Definition of Emotion• An acceptable philosophical theory of emotions should be able to

account at least for the following nine characteristics:

1. emotions are typically conscious phenomena; yet2. they typically involve more pervasive bodily manifestations than

other conscious states;3. they vary along a number of dimensions: intensity, type and range

of intentional objects, etc.4. they are reputed to be antagonists of rationality; but also5. they play an indispensable role in determining the quality of life;6. they contribute crucially to defining our ends and priorities;7. they play a crucial role in the regulation of social life;8. they protect us from an excessively slavish devotion to narrow

conceptions of rationality;9. they have a central place in moral education and the moral life.

VHS Inside the animal mind: Do animals have emotions?

The Six Emotions

1 Happiness

2 Surprise

3 Fear

4 Sadness

5 Anger

6 Disgust

Any emotion a mixture

Baron-Cohen reports

412 emotions

Neuropsychology of Emotion• Perception – Expression – Experience

• Emotions are limbic contents? Or Processing differences?

Neuropsychology of Emotion (Models)• Valence model: LH involved in positive emotions, RH negative

emotions– LHD: catastrophic reactions (tears, despair, anger)– RHD: indifference reactions (unawareness, euphoria, no concern)

• Partial out aphasia and neglect & anosognosia components?– Unihemispheric sedation (Wada) evidence

Contralateral disinhibition or subcortical release

• Right Hemisphere model: RH has greater associations with subcortical structures and thus more involved in emotion– LVFA for emotions recognition (speed and accuracy)

• holistic, perceptual, non-symbolic processing– Emotional tones recognized better in RH

• due to low temporal frequency?– EXPRESSION

• Emotions more intense on left side of face.• RHD less facially expressive (Borod, 1980)

Valence Hypothesis of Emotion

Preferential Expressiveness – Left side of face more expressive

Need to partial out face recognition advantage of RH

Schizophrenia –start here

“Split Mind”

Disorders involving gross distortions of thoughts and perceptions and by loss of contact with reality

Scz – the Disorder of Science and Math

Isaac Newton – suffered psychotic break

Albert Einstein – autistic traits, Scz son

John Nash Jr – chronic schizophrenia

Bertrand Russell

James Joyce’s daughterSyd Barrett (of Pink Floyd) Shine on you crazy diamond

Socrates (perhaps, or TLE)

Types of Schizophrenia

• Paranoid: Delusions or hallucinations often include extreme suspiciousness and hostility

• Disorganized: Exhibit signs of illogical thinking and speech

• Catatonic: Exhibit extremes in motor behavior

• Undifferentiated: Do not clearly fit into a type

Catatonia

DSM-IV Criteria

• Delusions

• Hallucinations

• Speech changes

• Motor symptoms

• Mood symptoms

• Cognitive symptoms Must show 2 of following for 6 months

Positive & Negative Symptoms

• Positive Sx: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral excesses.– hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and bizarre

behaviors.

• Negative Sx: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits.– apathy, flattened affect, social withdrawal, inattention, and

slowed speech or no speech.

Schizophrenia rates

• 1% across all cultures, despite few offspring

• Males = females or slightly more males

• More in jails than psychiatric hospitals

• 50% never accept that they are ill– 90% go off meds once+ (relapse within 3y)

• Nearly 100% smoke (self-stimulation)

• 40% attempt suicide, 10% succeed

Dominance Failure (Leohard & Brugger, 2000)

• Schizophrenia occurs across populations with same features, same frequency, suggests intrinsic to humanity– Fewer children (reduced ability to form relationships), but still here

• some advantage for lesser forms• runs in families (chromosomal involvement, sex chromosomes?).

– Gender differences: Earlier in males, less favorable outcome

• Anatomical asymmetry reduced relative to normals• Functional asymmetry reduced in language processing (dichotic, LDT)

• Psychosis as breakdown of certain language systems– Enhancement or inhibition of semantic/lexical representations– Decreased language lateralization leads to more severe hallucinations

– Semantic disturbance in connectivity (associative strength) but not

network size (number of associates)– Disruption of ‘indexicality’: distinguish thoughts from speech output or

others’ speech

Failure to inhibit the right hemisphere dominance?

