a. Membranes and water stressb. Stomatal response to water stress. Role of ABAc. Photosynthesis and water stressd. Osmotic adjustmente. Mechanism of drought tolerance

2.Flooding stressa. Flooding injuryb. Metabolic damagec. Hormonal imbalanced. Soil toxinse. Tolerance mechanisms

UNIT-II3.Temperature stress

a. Effect of low temperature and frost injury on plant productivityb. Stress effects on productivity and yield susceptibility of plantsc. Chilling and freezing effects on carbon dioxide exchange

4. Heat stressa. Cellular responses to high temperature: enzyme activities, photosynthesis, ultra structural effectsb. Molecular responses to high temperature. Heat shock proteins. High temperature tolerance mechanisms in plants

UNIT-III

5. Metal stressa) Metal toxicity and tolerance with special reference to i)Aluminum ii) Manganese iii) Iron iv) Zinc b) Phytochelationsc) Differential plant tolerance to heavy metals

6.Allelochemicalsa)Chemical nature of allelochemicalsb)Mode of release of allelochemicalsc)Regulation of allelochemical production and released)Mode of action of allelochemicals on plant physiologsical processes

UNIT-IV

7.Salt stressa) Effect of high salt concentration of plants – water stress, nutrient ion deficiency, ion toxicityb) Regulation of salt content – Salt exclusion, salt elimination, salt succulencyc) Mechanism of salt resistance and tolerance

8.Ultra violet – B (UV-B radiation):

a) Plant response to UV radiastionb) Effect of UVA-B on chemical compositionc) Effect of UV-B radiation on photosynthesisd) UV-B defense and gene expression

PRACTICALS

1.Estimation of proline2.Extraction and estimation of total phenols3.Estimation of catalase4.Estimation of peroxidase5.Estimation of polyphenol oxidase6.Estimation of ascorbic acid oxidase

REFERENCES

1.Plant ecophysioslogy Ed. M.N.V. Prasad. John Wiley and Sons Inc. NY (1997)2.Encyclopedia Plant Physiology. New Series. 12 ABCD Plant ZPhysiology Ecology 1983. Springer Verlag Berlin3.Plant Physiology. L. Taiz and E. Zeiger. 1999. Sinava Associates Inc. Publishers Sunderland MA4.Photosynthesis. A comprehensive treatise. 1998. Ed. A.S. Raghavendra. Cambridge Univ. Press5.Plant Physiology. Frank B. Salisbury and Cleon W. Ross. 4th edition. 1992. Words worth Publication Co,. Belmont. California

M.Sc Botany-III Semester

Specialization Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology

Paper – IV Physiology and Molecular Biology of Nitrogen Fixation

Unit-I1. Nitrogen fixation and Nitrogen cycle

a) Early studies of Nitrogen fixationb) Nitrogen cycle.

2. Nitrogen fixing organisms:a) Nitrogen fixing bacteria and Cyanobacteriab) Legume – Rhizobia associationc) Actinorrhizal and non-legume symbiosis.

Unit-II3. Physiology of Nitrogen fixation:

a) Avoidance of Oxygen by Bacteria and Cyanobacteriab) Legume – Rhizobial symbiosis

4. Biotechnology of Nitrogen Fixation:a) Components of Nitrogenaseb) Molecular mechanisms of nitrogen fixationc) Regulation of nitrogenase

Unit-III5. Genetics of nitrogen fixation

a) nif genes in Klebsiella pneumoniaeb) nif genes in Rhizobiumc) Regulation of nif genes

6. Nod genes and Nod factors:a) Nod genesb) Structure and function of Nod factors

Unit-IV7. Relationship between Hydrogen metabolism and Nitrogen fixation:

a) Hydrogenaseb) Molecular biology of Hydrogenasec) Role of Hydrodgenase in Nitrogen fixation

8. Current trends in Nitrogen fixation:a) Biotechnology of nitrogen fixationb) Agricultural applications of Nitrogen fixationc) Industrial applications of Nitrogen fixation.

Practicals

1. Estimation of Bacterioids2. Estimation of leghaemoglobin3. Assay of nitrogenase in Rhizobia and free-living nitrogen fixers by

Acetylene reduction technique4. Plasmid profile study using gel electrophoresis5. Separation of Amino Acids by TLC

Books

1. J.R. Gallow and A.E. Chaplin (1987) An introduction to Nitrogen fixation. Cassel Education Limited.

2. F.O’ GARA; S. MNNIANA, J.J.DREEVON (eds.) (1988) Physiological limitations and Genetic improvement of symbiotic Nitrogen fixation. Kluwer Academic Pub.

3. Hothe, H; de Bruijn, F.J. and Newton, W.E. (eds.) (1988) Nitrogen fixation; Hundred years after.

4. J.R. Postgate (1982): The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

5. A.B. Prasad and A. Vaishampayan (1994) Biology and application of nitrogen fixing organisms – Problems and prospects. Scientific Publications, Jodhpur, India.

6. P.S. Verma and N. Brisson (1987) Molecular Genetics of plant – Microbe interactions.

Reference:

1. Burris, R.H. and Roberts. G.P. (1993). Biological Nitrogen fixation, Annu. Rev. Nutr. 13: 317-335

2. N. S. Subba Rao (1998): Biofertilizers for agriculture and agroforesty: Oxford & IBH Publ. Ed. New Delhi.

3. K.V. B.R. Tilak: (1993): Bacterial fertilizers, ICAR Publication, New Delhi.

CBCSM.Sc. Botany III Semester

Specialization: Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants

M.Sc Botany III SemesterSpecialization: Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of

Medicinal Plants

Paper-II: Biodiversity of AngiospermsUnit-I

1.Concept of Biodiversity, its origin and developmentA) Definition b) Past history c) Ranks recognized in Biodiversity studies, taxonomy and others d) Keystone taxa.

2.Aims and objectives of Biodiversity

3.Characterization of Biodivieirsitya)Levels of Biodiversity b) Measurement of Genetic diversity, species diversity and community diversity.

Unit-II

4.Magnitude and Distribution of Biodiversitya) Current magnitude of Global Biodiversityb) Botanical regions and Hot spotsc) Distribution of Biodiversityd) Endemism and Biodiversity

5.Dgeneration Maintainance and Loss of Biodiversitya) Diversification of speciesb) Ecological extinctionsc) Proximate causes

Unit-III

6.Inventorying, Monitoring and Assessment of resource base for Biodiversitya) Inventorying: Definition, purpose, orientation, completeness and intensityb) Monitoringc) Indicator selection for Biodiversity inventory

7.Biotechnology and Biodiversitya) Assessment and use of molecular DNA data on Biodivdersityb) Application of Biotechnology for the utilization of Biodiversity

Unit-IV8.Economic value and utilization of Biodiversity with reference to the following taking five examples for each: a) Food b) Fodder c) Fibre d) Oils e) Drugs f) Timber g) Rubber

h) Spices I) Essential oils j) Gums and Resins k) Insecticides and Pesticides l) Ornamentation

9.A brief account of origin of cultivated plants

10. Biodiversity convention: a) Initiative from UN b) Rio conference c) Recent efforts

11.Conservation of Biodivdersitya) in-situ conservationb) ex-situ conservation

Practicals1.Interpretation of Biodiversity and vegetation based on the data provided2.Comparison of floristic elements of Biodiversity in published Floras:

a) Comparison of ten dominant families in different Florasb) Genetric didversity (number of Genera)c) Ten dominant Genera

3.Comparative study of species diversity of different Genera from published Floras (Jaccard index Coefficient). The student should be provided data on specific Genera represented in the relevant Floras.4.Field study – Record and Field Note Book.

Reference1.Global Biodiversity assessment Heywood, V.H. and Watson, RT Ed. 1995.2.Biodiversity measurement and estimtioin.Ed. Hawksworth. Chapman & Hall, 1995.3.Biodiveirsity and eecosystem function.Ed.B7 Schulze, ED and Mooney, HA Springer Verlag. NY. 1996.4.Functional roles of Biodidversity: A Global Perspective. Mooney, HA, Cushman, JH, Miduo, E, Sale, OE and Schulze, ED. 1995.5.Biodiversity prospecting: Using Genetic resources for suitable development. Reid et al. WRI, USA, 1993.6.Conserving Biodiversity for suitable development, Ramakrishnan, AK. Das and Saxena. INSA, N.Delhi. 1995.7.Biodiversity and Forest Genetic Resources. D.N. Tewari. International Book Distrib. Dehradun8.Biodiversity and its conservation in India S.S. Negri. 1996.9.Biodiversity in Managed landscapes. Theory and practice. R.C. Szatro and D.W. Johnston. Oxford University Press. 1996.10.General Ecology. HD. Kumar. Vikass Publ. House Pvt. Ltd. 1995.11.Global Biodiversity. Trivedi.12.Biodiversity. Agarwal – K.C.13.Kumar, U – Biodiversity14.Navadanya – The Biodiversity convention to its impact on III World.

