deliverable no. 112 the wp6 catchment meta-database and...

Project acronym: Euro-limpacs

Project full name: Integrated Project to evaluate the Impacts of Global Change on

European Freshwater Ecosystems Instrument type: Integrated Project Priority name: Sustainable Development

Deliverable No. 112 The WP6 catchment meta-database and GIS assessment of the data

Due date of deliverable: 31 March 2006 Actual submission date: 30 March 2006

Start date of project: 1 February 2002 Duration: 5 Years Organisation name of lead contractor for this deliverable: 5. AERC Revision [1.0]

Project co-funded by the European Commission within the Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) Dissemination Level (tick appropriate box)

PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)

Executive Summary

This report describes the meta-data collated as part of work package 6, Task 6.1, and its

analysis. This report updates Deliverable 29. The meta-data database represents a major

project resource and analysis of the data using a Geographical Information System

confirms there is a sound-basis for the modelling activities in work package 6 and that

appropriate data-sets are available for the application of the component and chained

models to assess the impacts of climate-change and the mitigation strategies throughout

Europe at the catchment scale. The results of the analysis confirm the following:

1. the work package 6 study areas have been monitored for a wide-range of pollutants,

including those central to Euro-limpacs: sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon,

mercury;

2. together the study areas cover the key climate types found in Europe;

3. both small research catchments and large river-systems, appropriate for the scale of

catchment-management, are included;

4. the study areas include a range of rivers, lakes and wetlands, and systems that include

at least two of these freshwater types;

5. the available data cover a range of temporal (daily to decadal) scales appropriate for

the study of catchment-scale factors and processes controlling the hydrological,

water-quality and ecological behaviour, the development of the component models

and model-chains, and the replication of model applications across Europe to assess

seasonal and inter-annual impacts of global change on the ecosystem;

6. Apart from nitrate concentrations, the data collated to date are tend to be drawn from

a few well monitored catchments. There is little to gain from automated methods of

analysis for the assessment of spatial patterns that has not already been achieved by

the EEA (1995).

7. however, high-frequency (daily or sub-daily) water-chemistry monitoring for

quantifying extremes is sparse.

8. the long term stewardship of the meta-data is uncertain.

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The meta-data were collated over the first two years of the project using a web-interface

hosted on the Euro-limpacs web-site. Meta-data can be added, updated, removed and

viewed using this interface which can be accessed using the following address:

(http://www.eurolimpacs.ucl.ac.uk/userarea/database/metadata.php). A more detailed

model-based assessment of the key factors and processes operating in some of the study-

areas is provided in the recent special issue of the Science of the Total Environment

(Deliverable 109).

Contributors

Bodescu, F., Department of Systems Ecology and Sustainable Development, University

of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.

Cooper, D. M., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK.

Evans, C., Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor, UK.

Hallerberg, A, Duwe, K., HYDROMOD Scientific Consulting, Germany.

Hughes, M., Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London,

London, UK.

Kaste, Ø., Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Grimstad, Norway.

Kronvang, B., Andersen, H. E., National Environment Research Institute, Silkeborg,

Denmark.

Lek, S., Park, Y-S., Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of

Toulouse, France.

Moldan, F., Swedish Environment Research Institute, Göteborg, Sweden.

Rankinen, K., Granlund, K and Lepistö, A., Finnish Environment Institute SYKE,

Helsinki, Finland.

Riera, J., Department of Ecology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Seferlis, M., Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Thies, H., Nickus, U., University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

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Wade, A.J*, Whitehead, P. G., Butterfield, D., Aquatic Environments Research

Centre, The University of Reading, Reading, UK.

*Report author

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................... 2 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 6 2 META-DATA STORAGE AND INTERFACE ............................................................................... 8

2.1 SOFTWARE ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 INTERFACE ................................................................................................................................... 8

2.2.1 Meta-data entry ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Meta-data view ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Meta-data maintenance .......................................................................................................... 9

3 META-DATA PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS................................................................................. 10 3.1 GEOLOGY, SOILS AND LAND-USE................................................................................................ 10 3.2 CLIMATE .................................................................................................................................... 11 3.3 STUDY AREAS............................................................................................................................. 13 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING.................................................................................................. 18 3.5 ANALYSIS OF THE SUMMARY WATER-QUALITY DATA ................................................................ 20

4 DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................... 26 5 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 28 6 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................................. 29 7 APPENDIX........................................................................................................................................ 30

7.1 BJERKREIM - RIVER.............................................................................................................. 31 7.2 CHEIMADITIDA - LAKE........................................................................................................ 35 7.3 CONWY - WETLAND/RIVER ................................................................................................ 39 7.4 GÅRDSJÖN - RIVER ............................................................................................................... 43 7.5 GARONNE - RIVER................................................................................................................. 47 7.6 GJERN - RIVER........................................................................................................................ 51 7.7 KENNET - RIVER .................................................................................................................... 55 7.8 LA TORDERA - RIVER ........................................................................................................... 59 7.9 LAMBOURN - RIVER ............................................................................................................. 63 7.10 LOCH LOMOND - LAKE ........................................................................................................ 67 7.11 LOWER DANUBE - WETLAND............................................................................................. 71 7.12 ODENSE - RIVER .................................................................................................................... 75 7.13 PIBURGER SEE - LAKE.......................................................................................................... 79 7.14 SAVIJOKI - RIVER .................................................................................................................. 83 7.15 SIMOJOKI - WETLAND/RIVER............................................................................................. 87 7.16 SVARTBERGET - TERRESTRIAL......................................................................................... 91 7.17 TAMAR - WETLAND/RIVER................................................................................................. 96 7.18 TEURONJOKI - RIVER ......................................................................................................... 100 7.19 TOVDALSELVA - RIVER..................................................................................................... 104 7.20 WALDAIST - RIVER ............................................................................................................. 108 7.21 RIVER WYE (WHOLE SYSTEM) - RIVER.......................................................................... 112 7.22 VANSJØ-HOBØL - RIVER.................................................................................................... 116

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1 Introduction

Euro-limpacs focuses on the key drivers of aquatic-ecosystem change (land-use,

nutrients, acid deposition and toxic substances) and examines their interactions with

global, especially climate, change. The project considers interactions at three critical

time-scales: (i) hours/days concerned with changes in the magnitude of extreme events;

(ii) seasons, concerned with changes in ecosystem function and life-cycle strategies of

freshwater biota; and (iii) years/decades, concerned with the ecological response to

environmental pressure. A central activity is the development of mathematical models

that describe and quantify the relationship between the key drivers and global change,

and the ecological response (work package 6). In particular, it is desirable to have models

applicable at sites throughout Europe to assess the likely impacts of global change on the

behaviour of a pollutant and the ecological consequences.

To develop such models it is necessary to match model complexity with data availability.

Recent emphasis on integrated catchment planning has led to considerable research

interest in the study of large river-systems, incorporating wetlands and lakes. In

particular, the pursuit of models and modelling frameworks capable of predicting water-

quality and ecological change across ranges of spatial and temporal scales has provided

key motivation. Frequently, intensive monitoring of the hydrology, water chemistry and

ecology occurs at the small spatial-scale (< 10 km2) with the objective of quantifying

individual processes. At larger spatial scales, water chemistry and ecology data are

collected to provide the basis for more qualitative types of analysis: each data-set is

collected for a specific purpose, and therefore the frequency, duration and density of the

sampling network, and the pollutants and ecology monitored varies between study-areas.

The aim of this report is to determine if sufficient data are available to construct, develop

and test the modelling approaches used in work package 6, and to provide a model-based

assessment of the likely impacts of global-change on European freshwater ecosystems.

Meta-data describe and summarise actual data. This report describes the meta-data

collated during the first two years of Euro-limpacs, a preliminary analysis of the meta-

data and the implications for work package 6. Specifically, the objectives of collating the

meta-data were:

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1. to confirm that the range of spatial and temporal scales, climates and pollutants

covered by the study-areas proposed for work package 6 are appropriate for the

development and application of the modelling approaches;

2. to determine if appropriate data-sets are available (a) to apply the component to

simulate the impacts of global change through model replication in different climates;

(b) to create model-chains to simulate coupled wetland-lake-river systems, and (c) to

apply multiple models at single study-areas to assess multi-pollutant impacts;

3. to determine if an automated method of data analysis could be used to assess the

available hydrology, water chemistry and ecological data to determine the key

pollutant sources and sinks at a European-scale;

4. to provide baseline information for the first publications.

The report is split into 5 sections. Following this introduction, the web-interface is

described briefly (Section 2). In the following two sections the preliminary-analysis of

the meta-data is summarised (Section 3) and the utility of the data for use in the models is

assessed (Section 4) and summarised (Section 5). The meta-data are listed in the

Appendix and can be viewed and updated via the web at

(http://www.eurolimpacs.ucl.ac.uk/userarea/database/metadata.php).

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2 Meta-data storage and interface

The hydrology, water chemistry and ecology data available within Euro-limpacs

represent a vast amount of information relating to the functioning of the freshwater

ecosystems. The storage of the meta-data in a single database is a major project resource,

and the creation of the meta-data database has pioneered a method of storage and

retrieval that can be exploited by other work packages.

Advanced storage and retrieval methods were used to collate the meta-data from project

partners located throughout Europe. The actual data still reside with the owning partner;

but the ability to view the meta-data allows other partners to approach the owning partner

for collaboration.

2.1 Software

New computer code was written to store and retrieve the meta-data by University

College, University of London (UCL). The meta-data are stored in an open-source

relational database, MySQL. The web-interface is written in PHP (PHP Hypertext Pre-

processor), which is a widely-used general-purpose server-side scripting language that is

especially suited for Web development and can be embedded into HTML (HyperText

Markup Language). The server holding the data is owned and maintained by University

College, University of London.

2.2 Interface

The interface can be found on the World-Wide-Web at the following address:

http://www.eurolimpacs.ucl.ac.uk/userarea/database/metadata.php, and is one component

of the larger Euro-limpacs database. Only project partners have access to this database,

and a valid username and password must be supplied; usernames and passwords are

available on request from UCL. On-line instructions are available to help the user input

or amend the meta-data. Typically, a user will first add a brief site description to the

Euro-limpacs site-database, which is related to the work package 6 meta-data database,

before completing the forms for the meta-data database.

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2.2.1 Meta-data entry

The user is guided through a sequence of forms which request data that describe the

geography of the study-area, historic projects and model applications, key references

describing this work, and summaries of the available hydrological, water chemistry,

deposition, effluent and ecological data. The summaries include the number of sample

sites and the sampling frequency and monitoring-period, and the determinands sampled.

The minimum and maximum concentrations for 9 water chemistry determinands were

also collected to provide an overview of the pollution problems associated with

individual sites. Only the minimum and maximum concentrations were reported given the

differences in the monitoring periods and frequencies in the different study areas: mean

values would be very difficult to compare. Each item on the form has an associated

description which can be accessed by a single-click on the hyper-link.

2.2.2 Meta-data view

The meta-data for a particular site can be viewed by selecting the site from the drop-

down list and clinking ‘Go’. At present, no facility exists to search the meta-data, though

such a facility exists to search the site data.

2.2.3 Meta-data maintenance

The meta-data for a particular site can be maintained (updated, added to or deleted) by

selecting the site from the drop-down list and clinking ‘Add metadata for a site’. A user

can then progress through the forms, changing the meta-data as required. Changes made

by individual users are logged and can be traced.

The MySQL server is backed-up and can be restored in the event of failure or malicious

damage to the meta-data.

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3 Meta-data analysis

Presently, the meta-data for 22 study-areas are stored in the meta-data database. These

meta-data and the summary water chemistry data have been analysed to determine if the

four requirements listed in the Introduction are met. The names and locations of the sites

are shown in Figure 1.

1, Bjerkreim, Norway2, Cheimaditida, Greece3, Conwy, UK4, Gårdsjön, Sweden5, Garonne, France

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6, Gjern, Denmark7, Kennet, UK8, La Tordera, Spain9, Lambourn, UK10, Loch Lomond, UK

11, Lower Danube, Romania12, Odense, Denmark13, Piburger See, Austria14, Savojoki, Finland15, Simojoki, Finland16, Svartberget, Sweden,

17, Tamar, UK18, Teuronjoki, Finland19, Tovdalselva, Norway20, Waldaist, Austria21, Wye, UK22,Vanjsø-Hobøl,Norway

WP6 Sites

Figure 1. The location of the sites described in the WP6 meta-database

3.1 Geology, soils and land-use

Europe covers approximately 7% of the land-surface of the Earth, though the geographical

boundaries that constitute Europe are ill-defined, particularly where Europe abuts Asia. The

continent contains a complex range of geological environments, soil-cover, climatic zones

and land-use types. Scandinavia and northern and western UK are dominated by

Precambrian rock, which though resistant to weathering is base-poor, and therefore the thin

overlying soils are sensitive to acidification. The vegetation in these mountainous areas

tends to be dominated by coniferous forest, grasses or barren areas on exposed or high

altitude outcrops. Thin mountain soils are also found in the principle Cenozoic folded areas

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of the Alps, Pyrenees and Apennine Mountains. From the Benelux countries to northern

Germany and Poland in the west, the rocks are mainly Cenozoic sedimentary rocks overlaid

by podzolic soils of temperate climes. Podzolic soils are the most abundant in central

France and England where the climate is also temperate, though the underlying rocks are

mainly Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sedimentary. In central Spain, areas of Chernozemic soils

of a semi-arid climate support mainly grasslands.

