definitions of salad use
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Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption and Nutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006. Definitions of Salad Use. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Definitions of Salad Use
• Coding of a non-fruit, non-potato salad in the NHANES 24 h recall database
• Coding of intakes of raw vegetables that could be components of a salad
• Coding of the use of salad dressing except mayonnaise
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Models adjusted for: Age, Race, Lipid lowering medication, Smoking status, Alcohol consumption, Exercise, Fat-free body mass, BMI, Vitamin/Mineral Supplement usage in the past month
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Sociodemographic Characteristics of NHANES III
Age 18-45 years
Age 55+ Years
Womenn = 5,392
Menn =4,693
Womenn = 4,014
Menn = 3,589
Mean age in years (Standard Deviation)
31.0 (7.9) 30.8 (7.9) 71.1 (9.7) 70.4 (9.4)
Caucasian n (%)
3,287 (61%) 2,949 (63%) 3,119 (78%) 2,771 (77%)
African Americann (%)
1,897 (35%) 1,528 (33%) 823 (21%) 733 (21%)
Othern (%)
208 ( 3.9%) 216 ( 4.6%) 72 (1.8%) 85 (2.4%)
Total n
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Women 18-45 Women 55+ Men 18-45 Men 55+
All 35% 31% 33% 30%
Caucasian 39% 34% 36% 33%
African 27% 18% 26% 19%American
p-value* 0.17 < 0.01 0.17 0.03
Salad Consumption in Men and Women by Race (% of Consumers)
* p-values reflect the ANOVA values for differences between races
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Women Men
Age (years) 18-45 55 18-45 55
All* 39 36 40 38
Caucasian 45 40 45 42
African American 29 21 30 21
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Mean Intakes (grams/day)* of Salad in Men and Women by Age and Race
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Women Men
Age (years) 18-45 55 18-45 55
All* 87 93 86 96
Caucasian 86 98 86 96
African American 86 91 84 92
Median Intakes (grams/day)* of Salad in Men and Women by Age and Race
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Serum Folate (ng/ml) by Salad Intake
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Low Medium High
WomenMen
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Average Salad Consumption (per day)
Serum Folate (ng/ml)
P <0.01p-value reflects the probability of these differences occurring by chance across the three levels, using ANOVA testing for differences
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Red Cell Folate (ng/ml) by Salad Intake
0
50
100
150
200
250
Low Medium High
WomenMen
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Red Cell Folate (ng/ml) P <0.01
p-value reflects the probability of these differences occurring by chance across the three levels, using ANOVA testing for differences
Average Salad Consumption (per day)
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Low Medium High
WomenMen
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Serum Vitamin C (mg/dl) P <0.01
p-value reflects the probability of these differences occurring by chance across the three levels, using ANOVA testing for differences
Average Salad Consumption (per day)
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Serum Vitamin E (mg/dl) by Salad Intake
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.1
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
Low Medium High
WomenMen
Serum Vitamin E (mg/dl) P <0.01
p-value reflects the probability of these differences occurring by chance across the three levels, using ANOVA testing for differences
Average Salad Consumption (per day)
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Beta Carotene (ug/dl) by Salad Intake
0
5
10
15
20
25
Low Medium High
WomenMen
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Beta Carotene (ug/dl) P <0.01
p-value reflects the probability of these differences occurring by chance across the three levels, using ANOVA testing for differences
Average Salad Consumption (per day)
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Alpha Carotene (ug/dl) by Salad Intake
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Low Medium High
WomenMen
Alpha Carotene (ug/dl) P <0.01
p-value reflects the probability of these differences occurring by chance across the three levels, using ANOVA testing for differences
Average Salad Consumption (per day)
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Lycopene (ug/dl) by Salad Intake
0
5
10
15
20
25
Low Medium High
WomenMen
Lycopene (ug/dl)
P <0.01p-value reflects the probability of these differences occurring by chance across the three levels, using ANOVA testing for differences
Average Salad Consumption (per day)
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Women (per 90g salad) RR CIVitamin C > 60 mg/day 2.65 (2.35, 2.99)Vitamin E > 12 TE/day 1.47 (1.39, 1.56)Vitamin B6 > 1.1 mg/day 1.73 (1.57, 1.90)Folate > 320 mcg/day 1.41 (1.34, 1.50)Men Vitamin C > 75 mg/day 2.19 (1.98, 2.41)Vitamin E > 12 TE/day 1.53 (1.45, 1.62)Vitamin B6 > 1.1 mg/day 2.86 (2.24, 3.65)Folate > 320 mcg/day 1.48 (1.40, 1.56)
Relative Risk (RR and Confidence Interval, CI) of Exceeding Recommendations by Salad Consumption
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
Women (per 30g dressing) RR CIVitamin C > 60 mg/day 2.08 (1.69, 2.55)Vitamin E > 12 TE/day 1.83 (1.66, 2.02)Vitamin B6 > 1.1 mg/day 1.45 (1.23, 1.70)Folate > 320 mcg/day 1.30 (1.17, 1.45)Men Vitamin C > 75 mg/day 1.59 (1.39, 1.82)Vitamin E > 12 TE/day 1.96 (1.78, 2.17)Vitamin B6 > 1.1 mg/day 1.87 (1.33, 2.62)Folate > 320 mcg/day 1.38 (1.27, 1.52)
Relative Risk (RR and Confidence Interval, CI) of Exceeding Recommendations by Dressing Consumption
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (1988-1994)
1) Consumption of salads, raw vegetables and salad dressing were positively associated with above median serum micronutrient levels of folic acid, vitamins C and E, lycopene and alpha and beta-carotene.
2) Each serving of salad consumed was associated with a 165% higher likelihood of meeting the recommended RDA for vitamin C in women and 119% greater likelihood in men.
Summary of Results
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006
Salad and Raw Vegetable Consumption andNutritional Status in the Adult U.S. Population
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III
1) Salad consumers have more favorable intakes of vitamin C, E, folic acid and carotenoids, after adjustment for other differences.
2) Significant and consistently higher serum values of these vitamins suggest that they are being well absorbed from salad.
3) Salad, salad dressing and raw vegetable consumption can be an effective strategy for enhancing nutritional adequacy and increasing vegetable consumption in the population at large
Conclusions regarding Nutrient Adequacy
Su J, Arab L J Am Diet Assoc. 106(9), Sep. 2006