M.Sc Botany III SemesterSpecialization: Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of

Medicinal Plants

Paper-III: Cultivation and Post-harvest technology of Medicinal Plants

Unit-I

1.Introduction: Origin, development and evolution of Medicinal Botany

2.Importance of active principles and uses of medicinal plants in different traditional systems of medicine and Allopathy

Unit-II

3.Origin, Historical background. Active principles uses and cultivation practices of the following medicinal plantsa)Andrographis paniculata b)Asparagus racemosus c)Bacopa monnieri d)Coleus forskohlii e)Rauwolfia serpentine f)Withania somnifera

4.Origin, Historical background, Active principles uses and cultivation practices (including organic farming) of the following aromatic plants

a)Lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) b)Citronella c) Palmarosa d) Eucalyptus citriodora

Unit-III

5.Post-harvest Management of Medicinal plants: Drying / Distillation, grading, packing and storage

6.Distillation of aromatic plants: a) Description of distillation units b) Principles of distillation c) Methods of distillation d) Maintenance and precautions for distillation units se) Yields and recoveries of different aromatic plants

Unit-IV

7.Conservation of Medicinal Plants; Threatened and endangered Medicinal Plants – in-situ and ex-situ conservation

8.Preparation of Crude drugs in different systems of medicine

9.Financial aspects of medicinal plants: a) Loans b) Subsidies

10.JPR – Patents

Practicals

1. Germination studies and nursery management of medicinal and aromatic plants.2. Organoleptic and Microscopic analysis, identification and adulteration check of the

following crude drugs.a) Leaf drugs Cassia augustifoliab) Root drugs Rauwolfia serpentine vs. R. tetraphylac) Bark drugs Hollahrena pubiscente vs Wrightia tinctoriad) Flower drugs Saffron-vs Safflowere) Whole plant drugs Catharanthus roseus

3. Histochemical identification of the following chemical substances: a0 Carbohydrates b)Proteins, c)Amino acids d)Starch e)Tannins f)Enzymes

4. Histological identification of tissue systems and depositsa)Epidermis, b)Parenchyma, c)Collenchyma, d)Phloem, e)Xylem, f)Crystals etc.

5. Estimation of oil content in aromatic crops (Clevenger apparatus) and GSC analysis of oil samples for identification of major compounds.

Reference

1. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic crops by Farooqui and Sreeramulu..Univ. Press2. Textbook of Pharmacognosy by Young Ken – Heber W and Young Ken3. Pharmacognosy of indigenous drugs by K. Raghunathan and Roma Mitra4. Pharmacognosy- Kokate et al5. Pharmacognosy- Mohammed Ali6. Pharmacognosy- Wallis7. Pharmacognosy- Trease & Evans-19968. Pharmacognosy- Shaw and Quadri9. Pharmacognosy- Tyler, Brady and Robbins10. Cultivation of Medicinal plants-Purohit & Vyas CBS, 20064.Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry (12996). Aler Gingauz. Wiley publications.

5.Medicinal Chemistry (2001). Graham L. Patrick. Oxford University Press

M.Sc Botany – III Semester

Specialization : Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants

Paper-IV: Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants

Unit-I

1. Major groups of Phytochemicals, their sources, Industrial, Pharmaceutical and medicinal importance a)Alkaloids b)Steroids c)Terpenoids d)Flavonoids and e)Coumanns

2. Biosynthetic pathways of important photochemicalsa) Shikimic acid pathway b) Mevalonic acid pathway

3. Techniques of isolation of phytochemicals. Solvent extraction, chemical separations, steam distillation principles and application of chromatography (TLC, HPLC, GC, UV-visible spectroscopy).

Unit-II

4. i. Secondary metabolite production- Methods and strategies through cell, tissue and organ culture.

ii. Bioreactors

5. Immobilization-Methods of immobilization and application of cell and enzyme Immobilization

6.Value addition, grading and processing of plant drugs

Unit-III:

7. Adulteration: Definition, types/nature of adulteration in spices, food, drug and other products.

8. Testing methods of adulterationii.) Chemical, ii) Physical, iii) Microscopic and other methods iv) Analytical

methods.

Unit-IV

9. Preservation techniques for food products and drugs

10. Heavy metal contaminants in food grains and drug products

Practicals

Methods of extraction / separation

1.Thin layer chromatography, column chromatography, steam distillation, HPLC

2.Isolation of some natural products: Piperine, caffeine, flavone, coumarin, triferpenoids

3.Spectroscopic estimation of some natural products

Reference

1.Spectroscopy a) William Kemp – Macmillan – 1994 b)Silver stein and Webster – John wiley and sons – 1998 c)P.S. Kalsi – New Age International Publishers – 2002

a. Jagmohan – Narosa Publishing House – 2001b. Auua – ur – Rahman – Elsevier Publications – 1989

2.Biosynthesis of Natural Productsa)Paolo Manitto – Ellis Harwood Limited – a Division of John Wiley & sons

3.Heterocyclic compounds – Vol. 5 Elderfield, R.C – John wiley & sons

4.Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry (12996). Aler Gingauz. Wiley publications.

5.Medicinal Chemistry (2001). Graham L. Patrick. Oxford University Press

CBCSM.Sc. Botany III Semester

Specialization: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

M.Sc Botany III SemesterSpecialization: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

Paper-II: CytogeneticsUnit-I1. Introduction to Cytogenetics. Cytological methods, pretreatment, fixation

pretreatments chemical, fixatives, stains and mechanism of staining.2. The architecture of bacterial and eukarytic chromosomes. Structural organization of

Eukaryotic chromosomes. Chemical constituents and their arrangements in chromosomes, neucleosome concept, Histone acetylation, reading of histone code and methylation. Importance of Telomeres and Telomerase.

3. Euchromatin, Heterochromatin. X Chromosome inactivation, Xistrna, Chromosome banding and chromosome painting

Unit-II4. Different forms of chromosomes. Somatic metaphase, Meiotic prophase,

Lampbrush, Salivary gland chromosomes, B chromosomes or super numerary chromosomes.

5. Mechanics of cell division. Mitotic cycle. Cellcycle, G1, G2 phases and cell cycle regulation. Cyclin dependent kinases 9CDKs) and cyclins. MPF activity. The events of m phase, CDK & cyclin B leading to Metaphase the check points. The spindle assembly check points leading to Anaphase. DNA damge check point controlled by P 53 protein. Ras and Map (mitogen activated protein kinases). Programmed cell death.

Unit-III6. The ubiquitine proteosome path way, cyclin degradation during cell cycle.7. Microtuble structure and dynamics. Organisation of mictotubules, mictorubule

motor proteins, Kinesin, dyenin and anaphasic movements.8. Meiotic prophase. Synaptinemal complex, organization, structure, role of

synaptinemal complex in meiotic cross over.

Unit-IV9. Recombination models. Holliday model I and II. Heteroduplex, mismatch repair.10. Gene conversion 5:3 and 6:2 in Neurospora.

Practicals1. Preparation of fixatives (3:1 and 6:3:1) preparation of stains aceto orcein

acetocarmin and feulgen.2. Squash and smear preparations to study mitiosis sand meiosis, mitosis in onion root

tips and meiosis in maize and onion flower buds.3. Demonstration of salivary gland chromosome preparations in drasophila larvae.4. G-banding of chromosomes (demonstration).5. Record

M.Sc Botany III SemesterSpecialization: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

Paper-III Genetics

Unit-I

2. Classical and modern concept of the gene.3. Experiments including DNA and RNA as the genetic material.4. Detailed study of DNA double helical structure and different forms of DNA, A,B,Z

and their physical properties

Unit-II5. DNA replication, semi conservative mode of replication, Messelson and Stahl’

experiment. Cairns autoradiography experiment. Semi discontinuous Uni & bidirectional mode of replication. Differences in prokaryotic & eukaryotic replication.

6. Enzymes involved in DNA replication. DNA polymerases& ligases, DNAS polymerase I, II, III. In prokaryotes & eukaryotisc DNA polymerases. Prepriming unit Primosome, replication unit replisome

Unit-III

7. Experiments leading to cracking of genetic code. Salient features of genetic code. Codon of assignments Nirenberg&Matthaei, Binding technique of Nirenberg & Leder. Copolymers of repetitive sequences of H.G. Khorana. Wobble hypothesis. Genetic code of mithchondria

8. General features of transcription Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic transcriptional factors, Central dogma of molecular biology, protein synthesis. Translation regulation, by miRNA, Short interference RNA (ri RNA). Regulation of transcription by noncoding RNA, RNA editing DNA methylation.

9. Regulation of gene expression bhy Lambda phase virus. Repressible system of gene regulation with reference to Trp operon

Unit-IV

10. Fine structure of gene rII locus. Mapping of viral chromosome by complementation, deletion & recombination.

11. Eukaryotic mapping by 3 point test cross, mapping by tetrad analysis.12. Quantitative inheritance.13. General account of sex linked inheritance. Extra nuclear inheritance (cytoplasmic

male sterility)

Practicals

1. Problems on extra nuclear inheritance.2. Problems on tetrad analysis.3. Problem on linkage (three point test cross).4. Problems on chromosome mapping in viruses by deletion and complementation.5. Problems on bacterial chromosome mapping by conjugation and transformation.6. Problems on quantitative genetics. Heritability genetic advance genotypic and

phenotypic variance and cord.7. Problems on sex linked inheritance.8. Record

List of books recommended 1. A. K. Sharma and A. Sharma. 1990. Chromosome techniques. Butterworths.

