demography and population ageing in the philippinesgrace t. cruz, ph.d. population institute...
TRANSCRIPT
Grace T. Cruz, Ph.D.Population Institute
University of the Philippines
Paper presented in the South-South Conference on Demography and Population Ageing December 4-5, 2018
The Boulevard Kuala Lumpur HotelKuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Demography and Population Ageing in the Philippines
Objectives
• Describe the trends and patterns of aging in the Philippines taking into account the following:– Socio-demographic profile
– Health status
– Economic well-being
– Living arrangement and intergenerational flow of support
– Life satisfaction
• Policies and programs for older Filipinos
• Conclusion and Recommendation
– Future direction of aging research in the country.
Sources of data
• Philippine Census of Population & Housing• Philippine Life Tables• 1996 Philippine Elderly Survey (PES)
Nationally representative sample population 50+ N of cases: 2,285 (1,264 were aged 60+) Multi-stage sampling design
part of a bigger project, ‘Comparative Study of Elderly in Four Asian countries’ (Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand) with support from the University of Michigan
• 2007 Philippine Study of Aging (PSOA) Nationally representative sample population 60+ N of cases: 3,105 Multi-stage sampling design
Designed to be comparable to the Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging (NUJLSOA)
Funding from Nihon University Population Research Institute (NUPRI)
The Philippines has a young population
• Total population (2015): 100,981,437
• % 60+: 7.5%
• TFR: 2.7 (NDHS 2017)
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80+
Philippine Population, 2015
Philippines, Female Philippines, Male
Population structure: Philippines and Japan 2015
-0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80+
Japan, Female Japan, Male Philippines, Female Philippines, Male
Population size, % 60+ and life expectancy in selected Asian countries
Country Population (in million)
% 60+ Total Life Expectancy
China 1397.0 15.4 76.3
India 1309.1 8.9 68.6
Indonesia 258.2 8.1 69.2
Japan 128.0 32.8 84.0
Philippines 101.0 7.5 69.1
Vietnam 93.6 10.3 76.3
Thailand 68.7 15.6 75.3
Myanmar 52.4 8.9 66.6
Malaysia 30.7 9.1 75.3
Sri Lanka 21.4 8.6 75.3
Cambodia 15.5 6.8 69.0
Lao People's 6.7 6.1 65.8
Singapore 5.5 17.9 82.8
Brunei 0.4 7.1 77.2
While the older population comprises a small share, it is the
fastest growing population sector .
2.3
2.3
1.91.7
1.71.7
0.8 0.9
2.8 2.72.4
2.0
2.4
3.6
3.2
3.7
1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015
Population Growth Rate
Total population <15 15-59 60+
The Philippine older population is projected to increase both in size and as a percentage of the entire population.
-
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Perc
ent
Period
0-14 15-29 30-49 50-59 60+
In 2015, there are 7.5Mwho are 60+; 4.8Mcomprise the 65 years and over.
WHO ARE THE OLDER FILIPINOS?
Socio-demographic profile of older Filipinos 60+ years by sex, 2010 CPH
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
Male Female Both Sexes
Sex % Male %Female
44.2 55.8
Age
60-69 63.2 56.8 59.6
70-79 28.3 31.1 29.8
80+ 8.5 12.1 10.5
Mean age 68.3 69.5
Marital Status
Never married 4.5 7.7 6.3
Currently married/live-in 79.5 47.9 61.8
Separated/Divorced 1.4 1.6 1.6
Widowed/widower 14.6 42.8 30.3
Socio-demographic profile of older Filipinos 60+ years, by sex, 2000 & 2010 CPH
BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS
2000 Census* 2010 Census**
Male Female Male Female
Education
No schooling 9.0 11.2 5.2 6.2
Elementary 59.0 63.0 53.0 57.9
High School 20.4 16.4 22.8 19.2
College+ 11.6 9.4 19.0 16.7
TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
• We expect a improvements in the educational profile of the future cohort of older people given the improving education profile of the younger cohorts of Filipinos.
*Based on 10% sample of the 2000 census**Based on 1% sample of the 2010 census
HEALTH STATUS
Are older Filipinos living longer and getting healthier?
