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JOURNAL READING

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Research paper

• Abstract• Introduction• Method• Result• Discussion• References

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Example of Dentistry Journal

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT

An abstract summarizes, in one paragraph (usually), the major aspects of the entire paper in the following prescribed sequence:

• the question(s) you investigated (or purpose), (from Introduction) – state the purpose very clearly in the first or second

sentence.

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• the experimental design and methods used,

(from Methods) – clearly express the basic design of the study. – name or briefly describe the basic

methodology used without going into excessive detail-be sure to indicate the key techniques used.

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• the major findings including key quantitative results, or trends (from Results) – report those results which answer the

questions you were asking – identify trends, relative change or

differences, etc.

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• a brief summary of your interpetations and conclusions. (from Discussion) – clearly state the implications of the

answers your results gave you.

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How do you know when you have enough information in your

Abstract?

A simple rule-of-thumb is to imagine that you are another researcher

doing an study similar to the one you are reporting. If your Abstract was the only part of the paper you could access, would you be happy with the information presented there?

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The Abstract is ONLY text. Use the active voice when possible, but much of it may require

passive constructions. Write your Abstract using concise, but complete, sentences, and get to the point quickly. Use past tense. Maximum length should be 200-300 words, usually in a single paragraph.

The Abstract SHOULD NOT contain:lengthy background information, references to other literature, elliptical (i.e., ending with ...) or incomplete

sentences, abbreviations or terms that may be confusing to

readers, any sort of illustration, figure, or table, or

references to them.

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INTRODUCTION

• Establish the context of the work being reported. This is accomplished by discussing the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are investigating;

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• State the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis, question, or problem you investigated;

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• Briefly explain your rationale and approach and, whenever possible, the possible outcomes your study can reveal.

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How to write an introduction?

• Begin your Introduction by clearly identifying the subject area of interest Do this by using key words from your Title in the first few sentences of the Introduction to get it focused directly on topic at the appropriate level. This insures that you get to the primary subject matter quickly without losing focus, or discussing information that is too general.

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• Establish the context by providing a brief and balanced review of the pertinent published literature that is available on the subject

The key is to summarize (for the reader) what we knew about the specific problem before you did your experiments or studies. This is accomplished with a general review of the primary research literature (with citations) but should not include very specific, lengthy explanations that you will probably discuss in greater detail later in the Discussion. The judgment of what is general or specific is difficult at first, but with practice and reading of the scientific literature you will develop e firmer sense of your audience.

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Task

• Identify 5 scientific research proposals for some aspects as follows:

1. What are the subject and object of the research in this journal?

2. What is/are the objectve(s) of the journal? 3. What is/are the research question(s) of the journal? 4. List some theoretical frameworks which were used in the

journal!! (mention at least 5. What reseach method/design which was used in the

journal? 6. What reseach instrumrnt(s) which was/were used in the

journal? 7. What is/are the result(s) of the conducted

reseach in the journal?

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A study of dentists’ preferences for the restoration

of shortened dental arches with partial dentures

1. What are the subject and object of the research in this journal?• Subject:

104 subjects holding a basic degree in dentistry and working as staff members in Al Farabi Colleges ‑ of Saudi Arabia which was obtained from the Directory of Teaching Staff, 2013–2014. Only those holding a Bachelor Degree in Dentistry or equivalent were eligible to participate. The mean age of participants was 32 years with a range between 25 and 46 years of age. The number of male dentists was equal to female dentists (52/52). Almost half of participants were holding a Master Degree in one of the dental specialties (48%). Approximately 40% were holding only a Bachelor Degree in Dentistry, 6% were holding a Postgraduate Diploma beside the basic dental degree and a minority had a PhD qualification in dentistry (4%). Year of graduation from the basic dental program ranged between 1989 and 2012. Mean years of work experience following graduation was 8 years.