1990 Ed.2. Edward. S. Lenhoff. 1990. Tools of Biology Mc Millan Company.3. E.D.P. De Robertis and E. M. F. De Robertis. 1987. Cell and Molecular

biology. 8th Ed.. (Indian Edition is also available..Varghese Company).4. G. M. Cooper. 1997. The Cell and Molecular approach. ASM Press. Ed.5. Strickberger. Genetics. 3rd Ed. 1990. Ed.6. Snustad and Simmons. 1997. Principles of Genetics. Ed.7. Benjamin Lewis. 1999. Genes VII.8. Daniel Hartl. 1994. Basic Genetics. Ed.9. Griffiths, Miller, Suzuki, Lewontin and Gelbert . 1999. An introduction to

Genetic analysis.10. Winter, Hicky and Fletcher . 1999. Instant notes in Genetics. Ed.11. I. Vasil. 1995. Plant tissue culture. Vol. 1 to 4. Ed. 12. Watson, Gilman, Wittkowsky and Zoller. 1992. Recombinant DNA.13. Davis, L, Kuehl and Battey. 1994.Basic methods in Molecular Biology. 14. Twyman. 1998. Advanced Molecular Biology.15. Turner, Mclennon, Bates and White. 1999. Instant notes in Molecular

Biology. 16. Primrose. 1999. Molecular Biotechnology. 17. Hughes, M. A. 1992. Plant Molecular Genetics. 18. Stansfield. 1996. III Ed. Theory & Problems in Genetics. Schaum’s Series.

McGraw & Hill.19. Cynthia Gibas. O’Reilly & Assoc.2000. Developing Bioinfor Computer skills. 20. Rastogi, Sharma and Tandon 1994. Concepts in Molecular Biology.21. P.K. Gupta. 1990. Genetics.22. U. Sinha and S. Sinha. 1994. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding & Evolution. 23. A.V.S.S. Sambamurthy. 1999. Genetics.24. Ahluwalia. 1993Genetics.25. Khan, I. A. and A. Khanum. 1994Fundamentals of Biostatistics26. N. Mishra and K. K. Mishra. Naya Prakash. 1983. Introductory practical

Biostatistics.

M.Sc Botany III SemesterSpecialization: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

Paper IV Plant Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

Unit-I:1. Introduction to plant tissue culture. Totipotency and cyto differentiation.2. Establishment of tissue culture lab, preparation of culture media and culture techniques.

Cell suspension, callus, meristem and organ culture.3. Somatic embryogenesis and synthetic seeds. Morphogenesis. Shoot regeneration, rooting

and establishment of plantlets. Somaclonal variations.

Unit-II:

4. Micropropagation and its application in horticulture & forestry. Cryopreservation and germplasm storage.

5. Anther and pollen culture and their importance.6. Isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts. Somatic hybridization & cybrids. 7. In vitro production of secondary metabolites from medicinal plant culture.8. Microbial production of vitamins, organic acids and alcohols. Energy plantations and petro

plants

Unit-III:9. Plants response to temperature stress: heat shock response system. Types of heat shock

protein genes. High mol. Weight HSP genes low mol.HSP genes. Role of heat shock proteins in thermo tolerance. Self regulation of heat shock genes. Protein regulation of heat shock genes.

10. Plant defense response genes (DRG) during infection.1.activation of defense response genes (a.) Changes in messenger RNA population (b) changes in translation activity(c) special accumulation& localization of DRG products. Structure of defense response genes.(1) PAL gene (2) CHI gene (3)4 CL genes (4)HRGPgenes (5)PR protein gene

11. Signaling pathways for defense response genes. 1) Intracellular signals 2)Short distance intercellular signals 3)systemic signals.

Unit-IV:12. Genetic engineering for production of transgenic plants: (1) Agrobacterium-mediated gene

transfer method and (2) microprojectile bombardment method.13. Genetic engineering of barnase & bar star genes for hybrid seed production. Genetic

engineering for resistance to herbicides, pests and diseases (viral fungal & bacterial), BT gene & golden rice. Role of RFLPS and quantitative trait loci (QTL) in crop improvement.

14. Production of secondary metabolites through hairy root cultures. Molecular Pharming.Practicals

1. Preparation of synthetic seeds.2. Isolation of protoplasts from plants.3. Estimation of protein by Biuret method4. Preparation of plant tissue culture medium (M.S medium)5. Description and identification of petro plants6. Record

List of books recommended27. A. K. Sharma and A. Sharma. 1990. Chromosome techniques. Butterworths.

1990 Ed.28. Edward. S. Lenhoff. 1990. Tools of Biology Mc Millan Company.29. E.D.P. De Robertis and E. M. F. De Robertis. 1987. Cell and Molecular

biology. 8th Ed.. (Indian Edition is also available..Varghese Company).30. G. M. Cooper. 1997. The Cell and Molecular approach. ASM Press. Ed.31. Strickberger. Genetics. 3rd Ed. 1990. Ed.32. Snustad and Simmons. 1997. Principles of Genetics. Ed.33. Benjamin Lewis. 1999. Genes VII.34. Daniel Hartl. 1994. Basic Genetics. Ed.35. Griffiths, Miller, Suzuki, Lewontin and Gelbert . 1999. An introduction to

Genetic analysis.36. Winter, Hicky and Fletcher . 1999. Instant notes in Genetics. Ed.

I. Vasil. 1995. Plant tissue culture. Vol. 1 to 4. Ed. 37. Watson, Gilman, Wittkowsky and Zoller. 1992. Recombinant DNA.38. Davis, L, Kuehl and Battey. 1994.Basic methods in Molecular Biology. 39. Twyman. 1998. Advanced Molecular Biology.40. Turner, Mclennon, Bates and White. 1999. Instant notes in Mol Biology. 41. Primrose. 1999. Molecular Biotechnology. 42. Hughes, M. A. 1992. Plant Molecular Genetics. 43. Stansfield. 1996. III Ed. Theory & Problems in Genetics. Schaum’s Series. 44. Cynthia Gibas. O’Reilly & Ass.2000. Developing Bioinformatics Compskills. 45. Balasubramainan. Ed. Concepts in Biotechnology.Universities Press.1996.46. Y.P.S. Bajaj. 1986-90. Biotechnology in Agriculture & Forestry. Vol. 1-1647. Prathibha Devi. Principles & Methods in Plant Molecular Biology,Genetics &

Biochemistry,,Agrobios. 48. Purohit. S. S. 1999. Agricultural Biotechnology. 49. Rastogi, Sharma and Tandon 1994. Concepts in Molecular Biology.50. P.K. Gupta. 1990. Genetics.51. U. Sinha and S. Sinha. 1994. Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding & Evolution. 52. K. K. De. 1992. Plant tissue culture. 53. Narayanaswamy. 1994. Plant cell & tissue culture. 54. A.V.S.S. Sambamurthy. 1999. Genetics.55. Ahluwalia. 1993Genetics.56. Khan, I. A. and A. Khanum. 1994Fundamentals of Biostatistics57. N. Mishra and K. K. Mishra. Naya Prakash. 1983. Introductory practical

Biostatistics.

CBCSM.Sc. Botany III Semester

Specialization Applied Palynology –Palaeophytology

M.Sc Botany – III Semester

Specialization Applied Palynology – PalaeophytologyPaper-II Actuopalynology

Unit - I1. Aspects, prospects and perspectives of palynology.2. Spore and pollen morphology- L.M., S.E.M. and T.E.M. studies and their

significance. Spore morphology; triletes, monoletes and aletes. Size, shape and symmetry of spores; spore wall structure and sculpture.Pollen morphology; size, shape and symmetry of pollen; saccate and non-saccate pollen; apertural types, function of apertures, harmomegathy number, position and character of apertures, simple and composite apertures.

3. Pollen wall detailed structure, sporoderm stratification; Erdtman’s and Faegri & Iverson views regarding fine structure of pollen wall; sculpture of pollen wall.Taxonomic importance of spore and pollen morphology, stenopalynology and Europalynology in Angiosperms.

Unit – II4. Development and ontogeny of pollen wall.

5. Chemical composition of pollen wall: Sporopollenin in different groups of plants: Differentiation of sporopollenin with lignin, suberin: Thermal alteration of Sporopollenin.

6. Types and evolutionary trends in exine structure.

Unit – III7.. Pollen morphology of the following angiosperm families: A comparative account. i). Malvaceae ii). Brassicaceae iii). Rutaceae iv). Combretaceae v). Myrtaceae vi). Asteraceae vii). Arecaceae

8... Palynological description and identification of the pollen types of the following genera:: i). Hibiscus ii). Brassica iii). Citrus iv). Tridax v). Eucalyptus vi). Vernonia vii). Cocos viii). Borassus

Unit – IV 9. The method of pollen germination and pollen tube growth. The factors involved in

pollen germination in invitro and invivi.10. Pollen viability, pollen preservation and controlling factors-cryopreservation:

Pollen banks and their role in agriculture and plant breeding.11. Palynology and ploidy.12. A brief account of pollen culture and pollen embryoids.

Practicals: 1. Wodehouse technique and preparation of temporary pollen slides.2. Acetolysis technique and Preparation of Permanent pollen slides.3. Study of acetolysed pollen preparation of the following pollen types

i). Hibiscus ii). Gossypium iii). Brassica iv). Eucalyptus v). Psidium vi). Sesamum vii). Citrus viii). Tridax ix). Vernonia x). Boerhaaviaxi). Cocos xii). Borassus.