Humans have had a significant impact on the European landscape; hardly any area can be

considered as in a pristine condition. Even isolated mountain areas have been affected by

atmospheric deposition. The natural climax vegetation across Europe would be woodland,

and indeed forestry covers approximately 38% of the land-surface of Europe (EEA, 2003).

This figure includes both natural and semi-natural woodland, much of it in marginal areas

especially in Scandinavia as well as extensive areas of commercial forestry where the

climate and terrain limit the scope for agriculture. Western France, Germany, Spain, Ireland

and the western UK are mainly wet and temperate and, therefore show more emphasis on

grass production. The majority of the arable land is found in France, Germany, Italy, Spain

and the UK.

3.2 Climate

Europe has a relatively moderate climate in comparison to other areas of the World, with

few extremes in temperature or precipitation, except in the far north and south. Along the

western-coasts, the warm currents of the North Atlantic Drift moderate temperatures; in

January, southern Spain has an average temperature between 10 to 20 oC, whilst in western

and eastern Europe this falls to between 0 to 10 and -10 to 0 oC, respectively. In the

northern most parts of Europe, inside the Arctic Circle, the mean January temperature is

between -20 and -10 oC. The summer temperatures are warmer, and a simple pattern

emerges with Spain, southern France, Italy and Greece having a mean July temperature of

between 20 to 30 oC, and those areas to the north a mean temperature of 10 to 20 oC.

Although east-west air movements are relatively unimpeded by relief, the Alps do impede

north-south air masses, protecting the Mediterranean from cold, north winds.

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Figure 2. Mean annual rainfall at the sites

The western-coasts of Europe receive the highest volumes of precipitation (Figure 2). In

Wales, western Scotland and Norway the annual precipitation can exceed 2500 mm.

Further eastwards, the annual precipitation volume is less since the pre-dominant wind-

direction is from the south-west bringing precipitation to western Europe from the Atlantic;

the annual precipitation volumes are between 500 to 900 mm in the region of the Gulf of

Bothnia and below 500 mm in the lower Danube and at Lake Cheimaditida, Greece. The

Alpine region receives more precipitation due to its altitude.

Based on these differences in temperature and precipitation, different climate zones have

been defined for Europe: southern Spain, Italy and Greece can be classified as

‘Mediterranean’, the Alps as ‘cool continental’, northern Norway, Sweden and Finland (i.e.

above 60o N) as ‘sub-artic’ and the remaining area as ‘warm humid’. Thus, the 22 study-

areas selected for the model-based assessment of pollutant impacts on European freshwater

ecosystems cover a range of climate zones, ranging from the sub-Arctic North to the

Mediterranean, and from maritime ‘warm humid’ sites in the western UK, an Alpine ‘cool

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continental’ catchment in Austria to a continental site in the Lower Danube. Similarly, the

study-areas can be classified according to eco-region (Table 1).

3.3 Study areas

Country Site/River System

Ecoregion Climate Area (km2) River (R), Lake (L) and Wetland (W)

Austria Piburger See Mountainous Cool Continental 2 R, L Waldaist Mountainous Cool Continental 275 R Denmark Gjern Atlantic Warm-humid 110 R, L Odense Atlantic Warm-humid 486 R Greece Cheimaditida Mediterranean Mediterranean 35 L, W Finland Savijoki Boreal Sub-arctic 16 R, W Simojoki Boreal Sub-arctic 3160 R, L, W Teuronjoki Boreal Sub-arctic 439 R, L, W France Garonne Atlantic Warm-humid 56536 R, L, W Norway Bjerkreim Boreal Warm-humid 685 R, L, W Tovdalselva Boreal Warm-humid 1855 R, L, W Vanjsø-Hobøl Boreal Warm-humid 300 R Romania Lower Danube Continental Cool Continental 210 W Spain La Torderra Mediterranean Mediterranean 124 R, W Sweden Gårdjsön Boreal Warm-humid 0.005 L Svartberget Boreal Sub-arctic 0.5 R, W UK Conwy Atlantic Warm-humid 590 R, W Kennet Atlantic Warm-humid 1164 R, W Lambourn Atlantic Warm-humid 263 R, W Loch Lomond Atlantic Warm-humid 781 R, L Tamar Atlantic Warm-humid 917 R, W Wye Atlantic Warm-humid 4136 R, L

Table 1. A summary of the sites and river-systems stored in the work package 6 meta-data database.

The study-areas are in Austria, Denmark, Greece, Finland, France, Norway, Romania,

Spain, Sweden and the UK (Figure 1). The areas of the study sites range over 8 orders of

magnitude, from small research sites such as Svartberget and Gårdjsön, to large river-

systems which have a number of water pollution issues, and competing water uses (Table

1). The salient features of the sites are as follows:

Austria. There are two catchment sites in Austria. The Piburger See is a mountain lake in

the eastern Alps, which suffered from eutrophication during the 1960s. Comprehensive

restoration measures were undertaken in the 1970s: sewage diversion, deep water with-

drawl and change in agricultural practice. These efforts were successful and the trophic-

status was restored to oligo-mesotrophic. The Waldaist is located to the north of the

Danube, and drains coniferous forest on an acid-bedrock. This catchment is one of the sites

used in work package 2 to study the effects of changing hydrology on sediment transport,

channel morphology, inundation frequency and extent, and the impact on the aquatic

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environment; as such data on land-use, hydro-morphology and the biological community

are available.

Denmark, France, UK. The Gjern, Odense, Garonne, Kennet, Lambourn, Wye, Conwy

and Tamar river-systems are all dominated by agriculture and have some sewage effluent

inputs. The River Gjern drains an area of 110 km2 in Denmark and includes one lake with

an area of 0.39 km2. Due to the input of nutrients from agriculture and sewage the Gjern is

eutrophic. The River Odense, also in Denmark, is larger (486 km2) but is also eutrophic.

Both systems are monitored long-term by the National Environmental Research Institute,

and term-series describing the flow, water chemistry and ecology are available from 1950.

The study site in south-west France is the Garonne river-system (56 536km2). In an Atlantic

Pyrennean climate, the Garonne is one of the largest west European alluvial rivers in a non-

industrialized region. Thus, the Garonne, provides an example of a fluvial landscape

essentially modified by agriculture and, more recently, by urbanisation.

The Kennet (1164 km2) and one of its tributaries, the Lambourn (263 km2) are typical of

Cretaceous Chalk catchments in southern England. Much of the precipitation percolates

into the Chalk aquifer, and consequently the flow response in the catchments is highly

damped. The catchments are mainly rural, with arable agriculture being the predominant

land-use. There are several large towns along the main channel, from which treated sewage

is discharged directly into the Kennet. The catchment provides water for public and

industrial supply by means of direct surface and groundwater abstractions.

The River Wye is a large (4136 km2) and diverse catchment. The upland north-west of the

catchment is composed of outcrops of Ordovician and Silurian sandstones, shales, grits and

mudstones. The lowland catchment, south east of Hay-on-Wye is underlain by Old Red

Sandstone, comprising readily-weathered marls of the Herefordshire lowlands and the more

resistant sandstones of the Black Mountains. There is a marked contrast in precipitation

across the catchment, with mean annual rainfall of 2450 mm (1951 – 1995) at Cefyn Brwyn

in the upland north-west catchment, compared with 717mm (1971 – 1995) at Yarkhill in

the lowland east of the catchment (Institute of Hydrology, 1998). The high precipitation

inputs to the upland catchment, and low groundwater inputs mean that the river regimes in

the west tend to be flashier, whereas, in the eastern lowlands, there is more substantial

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groundwater supply, resulting in the lowland tributaries exhibiting less variable flow

regimes. Land use in the Wye catchment is dominated by agriculture and the type of

agriculture varies considerably across the catchment, largely according to topography.

Sheep farming is the main agricultural activity on the grassland and moorland of the upland

west of the catchment, whereas in the lowland eastern part of the catchment, arable and

dairy farming predominate, with fruit, potato and hop production. In 1994, the lower River

Wye (from Hereford to the tidal limit) and the River Lugg were designated ‘Eutrophic

Sensitive’ areas under the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (1992) (Council of the

European Communities, 1991). As a result of this, tertiary treatment to reduce phosphorus

discharges was introduced at some of the larger STWs in the lower Wye catchment during

the latter part of the study period.

The 590 km2 Conwy catchment drains a predominantly rural, upland area of North Wales,

with a low population and minimal industry. The catchment contains a range of soils and

land-use that may be considered characteristic of many upland regions: blanket peat bog

(part of the largest peatland area in Wales); high montane areas with thin organic and

organo-mineral soils; conifer forests; and improved grassland. Land-use is largely restricted

to low-density sheep grazing in the uplands, and higher density sheep and some cattle

grazing on improved grasslands. The catchment is the subject of detailed spatial surveys of

riverine DOC, Particulate Organic Carbon (POC), nutrient and major ion chemistry, and

samples have also recently been collected for 14C analysis of DOC, to enable source

attribution and determination of organic matter age. Due to the extensive area of blanket

peat, high catchment exports of DOC to estuarine and coastal waters have also been the

subject of detailed study (EU DOMAINE project). In addition to ongoing water chemistry

surveys, three automatic monitors will be installed in 2004 to measure Coloured Dissolved

Organic Matter (CDOM) and flow (along with pH and conductivity) which will be

calibrated to provide a continuous record of DOC flux in the lower part of the catchment.

The River Tamar is a large (917 km2), predominately rural catchment of moderate relief in

the south-west of England. There are significant alluvial flats (wetlands) in the middle

reaches, and the land-use is a mixture of arable agriculture, grazing and forestry. Climatic

conditions over the middle and upper Tamar catchment are typical of Atlantic Britain, with

mild wet winters and cool, moist summers.

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Loch Lomond is a large lake in western Scotland (71 km2). The main rivers draining into

the loch are Endrick Water and the River Falloch both of which have mountainous

catchments. In total the loch drains an area of 781 km2. Endrick Water drains the Campsie

Fells is developed on Old Red Sandstone overlain by drift, and the flow in the river is

diminished by export of water from the Carron Reservoir into the River Forth. The River

Falloch is a very wet (approximately 2900 mm a-1), mountainous catchment developed on

ancient metamorphic formations. There is a slight eutrophication threat to the loch from

diffuse pollution in the southern catchments.

Norway, Sweden, Finland. There are two catchment sites in Norway. The Bjerkreim river-

system in southern Norway is a large (685 km2) mountain to fjord catchment, dominated by

mountains and heathlands; it is a salmon river, which has been acidified by long-range

transported sulphur and nitrogen compounds. The Todalselva catchment, in southern-most

Norway, is larger (1855 km2) but also has been acidified. The Vanjsø-Hobøl catchment

(300 km2) in south-east Norway is a lowland river basin, highly influenced by nutrient

inputs from agricultural sources; there are eutrophication problems in lakes near the outlet.

The 0.50 km2 Svartberget Catchment lies 70 km inland from Sweden’s east coast. Half of

the runoff occurs during the snow-free half of the year (June to November), and a third of

runoff occurs during 3-4 weeks of spring flood in April or May. The catchment is forested

with Norway Spruce (Picea abies) in low, wetter areas, and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) on

higher, better-drained areas. The source of the stream is 0.08 km2 mire. Monthly stream

chemistry data is available since 1981. Weekly samples have been collected since 1996 and

analyzed for major anions, cations, nutrients and DOC. Several transects have been studied

in detail for hydrology and soil solution chemistry. Detailed studies of trace elements (e.g.

Hg, Al speciation), DOC character, stable and radioactive isotopes have been conducted at

various times.

The experimental site at Gårdjsön is located about 10 km from the Swedish west coast, 50

km north of Gothenburg. The region has a humid climate, and the research area is

characterised by an acid lake whose terrestrial catchment is dominated by forest and

podsolic soils, with inclusions of barren rock and peaty soils. The Gårdjsön study-area

receives moderately high deposition of sulphate, nitrate and ammonium, and has been used

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for nitrogen addition experiments to simulate the impacts of increased deposition (Wright et

al., 1995).