Increasing life expectancy at birth and at age 60
Life expectancyat birth
Life expectancyat age 60
Male Female GenderDifference
Male Female Gender Difference
1970 57.3 61.5 4.2 16.3 17.1 0.8
2010 67.0 72.9 5.9 16.5 20.1 3.6
The improving longevity is also evident in the increasing survival rate over time, albeit much lower than Japan
Note: Philippine survival rates by single years were interpolated from the survival rate by 5-year age group
Self-assessed health: males rate their health status better than the females, 2007 PSOA
Self-assessed health status2007
Male Female
Very healthy/Healthier
than average23.3 20.3
Of average health 48.1 47.0
Somewhat unhealthy/
Very unhealthy
28.7 31.1
TOTAL 100% 100%
Functional ability
• Functional ability: Activities of Daily Living (ADL)
• Difficulty in performing 7 personal care activities due to health or physical state: – Stand up from/Sit down on a bed or chair
– Go outside (leave the house)
– Walk (around the house)
– Take a bath/shower
– Using the toilet
– Dress
– Eat
• With functional disability: if with at least one ADL difficulty
15% of older Filipinos have at least 1 ADL difficulty
9.9
17.8
38.4
11.8
17.8
32.0
14.7
14.6
10.0
15.3
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0
60-69
70-79
80+
Male
Female
No formal education
Some/ Elementary
Some/ High school vocational
Some/ College and Over
Total
Level of functional difficulty by type of ADL
10.09.7
6.3 6.35.4
4.9
2.0
standingup/sitting
down
goingoutside the
house
walkingaround the
house
taking abath byyourself
using thetoilet
dressing eating
Functional health is improving over time (1996 PES and 2007 PSOA)
8.0
15.4
27.2
4.4
9.2
24.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
60-69 70-79 80+
Pe
rce
nt
wit
h a
ny
AD
L d
iffi
cult
y
Age Group
1996 2007
Active Life Expectancy: Females live longer but experience greater disability than males
14.311.3
8.76.2
4.63.2
16.3
12.7
9.46.8
4.12.4
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.3
1.91.7
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.2
3.2
2.8
60 65 70 75 80 85 60 65 70 75 80 85
Active Inactive
FemaleMale
% of remaining life lived in inactive state
14.117.0
20.2
27.329.5
34.2
20.123.5
27.931.5
43.0
53.5
60 65 70 75 80 85
Age
Male Female
Oral health: Low number of remaining teeth, 2007 PSOA
22.032.4
32.0
31.8
21.819.1
24.216.8
Male Female
None 1 to 9 10 to 19 20+
By sex
22.133.4
47
31.2
32.9
3321.7
19.5
13.72514.1
6.3
60-69 70-79 80+
None 1 to 9 10 to 19 20+
By age
Health insurance coverage remains low, particularly among the females and the older cohorts
19.4
12.4
Male Female
16.9
14.2
9.6
60-69 70-79 80+
Percent with health insurance, 2007
The proportion of unmet need for health services remains
substantial, 2007 PSOA.
22.9
24.1
Male Female
24.9
22.9
18.1
60-69 70-79 80+
Proportion of unmet need for health services by sex
Economic Well-being of Older Filipinos
Older Filipinos have low economic status
• Meager income although they have multiple sources of income (average of 2)
• 53% expressed some or considerable difficulty in meeting household expenses
Older Filipinos are in a precarious economic situation
• 39% are working• Males: 47% (majority in the agriculture sector)• Females: 33%
• 22% receive income from pension
• 6% have bank accounts
• 15% have liabilities
• Most common assets
• House they are currently residing in (77%)
• Appliances (60%)
• Farm/fishponds (21%)
Most older people rely on informal sources of support, especially transfers from their children
• Sources of incomeMoney from children within the country (58%)Earnings from work (29%)
Income from farm (22%) Pension (22%)Money from children outside the country (20%)
• Most important sources of income
MalesEarnings from workPensions Money from children in the country Income from farm Money from children abroad
FemalesMoney from children in the country PensionsEarnings from workMoney from children abroadIncome from farm
Living arrangement and intergenerational flow of support
Most older people coreside with their children; only a few live alone.