4. Pollen viability, pollen germination invitro and pollen tube growth.

.References:1.Pollen morphology and Taxonomy of Angiosperms – Erdtman, G. 1952 Almquist & Wiksell, Stockholm.2.Pollen flora of Maharashtra state, India. – T.S. Nayar. 1990Today and Tomorrow.3. Pollen of Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats. India. 1994

- Colette Tissot , Hafida Chikhi and T.S. Nayar. Institut Francais De Pondicherry.6. Mangrove Palynology . – G.Thanikaimoni. 19707. Pollen morphology of Angiosperms. – P.K.K.Nair. 1970

Scholar’s Publication, Lucknow.6.Air borne pollen and fungal spores. – S.T.Tilak. 1989 Vaijayanti Prakasam, Aurangabad.7.Air monitoring. - S.T.Tilak 1987 Vaijayanti Prakasam, Aurangabad.8. Aerobiology. - S.T.Tilak. 1982 Vaijayanti Prakasam, Aurangabad.9. Bee keeping in India. - Sardar singh. 1962 ICAR, New Delhi.10. Bee keeping. - L.R. Varma. 1990. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.10. Nectary biology. - Bir bahadur ( Ed.) 1998 Dattsons, J.L. Nehrumarg, Sardar, Nagpur.11. A book of Honey. - Eva Crane. 1980 Charles Scribner’s sons New York.12. Palynology and its Applications. - Shripad N. Agashe 2006 Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

M.Sc Botany – III Semester

Specialization Applied Palynology – PalaeophytologyPaper-III Aerobiology, Melittopalynology and Forensic Palynology

Unit-I1. Aerobiology – Allergenic spores and pollen in atmosphere and human allergy2. Pollen productivity: Pollen dispersal3. Incidence and monitoring of airborne pollen by various types of Aeroscopes

(Gravimatric and Volumetric).4. Meteriology and pollen incidence in atmosphere

Unit-II5. Preparation of pollen calendar6. Symptoms of pollen allergy in human beings: Pollenosis, remedial steps –

clinical and otherwise7. Aerospora: pollen calendar and importance of daily census of airborne pollen

types. Pollen clender of Hyderabad meteropolitan complex.

Unit-III8. Melittopalynology and Bee Botany9. Application of Melittopalynology in codification of honeys, recognition of mixed

honeys, adulteration of honeys, botanical and geographical sources of honeys.10. Honeybee colony,. bee keeping, Apiculture, strategies of enhanced honey

production; Melittopalynological studies in India and their relevance to Bee-keeping.

11. Honey bee products – Honey Bee wax, Pollen, Propollis, Royal jelly, Bee venum and their marketing

Unit-IV12. Forage pattern, behavior and honey producing potential of various honey bee

species in India viz., indigenous Apis dorsatta, A. florae. A cerena and the recently introduced European honey bee A. mellifera.

13. International methodology of qualitative and quantitative analysis of pollen contents of honeys

14. Role of apiculture in rural development and social forestry15. Forensic palynology – its significance in crime detection and methodology

involved.Practicals

1. Study of Aeroscopes (Rotorod; Dhrham). Modified version of Durham aeroscope & Tilak’s air sampler

2. Qualitative and quantitatively study of airborne pollen3. Pollen analysis of unifloral honeys and quantification of pollen types4. Pollen analysis of multifloral honeys and quantification of pollen types5. Study of pollen loads of various aspects of Honey bees and preparation of pollen

types

References

1. Air borne pollen and fungal spores - S.T. Tilak. 1989. Vaijayanti Prakasham, Aurangabad

2. Air monitoring - S.T. Tilak. 1987. Vaijayanti Prakasham, Aurangabad3. Aerobiology S.T. Tilak. 1982. Vaijayanti Prakasham, Aurangabad4. Bee keeping in India – Sardar Singh. 1962. ICARA, New Delhi5. Guide to Bees and Honeys. Ted and Hooper. 1976. Blandford press, U.K.6. Bee keeping. L.R. Varma. 1990. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., new

Delhi7. Nectary biology – Bir Bhadur (Ed.) 998. Dattsons, J.L. Nehrumarg, Sardar,

Nagpur8. Bee keeping in integrated mountain development. – L.R. Varma. 1990. Oxford

and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., new Delhi9. A book of Honey. Eva Crane. 1980. Charles Scribner’s sons New York10. The dancing bees – Karl. V. Frisch. 1966. Methueu and Co. Ltd. U.K.11. Honey – a comprehensive survey. Eva Crane. 1979. Heinemann, London12. The hive and honey bee. A Grout (Ed.) 1954. Adant & sons, Hamstsar.

M.Sc Botany – III Semester

Specialization Applied palynology – Palaeophytology

Paper: IV Palaeopalynology and Exploration of Hydrocarbons.

Unit – I

1. Palaeopalynology – Diverse types of palynomorphs, their preservation in various lithic entities.

2. Recovery and concentration of spores and pollen from clays, shales, coals and lignites by suitable maceration techniques and heavy liquid treatment.

3. Palynology of mangrove sediments; recent and past and its relevance to understanding the history and distribution of mangrove vegatation in india.

Unit - II

4..Application of Palaeopalynology in exploration of coals and palynological correlation of coal seams.

5.Pollen assemblages of the coal bearing deposits (Permian –Lower Gondwana) of India and their stratigraphic importance.

6. Relevance of spores and pollen and their application to oil exploration..Unit – III

7.Palynology of lake sediments- history of lakes, depositional environments and reconstruction of local climates – a pollen based study with reference to India.

8.Fossil Diatoms – diatomaceous earth- their palaeoecological, biostratigraphical importance- a brief account of Indian records of fossil diatoms.

9.Upper Gondwana palynology with reference to Pranhita-Godavari basin- the Stratigraphic, floristic and climatic significance of pollenflora

Unit - IV

10 Acritarchs and Dinoflagellates: their significance of their study.

11.Palaeopalynology of Tertiary deposits of southern India- Neogene of i). Cauvery basin ii). Kerala basin- the stratigraphic, floristic and climatic significance of pollen floras.

12. Studies on fossil fungi ( spores and fruiting bodies) and their significance in the Indian context.

Practicals:

1. Recovery of palynomorphs from clays and carbonaceous shales.2. Recovery of palynomorphs from lignites and coals.3. Identification of some Tertiary palynomorphs.4. Identification of some Mesozoic palynomorphs.

References:

1. Palaeopalynology. - A. Traverse. 1988. Unwin, Hymen- Boston U.S.A.2.Microfossils - M.D. Brasier. 1980. Allen & Unwin.3.Plant Microfossils and Geology – An intriduction. – Aureal T. Cross. 1964. Symp. Palynology in oil exploration, Sanfransisco.

4. Aspects and Appraisal of Indian Palaeobotany. K.R. Surange, R.N. Lakhanpal and D.C. Bharadwaj (Ed.) 1974. BSIP Lucknow.

5. Coaliferous fuel resources of India. – Parameters of studies in palynology and Biopetrology. – R.s. Tiwari. 1995. – Lucknow.

6. Cenozoic Stratigraphy and Palynology in India. 1982. Palaeontological society of India, special publication.

7. Palynology of Tertiary sediments from Tropical areas. J. H. Germeraad, K.A. Hopping and J. Muller. 1968. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Netherland.

8. Extinct plant Evolution and Earth’s history. 1991. – Current Science. Vol. 61.9. Indian Gondwana. 1991. – Gealogical Society of India.10. Dinoflagellates Htstrichospherids and classification of Achritarchs- C. Downie et

al 1963. School of earth science UAS.

M.Sc Botany IV Semester [CBCS]

Paper-I: Ecology and Phytogeography (Common Paper)

Specialization A: Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology Paper-II: Molecular Plant PathologyPaper-III: Principles of Plant Pathology

Specialization B: Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology Paper-II: Phytohormones and Plant DevelopmentPaper-III: Plant Molecular Biology, Genetics Engineering

Specialization C: Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants Paper-II: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and EthnobotanyPaper-III: Pharmacognosy

Specialization D: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics Paper-II: Cytogenetics and Crop ImprovementPaper-III: Molecular Genetics and Recombinant DNA Technology

Specialization E: Applied Palynology, Palaeophytology Paper-II: Plant Fossil techniques and Floristics of Gondwana systemPaper-III: Antiquity of Angiosperms and Tertiary floristic studies of South India

Paper-IV: Choice Based Papera) Biofertilizers and Organic farmingb) Environmental Pollution & Protection

M.Sc Botany-IV Semester

Paper-I: Ecology and Phytogeography (common paper)

Unit-I

The Environment: Physical environment; biotic and abiotic interactionsHabitat and Niche: Concept of habitat and niche; Niche width and overlap; Fundamental and realized niche; Resource partitioning; Character displacement –Allopatric and Sypatric.Ecosystem Ecology: Ecosystem structure and function; Food Chain, Food Web, Energy flow and Mineral cycling (C,N); Primary production and Methods of measurement of primary productivity.

Unit-II

Population Ecology: Characteristics of population (Density, Natality, Morality, Dispersion Population size, Age structure, Life tables); Population growth curves; Population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection);Species Interactions: Types of Interactions, Interspecific Competition, Herbivory, Carnivory, Pollination, Symbiosis.

Unit-III

Community Ecology: Cgharacteristics of communities (Analytical and Synthetsic); Raunkiaer concept; Community structure and attributes; Levels of species diversity and its measurement; Ecotones. Biodiversity: Status, Monitoring; Hotspots, Major drivers of biodiversity change;Ecological Succession: Types; mechanisms; Changes involved in succession; Concept of climax.