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• Oject: The study form presented four main scenarios for patients of different ages (30, 50, 70 years old) with complete maxillary dental arches and mandibular SDAs of different length. Patients were described as fit and healthy. They had no problems with any of the remaining teeth or their supporting structures. The interarch space was described as adequate and the mandibular residua ridge as able to provide adequate denture support. There are total 12 scenarios where under each main scenario, three sub scenarios are ‑applied for SDA patients.

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2. What is/are the objectve(s) and hypthesis of the journal?

• The aim of this study was (1) to use a utility method in order to assess dentists’ preferences for the restoration of SDAs with partial dentures.(2) Also, the impact of patient age and length of the SDA on dentists’ preferences for the partial denture was investigated.

• The examined hypotheses were: (1) There are no differences in dentists’ preferences for the RPD that restored SDAs of varying length, and (2) there are no differences in dentists’ preferences for the RPD that restored SDAs for patients of different ages.

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What is/are the research question(s) of the journal?

• The aim of this study was (1) to use a utility method in order to assess dentists’ preferences for the restoration of SDAs with partial dentures. Do dentists prefer to use a utility method for the restoration of SDAs patients with partial dentures?

• (2) Also, the impact of patient age and length of the SDA on dentists’ preferences for the partial denture was investigated. Do patient age and length of the SDA has impact on dentists’ preferences for the partial denture?

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Mention some theoretical frameworks which were used in the journal!! (mention at least 5)

• Masticatory performance, maximum occlusal force, and occlusal contact area in patients with bilaterally missing molars and distal extension removable partial dentures is written by Aras K, Hasanreisoglu U, Shinogaya T. Int J Prosthodont 2009;22:204 9.‑

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What reseach method/design which was used in the journal?

• The research design: quantitative research , measured by using (1) t tests which were ‑ used to examine whether there were differences in dentists’ mean utility values among the different SDA scenarios and (2) Bonferroni’s correction which was applied to account for multiple comparisons and to set the significance level for each statistical comparison.

• The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0, Released 2011, IBM Corp, Armonk, New York, USA).

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What reseach instrument(s) which was/were used in the journal?

• The instruments are (1) an interview list and (2) a standardized visual analog scale (VAS).

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What is/are the result(s) of the conducted reseach in the journal?

• 1. Restoration of the mandibular SDAs by RPDs is not a highly preferred treatment option among the surveyed group of dentists for the following reasons:

• The average utility value of the RPD among the described SDA scenarios was 0.49 ± 0.15 (standard deviation [SD]). Across the 12 SDA scenarios, the mean utility scores of the RPD ranged between 0.35 and 0.61. The mean utility values attached by dentists to the RPD in each SDA scenario. The results of this study show that participant dentists place a relatively little value on the option of extending the mandibular SDAs by cobalt chromium‑ RPDs (average utility value = 0.49, SD = 0.15).

• With a utility value of 0.0 representing the worst possible health state for a mouth and 1.0 representing the best, dentists’ average utility value of the RPD for the SDAs was 0.49 (sd= 0.15). Mean utility scores of the RPDs across the 12 SDA scenarios ranged between 0.35 and 0.61. RPDs that restored the extremely SDAs attracted the highest utility values and dentists’ utility of the RPD significantly increased with the increase in the number of missing posterior teeth.

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Result Continue

• 2. In this study, the length of the SDA had a significant impact on dentists’ preferences for the RPD but age of the patient had no effect on dentists’ preferences for the RPD that restore the SDAs which are fully described as follows:

• The utility value of the RPD increased with increase in the number of missing posterior teeth that is, the shorter the SDA, the higher was dentists’ preference for the RPD.

• Age of patient may have a significant impact on the prognosis of treatment with removable dentures. Younger patients were reported to be more reluctant than older patients to wear removable dentures.[34,41]. On the other hand, older patients may have poorer oral conditions and might lack the neuromuscular control to manage removable dentures.[43,44] .Therefore,this study shows that age of the patient had no effect on dentists’ preferences for the RPD that restore the SDAs.