Living arrangement Male Female
% Living alone 3.3 5.3
% Living with spouse only 9.9 6.8
% Living with children 74.5 73.4
% Other composition 12.4 14.4
TOTAL 100.0 100.0
Social contact with noncoresident children
Active exchange of visits and communication between the older person and noncoresidentchildren
• 82.8% exchanged visits with any noncoresident child in the past year
• 65.7% exchanged letters, calls, text messages with at least one noncoresident child in the past year
• 6% have not been in touch with any noncoresidentchild in the past year
• Females are more in touch with their noncoresidentchildren compared to the males
Active flow of economic support between the older people and their children
Males Females
% who received financial support from non-coresident child
% who gave financial support to a non-coresident child
88.6
71.9
86.6
69.3
% who received non-financial support from non-coresident child
% who gave non-financial support to non-coresident child
71.5
86.2
75.2
83.3
Life satisfaction
Life satisfaction, 2007 PSOA
• Level of satisfaction with present life
34.3% very satisfied
53.9% somewhat satisfied
11.8% not satisfied
Females and older cohorts are more satisfied with their present life, 2007 PSOA
32.2
53.7
14.1
35.8
54.1
10.2
Very satisfied
Somewhatsatisfied
Not satisfied
Male Female
By sex
34.3
54.0
11.6
33.1
54.8
12.1
38.0
50.4
11.6
60-69 70-79 80+
By age
Policies and programs for older Filipinos
Legislative milestones for older people
• Republic Act 9994: Expanded Senior Citizens Act (2010)– grants additional benefits that essentially expand the medical cost
provisions to include free medical and dental health services
– social pension for indigent elderly
• Republic Act 9336 – allocates one (1) percent of the total budget of government agencies
for the implementation of programs and services for senior citizens
Legislative milestones for older people
• IRR of R.A. 9994 provides for a Social Pension as well as mandatory PhilHealth coverage for indigent senior citizens. – monthly allowance of P500.00 (US$10) per indigent senior citizen
• Since June 2018, the government has been releasing P200 (<US$4) per month for indigent senior citizens who are under the Social Pension as assistance towards ameliorating the effects of the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN) Law
• Automatic membership to the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation or PhilHealth, the state-owned medical insurance corporation
Percent who are aware of senior citizen privileges
90.9
88.3
Male Female
By sex By age
90.6
89.7
82.5
60-69 70-79 80+
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions and Recommendations
• Older people is an emerging population sector in the Philippines.
– There is a small but increasing number and proportion of older people 60 + with the number expected to further increase in the future.
– Older population is the fastest growing sector among various age groups in the country.
• This demographic phenomenon can be attributed to the gains in life expectancy as well as the decline in fertility.
Conclusion and Recommendation
• Evidence indicate improvements in…
– educational attainment of the older Filipinos
– health condition and life expectancy
– policy and program environment that alleviate the well-being of the older people particularly the poorest sector
But there are major gaps that need to be addressed.
Conclusion and Recommendation
– Alleviate the well-being of the older Filipinos
– Special attention should be given to older people in living in poverty. Consider increasing the benefit amount prioritizing the poorest sector.
• The Social Pension Program is well-placed but much needs to be done to improve the targeting of recipients
Conclusion and Recommendation
• More research on aging to track the health and related status and needs of older Filipinos as basis for sound policy and program intervention– 2018 Longitudinal Study on Aging and Health in the Philippines (LSAHP), the
first nationally representative longitudinal study
– Multi-actor research design caregivers and children of older persons
– Areas of study– Health status
» Cognitive status, Physical Ability and Disability, Mental Health, Health Utilization
» Anthropometric measures (including inner body scans, body mass)
– Income and Assets, Attitudes and Beliefs, Activities, Social Network, and Information Technology, Services for the Elderly, Children and Grandchildren
– Implemented by the Demographic Research and Development Foundation (DRDF) in collaboration with the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA)
Demography and Population Ageing in the Philippines
Grace T. Cruz, Ph.D.Population Institute
University of the Philippines
Thank you.