Unit-IV

Biogeography: Plant distribution, Theory on plant distribution (Age and area theory, Theory of tolerance) Descriptive Phytogeography, Endemism – Thypes of endemics Major terrerstrial biomes; Biogeographical zones of India.

Applied Ecology: Pollution – Global environmental change (Atmosphere composition and structure, Green house gases, Global warming, Ozone depletion).

Conservation Biology: Principles of conservation (Insitu and Exsitu). Indian case studies on conservation / management strategy – Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves.

Practicals

1. Determination of quantitative characters by random quadrat method – Abundance, Density, Frequency, IVI and Dominance: Similarity and Dissimilarity Index.

2. Estimation of Carbonates, Biocarbonates, Chlorides and Dissolved Oxygen3. Morphology and Anatomy of Hydrophytes and Xerophytes and their Adaptations4. Maintenance of practical records

Reference Books

1. E.P. Odum 1996. Fundamentals of ecology2. E.J. Koromondy. 1996 Concept of Ecology3. P.D. Sharma, 1996. Ecology and Environment4. S.P. Misra. S.N. 2010 Pandey. Essentail Environmental studies5. N.S. Subrahmanyam and Sambamurty 200. Ecology

CBCSM.Sc. Botany IV Semester

Specialization Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

M.Sc Botany-IV Semester

Specialization Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

Paper – II Molecular Plant Pathology

Unit-I Introduction, Techniques and Information Technology:

1. Introduction to molecular plant pathology, Molecular techniques in plant pathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – Analysis of PCR products.

2. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs).3. Electrophoretic karyotyping.4. Fungal protoplasts and Vegetative compatibility groupings.5. Information Technology in Plant Pathology: Plant disease clinics; use of database

and application of Bioinformatics in plant pathology – a general account.

Unit-II Plant Pathogen Interactions:

1. Recognition: Early events, Adhesion, spore eclosion and adhesion of germ tubes and hyphae factors affecting adhesion, hydrophobins.

2. Elicitiors: Distribution, production and nature, fungal wall elicitors (Carbohydrates and glycoprotein elicitors), elicitors from plant cell walls, Microbial enzyme elicitors, Mode of action and diverse plant defense mechanisms.

3. Signal Transduction: Intracellular signals, short distance intercellular signals and systemic signals.

4. Second Messengers: Calcium ion and Calcium dependent enzymes, cyclic AMP, Proteins, H2O2 and Ethylene.

5. Systemic Signal Molecules: Oligogalacturonides, Salicylic acid, Systemin, Jasmonic acid and Lypoxygenases.

Unit-III Genetics of Plant Pathogen Interactions:

1. Genetics of Plant Disease:ii Genes and Disease, Variability of organisms (Mutation, Heterokaryosis

and Parasexuality).iii Physiology Specialization, origin of races, concept of biological forms.iv Molecular variability of fungal pathogens.

2. Host Resistance Genetics of virulence in pathogens and resistance in host plants.3. Types of plant resistance to Pathogens.

i Non-host resistance, True resistance (Vertical and horizontal resistance).ii Apparent resistance, Gene –for-gene concept, Flor’s concept and Breeding

resistant varieties.

Unit-IV Pathogen Ingress and Plant Resistance:

1. Plant defense responses: Generation of signals Local and systemic responses, fungal resistance genes in plants, defense genes and fungal avirulence genes.

2. Plant Immunizaiton: Systemically acquired resistance (SAR), Chemical inducers of plant resistance and Pathogenesis related proteins (PRPs).

3. Strategies for cloning plant resistance genes: Vector mediated transformation, Alternative transformation methods and Identificaiton of transformants.

4. Engineering resistance against fungal and viral pathogens: Coat protein mediated resistance (CPMR) and antisense genes.

5. Antifungal and antibacterial strategies: Candidate genes to combat microbial pathogens(Chitinase, Thionine, Permatins, Lysosozyme and Lectins) and antifungal proteins (Ribosome inactivating proteins – RIPs).

Practicals

1. Isolation and separation of fungal nucleic acids and proteins by gel

electrophoresis.

2. RFLPs of fungal nucleic acids.

3. RAPDs of fungal DNA.

4. Amplificaiton of Fungal DNA by PCR.

5. Fungal Protoplast isolation.

6. Elaboration of phytoalexins by TLC methods.

7. Record.

M.Sc Botany-IV Semester

Specialization Applied Mycology and Molecular Plant Pathology

Paper –III Principles of Plant Pathology

Unit-I

1. Introduction: Terminology, Disease concept. Pathogenectiy and Koch’s postulates.2. Parasitism and Disease Development: Host range of pathogens, disease development,

disease cycle, penetration (chemical and physical), colonization and dissemination of pathogens.

3. Host pathogen interaction: Chemical Weapons of pathogens. (Enzymes, Toxins and Growth regulators).

Unit-II

1. Changes in Host-physiological function due to pathogenesis:a. Photosynthesis b. Respiration c. Translocation of water and nutrients d. Permeability of membrane.

2. Nutrition and physiology of plant pathogenic fungi:a) Carbon, Nitrogen, phosphorous and trace elements.b) Physiology and dormancy of spore germination.

Unit-III

a) Host defense mechanisms: Structural defense, Hypersensivitv, Physical barriers. Metabolic or Biochemcial defense, Phenols, Phytoalexins and induced enzymes.

b) Effect of Environment on Disease Development: Effect of Moisture, temperature, wind, soil, pH and Host plant nutrition.

c) Plant disease epidemiology: Elements of epidemics, Measurement of Plant diseases Patterns of epidemics and pathogens factors. Computer simulation of epidemics and Diseases Forecasting and Management.

Unit-IV

Principles of Plant disease control:a. Quarantine b. Cultural practices c. Biological Methods d. Physical Methods e. Chemical Methods: Classification of fungicides, Chemical nature and mode of action, methods of application of fungicides: Sulphur, Copper, Mercurial compounds, Quinones, Heterocyclic compounds. Oxanithins and Benzimidozoles.f) Miscellaneous fungicides.

Practicals

6. Estimation of organic acids in fungal cultural filtrates.

7. Estimation of enzymes: Cellulases, Pectinases, Chitinases and Amylases.

8. Estimation of sugars, proteins and amino acids in fungal mycelium and culture

filtrate.

9. Elaboration of aflatoxins – TLC method.

10. Record.

CBCSM.Sc. Botany IV Semester

Specialization Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology

M.Sc Botany-IV Semester

Specialization Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology

Paper – II Phytohormones and Plant Development

Unit-I

1. Phytohormones: Biosynthesis, physiological role and molecular mechanism of actions of.

a) Auxinsb) Gibberellinsc) Cytokininsd) Abscisic acide) Ethylene

2. Naturally occurring growth substances other than principal compounds:a) Polyaminesb) Methyl Jasmonatesc) Phenolicsd) Brassinosteroidse) Tricantanolf) Batasins

Unit-II3. Hormonal regulation of organ development:

a) Root developmentb) Shoot development c) Leaf development

4. Effect of plant growth substance on flowering and fruiting:a) Flower initiation and sex expressionb) Fruit set, development and ripeningc) Genetic engineering for extended shelf life of fruits (e.g. Flavr Savr tomato)

Unit-III5. Senescence:

a) Physiological and biochemical changes during senescence: loss of chlorophylls, nucleic acid metabolism, respiration and photosynthesis.b) Hormonal control of senescence: cytokinins, Abscisic acid and ethylene

6. Plant growth Regualtors and weed control:a) Auxin type herbicides 2,4 – D, phenoxyacetic acidb) Pyridinesc) Genetic engineering for herbicide resistance in plants.

Unit-IV7. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of disease resistance in plants:

a) Hypersensitive reactionb) Elicitorsc) Phytoalexinsd) Physiology of disease resistance.

e) System acquired resistance (SAR)1. Agricultural uses of plant growth regulators.

a. Rooting and plant propagationb. Abscissionc. Floweringd. Fruit set and developmente. Fruit ripeningf. Overcoming environmental stresses.

Practicals

1. Estimation of Indole Acetic Acid.

2. Estimation of Amylase enzyme

3. Radish cotyledonary bioassay for Cytokinins.

4. Action of Abscisic acid on stomatal movement.

References

1. Phytohormones and related compounds: a comprehensive treatise Vol I and II 1978 Elsevier/North Holland, Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.

2. Plant Growth Substances Principles and application. / Richard N. Arteca. 1996Chapman and Hall Inc. NY ( Ind Ed. Cbs. Publ and Dist, New Delhi 1997)

3. Physiololgy of plant growth and development H. N. Krishnamurty, 1993, Atmaram and Sons, New Delhi.

4. Growth and Differentiation of plants. 3rd Edition. Wareing PF and Phillips IDJ Pergamon Press, Oxford.

5. Plant Grwoth Regulators – Agricultural Uses. L.G. Nickel, 1982. Springer –Verlag, Berlin.

6. Introduction to plant physiology, 2nd Edition. William Hopkins, 1999 John Wiley and Sins Inc. NY.

7. Plant Physiology 2nd Edition Taiz and Zeiger 1999. Sinauer Associates. Inc. Publ. Massachusetts.

8. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology.9. Senescence in plants by Kenneth V. Thimmen CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida

1980.

M.Sc Botany-IV Semester

Specialization Applied Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology

Paper-III. Plant Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering.

UNIT-I

1. Overview of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Plant tissue culture, culture media and culture techniques. Totipotency and cyto-differentiation.

