Dehydration Synthesis & Hydrolysis

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How Are Organic Compounds

Formed?

Monomers = building blocks (units)

Polymers = a larger molecule made of repeating subunits

Monomers link together to form polymers.

Many small molecules

One large molecule

Polymers:Synthesis and Hydrolysis of Polymers• The most important biological compounds are

polymers• Poly means “many”• Monomers are

a. MONOSACCHARIDES (SIMPLE SUGARS)b. AMINO ACIDSc. NUCLEOTIDESd. FATTY ACIDS

Polymers are:• made (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS) or broken

down (HYDROLYSIS) over and over in living cells

• Dehydration Synthesis = loss of water• a.k.a. Condensation• a.k.a. Polymerization

Background:–Often organic molecule contain functional

groups containing carboxyl (COOH) or hydroxyl groups (OH) or both.–This is important because H and OH can be

found hanging off monomers

Monomer MonomerOH

H

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

What kind of bond is this?

Water released

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration Synthesis

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Polymer Monomer• Hydrolysis• Hydro = water & lysis = loosening• Water is added and breaks the

covalent bonds of polymers• Requires hydrolytic enzymes

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

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Diagram of Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

H2 O

H2 O

Monomers

Polymer

Hydrolysis Reaction

Synthesis Reaction

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Diagram of Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

H2 O

H2 O

Monomers

Polymer

Hydrolysis Reaction

Synthesis Reaction

A. Proteins: Polymers of amino acidsB. Nucleic Acids(DNA, RNA): Polymers of

nucleotidesC. Carbohydrates: Polymers of

monosaccharidesD. Lipids: Polymers of fatty acids & glycerol

Organic compounds are also known as MACROMOLECULES.

Types of Polymers

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Organic Molecules: Preview

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Composition:

H O C H O C H O C N (P , S)

H O C N P

Function: Energy/ Structure

Energy storage/

Structure/ Signalling

Structure/ Catalysis

Genetic code