The River Simojoki, Finland discharges to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea. The river

drains an area of 3160 km2, and is a salmon river in near-natural state. The dominant human

impact is forestry, and there are concerns that drainage and tree-felling may adversely

impact the nitrogen cycle. In contrast, the Savijoki catchment is located in south-western

Finland in the southern boreal zone; it is a small (16 km2), agriculture-dominated sub-

catchment of the River Aurajoki that discharges into the Baltic Sea. Savijoki contains no

lakes and belongs to the Finnish network of small representative catchments, originally

established for hydrological research in 1957. Agriculture, mainly spring cereals, is

assumed to be the main source of diffuse nutrient losses. The River Teuronjoki catchment

(439 km2), in southern Finland, includes the intensively studied Lake Pääjärvi (for nutrients

and the ecology) which is part of the EuroWaterNet monitoring network.

Greece, Spain. Lake Cheimaditida is located 20 km south-east of Florina in north-west

Greece. The land surrounding the lake is mainly agricultural, deciduous and shrub-

woodland or wetlands. Historically, the lake has been used as a freshwater supply for

drinking and irrigation. The catchment is close to the main mountain range of Greece, and

therefore has a climate that resembles a more mid-European type, with a mean annual

temperature of approximately 12.3 oC and a mean annual rainfall of 520 mm. The lake and

the surrounding area have an important ecological function supporting approximately 140

different bird species and 21 rare plants; however, the biodiversity of the lake is currently

falling.

La Tordera is a predominantly forested catchment in north-east Spain (868 km2). The

climate is typically Mediterranean: precipitation falls mainly in autumn and spring with

only occasional storms in summer. A sub-catchment of La Tordera will be used initially

(124 km2) for the modelling work, which includes areas of agriculture and a waste-water

treatment plant.

Romania. The Small Island of Braila, declared a natural reserve in 1994, is a complex of

wetlands in the Lower Danube area. This is one of the rare areas bordering the river which

has preserved its natural hydrological conditions and which contains a representative

17

sample of habitats, which are characteristic of floodplains as well as an ancient inland delta.

Comprising seven small islands with a total surface area of 210 km2 (including Danube

arms), the area is a site of major interest for birds, both for the quality of the habitats

present and for its location on the migration routes midway between the nesting areas in the

north of Europe and the wintering areas in Africa.

3.4 Environmental monitoring

Site/River System Number of monitoring sites Frequency of collection Period of Collection Piburger See 1 Daily 1961 - ongoing Waldaist 1 Monthly 1997 - ongoing Gjern 2 Fortnightly 1987 - 2000 Odense 1 Daily 1950 - ongoing Cheimaditida 1 Daily 1985 - 1998 Savijoki 1 Daily 1971 - ongoing Simojoki 2 Daily 1970 - ongoing Teuronjoki 2 Daily 1981 - ongoing Garonne 116 Weekly 1980 - ongoing Bjerkreim 4 Daily 1980 - ongoing Todalselva 3 Daily 1973 - ongoing Vanjsø-Hobøl 1 Hourly 1976 - 2003 Lower Danube 2 Daily 1950 - ongoing La Torderra 2 Continuous 1994 - ongoing Gårdjsön 3 Monthly 1980 - ongoing Svartberget 2 Daily 1981 - ongoing Conwy Continuous 2000 - ongoing Kennet 10 Continuous 1960 - ongoing Lambourn 2 Continuous 1962 - ongoing Loch Lomond 4 Continuous 1963 - ongoing Tamar 7 Continuous 1956 - ongoing Wye 13 Continuous 1950 - ongoing

Table 2. A summary of the site and river-system discharge monitoring.

Many of the study-areas have a long history of monitoring, with hydrological monitoring

beginning in the 1950s at four of the sites (Table 2). A wide-range of determinands are

sampled at the 21 study-areas, covering flow and the key water pollutants central to the

Euro-limpacs project: sediment, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon and mercury (Table 3), and

many sites have biological data available (Table 4). In addition, a broad range of other

measurements are available describing the hydrology (i.e. precipitation, air temperature),

water-chemistry (base-cations, acid anions, oxygen, and metals), effluent-inputs and

deposition (Appendix A).

Water chemistry has also been monitored routinely at 12 of the study-areas since the 1980’s

or before, and a broad range of determinands have been sampled at most sites including

nutrients, metals, base cations, acid anions, pH, alkalinity and oxygen. The summary in

18

Table 3 describes the long-term monitoring, and does not include additional measurements

made during short-term projects. The details of such monitoring programs are included in

the meta-data and listed in the Appendix. Compared to the monitoring of water chemistry,

the measurements of the biology and ecology are sparser with fewer sites monitored,

shorter periods of sampling and less frequent measurements. Despite this these data-sets are

amongst the best in Europe with surveys of fish, macrophytes, macro-invertebrates,

diatoms, zooplankton and Chlorophyll ‘a’ concentrations (Table 4).

Site/River System

Number of monitoring

sites

Frequency of collection

Period of Collection

Determinands

Piburger See 1 Monthly 1975 - ongoing NO3, NH4, TP, TDP, pH, base cations, acid anions, Alk

Waldaist 1 Monthly 1997 - ongoing NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4, TOC, DOC, pH, Alk, BOD/COD, O2 saturation

Gjern 2 Fortnightly 1987 - 2000 TN, NO3, NH4, TP, DRP, PO4, SRP, pH, SS Odense 1 Fortnightly 1987 - 2002 TN, NO3, TP, DRP, pH, SS Cheimaditida 1 NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4Savijoki 1 Fortnightly 1984 - ongoing TN, NO3, NH4, TP, DRP, TOC, pH, base

cations, acid anions, Alk, SS, Simojoki 1 Monthly 1984 - ongoing TN, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, TOC, pH, base

cations, acid anions, Alk, Hg, SS Teuronjoki 1 Monthly 1969 - 1988 TN, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, pH, Alk Garonne Bjerkreim 20 Fortnightly 1980- ongoing TN, NO3, TP, PO4, TOC, DOC, pH, base

cations, acid anions, Alk Todalselva 2 Fortnightly 1980- ongoing TN, NO3, TP, TOC, pH, base cations, acid

anions, Alk, Vanjsø-Hobøl

3 Fortnightly TN, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, TOC, pH

Lower Danube

Unknown

La Torderra 3 Monthly 1994 – ongoing TON, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, DIC, pH, base cations, acid anions, Alk, Hg, other trace metals, BOD/COD, O2 saturation, CO2

Gårdjsön 3 Monthly 1980 - ongoing NO3, NH4, DON, TP, DOC, pH, base cations, acid anions, Hg

Svartberget 3 Weekly 1981 - ongoing TN, TON, NO3, TP, PO4, TOC, pH, base cations, acid anions, Alk, Hg, other trace

metals, CO2Conwy 31 Quarterly 2004 – ongoing TN, NO3, NH4, DON, TOC, DOC, pH, base

cations, acid anions, Alk, Kennet 20 Quarterly 1973 - ongoing TON, NO3, NO2, NH4, TP, PO4, DHP, SUP,

PP, TDP, DOC, SRP, pH, base cations, acid anions, Alk, SS, CO2

Lambourn 2 Weekly 2002 - 2004 TN, NO3, NO2, NH4, DON, TP, DHP, DOC, pH, base cations, acid anions, Alk, other trace

metals, SS Loch Lomond

45 Monthly 1965 - ongoing NO3, NO2, BOD/COD, O2 saturation

Tamar Monthly Ongoing TON, NO3, NO2, PO4, pH, base cations, acid anions, Alk, SS

Wye 742 Monthly 1992 – ongoing TON, NO3, NO2, PO4, pH, base cations, acid anions, Alk, SS

Table 3. A summary of the site and river-system water chemistry monitoring

19

Site/River System

Number of monitoring

sites

Frequency of collection

Period of Collection

Determinands

Piburger See 1 Monthly 1972 - 1988 ChlA Waldaist 2 1994 – ongoing macro-invertebrates, diatoms Gjern Odense 1980 - ongoing fish, macro-invertebrates Cheimaditida 1 ChlA, diatoms Savijoki Simojoki 2 Quarterly 2002 - ongoing ChlA Teuronjoki 1 1975 - ongoing ChlA, macrophytes Garonne Bjerkreim 5 Annual 1996 - ongoing macrophytes, fish, macro-invertebrates,

zooplankton Todalselva 5 Annual 1996 - ongoing macrophytes, fish, macro-invertebrates,

diatoms Vanjsø-Hobøl

2 1985-2004 ChlA

Lower Danube

La Torderra 2 Monthly 1994 – ongoing ChlA, macro-invertebrates, diatoms Gårdjsön Svartberget Conwy 20 Single study 2002 macro-invertebrates Kennet 3 Monthly 1974 – 1975 and

1997 - 2000 macrophytes, epiphytes, macro-

invertebrates Lambourn 1 Weekly 2002 2004 ChlA, macrophytes, macro-invertebrates,

diatoms Loch Lomond

6 1987 - ongoing ChlA

Tamar Wye 1992 - ongoing ChlA

Table 4. A summary of the site and river-system biological and ecological monitoring

3.5 Analysis of the summary water-quality data

Nitrogen and phosphorus

Nitrogen and phosphorus are important plant nutrients. Unfortunately, excess nitrogen and

phosphorus fertiliser, animal wastes and sewage which drains into freshwaters continues to

make plants grow. Fast-growing weeds and algae can multiply rapidly, blocking light from

the water column and depleting oxygen. Nitrogen also comes from transport and industrial

emissions to the atmosphere that fall as rain or are deposited and captured as particles or

gases by vegetation. This deposition can be high in areas close to the source and it is

particularly important even in relatively clean areas, such as Scandinavia, where often it

provides the only nitrogen input and may lead to soil and stream-water acidification.

Nitrate and ammonium are generally the main forms of dissolved inorganic-nitrogen in

river water, though the importance of organic-N in upland, forested or wetland systems is

now widely recognised. Within Europe the stream-water nitrate concentrations are

20

generally lowest in Norway, Sweden and Finland where the median nitrate concentration is

only 0.18 mg N L-1 (EEA, 2003). In western Europe, the median concentration is around

3.5 mg N L-1, while rivers with nitrogen concentrations below 1 mg N L-1 are rare (Neal et

al., 2002). Nitrogen concentrations exceeding 1 mg N L-1 indicate an anthropogenic

influence, for example agriculture or sewage-effluent. Stream-water nitrate concentrations

increased between 1977-82 and 1988-90 in more than two-thirds of European rivers, the

median increase being 0.14 mg N L-1 or 13% (Stanners and Bordeau, 1995). This increase

was most marked in eastern and southern European rivers, because of the significant use of

nitrogen fertilisers during the same period. In many western European countries, the

increase in the use of nitrogen fertilisers peaked in the late 1970s and remained at that high-

level during the 1980s. For ammonium, the concentrations in 70% of 230 river-systems

mainly in western Europe and Nordic countries declined over the same period, mainly due

to improved wastewater treatment.

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

79

16

8

1012

14

15

18

19

21

22


N

1:20,000,000




Maximum Nitratemg/L

# 0.44 - 1.4

# 1.4 - 4

# 4 - 9.4

# 9.4 - 14

# 14 - 18.8

Figure 3. Maximum stream-water concentrations of nitrate (measured as N)

21

The highest concentrations of nitrate at the 21 study areas are found in those systems

dominated by agriculture and effluent point-sources. The highest stream-water nitrate

concentrations are found in the lower reaches of the River Wye, the Odense, La Tordera

and Savijoki (Figure 3). The distribution of sites shows a good coverage of the UK and

Scandanavia, with an additional site in the Mediterranean. Data is available for Piburger

See, Lake Cheimaditida, the Lower Danube and the Garonne which has not yet been added

to the water-chemistry summary. The lowest concentrations of nitrate are found in the

Tovdalselva and Simojoki systems.

#

#

#

#

#

#

##

79

16

14

15

18

19

22


N

1:20,000,000




Maximum TPmg P/L

# 0.02 - 0.1

# 0.1 - 0.21

# 0.21 - 0.35

# 0.35 - 1

# 1 - 1.4

Figure 4. Maximum stream-water concentrations of total phosphorus

Like nitrogen, the study-areas with the highest phosphorus concentrations are dominated by

agriculture or point-source discharges from sewage treatment works. Figure 4 shows that

the highest total phosphorus concentrations are located in the study areas draining

agricultural and urbanised areas: Kennet, Lambourn, Gjern and Savijoki. Suspended

sediment data are also available for at least 7 study-areas.

22

pH

#

#

#

#

#

# #

# #

#

# 7

16

8

9

10

12

14 18

19

21


##

1516

N

1:20,000,000




Minimum pH# 3.9

# 3.9 - 4.7

# 4.7 - 5.86

# 5.86 - 6.3

# 6.3 - 7.7

Figure 5. Minimum stream-water pH

Atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances over Europe has decreased since about

1985, due impart to the implementation of the United Nations Economic Commission for

Europe’s (UN/ECE) 1994 Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions and

in industrial growth due to economic recession. Total nitrogen

emissions in Europe (nitrogen oxides plus ammonia), which remained approximately

constant between 1980 and 1990, fell by about 15% between 1990 and 1995 due mainly to

the central and eastern European states and Newly Independent States (NIS) which

experienced a significant downturn in productivity. Currently, there is the potential for

biological recovery at acidified sites although chemical conditions may remain some way

from that pre-acidification, and nitrogen saturation and subsequent leakage may cause

deterioration in the soil and stream-water chemical status. Acidified and acid-sensitive

study-areas are included in work package 6, these study areas are identified as those with

low pH values and are typically associated with found at sites which overlie base-poor

also to a slow down

23

rocks, such as granites in the Fenno-Scandavian Shield and the western UK (Figure 5). The

minimum pH values shown in Figure 5 are from long-term time-series starting in the 1980s,

and as such contain pH values of samples taken when acid deposition was at a maximum. It

is expected that current-day pH values are higher.