2. Cell suspension and callus cultures. In vitro production of secondary metabolites. Meristem culture.

3. Morphogenesis and Somatic embryogenesis. Synthetic seeds. Somaclonal variation. Micropropagation.

4. Brief account of anther & pollen culture, Isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts.

5. Brief account of cryopreservation and germplasm storage.

UNIT-II

6. Genetic engineering for production of transgenic plants: Agrobacterium andmicroprojectile gun mediated methods of gene transfer, Genetic transformation of chloroplasts.

7. Role of promoters and reporter genes in genetic engineering. 8. Transgenic plants with resistance to herbicides, pests and diseases. Transgenic

plants with genes for higher nutritional quality and longer shelf-life. Hairy root cultures.

9. Sanger’s method of sequencing of genes. Human genome project. Chemical synthesis of genes.

UNIT-III

6. Recombinant DNA technology. Biosafety measures. Intellectual property rights and Patents.

7. Vectors, Restriction endonucleases and DNA ligases. Gene cloning, preparation of genomic/cDNA libraries and selection of transformed cells by immuno-detection of proteins and nucleic acid (colony) hybridization. Transposon mediated gene tagging.

8. Southern, northern and western blotting. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), DNA Fingerprinting and RNAi technology. Gene knockout technology.

UNIT-IV

14. Brief overview of maps of plant genomes, mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and marker-assisted selection.

15. Molecular markers: Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified length fragment polymorphism (AFLP), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for gene discovery.

16. Applications of Biofertilizers, Biopesticides and Single cell protein. Energy plantations and petroplants.

17. Microbial fermentation and microbial products: vitamins, organic acids and alcohols.

18. Production of monoclonal antibodies and synthetic vaccines. Stem cell research.

Practicals

1. Preparation of stock solutions and tissue culture media viz: MS basal medium.2. Laboratory experiments for callus induction, organogenesis, somatic

embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration.3. Preparation of synthetic seeds with somatic embryos. 4. Enzymatic isolation of protoplasts from leaves.5. Isolation of gnomic DNA from plant /chicken spleen.6. Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer to plants (demonstration).7. Plasmid profile study using gel electrophoresis (demonstration).8. Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method.9. Scoring of RFLP maps.10. Problems on restriction mapping.11. Problems on DNA sequencing.12. Estimation of citric acid in culture filtrates of Aspergillus niger.13. Study of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides.14. Maintenance of Practical Record.

References

1. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. 1 to 16. Ed. Y.P.S. Bajaj. 1986-1990. Ed

2. Plant tissue culture. Vol. 1 to 4. Ed. I. Vasil. 1993.Ed.3. Concepts in Biotechnology. Ed. Balasubramainan. Universities Press. 1996. Ed.4. Principles and methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry.

Prathibha Devi. Agrobios Publ. 2000. Ed.5. Agricultural Biotechnology. S.S. Purohit. 1999.Ed.6. Biotechnology. H. D. Kumar.1992.Ed.7. Biotechnology. Trehan. 1994.Ed.8. Plant tissue culture. K. K. De. 1992.Ed.9. Plant tissue culture. Narayanaswamy.1994.Ed.

10. Smith, R.H. 2000.Plant Tissue Culture: Techniques & Experiments. Acad Press, N. York.

11. Snustad and Simmons. 1997. Principles of Genetics. Wiley.12. Watson, Hopkins, Roberts, Steitz & Weiner1987. Molecular Biology of the gene.

IVEd. 13. Watson, Gilman, Wittkowsky and Zoller. 1992. Recombinant DNA. 14. Benjamin Lewis. 1999. Genes VII.15. Cooper, G.M. 1999. The Cell and Molecular approach. ASM Press.16. G. M. Shaw.1988.Ed Plant Molecular Biology. A practical approach.17. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. 1989.&2000. Eds. Molecular

Cloning : A lab manual. 2nd ed. 3 Vols. Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

18. Davis, L, Kuehl and Battey. 1994. Basic methods in Molecular Biology. 19. Twyman, 2000. Advanced Molecular Biology. 20. Turner, Mclennon, Bates and White. 1999. Instant notes in Molecular Biology. 21. Molecular Biology. Friefelder. 1990. Ed.22. Plant Molecular Genetics. M. A. Hughes.23. Molecular Biotechnology. 2nd Ed. Primrose.1999.Ed.24. Principles and methods in Plant Molecular Biology, Genetics and Biochemistry.

Prathibha Devi. Agrobios Publ. 2000.Ed.25. Agricultural Biotechnology. S.S. Purohit. 1999.Ed.26. Biotechnology. P.K. Gupta. 1996. Ed.27. Concepts in Biotechnology. Ed. Balasubramainan. Universities Press.1996. Ed.28. Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Glick, B.R. and

Thompson, J.E. 1993. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.29. Plant Molecular Biology: A practical approach. Shaw, C. H. (E.d.) 1988. IRL

Press, Oxford.30. J.R. Postgate (1982): The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge, U.K.31. Burris, R.H. and Roberts. G.P. 1993. Biological Nitrogen fixation, Annu. Rev.

Nutr. 13: 317-335.

CBCSM.Sc. Botany IV Semester

Specialization : Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants

M.Sc Botany IV Semester

Specialization : Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants

Paper-II: Taxonomy of Angiosperms and Ethnobotany

Unit-I

1.Method to describe a new Taxon with reference to Genus and species2.Contribution of the following to the growth of Taxonomy a) R.M.T. Dahlgren b)R.F. Thorne c) Kubtizki3.Plant identification – taxonomic keys

Unit-II

4.Role of the following institutions in the growth of Taxonomy a)Botanical Survey of India, India b)Kew Gardens, London, UK c)Smithsonian, Institutions, Washington, D.C., USA

5.Floral diversity in a) Annonacease b)Malvaceae c)Apocynaceae d) Asclepiadaceae e) Hydrocharitaceae f) Lemnaceae

Unit-III

6.Taxonomy of the following significant families a) Nymphaceae (Sensu stricto and Sensu lato) b) Euphorbiaceae with emphasis on its role in modern economy c) Podostemaceae d) Musaceae e) Arecacae

7.Seed Morphology: external features a)Embryo, Endosperm, Seed coat anatomy b)Corner’s classification and its role in taxonomy

Unit-IV

8.Ethnobotany: Concept, scope and objectives

9.Ethnobotany as an inter-disciplinary science. The relevance of ethnobotany in the present context. Methodology of ethnobotanical studies a)Field work b)Herbarium c)Ancient literature d)Archaeological findings e)Temples and sacred groves

10.Plants Vs. Tribal Life: a)Food plants and Food cycles b)Intoxicants and Beverages c)Ropes and Bindings materials d)Resins and oils e)Poisons as baits

11.Role of ethnobotany in modern medicine with special examples

Practicals

1.Study of the following locally available taxa (living sand herbarium) belonging to: a)Cleome b)Cassia c)Sida d)Indigofera e)Euphorbia f)Corchorus g)Tephrosia h)Phyllanthus i)Brachiaria j)Ipomoea

2. Identification of key characters of species of above genera and construction of keys3. Study of the seed morphology of the following: a)Cleome b)Gossypium c)Calotropis d)Annona e)Cyperus f)Oryza g)Castor / Croton h)Portulaca i)Tecoma j)Glinus / Mullugo k)Pulses4. Identification of selected families based on their Androecium and Gynoecium given in the mixture a)Malyaceae b)Meliaceae c)Fabaceae d)Umbelliferae e)Cucurbiataceae f)Compositsae g)Euphorbaceae h)Lamiaceae\5.Students are required to maintain field note book and record of the taxa occurring in the areas visited6. Students are required to prepare herbarium of plants collected during field trips

Reference

1.Wills, J.C. Dictionary of Flowering plants, 19712.Santapau, H and A.N. Henry. Dictionary of Flowering plants in India, CSIR, 19733.D.J. Mabberly, Plant Book (2nd Edi.) 1997. Cambridge Univ. Press4.Hubbard, C.E. Grasses, 1954. Penguin Books, London5.Henry and chandrabose. An Aid to International code of Botanical Nomenclature6.Hutchinson, J. The families of Flowering plants (3rd Edi.) b1973.7.Lawrence, G.H. Taxonomy of Vascular plants. 19518.Sivarajan, V.V. (Ed. Robson) Introduction to Principles of Plant Taxonomy9.V.N. Naik. Taxonomy of angiosperms10.Cronquist. A. The Evolution and classification of flowering plants. 198811.Takhtajan. A. Outline of classification of flowering plants. Botanical Rev. 1980.12.Davis P.H. and Heywood, V.H. Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy13.Jain S.K. and Rao R.R. A Handbook of field and herbarium methods14.International code of Botanical nomenclature – 1998 (IAPT) Pub.)15.Flowering plants / origin sand dispersal (Trans by C. Jeffrey). Takhtajan, 196916.Seed Anatomy Vol. I and II Cornner17.Seed identification Manual by A. Martin and Willim Barkley 1961. Oxford and IBH publications. Calcutta.