Right Hemisphere Dysfunction• Right hemisphere’s role in self-awareness

– Anosognosia– Prosopagnosia– emotional tones– reduplicative delusions– disordered ego boundary– lack of social awareness

Arthur Wigan, 1844• Observations on cerebral duality• Wigan had an acquaintance who died rather

suddenly. At postmortem, one cerebral hemisphere was missing. Wigan sought other examples and in 1844, after 20 years of collecting evidence, he published The Duality of the Mind in which he claimed that one hemisphere clearly sufficed to support a fully human mind.

•… if… one brain . . . (is) capable of aII the emotion,. sentiments, and faculties, which we call in the aggregate, mind--then it necessarily follows that man must have two minds with two brains: and however intimate and perfect their unison in their natural state, they must occasionally be discrepant, when influenced by disease, either direct, sympathetic, or reflex.

• Wigan developed a theory of mental illness and touched upon most of the implications for other social problems

Handedness and Autism

• Dawson (1982;1986) no relation between handedness and speech laterality in autistics

• 24.5% normals show mixed handedness

• 53.0% autistics (similar % for schizophrenics at age 7)

Language and Autism

Dissociation between language and intelligence:

• Intact general intelligence but language impaired:– Aphasia patients– Children raised in isolation – e.g., Genie

• Intact language but impaired intelligence– Hydrocephalus (retardation)– Williams syndrome– Autistic-savant syndrome

• SciAm Frontiers [ Growing up different]

• William’s Syndrome compared to Down’s Syndrome

• PPVT=Vocabulary• WISC=IQ

Spatial Ability

Global-local task used to investigate hierarchical representation –start here

Theory of Mind (Adult Conceptions)

Normal 3-year-olds • Understand the ontological distinction

between mind and world: thoughts and things are different types of entities.

• Understand that mind is private: individuals' thoughts, dreams cannot be seen by others.

• Possess rudimentary conceptions of beliefs and desires, and understand that individuals' actions are due to some combination of beliefs and desires. (goal-directed)– 2-year-olds believe others' actions are

influenced only by their desires. • Distinguish thinking from other mental

activities like seeing, talking, desiring. • Understand that the contents of mind reflect

those of the world. • However, 3-year-olds appear not to:

– Possess causal understanding of thinking (~7).

– Understand that contents of mind represent those of the world (~5).

ADULTS• Thoughts are different than things • Beliefs are different from actuality • Desires are different from

outcomes • Fantasy is unconstrained by

factuality • Mind is private and individual • Mind is not body • Reasoning about mind is different

from reasoning about facts or physical states

Theory of Mind (Adult Conceptions)

ADULTS• Thoughts are different than things

• Beliefs are different from actuality

• Desires are different from outcomes

• Fantasy is unconstrained by factuality

• Mind is private and individual

• Mind is not body

• Reasoning about mind is different from reasoning about facts or physical states

• Smarties or Snakes in nut case

• Moved object

(1st-order) False Belief Test

New Theories of ‘ToM’

• Modularity Theory:– A ‘ToM’ MODULE (Scholl & Leslie, 1999)

• Bias towards paying attention to reality (Mitchell, 1997)

• Gradual build up of knowledge of the world (Chandler, 1988)

Conclusion

• ToM develops throughout childhood• Exactly when ToM develops is disputed• Cognitive deficit theorists - age 4, sudden

stage like change• Others - earlier/later, gradual change• Evidence theories must explain:

– experiments on children and adults– naturalistic data– people with autism

Functional neuroimaging

• Right frontal lobe involved in deception detection, identify mind words

• Other frontal areas, temporal poles, and superior temporal cortex also involved in some aspect

• Frontal lobe relative to other primates

Primate Differences in Prefrontal Cortex (area 10)

• Brodmann’s area 10

Human chimp gibbon Area 10 PFC

Role of Cingulate in Mentalizing

• Maximum activity in the anterior cingulate cortex found to be associated with autonomic arousal, cognitive demand and response conflict displayed with the same data from theory-of-mind studies in the anterior paracingulate cortex.

Maximum activity in anterior paracingulate cortex when subjects adopted an ‘intentional stance’

• Stone, paper, scissors against human or computer

• Random sequence, but imagined an ‘intentional stance’ in playing human

Neuroimaging of Other’s experiencing following action

Neuroimaging of eye gaze

Misidentification/Reduplication Syndromesaltered relatedness to people, objects, events,

experiences

• Capgras – hypoidentification– identify people close to them as

being imposters, replicas.

• Fregoli – hyperidentification– excessive connections or

hyperactive connections between facial recognition centers and amygdala, perhaps

Fregoli

Duplication disorders