Carbon and Mercury

#

#

#

#

#

#

7

1

9

16

19N

8


1:20,000,000




Maximum DOCmg C/L

# 1.54

# 1.54 - 2.7

# 2.7 - 10

# 10 - 15

#

etallic

15 - 45

Figure 6. Maximum stream-water concentrations of dissolved organic carbon

There is increasing evidence that Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) concentrations in river

waters are increasing in much of northern Europe (Hongve et al., 2004, Worrall et al.,

2004). DOC concentrations in UK upland waters have increased by an average of 91%

during the last 15 years, with an average annual increase of 6%. In the northern and eastern

US from 1990 to 2000 for example, four out of five areas studied showed regionally

significant increases in DOC (Stoddard et al., 2003). Export of peatland carbon through

northern rivers supplies much of the carbon entering the Arctic Ocean (Pastor et al., 2003).

Given the importance in understanding the feedbacks between climate-change and the

carbon stores in river-systems, and the links between DOC and toxics (especially m

24

mercury) then 5 sites for which there are extensive measurements of carbon where included

in the work p lselva and La

Tordera. A substantial data-base of carbon measurements also exists for the Conwy

catchment in Wales, though this is yet to be described in the meta-database. Moreover, 3

sites have been included initially to begin to develop a model of mercury in freshwater

environments (Figure 7): Simojoki, Svartberget and La Tordera.

ackage (Figure 6): Kennet, Lambourn, Bjerkreim, Tovda

#

##

8

1615


N

1:20,000,000




Maximum Hgmg/L

# 0 - 0.001

# 0.001 - 6

Figure 7. Maximum stream-water concentrations of mercury

25

4 Discussion

Substantial historical, hydrological, water chemistry and biological data sets are available,

with many sets collected as part of long-term monitoring or major European initiatives such

as CLIMEX, NITREX, EVALUWET or EuroWaterNet. These provide important resources

that can be used to analyse the spatial and temporal variations in pollutant fluxes, and to

calibrate and test the modelling approaches. In addition to these data-sets, many new data

are being collected as part of Euro-limpacs work packages 1 to 5 to aid the description of

system functioning and the links between climate and the freshwater environment. These

new data will compliment the historic-data providing further information with which to

develop and test the modelling approaches.

In general, the frequency of the water chemistry sampling is fortnightly or monthly. This

combined with the length of record is adequate for testing the ability of the modelling

approaches to simulate the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the flow and water-

chemistry dynamics. However, daily water-chemistry data are only available for sites on

the Lambourn and Kennet therefore; in general, the data are probably inadequate for

examining short-term dynamics in the water chemistry and estimates of the magnitude of

pollution events (or annual loadings) will be uncertain.

Given the nitrogen and phosphorus stream-water data are available for at least 8 different

study-areas, these data will be used to test that modelling approaches (INCA-N, INCA-P)

are generally applicable to a wide-range of study sites through model replication at the pan-

European-scale. Such applications will cover the range of European climates and issues

associated with nitrogen and phosphorus. For example, agricultural and sewage sources of

nitrogen and phosphorus will be investigated in study sites in Austria, Denmark, Greece,

Finland, France, Norway, Romania, Spain, Sweden and the UK, and the impacts of N

deposition will be investigated in forested systems in Austria, Finland, Norway and

Sweden.

The substantial data-sets collected also allow component models and model chains to be

developed and applied to new sites. For example, the PEARLS catchment-scale model of

acidification will be tested and used to investigate climate-change and acid deposition

scenarios at Bjerkreim, Norway; the model being originally developed for UK river-

26

systems. The MIKE11-TRANS, INCA-Sed, INCA-N and INCA-P models will be

developed and compared using the data for the Gjern and Odense rivers, Denmark. In

addition, the model chain of MAGIC/INCA-N/HBV/Fjord will be developed and tested

using the Bjerkreim data-set. The macrophyte data available in the Kennet and Lambourn

systems is being used to help develop a Monte-Carlo version of INCA-P which will be used

to examine the flow-phosphorous-macrophyte growth relationship.

Also significant biological data-sets have been included allowing simulations of flow and

water-chemistry to be linked to the biological impact. The utility of such biological

measurements has already been demonstrated by Park et al., (2003a, b) who related the

presence and abundance of different insect and macro-invertebrate species to the

controlling geographical factors using Artificial Neural Networks.

Techniques based on combining powerful statistical packages and Geographical

Information Systems can prove very useful for determining the relationships between

water-chemistry and biological data, and the geography of the study-site. However, there is

insufficient data to make it worthwhile automating the data-analysis process at this stage.

Apart from nitrate concentrations, the data collated to date tend to be drawn from a few

well monitored catchments. There is little to gain from automated methods of analysis for

the assessment of spatial patterns that has not already been achieved by the EEA (2003).

Furthermore, the large-datasets from the Garonne basin have already been analysed using

Artificial Neural Networks, and many of the other data-sets have already described in the

literature (Park et al, in press). Thus to take the science further, it is more appropriate to

focus on the model-based assessments of the impacts of global change at the study-areas,

producing publications which describe the data, and its analysis and modelling.

27

5 Summary

The collated data are an impressive resource, and creation of this project-wide database to

make information available to all Euro-limpacs project partners is an early success of the

work package. Each of the study areas is

• A significant regional resource, or part of a river-system that formed a significant

regional resource, or a well-established research site;

• Subject or sensitive to changes in one, or more, sources of pollution;

• Well monitored, with background data that can be used to develop and test the

component models and model chains.

The hydrological and water chemistry data contain measurements of sufficient spatial

distribution, frequency, period of collection to develop and test the component models and

model-chains at seasonal and inter-annual time-steps. The biological and ecological data

are sparser but good data for the Garonne, Kennet, and Bjerkreim are available allowing

preliminary simulations of the biological response to global-change to be attempted. Water

chemistry data describing extremes are also sparse.

Long term stewardship of these metadata will be required once the project ends. It is

suggested that these data, amongst the wealth of data generated by the project as a whole,

should be handed over to a third party for the long-term. A Specific Support Action may be

an appropriate means to support financially such an activity.

28

6 References

Council of the European Communities, 1991. Directive concerning urban waste water treatment

(91/271/EEC). Official Journal L135/40. 30 May 1991.

EEA (European Environment Agency), 2003. Europe’s environment: the third assessment. Environmental

Assessment Report No. 10, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,

Luxemborg. pp. 341.

Hongve, D., G. Riise and J.F. Kristiansen. (2004) Increased colour and organic acid concentration in

Norwegian forest lakes and drinking water – a result of increased precipitation? Aquat. Sci. 66:231-

238.

Institute of Hydrology, 1998. Hydrological Data UK. Hydrometric register and Statistics, 1991 – 1995. Centre

for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.

Neal, C., Whitehead, P.G. and Flynn, N.J., 2002. INCA: summary and conclusions. Hydrol. Earth Sys.

Sciences, 6 (3), 607-715.

Pastor, J., J. Solin, S.D. Bridgham, K. Updegraf, C. Harth, P. Wieshampel and B. Dewey. (2003). Global

warming and the export of dissolved organic carbon from peatlands. Oikos 100:380-386.

Park, Y.-S., Cereghino, R., Compin, A., Lek, S. 2003a. Applications of artificial neural networks for

patterning and predicting aquatic insect species richness in running waters. Ecological Modelling, 160,

265-280.

Park Y.S., P.F.M. Verdonschot, T.S. Chon, and S. Lek. 2003b. Patterning and predicting aquatic

macroinvertebrate diversities using artificial neural network. Water Research, 37, 1749-1758.

Park Y-S, Grenouillet G, Esperance B, Lek S. Stream fish assemblages and basin land cover in a river

network. Sci Tot Environ. In press.

Stanners, D. and Bordeau, P. (Eds.), 1995. Europe’s environment: The Dobris Assessment. Prepared by the

European Environment Agency Task Force (European Commission, DGXI and Phare) in co-operation

with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Copenhagen, pp. 676.

Stoddard J.L., Karl J.S., Deviney F.A., DeWalle D.R., Driscoll C.T., Herlihy A.T., Kellogg J.H., Murdoch

P.S., Webb J.R., Webster K.E., 2003. Response of Surface Water Chemistry to the Clean Air Act

Amendments of 1990. Report EPA 620/R-03/001, United States Environmental Protection Agency,

North Carolina.

Worrall F, Burt T (2004) Time series analysis of long-term river dissolved organic carbon records.

Hydrological Processes, 18, 893-911.

Wright, R.F., Brandrud, T.E., Clemensson-Lindell, A., Hultberg, H., Kjønaas, O.J., Moldan, F.P., Persson, H.

and Stuanes, A. O., 1995. NITREX project: ecosystem response to chronic addition of nitrogen to a

spruce-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden. In: Effects of Acid Deposition on the Terrestrial

Environment of Sweden (H. Staaf and G. Tyler, Eds.), Ecological Bulletins (Copenhagen) 44,322-334.

29

7 Appendix

30

7.1 BJERKREIM - RIVER

Contact Oeyvind Kaste ([email protected]) Organisation Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Region SW Norway Description Mountain to fjord catchment, dominated by mountains and heathlands. Salmon

river, acidified by long-range transported S- and N-compounds. Location 1 58.46667 N, 5.98333 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

58.75 N, 6 E

Latitude, Longitude (Lower Right) 3

58.45 N, 6.67 E

Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 685 Catchment Altitude (m) 0 - 1000 Predominant Parent Material

Acidic

Predominant Soil Type Leached Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Montane Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

2600

Average Annual Runoff (mm)

2200

Other Projects EU-INCA, Euro-limpacs, Nitrogen from Mountains to Fjords (National), Models Fjiord, HBV, INCA-N, INCA-P, MAGIC, PEARLS, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP4: 2.1 - Climate change and acidification recovery

WP4: 2.2 - Impact of changing weather patterns on episodic flow in streams and rivers WP4: 4 - Using dynamic models to evaluate climate scenarios WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 3 - Model uncertainty

1 Latitude and longitude of the site or catchment location in decimal degrees 2 Latitude and longitude of the upper left corner of a box bounding the system in decimal degrees 3 Latitude and longitude of the lower right corner of a box bounding the system in decimal degrees

31

KEY REFERENCES

AMBIO 26 (special issue): 253-325 Kaste 2004. WASP-Focus: 4: 85-96

32

HYDROLOGY

Number of Monitoring Sites

4

Monitoring Period 1980 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Unknown Data Types Discharge, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


20

Monitoring Period 1993 - 1995 Monitoring Frequency Fortnightly Data Availability Unknown Data Types TN, NO3, TP, PO4, TOC, DOC,

CommentsTP is analysed by automated colorimetry (auto anlalyzer); after oxidation with peroxidisulphate and reaction with molybdate and antimony. Detection limit: 1 µg/L.

Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 0.2 2 Nitrate mg N L-1 0 1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.002 0.1 Phosphate mg P L-1 0 0.02 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1

pH Units 4.5 7 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1 0.5 10

Temperature °C 0 20 Mercury mg L-1

33

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


0

Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Data Types Comments No data available

DEPOSITION


1

Monitoring Period 1973 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Weekly Data Availability Unknown Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, pH, Comments Operated by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


5

Monitoring Period 1996 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Annual Data Availability Unknown Data Types Macrophytes, fish, macro-invertebrates, zooplankton Comments Data collected by various institutions

34

7.2 CHEIMADITIDA - LAKE

Contact Miltiadis Seferlis ([email protected]) Organisation Greek Biotope/Wetland Centre Region Macedonia Description Cheimaditida Lake is located some 20km south-east of Florina town in the north-west

Hellas. During the 50's Cheimaditida Lake was fed by surface runoff from the catchment area and discharged into a back swamp at the north of the lake. Excess water was then piped into the Petron Lake 12km north of Cheimaditida Lake. In early 60's the drainage of the back swamp begun in order to gain extra agricultural land for the local farmers. First, a main channel was opened and afterwards 14 smaller drainage ditches. In mid-60's a channel (2-3m broad and 1-2m depth) to connect the adjacent Zazari Lake to Cheimaditida Lake to was constructed and a ditch embankment was built to the north of the lake to prevent adjacent farmland from flooding. Waters from over bank flooding conducted from the two lakes is driven into Amintas stream and then into Petron Lake. Most of the land around the two basins is old agricultural land and forestland. Local relief is between 640-548m, containing a small proportion of steep slopes with shallow soils. Found in the west contains deciduous forest and shrub woodland. The bottom in Cheimaditida lake is smooth, silt-clay and only in the west is slightly rocky and depth ranges from 40cm to 1,5m. Alluvial plains (NE of the lake the area after the drainage of the Cheimaditida swamp). They were flood-prone but after the drainage of Cheimaditida swamp they have been turned to agricultural land. The altitude (600-1000m) and the large distance from the seashore extensively affect the climate in the assessment area. The catchment is facing northwards and being close to the main mountain range of the country resembles more the Mid-European type with mean annual temperature 12,3oC (=33,8oF) and mean annual rainfall 516,7mm (Fig. 1.4). The maximum mean monthly rainfall occurs in October and the minimum occurs in January. Maximum potential evaporation occurs in summer. Mean summer minimum and maximum temperatures are 19,8° and 22° respectively and average winter minimum and maximum temperatures are 2,6° and 6,6° respectively. Compared with evapotranspiration, there is a significant rainfall deficit in summer, while in winter there is significant rainfall excess.