M.Sc Botany IV SemesterSpecialization : Biodiversity of Angiosperms, Phytochemistry, Biotechnology of

Medicinal Plants

Paper-III: Pharmacognosy

Unit-I

1.Introduction and Scope of Pharmacognosy: Pharmacognosy and modern medicine

2.Crude plant drugs a)Sources: Geographical, Biological, Cell Culture and Sea b)Classification: Morphological (Organized and unorganized), Taxonomical, Chemical, Pharmacological and alphabetical

3.Indigenous tradional drugs and their market adulteration of Punarnava, Shankhapuspi (Clitoria), Indian goose-berry, Tulasi, Commiphora, Kalmegh

Unit-II

4.Types of Plant drug and their Pharmacognostic study a)Root drugs; Glycyrrhiza and Ipecac, Raulvolfia, Satavari, Colcus, Withania b)Rhizome drugs, Ginger c)Leaf drugs, Andrographis, Clitoria, Senna d)Bark drugs: Terminalia arjuna, Holorrhena e)Flower drugs: Saffron f)Seed drugs: Piper longum, Mucuna g)Fruit drugs: Cumin, Amla, Senna pods h)Whole plant drugs: Catheranthus roseus

Unit-III

5.Evaluation of the drugs; Organoleptic, Microscopic, Physical Chemical and Biological methods of evaluation

6.A brief account of various drug constituents: Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, resins quinines and steroids with particular reference to Accacia gum, amla, Coleus, Satavari, Rauvolfia

Unit-IV

7.Medicinal Principles and powder analysis of Cucuma, cloves, senna, fennel and Cinnamon

8.Large scale Industrial preparation of Crude Drugs a)Types of reactors used and extraction methods b)Active principles and non-active principle of drugs c)Import and Export potentials of Crude Drugs d)Preparation of crude drugs in indigenous system of medicine e)Quality control test – contamination, Adulteration

Practicals

1.Histochemical analysis of the following chemical compounds:a) alkaloids b) Steroids c) Quinones d) Resins e) Glucosidesf) Pigments g) Volatile oils

2.Organoleptic evaluation of the following: a) Glycyrrhiza (Root) b) Ginger (Rhizome) c) Eucoliptus (leaf) d) Terminalis arjuna (Bark) f) Strychos nushvomica (seed)

3.Powder analysis. a) Curcuma b) Cloves c) Senna d) Fennel e) Cinnamon : Market drugs: a) Turmeric b)Chillies c)Coriander d) Wheat and Jawar

4.Qualitative and Quantitative tests for a)Alkaloids b)Carbohydrates c)Anthroquinons d) Tannins e) Steroids f) Terpenoids

5.Growing chosen Medicinal plants in an experimental plot and preparation of Crude Drug for commercial market – Project

6.Collection of crude drugs from the market and studying their characteristics

7.Preparation of exhibits

CBCSM.Sc. Botany IV Semester

Specialization: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

M.Sc Botany – IV SemesterSpecialization: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

Paper-II Cytogenetics & Crop improvementUnit-I:1. Conventional method of crop improvement. Principles of plant breeding. Selective selfing &

crossing techniques. Introduction, pure line selection, mass selection, clonal selection,hybrdisation, pedigree method, back cross method production of synthetic varieties. Germplasm banks (national & International).

2. Alien addition & substitution .Wheat homologous & homeologous chromosomal pairing.role of 5B chromosomes in wheat. Evolution of wheat & cotton.

Unit-II:3. Cytological effects of chromosomal aberrations, deletions, duplications, inversions, bridge

breakage fusion cycle, translocations alternate, adjacent1&2 disjunctions. Robertsoniantranslocations. Centricfusion & fission, translocation of 9 & 22 chromosome,8&14 chromosomes of human beings.

4. Genetic systems of Oenothera. Genome of Arabidopsis thaliana.

5. Position effects of heterochromatin variegated eye in drosophila. Red & white colonies of yeast, a & alpha type gamete type formation in yeast. Ac/Ds system in maize. Variations involving chromosomal numbers. Aneuploidy, trisomics, (primary, secondary, tertiary) Monosomics, nullisomics, meiotic behaviour of trisomics, (primary, secondary & tertiary)

6. Aneuploidy of sex chromosomes. 7. Euploidy, Haploidy, Autopolyploidy, Allopolyploids . Haploidy in crop improvement.

Chromosome elimination,(bulbosum technique)

Unit-III:8. Karyotype, symmetrical & asymmetrical, evolution of karyotype, changes in the basic

number, Change in hetero chromatic region, change in the form & size of the chromosomes. 9. Cot curves & its significance. In situ hybridization, FISH technique.

Unit-IV: 10. Transitions &Transversions,repair & mis repair mechanisms. 11. Chemical mutagenesis. Alkylation & alkylating agents. EMS, DES. NMU. transitions due to

deamination base substitution, tautomerism, aflotoxins & benzo pyrine induced mutation .12. Recombinase type of repair mechanism SOS response in E.Coli.

Practicals1. Squashes of onion root tip to study karyotype and preparation of idiograms2. smear Rhoeo discolor flower buds to study metaphase plate3. C mitosis4. Record

M.Sc Botany – IV Semester

Specialization: Cytogenetics, Genetics and Molecular Genetics

Paper-III Molecular Genetics & Recombinant DNA Technology

Unit-1:

4. General concept of genetic engineering & recombinant DNA technology. Restriction endonucleases: type I, II, III, DNA ligases, reverse transcriptase, alkaline phasphatases, S1 nucleases and DNA polymerases.

5. Gene cloning. Restriction mapping, Vectors used in gene cloning: Plasmids, Cosmids,Phagemids, YAC, BAC, Ti and Ri plasmids. Preparation of genomic & cDNA libraries.

6. Southern, Northern, Western blotting, DNA finger printing, single locus & multi locus. Paternity tests & forensic applications.

Unit-II:

7. Gene knockout techniques, DNA foot printing, RNA i technology, DNA sequencing: Sangers method.

8. Molecular markers: Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified length fragment polymorphism (AFLP), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR). Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for gene discovery.

9. Brief overview of maps of plant genomes, BACs (large-insert libraries) for map-based cloning of candidate genes and physical mapping. Mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Unit-III:

10. DNA banks for endangered plant & animal species. National DNA data bank, Combined DNA index system (CODIS), features of CODIS.

11. Correlation coefficient positive &negative correlation

12. Gene amplification by PCR. Molecular diagnosis of human diseases: Sickle cell anaemia & cyztic fibrosis, Production of monoclonal antibodies, synthetic vaccines, DNA probes, Gene therapy. Brief account and recent developments in stem cell research and cloning.

Unit-IV:

9. Genomics, functional genomics, DNA chips, Microarrays and proteomics.13. Bioinformatics: Introduction, sequence, databases, pair-wise alignment using blast multiple

sequence alignment with clustal. Evolution through gene duplication , orthologus, paralogus.

11. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) one factor & two factor analysis.

Practicals

1. Estimation of RNA from leaves by Orcinol method2. Isolation of DNA from chicken spleen3. Problems on RFLP4. Problems on genetic code 5. Problems on restriction mapping6. Problems on DNA sequencing7. Problems on correlation coefficient.8. Problems on ANOVA9. Record

CBCSM.Sc. Botany IV Semester

Specialization: Applied Palynology –Palaeophytology.

M.Sc Botany – IV Semester

Specialization: Applied Palynology – Palaeophytology.Paper- II Plant fossils, Techniques, Floristics of Gondwana system.

Unit-I1. Basic principles of Palaeobotany – conditions of fossilization; different types of

sedimentary rocks bearing fossils2. Modes of fossilization – kinds of fossils – Techniques involved in the study of

plant fossils, Palaeobotanical nomenclature3. Standard stratigraphic column and highlights of Indian stratigraphy4. Principles of stratigraphy – Lithostratigraphy, Biostratigraphy and

Chronostratigraphy

Unit-II5. Geology in relation to Palaeobotany and impact of different geological

phenomena on preservation of plants as fossils6. Applicatin of plant fossils in correlation and geological dating of sedimentary

Deposits: Indix fossils, significance of FAD and LAD.7. Relevance of plant fossils in understanding of the evolution of plant kingdom8. Stromatolites, their geological and modernoccurrence, Palaeoecological

significance

Unit-III9. Permocarboniferous floristics of the world-their floristic and climatic significance10. Indian Gondwana stratigraphy. Classification, Gondwana flora – medagloristic

division of Indian Gondwanas (Lower, Middle and Upper Gondwanas).11. Gymnosperms in India – in time and space12. Mio-pliocene Himalayan upheaval; the origin of modern coniferous flora of India

Unit-IV13. Theory of continental drift and plate tectonics; relevance of plant fossils and floral

distribution with reference to India.14. Xylotomy of Fossil Gymnosperms15. The record of gymnospermous woods from Indian Gondwanas (Lower and

Upper).16. Wood Anatomy of the following:

i) Podocarpoxylonii) Taxaceoxyloniii) Cupressinioxyloniv) Araucarioxylonv) Barakaroxylon

Practicals

1. Study of different types of plant fossils (impressions, compressions, petrifications, casts, moulds and mummified fossils).

2. Techniques in the study of petrified Mezozoic and Tertiary fossils and preparation of slides

3. Study of stromatolites and some Precambrian microbiota

References:

1. Palaeobotany and Evolution of plants – W.N. Steward 1993. Cambridge Unit. Press

2. Studies in Palaeobotany – H.N. Andrews Jr. 1961. John Wiley & Sons, New Yark3. Geology of India, Burma and Ceylon. M.S. Krishnan 1960. Higgin Bothms,

madras4. Geology of India – D.N. Wadia, 1981. Tata Macgrow Hill.5. Principles of Strastigraphy. Vol. I and II. A.W. Grabau 1960. Devan Pub. New

Yark.6. Aspects and appraisal of Indian Palaeobotany – K.R. Surange, R.N. Lakhanpal

and D.C. Bharadwaj 1974. BSIP Lucknow.7. Essentials of Palaeobotany – Ashok C. et al. 1975. Vikas Publication8. Plants of the past, their evolution, palaeoenvsironmental application in

exploration of fossil fuels – S. N. Agashe 1995. Oxford and IBH Pub. & Co. 9. Indian fossil Pteridophytes – K.R. Surange. 1966. CSIR, New Delhi10. Symposium on Origin and Phytogeography of Angiosperms 1974. BSIP

Publication11. Geological Time – Don L. Eicher. 1968. Prentice Hall Inc.12. Principles of Stratigraphy – A.W. Grabau 1960. Dover Pub. New Yark13. Fossil plants and spores – T.P. Jones and N.P. Rowe. 1999. Geol. Soc. London14. Palynological techniques- C.A. Brown, 1967. Stanford Avenue

M.Sc Botany – IV Semester

Specialization: Applied Palynology – Palaeophytology.

Paper: III Antiquity and origin of Angiosperms and Tertiary Floristic studies of South India.

Unit I

1. Origin and antiquity and early evolution of Angiosperms in the light of Palaeobotanical and Palynological evidences.

2. Recent studies on fossil Angiosperm flowers.3. Antiquity of some Indian common plants, which are Artocarpus, Cinnamomum.

Cocos, Dipterocarpus, Mangifera, Musa, and Syzygium- as evidenced from the fossil records.

Unit II

4. Highlights of Wood Anatomy of Dicotyledonous Angiosperms, utilized in the identification of their fossil woods.

5. Highlights of Wood Anatomy of Palms.6. Xylotomy of the following fossil woods: i) Shoreoxylon ii) Cynometroxylon iii) Terminalioxylon iv) Putranjivoxylon v) Palmoxylon vi) Barringtonioxylon.

Unit III

7. Cuddalore sandstones – Flora of Cuddalore sandstone series – its floristic, stratigraphic and climatic significance.

8. Carbonised Woods of Neyveli lignites – their floristic, phytogeographic and climatic significance.

9. Carbonised woods of Warkalli lignites, their floristic, phytogeographic and climatic significance.

Unit IV

10. Archaeobotany in India with reference to ancient records of Cereals, Millets and Pulses.

11. Origins and history of agriculture in India.12. History of Palaeobotany in India. Centers of Palaeobotanical Research in India-

Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany and thrust areas of Palaeobotanical research.Birbal Sahni`s contribution to Indian Palaeobotany.

Practicals

1. Xylotomical study and identification of the following fossil woodsi) Shoreaxylon ii) Cynometraxylon iii) Terminalioxylon iv)

Palmaxylon2. Identification of carbonized woods from lignites of Southern India3. Maceration techniques in the study of mummified / compressed leaf fossils and

the recovery of cuticles

Reference

1. Aspects and Appraisal of Indian Palaeobotanhy. K.R. Surange, R.N. Lakhanpal & D.C. Bharadwaj 1974. BSIP Lucknow.

2. Indian Woods Vol. I and II. A.K. Chowdhury & SS Ghosh 1960. FRI Dehradun3. I.A.W.A,. List of microscopic features for hard wood identification B.A. Wheeler

et al. 1989. IAWA Bulletin4. Revision of Indian fossil plants Part-III Monocotyledons. B. Sahni 1964. BSIP

Lucknow5. History of Botanical Researches in India, Burma and Ceylon Pt. III.

Palaeobotanhy A.R. Rao 1968. Inn. Bot. Soc.6. Extinct plant evolution and earth’s history 1991. Vol. 61. Current Science spl.

Issue7. Anatomy of the dicotyledons Vol. I and II. Metcalf, C.R. and Chalk, L. 1950.

Oxford London8. Commercial Timbers of India. Vol. I and II. Pearson, R.S. a nd Brown, H.P.

1932. Govt. of India Pub. 9. Tertiary angiosperm woods in Hungary. Pal Greguss. 1960./ Akademiai

Budapest10. The Biology and evolution of fossil plants. T.N. Taylor and E.L. Taylor 1993.

Ohio State University11. Palaeobotany and Evolution of Plants. W.N. Steward. 1993. Prentice Hall

Cambridge Univ. London.

References:

1. Aspects and appraisal of Indian palaeobotany – K.R.Surange, R.N. Lakhanpal and D.C. Bharadwaj 1974 B.S.I.P. Lucknow.2.Indian wods vol. I & II A. K. – Chowdhury and S.S. Ghosh 1953. FRI Dehradun3.The Biology and evolution of fossil plants – T.N. Taylor & L. Taylor 1993 Prentice London4.. Palaeobotany and evolution of plants. – W.N. Stewart. 1993. Cambridge Uni. Press.5.History of Botanical Researches in India, Burma and Ceylon, Pt. III Palaeobotany-A.R.Rao 1968 Ind. Bot.Soc.6.Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, vol.I & II Metcalf C. R. , & Chalk, I. 1950, Oxford, London.

CBCSM.Sc. Botany IV Semester

Paper-IV: Choice based paper: a. Biofertilizers and Organic farmingCredits: 4 Marks: 20 + 80

Unit-I1. Introduction to Plant Nutrition, Role of Microbes in N2 fixation. Types of

Microbes, Nitrogen fixers and Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and VASM. Plant Growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGRR) and Fungi. Modes of N2 fixation. Symbiosis and free living forms.

2. Biofertilizer Technology: Mass cultivastion: Techniques, Biofertilizers and soil reclamation; organic farming organic manure, composting.

Unit-II3. Bacterial Biofertilizers;

Isolation and Mass cultivatin of Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillium, Frankiaand PGPR formulations and applications

Unit-III:4. Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers

a. Utilization of BGA in Agricultureb. Reclamation of saline and alkaline soilsc. Symbiotic cyanobacteria and ammoniad. Bluegreen algae and nitrogen fixatione. Algalization factors which influence the growth of BGAS in rice fieldsf. BGA and rice yieldg. Free living and symbiotic formsh. Cultivation of BGAS. Methods of cultivation – Trough Method, Pit Method,

Field Method Azolla and its role in rice fields

Unit-IV5. Fungal Biofertilizers

a. Mycorrhizae: AM Fungi – Glomusb. Ectomycorrhizae – Pisolithus tinctoriusc. Production of root based inoculumsd. Plant Growth promoting Fungi and Biocontrol agentse. Production of inoculum

PracticalsReference:

1. Biology of Rice fields – BGA – SC Santra – 1993. Daya Publishing House2. Biofertilizers and organic farming H. Panda and D. Hota 20073. A Text Book of Biotechnology 2007 R.C. Dubey4. A Text Book of Biotechnology by Subba Rao

Practical Syllabus Paper-IV a.: Choice Based Paper: Bio-fertilizers and Organic Farming

1. Role of BGA as Biofertilizer -

Nostoc, Anabaena, Aulosira, GleotrichiaPhormidium, Plectonema, Lyngbya, Azolla

2. Rhizobium: Isolation and cultivation methods

3. AM fungi

4. Bio-control agents: Trichoderma viride T., harrzianum

CBCSM.Sc. Botany IV Semester

Paper-IV: Choice based paper: b. Environmental pollution and protection

Unit-I

1. Kinds of pollution, Air Pollution – Source of air pollution2. Major air pollutants, effects of air pollution on plants and human beings, control

of air pollution3. Noise pollution – Source, effects and control measures of noise4. Acid rain- causes and effects on terrestrial and aquatic systems

Unit-II

5. Water pollution – Sources, effects and control of water pollution. Eutrophication. Thermal pollution. Source and effects on aqua tic life and control measures of thermal pollution.

6. Marine pollution – Sources, effects and control of marine pollution

Unit-III

7. Soil pollution – Sources, effects and control of soil pollution. Radiation pollution – Sources, Biological effects of radiation and protection measures.

8. Solid waste – Sources, Disposal methods.

Unit-IV

9. Role of an individual in the protection of pollution – Direct role and indirect role of an individual Environmental protection acts. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974. Air Act 1981. The Environmental (Protection) Act 1986. Functions and Power of CPCB and SPCB.,

Practicals

Reference Books

1. S.P. Misra and S.N. Pandey – Essential Environmental studies – Ane Book India 2008.

2. Y. Anjaneyulu – Introduction to Environmental Science B.C., Pub. 20043. Chris Park. The Envsironment – Routledge 19974. D.K. Asthana and Meera Asthana – Environment – Problems and Solutions – S.

Chand Company Ltd. 1998.

Practical Syllabus Paper-IV b. : Choice Based Paper: Environmental Pollution and Protection

I. Analysis of the following parameters in the given samples

1. BOD 2. Total Hardness 3. Calcium Hardness 4. Organic matter

II. Estimation of Noise Pollution

III. Soil Micro-organisms: i) Fungal slides: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma, Phama, Chaetomium, Alternaria, Curvularia

ii) Algal slides Nostoc, Anabaena, Aulosira, Gleotrichia

IV. Solid Waste with disposal methods

1. Paper 2. Wood 3. Plastic 4. Iron (metal)

5. Coal 6. Cow dung 7. Sugarcane baggasse 8. Fly ash