Location 1 40.61 N, 21.6 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

40.59 N, 21.55 E


40.56 N, 21.65 E

Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2

34.7

Catchment Altitude (m)

640 - 548

Predominant Parent Material

Unknown

Predominant Soil Type

Organic

Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Other

35

Land UseAverage Annual Precipitation (mm)

516


0

Other Projects Euro-limpacs, EVALUWET, Models Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks

WP1: 4.1 - Changing hydrology and biogeochemical processes WP1: 4.2 - Changes in plant communities dependent on temperature and hydro-period WP1: 4.3 - Changes in wetland plant nutrient dynamics and productivity WP3: 1.1 - Using space-for-time data WP9: 3 - Stakeholder engagement WP9: 4 - Development of the DSS


KEY REFERENCES

36

HYDROLOGY


1

Monitoring Period 1985 - 1998 Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Precipitation, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Other Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1

pH Units Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1

Temperature °C Mercury mg L-1

37

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Unknown Data Types Comments

DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


1

Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Comments

38

7.3 CONWY - WETLAND/RIVER

Contact Chris Evans ([email protected]) Organisation Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC) Region North Wales Description Mixed land-use catchment containing blanket peat and montane moorland,

conifer forest, agricultural grassland and several small lakes. Location 1 53.8764 N, 1.5438 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

53.9999 N, 1.6543 E


51.6666 N, 1.5442 E


Acidic

Predominant Soil Type Organic Soil Drainage No significant groundwater, impermeable substrate Predominant Land Use Moorland Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

1700


1250

Other Projects Euro-limpacs, Other DEFRA, DOMAINE, Models MAGIC, PEARLS, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP1: 5 - Climate change impacts on dissolved organic carbon levels

WP1: 5.2 - Catchment-scale modelling of DOC concentrations in surface waters WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application


39

KEY REFERENCES

40

HYDROLOGY


0

Monitoring Period 2000 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Continuous Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Air Temperature, Discharge, Precipitation, Soil and Water Chemistry, Wind

Direction, Wind Speed, Comments River flows currently at two locations (EA data), met data from a weather station

in upper catchment

WATER CHEMISTRY


31

Monitoring Period 2004 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Quarterly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types TN, NO3, NH4, DON, TOC, DOC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



41

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION


Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Unknown Data Types Comments UK deposition monitoring station located approx 5 km outside catchment

boundary

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


20

Monitoring Period 2002 - 2002 Monitoring Frequency Other Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Comments Single invert survey in 2002 (data held by another group but could be requested if

relevant)

42

7.4 GÅRDSJÖN - RIVER

Contact Filip Moldan ([email protected]) Organisation IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Region Description Location 1 58.05 N, 12.01667 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2


Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 Catchment Altitude (m) Predominant Parent Material Fluvioglacial deposits from Acidic Predominant Soil Type Leached Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Coniferous Forest Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

1100

Average Annual Runoff (mm) 500 Other Projects CNTER, Euro-limpacs, RECOVER:2010, NITREX, Models INCA, MAGIC, MERLIN, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP4: 1 - Effects on runoff water chemistry of episodic and seasonal

variations in climatic factors WP4: 4 - Using dynamic models to evaluate climate scenarios


43

KEY REFERENCES

Hultberg, H., and Skeffington, R., (eds.) 1998.Experimental Reversal of Acid Rain Effects The Gårdsjön Roof Project. Wiley, 466p. Wright, R. F.; Brandrud, T. E.; Clemensson-Lindell, A.; Hultberg, H.; Kjønaas, O. J.; Moldan, F.; Persson, H.; Stuaness, A. O. 1995. NITREX project: ecosystem response to chronic additions of nitrogen to a spruce-forested catchment at Gårdsjön, Sweden. Ecological Bulletins., 44 p 322 - 334. Moldan, F., Skeffington, R.A., Mörth, C-M., Torssander, P., Hultberg, H., and Munthe, J., 2004. Results from Covered Catchment Experiment at Gårdsjön, Sweden, After Ten Years of Clean Precipitation Treatment. 2004. WASP, 154, 1, p. 371-384.

44

HYDROLOGY


3

Monitoring Period 1980 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Air Temperature, Altitude, Catchment Area, Deposistion and Met data available,

Discharge, Precipitation, Relative Humidity, Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


3

Monitoring Period 1980 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types NO3, NH4, DON, TP, DOC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



45

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY



46

7.5 GARONNE - RIVER

Contact Loic Tudesque ([email protected])Organisation CNRS - UPS Region Southwest France Description Location 1 Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2 Latitude, Longitude (Lower Right) 3 Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 Catchment Altitude (m) Predominant Parent Material Unknown Predominant Soil Type Unknown Soil Drainage Other Predominant Land Use Other Average Annual Precipitation (mm) 660 Average Annual Runoff (mm) 0 Other Projects Euro-limpacs, PAEQANN, Models ANN, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP: -


47

KEY REFERENCES

LEK S., GUEGAN J.F.2000 (eds) Artificial Neuronal Networks : application to ecology and evolution. Springer-Verlag 262p.

LEK S., SCARDI M., VERDONSCHOT P., DESCY J.P., PARK Y.S. (eds) 2005 Modelling Community structure in Freshwater Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag.

CÉRÉGHINO R., PARK Y-S., COMPIN A., LEK S. 2003. Predicting the species richness of aquatic insects in streams using a restricted number of environmental variables. J N AM BENTHOL SOC 22(3): 442-456.

AGUILAR-IBARRA A., GEVREY M., LIM P., LEK S. 2003. Characterization of fish assemblages in the Garonne basin using artificial neural networks models. Ecological Modelling 160:281-290.

PARK, Y.-S., CÉRÉGHINO, R., COMPIN, A. & LEK, S. 2003. Application of artificial neural networks for patterning and predicting aquatic insect species richness in running waters. Ecological Modelling 160(3) : 265 - 280.

REYJOL Y., LIM P., BELAUD P. & LEK S., 2001 Modelling of microhabitat used by fishes in natural and regulated flows in the Garonne river (France). Ecological Modelling 146(1-3): 131-142.

48

HYDROLOGY


116

Monitoring Period 1980 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Weekly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Altitude, Catchment Area, Distance from Source, Land Cover, Flow, Comments 19 Fish species are recorded in the dataset. Composition of Land cover types

extracted from Corine Land Cover are available. Diatom data are also available at 70 sampling sites in the Garonne River.

WATER CHEMISTRY


235

Monitoring Period 1990 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Unknown Data Types NO3, NO2, NH4, TP, PO4, pH, BOD/COD, O2 saturation Comments Water chemistry was measured monthly or bi-annually - depend on parameters. Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 1.2 34 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.04 0.7 Phosphate mg P L-1 0.02 0.6 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1

pH Units 6.4 8.5 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1

Temperature °C 5.8 29.6 Mercury mg L-1

49

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


105

Monitoring Period 1995 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Annual Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types fish, diatoms Comments Time series data available for fish (1995 to ongoing), and diatom data available

for only one year (2005)

50

7.6 GJERN - RIVER

Contact Brian Kronvang ([email protected]) Organisation NERI, Denmark Region Aarhus County Description Location 1 56 N, 9.5 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2 56 N, 10 E Latitude, Longitude (Lower Right) 3 56 N, 9 E Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 110 Catchment Altitude (m) 20 - 80 Predominant Parent Material Basic Predominant Soil Type Leached Soil Drainage Deep groundwater in substrate Predominant Land Use Cereal Crops Average Annual Precipitation (mm) 900 Average Annual Runoff (mm) 360 Other Projects Euro-limpacs, Models NLES, MIKE11, N and P Export, TRANS, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis

WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 3 - Model uncertainty WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management


51

KEY REFERENCES

Svendsen, L.M., Kronvang, B., Kristensen, P. & Græsbøl, P. 1995: Dynamics of Phosphorus Compounds in a Lowland River System : Importance of Retention and Non-point Sources. - Hydrological Processes 9: 119-142. Kronvang, B., Svendsen, L.M., Jensen, J.P. & Dørge, J. 1999: Scenario Analysis of Nutrient Management at the River Basin Scale. - Hydrobiologia 410: 207-212.

52

HYDROLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 1987 - 2000 Monitoring Frequency Fortnightly Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Discharge, Stage, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


2

Monitoring Period 1987 - 2000 Monitoring Frequency Fortnightly Data Availability All project partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types TN, NO3, NH4, TP, DRP, PO4, SRP, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 1 12 Nitrate mg N L-1 1 11 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0 1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1

pH Units 7 8 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1


53

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY



54

7.7 KENNET - RIVER

Contact Andrew Wade ([email protected]) Organisation University of Reading Region Southern England Description Rising from a source at 190m, the river flows broadly eastwards for approx. 40 km

before entering the River Thames at Reading. A mainly chalk catchment. Arable and mixed farming. Urban development concetrated in river valley.

Location 1 -1.45 S, 51.43 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

51.6 N, -2 W


51.2 N, -0.9 W


1164


32 – 294


Basic


Leached

Soil Drainage Deep groundwater in substrate Predominant Land Use

Cereal Crops

Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

774


294

Other Projects EU-INCA, Euro-limpacs, LOCAR, Models INCA-N, INCA-P, INCA-SED, Export Coefficient Model, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks

WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 4 - Integration of component models and socio-economics WP6: 5 - Integrated model tool-kit development WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management


55

KEY REFERENCES

Neal, C., Whitehead, P.G., 2002. Water Quality functioning of Lowland Permeable Catchments: Inferences from an Intensive Study of the River Kennet and Upper River Thames. Thematic Issue. Science of the Total Environment, 282/283, 1-505.

56

HYDROLOGY


10

Monitoring Period 1961 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Continuous Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types Air Temperature, Deposistion and Met data available, Discharge, Evaporation,

Precipitation, Soil Temperature, Comments Flow data from Environment Agency. MORECS data available (under licence)

from 1995 to 2004.

WATER CHEMISTRY


20

Monitoring Period 1973 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Other Data Availability Unknown Data Types TON, NO3, NO2, NH4, TP, PO4, DHP, SUP, PP, TDP, DOC, SRP, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 2.9 9.4 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.1 0.8 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.037 0.624

pH Units 7.3 8.2 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1 1 2.7

Temperature °C 0.6 24 Mercury mg L-1

57

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


8

Monitoring Period 1990 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types TON, PO4, Comments Environment Agnecy routine monitoring

DEPOSITION


0

Monitoring Period 1992 - 1992 Monitoring Frequency Annual Data Availability Unknown Data Types ammonium, nitrate, Comments MATADOR-N modelled wet and dry deposition

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


3

Monitoring Period 1974 - 2000 Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability All project partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Comments Wrigth et al (CEH Dorset) sampled the macrophytes and macroinvertebrates at

two sites in Upper Kennet for 1974-75 and again 1997-1999 (monthly). Flynn et al. (Univ. of Reading) sampled macrophyte cover and biomass during 1998-2000 at one site (Fortnightly).

58

7.8 LA TORDERA - RIVER

Contact Joan Riera ([email protected]) Organisation University of Barcelona Region Catalonia, Montseny Biosphere Reserve Description Catchment used in WP6; includes three stream sites used in WP1 and

WP3. Location 1 Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2 Latitude, Longitude (Lower Right) 3 Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 Catchment Altitude (m) Predominant Parent Material Acidic Predominant Soil Type Unknown Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Deciduous Forest Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

800

Average Annual Runoff (mm) 260 Other Projects EU-INCA, NICOLAS, STREAMES, Models INCA-N, MONERIS, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis

WP6: 4 - Integration of component models and socio-economics


59

KEY REFERENCES

60

HYDROLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 1994 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Continuous Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types Air Temperature, Altitude, Catchment Area, Deposistion and Met data available,

Discharge, Distance from Source, Land Cover, Precipitation, Relative Humidity, Soil and Water Chemistry, Wind Direction, Wind Speed,

Comments Metadata refers to the subcatchment of La Tordera that we will initially use for WP6 modelling effort, defined by gauging station at the town of Sant Celoni (area: 124 km2).

WATER CHEMISTRY


3

Monitoring Period 1994 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types TON, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, DIC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 1.4 18.8 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 0.04 2.34 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1

pH Units 6.3 8.8 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1 1.9 13.4

Temperature °C 5 27.5 Mercury mg L-1 0 0.0006

61

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period 1990 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Unknown Data Types TON, NO3, NO2, NH4, DON, TP, Comments TON as total Kjeldahl nitrogen

DEPOSITION


1

Monitoring Period 1986 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Unknown Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, alkalinity, Comments

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 1994 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types Comments

62

7.9 LAMBOURN - RIVER

Contact Andrew Wade ([email protected]) Organisation University of Reading Region Southern England Description Groundwater-dominated chalk stream, flowing through agricultural landscape of

arable land with pasture and woodland. Reduced river network due to permeable geology, very few tributaries.

Location 1 51.4736 N, -1.4459 W Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2



Basic

Predominant Soil Type Non-leached Soil Drainage Deep groundwater in substrate Predominant Land Use Cereal Crops Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

745


231

Other Projects LOCAR, Euro-limpacs, Models N and P Export, INCA-N, INCA-P, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP1: 3 - Climate change impact on lakes

WP1: 3.2 - Climatic sensitivity of different types of lakes and their response to extreme events WP2: 1.1 - Rivers WP2: 2.1 - Review and data collation WP2: 2.2 - Detailed study of indicators at the habitat scale WP2: 2.5 - Examination of existing time-series data WP2: 3.1 - Field experiments to examine the effects of discharge dynamics WP2: 3.2 - Laboratory experiments WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 3 - Model uncertainty WP6: 4 - Integration of component models and socio-economics WP6: 5 - Integrated model tool-kit development WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management


63

KEY REFERENCES

Ham, S.F., Wright, J.F., Berrie, A.D., 1981. Growth and recession of aquatic macrophytes on an unshaded section of the River Lambourn, England from 1971 to 1976. Freshwater Biol., 11, 381-390. Neal, C., Skeffington, R.A., Neal, C., Wyatt, R., Turner, H., Hill, L. and Hewitt, E., 2004. Rainfall and runoff water quality of the Pang and Lambourn, tributaries of the River Thames, south eastern England. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., x , xxx-xxx. Neal, C., Jarvie, H.P., Wade, A.J., Neal, M., Wyatt, R., Turner, H., Hill, L. and Hewitt, E. 2004. The water quality of the LOCAR Pang and Lambourn catchments. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., x, xxx-xxx. Neal, C. (Ed.) 2002. Water Quality Functioning of Lowland Permeable Catchments: Inferences from an intensive Study of the River Kennet and Upper River Thames, Sci. Tot. Env., 282/283, pp 512. Wright, J.F., Gunn, R.J.M., Winder, J.M., Wiggers, R., Vowles, K., Clarke, R.T. and Harris, I., 2002. A comparison of the macrophyte cover and macroinvertebrate fauna at three sites on the River Kennet in the mid-1970s and late 1990s. Sci. Tot. Enviro., 282/283, 121-142.

64

HYDROLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 1962 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Continuous Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types Air Temperature, Discharge, Downward LW Radiation (surf), Downward SW

Radiation (surf), Net LW Radiation (surf), Net SW Radiation (surf), Precipitation, Relative Humidity, Soil Temperature, Surface Pressure, Wind Direction, Wind Speed,

Comments Hydrological monitoring since 1962 at four stations (3 on Lambourn, 1 on Winterbourne trib). Only Lambourn at Shaw monitored currently; Lambourn at East Shefford and Welford stations closed in 1983. Precipitation data avaialble from Met. Office rain-gauge. LOCAR AWS monitoring from 20.10.2002. Borehole level data and soil moisture data available for Boxford site, and borehole level data avaialble throughout catchment.

WATER CHEMISTRY


3

Monitoring Period 2002 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Weekly Data Availability Unknown Data Types TN, NO3, NO2, NH4, DON, TP, DHP, DOC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 7.64 7.94 Nitrate mg N L-1 6.94 7.25 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.034 0.114

pH Units 7.7 7.9 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1 1.36 1.54


65

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


6

Monitoring Period 1972 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types TON, NO3, PO4, Comments NH3 measured. Data from Environment Agency

DEPOSITION


1

Monitoring Period 2002 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Weekly Data Availability Unknown Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, trace metals, pH, alkalinity, Comments LOCAR bulk deposition collector at Warren Farm. NO2 and NH3 also measured

at Warren Farm. Wet and Dry, NH4 and NO3 available for 40 km grid squares from MATADOR-N model.

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


1

Monitoring Period 2002 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Weekly Data Availability Unknown Data Types Comments Chl 'a' and algal growth monitored by CEH Wallingford. Macrophyte growth (%

cover and species) monitored by Univ. of Reading. Macrophyte and Epiphyte data available for R. Kennet. Macrophyte and Invertebrate data available from CEH Dorset.

66

7.10 LOCH LOMOND - LAKE

Contact Kurt Duwe ([email protected]) Organisation HYDROMOD Scientific Consulting Region Scotland Description Drinking water reserve: protection from pollution of all sources. Slight

eutrophication threat from diffuse pollution in southern catchments. Location 1 56.115 N, -4.622 W Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

56.5 N, -4.833 W


55.833 N, -4.083 W

Site Area (km )2 70.73 Site Altitude (m) 4 Catchment Area (km )2 781 Catchment Altitude (m) 4 - 1085 Predominant Parent Material

Intermediate Acidic-Basic

Predominant Soil Type Gleys Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Rough Grazing Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

2598


1733

Other Projects EuroLakes, Models HBV, HYDROMOD-3D, INCA-N, INCA-P, LAKE1D, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP1: 3.5 - Impact of climate change on deep and large lakes

WP2: 1.2 - Lakes WP3: 3 - Long-term nutrient - climate change interactions from sediment records and long-term data-sets WP3: 3.3 - Long-term data-sets WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 5 - Integrated model tool-kit development WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management


67

KEY REFERENCES

The report "Precious Blue Eyes" with the key results of the EUROLAKES project. Source: www.eurolakes.org

68

HYDROLOGY


4

Monitoring Period 1963 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Continuous Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types Discharge, Precipitation, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


46

Monitoring Period 1965 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types NO3, NO2, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 0 1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1


Temperature °C 0 20 Mercury mg L-1

69

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


2

Monitoring Period 1972 - 2000 Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types NO3, NO2, Comments

DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


6

Monitoring Period 1987 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Comments

70

7.11 LOWER DANUBE - WETLAND

Contact Adamescu Mihai ([email protected]) Organisation UNIBUC ECO Bucharest University - Department of Systems Ecology Region Braila county Description The Small Island of Braila, declared a natural reserve in 1994, is a complex of wetlands in

the Lower Danube area. This is one of the rare areas bordering the river which has preserved its natural hydrological conditions and which contains a representative sample of habitats, which are characteristic of floodplains as well as an ancient inland delta. Comprising seven small islands with a total surface area of 21,000 hectares (including Danube arms), the area is a site of major interest for birds, both for the quality of the habitats present and for its location on the migration routes midway between the nesting areas in the north of Europe and the wintering areas in Africa.






Other


Gleys

Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use

Other


440


0

Other Projects DANUBS, Euro-limpacs, FAEWE, PROTOWET, Models MODFLOW, MONERIS, REMM, SWAT, WMS, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks

WP1: 1 - Climate scenarios WP1: 4 - Impact of climate change on marginal wetlands WP1: 4.2 - Changes in plant communities dependent on temperature and hydro-period WP1: 4.4 - Climate change impacts on the relationship between marginal wetlands and adjacent surface waters WP2: 1 - Climate - hydromorphology interactions through changes in land-use and discharge WP2: 2.2 - Detailed study of indicators at the habitat scale WP2: 2.5 - Examination of existing time-series data

71

WP9: 3.2 - Engagement at European level WP9: 3.3 - Engagement at catchment level WP9: 4.3 - Application and testing of tools in study catchments


KEY REFERENCES

72

HYDROLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 1950 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Unknown Data Types Air Temperature, Discharge, Precipitation, Soil and Water Chemistry, Soil

Moisture, Soil Temperature, Sunshine Hours, Surface Pressure, Total Cloud Cover, Wind Direction, Wind Speed,

Comments For hydrology data is available on daily bases starting from 1890 in same location near the investigated site. For other data frequency is modulated. The other parameters (climatic and chemistry data) are available starting with 1993- ongoing.

WATER CHEMISTRY


Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Unknown Data Types Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



73

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY



74

7.12 ODENSE - RIVER

Contact Brian Kronvang ([email protected]) Organisation NERI, Denmark Region Fyn County Description Location 1 55 N, 10 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

55 N, 10 E


55 N, 10 E


Basic

Predominant Soil Type Leached Soil Drainage Deep groundwater in substrate Predominant Land Use Cereal Crops Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

740


290

Other Projects EU Pilot River Basins, Euro-limpacs, EUROHARP, EuroWaterNet, FRIEND, HarmoniRiB, REBECCA, STAR,

Models DAISY, NLES, HBV, MIKE SHE, MIKE11, MONERIS, N and P Export, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis

WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management


75

KEY REFERENCES

Kronvang, B., Larsen, S.E., Jensen, J.P. & Andersen, H.E. 2004: River Odense, Denmark . Trend Analysis, Retention and Source Apportionment. Catchment report. Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA). - EUROHARP Report 2-2003; NIVA report SNO 4740-2003 : 27 pp.

76

HYDROLOGY


1

Monitoring Period 1950 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Discharge, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period 1987 - 2002 Monitoring Frequency Fortnightly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types TN, NO3, TP, DRP, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 1 17 Nitrate mg N L-1 1 18 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



77

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


Monitoring Period 1980 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Other Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Comments

78

7.13 PIBURGER SEE - LAKE

Contact Hansjörg Thies ([email protected]) Organisation University of Innsbruck, Institute of Zoology and Limnology Region Eastern Alps, Tyrol, Austria Description Piburger See is a mountain lake in the crystalline part of the Eastern Alps, which has

suffered from cultural eutrophication during the 1960ies. Comprehensive restoration measures have been undertaken in the 1970ies (e.g. sewage diversion, deep water withdrawl, change in agricultural practise etc.). Efforts have been successful: Trophic status today is back to oligo-mesotrophic. Piburger brook is its key tributary.

Location 1 47 N, 10 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2


Site Area (km )2 0.1 Site Altitude (m) 913 Catchment Area (km )2

1.7


913 – 2400



Soil Drainage Predominant Land Use

Coniferous Forest


0


0

Other Projects CLIME, REFLECT, Models INCA-N, GWLF, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks

WP1: 1 - Climate scenarios WP1: 2.1 - The potential impact of changing air temperature of and precipitation on chemical mass flux using time-series analysis of long-term data-sets WP1: 3.2 - Climatic sensitivity of different types of lakes and their response to extreme events WP3: 1.1 - Using space-for-time data WP3: 3.1 - Palaeolimnology WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management WP9: 4.3 - Application and testing of tools in study catchments

79


KEY REFERENCES

80

HYDROLOGY


1

Monitoring Period 1961 – ongoing Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Air Temperature, Precipitation, Relative Humidity, Snowfall, Sunshine Hours,

Surface Pressure, Total Cloud Cover, Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Comments Since October 2003: * Recording of meteo data on a lake platform on Piburger

See * Recording of stage in lake tributary

WATER CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period 1975 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types NO3, NH4, TP, TDP, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



81

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION



BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


1

Monitoring Period 1972 - 1988 Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Comments Lack in funding has caused some gaps in lake biology monitoring. 1972 - 1983,

1998, 2003-2004: phytoplankton biovolume, monthly. 1998 to date: Chl a monitoring, monthly.

82

7.14 SAVIJOKI - RIVER

Contact Ahti Lepistö ([email protected]) Organisation Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE Region South-west Finland Description Agricultural research catchment, belongs to SYKE network of representative

small catchments in Finland Location 1 60.5987 N, 22.6722 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

60.6333 N, 22.5833 E


60.5833 N, 22.6833 E

Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 15.4 Catchment Altitude (m) 50 - 93 Predominant Parent Material

Fluvioglacial deposits from Acidic

Predominant Soil Type Soil Drainage No significant groundwater, impermeable substrate Predominant Land Use Cereal Crops Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

698


369

Other Projects EU-INCA, Euro-limpacs, EuroWaterNet, MicroHARP, Models N and P Export, ICE-CREAM, INCA-N, SWAT, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis

WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 3 - Model uncertainty WP6: 4 - Integration of component models and socio-economics WP6: 5 - Integrated model tool-kit development WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management


83

KEY REFERENCES

Granlund, K 2003. Nitrogen leaching in a small agricultural catchment in southern Finland. Proceedings of the Northern Research Basins. 14th International Symposium and Workshop. Kangerlussuaq/Sdr. Stromfjord, Greenland. August 25-29 2003. Granlund, K, Rankinen, K and Lepistö, A. 2004. Application of the INCA model in a small agricultural catchment in southern Finland. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences (submitted). Granlund, K., Räike, A. 2004. Runoff conditions and nitrogen leaching in agricultural catchments in southern Finland. Proc. XXIII Nordic Hydrological Conference. Tallinn, Estonia, 8-12 August 2004. Vuorenmaa, J., Rekolainen, S., Lepistö, A., Kenttämies, K. and Kauppila, P. 2002. Losses of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural and Forest Areas in Finland during the 1980s and 1990s. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 76 (2), 213–248

84

HYDROLOGY


1

Monitoring Period 1971 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Air Temperature, Discharge, Precipitation, Comments Measuring weir with limnigraph

WATER CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period 1981 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Fortnightly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types TN, NO3, NH4, TP, DRP, TOC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 0.13 20 Nitrate mg N L-1 0.003 14 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.007 1.4 Phosphate mg P L-1 0.019 0.59 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.001 0.14


Temperature °C 0 16.9 Mercury mg L-1

85

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION


1

Monitoring Period 1972 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, pH, alkalinity, Comments Areal N deposition model DAIQUIRI used for INCA-N.

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Comments

86

7.15 SIMOJOKI - WETLAND/RIVER

Contact Ahti Lepistö ([email protected]) Organisation Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE Region Northern Finland Description Northern boreal river basin, dominated by coniferous forests and

peatlands Location 1 65.65 N, 25.083 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2 66.283 N, 24.933 E Latitude, Longitude (Lower Right) 3 65.617 N, 27.733 E Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 3160 Catchment Altitude (m) 0 - 200 Predominant Parent Material Fluvioglacial deposits from Acidic Predominant Soil Type Organic Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Coniferous Forest Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

680

Average Annual Runoff (mm) 377 Other Projects EU-INCA, Euro-limpacs, Models INCA-N, N_EXRET, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis



87

KEY REFERENCES

Rankinen, K., Lepistö, A. & Granlund, K. 2002. Hydrological application of the INCA model with varying spatial resolution and nitrogen dynamics in a northern river basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6: 339-350. Lepistö, A., Granlund, K. & Rankinen, K. 2004. Integrated nitrogen modeling in a boreal forestry dominated river basin: N fluxes and retention in lakes and peatlands. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, Focus 4:113-123. Rankinen, K., Lepistö, A. & Granlund, K. 2004. Integrated nitrogen and flow modelling (INCA) in a boreal river basin dominated by forestry: Scenarios of environmental change. Water, Air & Soil Pollution: Focus 4:161-174.

88

HYDROLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 1970 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Air Temperature, Discharge, Precipitation, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period 1982 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types TN, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, TOC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 0.1 1.3 Nitrate mg N L-1 0.001 0.44 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.01 0.21 Phosphate mg P L-1 0.001 0.11 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1


Temperature °C 0 23.4 Mercury mg L-1 0 0.0001

89

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period 1988 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Annual Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types TN, NH4, TP, Comments

DEPOSITION


1

Monitoring Period 1970 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, pH, alkalinity, Comments In INCA modelling, N deposition has been estimated with spatial DAIQUIRI

model.

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 2001 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Quarterly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Comments

90

7.16 SVARTBERGET - TERRESTRIAL

Contact ([email protected]) Organisation Region Boreal Description The 50 ha Svartberget Catchment (64º14' N, 19º46' E), lies 70 km inland from Sweden’s

East Coast (Fig. 2). The mean annual temperature is 0ºC. The elevation range on the catchment is between 240 and 305 m a.s.l. Mean annual runoff over the last decade has been 325 mm, with a mean pH of 4.4. Half of the runoff occurs during the snow-free half of the year (June to November), and a third of runoff occurs during 3-4 weeks of spring flood in April or May. Podzol soils have developed on several meters of glacial till. The podzols give way to riparian peat soils near the stream channel. The stream was deepened to a depth of ca. 1 m during the 1920’s. The catchment is forested with Norway Spruce (Picea abies) in low, wetter areas, and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) on higher, better-drained areas. The source of the stream is an 8 ha mire. Monthly stream chemistry data is available since 1981. Weekly samples have been collected since 1996 and analyzed for major anions, cations, nutrients and DOC. Several transects have been studied in detail for hydrology and soil solution chemistry. Detailed studies of trace elements (eg. Hg, Al speciation), DOC character, stable and radioactive isotopes have been conducted at various times.


64.252 N, 19.781 E


64.248 N, 19.785 E

Site Area (km )2 0.1 Site Altitude (m) 255 Catchment Area (km )2

0.5


240 - 305


Acidic


Other

Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use

Coniferous Forest


700


325

Other Projects Euro-limpacs, EVALUWET, Models HBV, MAGIC, MODFLOW, Episode Model, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks

WP1: 1 - Climate scenarios WP1: 4 - Impact of climate change on marginal wetlands

91

WP1: 4.5 - Riparian wetland snow-cover and soil temperature manipulation WP1: 5 - Climate change impacts on dissolved organic carbon levels WP1: 5.2 - Catchment-scale modelling of DOC concentrations in surface waters WP1: 5.3 - Long-term trends in DOC WP4: 1 - Effects on runoff water chemistry of episodic and seasonal variations in climatic factors WP4: 1.1 - Experimental manipulations of snow-cover, freezing-thawing cycles, and soil wetness in mini-catchments WP4: 2 - Analysis of long time-series data to examine episodic, seasonal, and long-term effects WP4: 2.1 - Climate change and acidification recovery WP4: 2.2 - Impact of changing weather patterns on episodic flow in streams and rivers


KEY REFERENCES

Laudon, H., J. Seibert, S. Köhler and K. Bishop. (in press) Hydrological flow paths during snowmelt: Congruence between hydrometric measurements and oxygen-18 in snowmelt, soil water, and runoff. Water Resour. Res. Bishop, K., J. Seibert, S. Köhler and H. Laudon. (2004) Resolving the Double Paradox of rapidly mobilized old water with highly variable responses in runoff chemistry Hydrological Processes. 18:185-189. Hruška, J., Kohler, S., Laudon, H., and Bishop, K. (2003). Acid/base character of organic acids in a boreal stream during snowmelt. Is a universal model of organic acidity possible: Comparison of the acid/base character of organic acids in the boreal and temperate zones. Env. Sci. Tech. 37:1726-1730 Lindström, G., K. Bishop and M.-O. Löfvenius. (2003) Soil frost and runoff at Svartberget, Northern Sweden – measurements and model analysis. Hydrological Processes. 16 (17): 3379-3392 Poszwa A., B. Ferry, E. Dambrine, B. Pollier, T. Wickman, M. Loubet, K. Bishop (2004) Variations of bioavailable Sr concentration and 87Sr/86Sr ratio in boreal forest ecosystems. Role of biocycling, mineral weathering and depth of root uptake. Biogeochemistry. Seibert, J., A. Rodhe and K. Bishop. (2003) Simulating interactions between saturated and unsaturated storage in a conceptual runoff model. Hydrological Processes, 17:379-390. Seibert, J., K. Bishop, A. Rodhe and J. McDonnell. (2003) Groundwater dynamics along a hillslope: A test of the steady-state hypothesis. Water Resources Research, 39(1):1014-1023. Laudon, H, Hemond, H. F., Krouse, R. and Bishop, K. (2002). Oxygen 18 fractionation during snowmelt: Implications for spring flood hydrograph separation. Water Resources Research, 38(11):1258-1268 Köhler, S., I. Buffam, A. Jonsson and K. Bishop, (2002) Photochemical and microbial processing of stream and soil water dissolved organic matter in a boreal forested catchment in northern Sweden, Aquatic Sciences. 64: 269–281. Cienciala, E., P.-E. Mellander, J. Kucera, M. Opluštilová, M. Ottosson-Löfvenius, K. Bishop. (2002) The Effect of a North-facing Forest Edge on Tree Water Use in a Boreal Scots Pine Stand on Sandy Soil. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32(4): 693-702. Fölster, J., P. Krám, A. Wilander, H. Kvarnäs, and K. Bishop (2003) Time series of long-term annual fluxes in the streamwater of nine forest catchments from the Swedish Environmental Monitoring Program (PMK 5). Science of the Total Environment 310 (1-3): 113-120 Branfireun, B. A., K. Bishop, N. T. Roulet, G. Granberg and M. Nilsson. (2001) Mercury cycling in the boreal ecosystems: The long-term effect of acid rain constituents on peatland pore water methylmercury concentrations. Geophysical Research Letters 28(7):1227-1230. Hruška, J., Laudon, H., Kohler, S., Jonhson, C. E., and Bishop, K. (2001) Acid/base character of organic acids in a boreal stream during snowmelt. Water Resour. Res. 37(4):1043-1056. Nyberg, L., M. Stähli, P.-E. Mellander and K. Bishop. (2001) Soil frost effects on soil water and runoff dynamics along a boreal forest transect. 1. Field investigations. Hydrological Processes. 15:909-926. Stähli, M., L. Nyberg, P.-E. Mellander, P.-E. Jansson and K. Bishop. (2001) Soil frost effects on soil water

92

and runoff dynamics along a boreal forest transect. 2. Simulations. Hydrological Processes. 15:927-941. Bishop, K. H., H. Laudon and S. Köhler. (2000) Separating the natural and anthropogenic components of spring flood pH decline: A method for areas that are not chronically acidified. Water Resources Research. 36(7): 1873-1884. Lee, Y.H., K.H. Bishop and J. Munthe (2000) Do concepts about catchment cycling of methylmercury and mercury in boreal catchments stand the test of time? Six years of atmospheric inputs and runoff export at Svartberget, northern Sweden. Science of the Total Environment 249:11-20. Hruška, J., Kohler, S., Bishop, K. (1999): Buffering processes in a boreal stream during experimental acidification. Environmental Pollution. 106:55-65. Bishop, K. H., and Y.-H. Lee, J. Munthe and E. Dambrine. 1998. Xylem Sap as a Pathway for Mercury and Methylmercury Transport from Soils to Tree Canopy in a Boreal Forest. Biogeochemistry 40:101-113. Bishop, K. H., and C. Pettersson. 1996. Organic carbon in the boreal spring flood from adjacent subcatchments. Environ. Intl. 22(5):535-540. Pettersson, C. and K. H. Bishop. 1996. Seasonal variation of organic carbon, iron and aluminium in runoff from the Svartberget catchment, northern Sweden. Environ. Intl. 22(5):541-549. Bishop, K. H., Y. H. Lee, C. Pettersson, and B. Allard 1995. Methylmercury in Runoff from the Svartberget Catchment in Northern Sweden during a Stormflow Episode. Water Air and Soil Pollut. 80:221-224. Bishop, K. H., Y. H. Lee, C. Pettersson, and B. Allard. 1995. Methylmercury Output from the Svartberget Catchment in Northern Sweden During Spring Flood. Water Air and Soil Pollut. 80: 445-454. Bishop, K. H., Y. H. Lee, C. Pettersson, and B. Allard. 1995. Terrestrial Sources of Methylmercury in Surface Waters: The Importance of the Riparian Zone on the Svartberget Catchment. Water Air and Soil Pollut. 80:435-444. Lee, Y. H., K. H. Bishop, H. Hultberg, C. Pettersson, Å. Iverfeldt and B. Allard. 1995. Output of Methylmercury from a Catchment in Northern Sweden. Water Air and Soil Pollut. 80:477-481. Lee, Y. H., K. H. Bishop, C. Pettersson, Å. Iverfeldt, and B. Allard. 1995. Subcatchment Output of Mercury and Methylmercury at Svartberget in Northern Sweden. Water Air and Soil Pollut. 80:455-465. Pettersson, C., K. H. Bishop, Y. H. Lee, and B. Allard. 1995. Relations between Organic Carbon and Methylmercury in Humic Rich Surface Waters from Svartberget Catchment in Northern Sweden. Water Air and Soil Pollut. 80:971-979. Bishop, K. H., C. Pettersson, B. Allard and Y. H. Lee. 1994. Identification of the Riparian Sources of Aquatic DOC. Environ. Intl. 20:11-19. Bishop, K. H., U. S. Lundström and R. Giesler. 1993. The transfer of organic C from forest soils to surface waters: Example from northern Sweden. Applied Geochemistry 2:11-15. Bishop, K. H., H. Grip and A. O'Neill. 1990. The origins of acid runoff in a hillslope during storm events. J. Hydrol. 116:35-61. Bishop, K. H., H. Grip and E. Piggott. 1990. The significance of spate-specific flow pathways in an episodically acid stream. In: B.J. Mason (ed.) The Surface Water Acidification Programme, London: Royal Society, pp. 107-119. Grip, H., and K. H. Bishop. 1990. Chemical dynamics of an acid stream rich in dissolved organics, In: B.J. Mason (ed.) The Surface Water Acidification Programme, London: Royal Society, pp. 75-84.

93

HYDROLOGY


3

Monitoring Period 1981 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Air Temperature, Altitude, Catchment Area, Deposistion and Met data available,

Discharge, Distance from Source, Evaporation, Land Cover, Precipitation, Snow Water Equivalent, Snowfall, Soil and Water Chemistry, Soil Moisture, Soil Temperature, Soil Water Equivalent, Sta,

Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


3

Monitoring Period 1981 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Weekly Data Availability Unknown Data Types TN, TON, NO3, TP, PO4, TOC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1

pH Units 3.9 7.4 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1 4 45

Temperature °C 0 22 Mercury mg L-1 0.2 6

94

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION


1

Monitoring Period 1981 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Unknown Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, trace metals, pH, Comments

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY



95

7.17 TAMAR - WETLAND/RIVER

Contact Andrew Wade ([email protected]) Organisation University of Reading Region Devon/Cornwall Description Location 1 Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2


Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 Catchment Altitude (m) Predominant Parent Material Predominant Soil Type Soil Drainage No significant groundwater, impermeable substrate Predominant Land Use Permanent Grass Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

1245

Average Annual Runoff (mm) 776 Other Projects Euro-limpacs, EVALUWET, FAEWE, Models Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP1: 4.1 - Changing hydrology and biogeochemical processes

WP1: 4.2 - Changes in plant communities dependent on temperature and hydro-period WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 4 - Integration of component models and socio-economics WP6: 5 - Integrated model tool-kit development WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management


96

KEY REFERENCES

97

HYDROLOGY


7

Monitoring Period 1956 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Continuous Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types Discharge, Comments Environment Agency Data

WATER CHEMISTRY


Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Unknown Data Types NO3, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



98

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION


Monitoring Period 1992 - 1992 Monitoring Frequency Annual Data Availability Unknown Data Types ammonium, nitrate, Comments Modelled data from MATADOR-N

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY



99

7.18 TEURONJOKI - RIVER

Contact Ahti Lepistö ([email protected]) Organisation Finnish Environment Institute, SYKE Region Southern Finland Description River Teuronjoki catchment includes intensively studied Lake Pääjärvi Location 1 60.861 N, 25.044 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

61.25 N, 24.9 E


60.817 N, 25.4 E

Site Area (km )2 Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 439 Catchment Altitude (m) Predominant Parent Material

Fluvioglacial deposits from Acidic

Predominant Soil Type Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Coniferous Forest Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

710


330

Other Projects CLIME, NUTRIBA, Euro-limpacs, Models PROBE, PROTECH, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis

WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management WP7: 2 - Compilation and analysis of data on the response of chemical parameters to climate change through various drivers


100

KEY REFERENCES

101

HYDROLOGY


2

Monitoring Period 1981 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types Air Temperature, Discharge, Precipitation, Soil Water Equivalent, Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY


1

Monitoring Period 1969 - 1988 Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types TN, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 0.33 4 Nitrate mg N L-1 0.01 1.4 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.014 0.35 Phosphate mg P L-1 0.005 0.057 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



102

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY



DEPOSITION


1

Monitoring Period 1972 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability WP partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, pH, alkalinity, Comments

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY


1

Monitoring Period 1975 - 2004 Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Comments Lake Pääjärvi, Chl-a 5-7/summer from 1975, phytoplankton 1-5/summer from

1963. Other water biology available from 1990 with varying frequencies. Lake Pääjärvi is included in EUROWATERNET network.

103

7.19 TOVDALSELVA - RIVER

Contact Oeyvind Kaste ([email protected]) Organisation Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Region Southernmost Norway Description Location 1 58.25 N, 8.13333 E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

59.08 N, 7.67 E


58.25 N, 8.5 E

Site Area (km2) Site Altitude (m) Catchment Area (km )2 1855 Catchment Altitude (m) 0 - 1200 Predominant Parent Material Acidic Predominant Soil Type Leached Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Coniferous Forest Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

1400

Average Annual Runoff (mm) 1100 Other Projects Euro-limpacs, RECOVER:2010, Models MAGIC, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP4: 2.1 - Climate change and acidification recovery

WP4: 2.2 - Impact of changing weather patterns on episodic flow in streams and rivers WP4: 4 - Using dynamic models to evaluate climate scenarios WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application


104

KEY REFERENCES

105

HYDROLOGY


3

Monitoring FrequencyData Availability Unknown

WATER CHEMISTRY

Fortnightly

Data TypesComments

Maximum mg N L-1

0 Total Phosphorus 0.02

Soluble Reactive Phosphorus

Units

1 15

°C 0

Monitoring Period 1973 - ongoing Daily

Data Types Discharge, Comments


2

Monitoring Period 1980 - ongoing Monitoring FrequencyData Availability Unknown

TN, NO3, TP, TOC,

Determinand Unit Minimum Total Nitrogen 0.1 0.75 Nitrate mg N L-1 0.5

mg P L-1 0.02 Phosphate mg P L-1

mg P L-1

pH 4.5 7 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1

Temperature 20 Mercury mg L-1

106

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY

Unknown No data available

DEPOSITION

Number of Monitoring SitesMonitoring PeriodMonitoring FrequencyData AvailabilityData TypesComments

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

5

1996 - ongoing

Number of Monitoring SitesMonitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data AvailabilityData TypesComments

1

1973 - ongoing Daily Unknown ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, trace metals, pH, Collected by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU)

Number of Monitoring SitesMonitoring PeriodMonitoring Frequency Annual Data Availability Unknown Data Types Macrophytes, fish, macro-invertebrates, diatoms, Comments Collected by various institutes

107

7.20 WALDAIST - RIVER

ContactOrganisationRegionDescriptionLocation 1

Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2


Site Area (km2)Site Altitude (m)Catchment Area (km2)Catchment Altitude (m)

Acidic Gleys Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Coniferous Forest

0

Average Annual Runoff (mm) 0

ModelsEuro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP2: 1 - Climate - hydromorphology interactions through changes in land-

use and discharge WP2: 1.1 - Rivers WP2: 2 - Hydromorphological changes and aquatic and riparian biota WP2: 2.1 - Review and data collation WP2: 2.2 - Detailed study of indicators at the habitat scale WP2: 2.4 - Examination of relationships between habitat and morphology and land-use WP2: 4 - Key - processes in mountain streams WP2: 4.1 - Paired studies of straight and braided channels


Thomas Ofenböck ([email protected]) BOKU Austrian Granite & Gneiss Region 14.67325 N, 48.42324 E

Bounding Box:

170 550 275 304 - 1016

Predominant Parent MaterialPredominant Soil TypeSoil DrainagePredominant Land UseAverage Annual Precipitation (mm)

85

Other Projects AQEM,

108

KEY REFERENCES

109

HYDROLOGY

1

1997 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency

Comments

WATER CHEMISTRY

Maximum mg N L-1

Total Phosphorus

Soluble Reactive Phosphorus

Units

mg L-1

°C

Number of Monitoring SitesMonitoring Period

Monthly Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types Air Temperature, Altitude, Catchment Area, Discharge, Distance from Source,

Land Cover, Precipitation, Snowfall, Soil and Water Chemistry,


1

Monitoring Period 1997 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Owning partner only Data Types NO3, NO2, NH4, PO4, TOC, DOC, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Total Nitrogen Nitrate mg N L-1

mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1

mg P L-1

pH Dissolved Organic CarbonTemperature Mercury mg L-1

110

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY

Unknown

DEPOSITION


Data Availability

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Number of Monitoring SitesMonitoring PeriodMonitoring Frequency Data AvailabilityData TypesComments

Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency

Unknown Data Types Comments


2

Monitoring Period 1994 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Other Data Availability Unknown Data Types Comments

111

7.21 RIVER WYE (WHOLE SYSTEM) - RIVER

Contact Andrew Wade ([email protected]) Organisation University of Reading Region Powys, Gwent, Herefordshire, Glouscester Description The River Wye rises on the Plynlimon mountains and flows approximately 215 km in a

broadly south-east direction to the Severn Estuary. The geology in the north-west of the catchment is comprised of Ordovician and Silurian sandstones, shales, grits and mudstones. The lowland catchment, south-east, comprising readily-weathered lowland marls and sandstones. The land use is dominated by agriculture; sheep-farming is the main activity on the grassland and moorland of the upland western catchment, whereas inthe lowland eastern part, arable and diary farming predominate. In 1994, the lower Wye and the River Lugg were designated 'Eutrophic Sensitive' areas under the UWWTD.

Location 1 -3.1 W, 52.1 N Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

52.5 N, -3.8 W


51.7 N, -2.5 W


4136


0 - 741


Acidic


Unknown

Soil Drainage Other Predominant Land Use

Permanent Grass


1038


582

Other Projects Other DEFRA, PSYCHIC, Models INCA-P, PSYCHIC, Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks

WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis WP6: 2 - Component model development and application WP6: 4 - Integration of component models and socio-economics WP6: 5 - Integrated model tool-kit development WP6: 6 - Integrated modelling for impact assessment WP6: 7 - Integrated modelling for impact management

112


KEY REFERENCES

Jarvie, H.P., Neal, C., Withers, P.J.A, Robinson, A., Salter, N. 2004. Nutrient water quality of the Wye catchment, UK: exploring patterns and fluxes usingn the Environment Agency data archives. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 7 (5), 722-743.

113

HYDROLOGY

WATER CHEMISTRY

Maximum

0.002


13

Monitoring Period 1950 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Daily Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types Air Temperature, Deposition and Met data available, Discharge, Evaporation,

Precipitation, Comments Flow information available from the Environment Agency via the CEH Surface

Water Archive. MORECS data describing the precipitation, air temperature, soil moisture deficit and evaporation (actual and potential) from 1995 to 2000 is also available for Llandriod Wells and Madley (under licence).


742

Monitoring Period 1992 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types TON, NO3, NO2, PO4, Comments Determinand Unit Minimum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 Nitrate mg N L-1 0 16.4 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 Phosphate mg P L-1 4.4 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1

pH Units 4.7 10 Dissolved Organic Carbon mg L-1


114

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY


296

Monitoring Period 1992 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Monthly Data Availability Data publicly available Data Types TON, NO3, NO2, DON, PO4,

DEPOSITION


Comments

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Comments Environment Agency data

Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Annual Data Availability All project partners in collaboration with the owning partner Data Types ammonium, nitrate,

National output from MATADOR-N for 1992


Monitoring Period 1992 - ongoing Monitoring Frequency Unknown Data Availability Unknown Data Types Comments Chlorophyll 'a', Mean Trophic Rank and Diatom Index data available

115

7.22 VANSJØ-HOBØL - RIVER

Site Area (km2)

Catchment Area (km2)

Unknown


550


Contact Oeyvind Kaste ([email protected]) Organisation Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Region SE Norway Description Lowland river basin, highly influenced by nutrient inputs from agricultural

sources. Eutrophication problems in lakes near the outlet. Location 1 59.42° N, 10.75° E Bounding Box: Latitude, Longitude (Upper Left) 2

59.83° N, 10.75° E


59.33° N, 11.08° E

Site Altitude (m)

Catchment Altitude (m) 0 - 350 Predominant Parent MaterialPredominant Soil Type Unknown Soil Drainage Shallow groundwater in soil or substrate Predominant Land Use Coniferous Forest Average Annual Precipitation (mm)

800

Other Projects REBECCA Models SWAT Euro-limpacs Sub-tasks WP6: 1 - Catchment data collation and process analysis


KEY REFERENCES

Stålnacke, P.G., Lyche-Solhem, A., and Bechmann, M. 2005. Water quality trends in the Hobøl river and Lake Vansjø. NIVA-report 4937, Norwegian Isntitute for Water Research, Oslo, 30 pp.

116

HYDROLOGY

Station name: Høgfoss (301 km2).

WATER CHEMISTRY

CommentsMinimum

0.02


1

Monitoring Period 1976- 2003 Monitoring Frequency Hourly Data Availability Unknown Data Types Flow Comments


3

Monitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Fortnightly Data Availability Unknown Data Types TN, NO3, NH4, TP, PO4, TOC, pH

Determinand Unit Maximum Total Nitrogen mg N L-1 1 7 Nitrate mg N L-1 0 4 Total Phosphorus mg P L-1 0.7 Phosphate mg P L-1 0 0.04 Soluble Reactive Phosphorus mg P L-1



117

EFFLUENT CHEMISTRY

DEPOSITION

Weekly

BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

Chlorophyll 'a'

Number of Monitoring SitesMonitoring Period Monitoring Frequency Data Availability Unknown Data Types Comments


1

Monitoring Period 1980 - ongoing Monitoring FrequencyData Availability Unknown Data Types ammonium, nitrate, sulphate, other major ions, Comments


2

Monitoring Period 1985 - 2004 Monitoring FrequencyData Availability Unknown Data TypesComments

118

deliverable no. 112 the wp6 catchment meta-database and...

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