defect in castings

4
A Type o f Voting Diffusion Model a n d I t s Application i n Defect Detection i n Aluminum Castings Situ Wuchao, Huang Qian, a nd Wu Yuan make u s e o f a type o f voting diffusion model f o r casting image processing. This model i s based o n a n anisotropic diffusion equation driven b y a diffusion tensor, whose structure dependson t he coupled time-delay regularization o f a matrix. T he diffusion tensor determines the directions o f th e diffusion a s well a s t h e speed i n these directions. Experimental results show that this model is superior t o t he PM model a n d other methods based o n classical edge detection i n processing t h e casting images without affecting it s interesting features. Namely, i t h a s better preservation of theflaws. Index Terms-anisotropic diffusion, diffusion tensor, time-delay regularization 1 . INTRODUCTION I N th e c a r industry, many products, like aluminum wheels and lsteering gears, always have some inevitable material defects inside during the casting process, such as cavities, gas, inclusions, a n d sponging occurs. A n d defects must b e detected t o satisfy requirements. Because o f t he invisibility o f most defects, X-ray imaging i s adopted t o defect detection. An example a radioscopic image i s shown i n I . ( a ) ( b ) Manuscript received August 31 , 2005. This work was supported b y Guangdong (2004BI0201035) a n d Guangzhou  2004C13G0021) technology fundof P . R . C . China. Situ Wuchao i s with the Electronics a n d Communication Engineering Department, South China University o f Science a n d Technology, People's Republic o f China. H e i s a graduate student (e-mail: [email protected] <mailto:[email protected]>). Huang Qian i s a n Assistant Professor a t th Department f Electronics an d Communication Engineering, South China University o f Science an d Technology, People's Republic o f China. (e-mail:[email protected]). W u Yuan i s with the Electronics a n d Communication Engineering Department, South China University o f Science a n d Technology, People's Republic o f China. He i s a graduate student (e-mail: [email protected]) Fig. 1 . ( a ) Radioscopic image of a casting. (b) T h e most significant part o f ( a ) Therehave been some methods proposed i n defect detection [6][7]. However, generally, they have t w o problems: a ) Since the original radioscopic image usually ha s a large size (fig. 1 (a), 5 4 0 X 5 4 0  , while continuingly processing directly o n th e whole image, it consumes much time. Such a s [6], i n its part o f  identification o f potential flaws , it's t o o time-consuming when finishing a l l steps i n this part. b) They u se classical edge detection methods that often result i n inaccurate edge. I n [6], accurate contour o f defects actually cannot b e obtained based o n zero-crossing method. This paper here proposes a n e w system t o deal with these tw o problems. Here i s o ur overall inspection system, seeing Fig.2. image f0 ~rMtion - lerectr X-ray  ._......._.._. -  --  pyrorerssng b y rhe. Fig. 2 . Automatic X-ray inspection system I n Fig.2, t h e step o f segmentation i s t o abstract the most significant part (where assembles most potential defects) o f t h e whole original radioscopic image. Because this part usually h as a little share o f t h e whole image, t he whole computation time o f 0-7803-9435-6/05/ 20.00 @2005 IEEE. 30 1

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Page 1: defect in castings

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A T y p eo f Vo t i n gD i f f u s i o nM o d e la n dI t sA p p l i c a t i o ni nD e f e c tD e t e c t i o ni nA l u m i n u m

C a s t i n g sS i t u Wuchao , H u a n g Q i a n , and Wu Yu a n

A b s t r a c t - W em a k eu s e o fa t y p e o fv o t i n gd i f f u s i o nm o d e lf o rc a s t i n gi m a g ep r o c e s s i n g .T h i s m o d e li sb a s e d o n a n a n i s o t r o p i cd i f f u s i o ne q u a t i o nd r i v e nb y a d i f f u s i o nt e n s o r ,w h o s es t r u c t u r ed e p e n d s o nt h ec o u p l e dt i m e - d e l a yr e g u l a r i z a t i o no fa m a t r i x .T h ed i f f u s io n t e n s o rd e t e r m i n e st h e d i r ec t io n so ft h ed i f f u s i o na sw e l la st h es p e e di nt h e s ed i r e c t i o n s .E x p e r i m e n t a lr e s u l t ss h o wt h a tt h i sm o d e li ss u p e r i o rt ot h ePM m o d e la n d o t h e r m e t h o d sb a s e do n c l a s s i c a le d g e d e t e c t i o ni n p r o c e s s i n gt h ec a s t i n gi m a g e sw i t h o u ta f f e c t i n gi t si n t e r e s t i n gf e a t u r e s .N a m e l y ,i t h a s b e t t e rp r e s e r v a t i o no ft h e f la ws .

I n d e x T e r ms -a n i s o t ro p i cd i f f u s i o n ,d i f f u s i o nt e n s o r ,t i m e - d e l a y r e g ul a r iz a t io n

1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N

IN t h ec a r i n d u s t r y,many p r o d u c t s ,l i k ea l u m i n u mw h e e l sa n dl s t e e r i n g g e a r s ,a l w a y sh a v es o m ei n e v i t a b l em a t e r i a ld e f e c t s

i n s i d ed u r i n gt he c as t i ngp r o c e s s ,s u c ha s cav i t i e s ,g a s ,i n c l u s i o n s ,a n d s p o n g i n go c c u r s .A n dt h e s ed e f e c t sm u s t b ed e t e c t e dt os a t i s f yr e q u i r e m e n t s .B e c a u s eo ft h ei n v i s i b i l i t yo fm o s td e f e c t s ,X - r a yi m a g i n gi sa d o p t e dt od e f e c td e t e c t i o n .Ane x a m p l eo fa r a d i o s c o p i ci m a g ei ss h o w ni nF i g .I .

( a ) ( b )M a n u s c r i p tr e c e i v e dA u g u s t3 1 ,2 0 0 5 .T h i sw o r k w a ss u p p o r t e db y

G u a n g d o n g( 2 0 0 4 B I 0 2 0 1 0 3 5 )a n dG u a n g z h o u 2 0 0 4 C 1 3 G 0 0 2 1 )t e c h n o l o g yf un d o fP .R .C .C h i n a .

S i t uW u c h a oi s w i t ht h e E l ec t ro n ic sa n dC o m m u n i c a t i o nE n g i n e e r i n gD e p a r t m e n t ,S o u t hC h i n aU n i v e r s i t yo fS c i e n c ea n dTe c h n o l o g y,P e o p l e ' sR e p u b l i co fC h i n a .H e i s a g r a d u a t es t u d e n t( e - m a i l :c c h a o s @ t o m . c o m< m a i l t o : c c h a o s @ t o m . c o m > ) .

H u a n gQ i a ni sa nA s s i s t a n tP r o f e s s o ra tt h eD e p a r t m e n to fE l e c t r o n i c sa n dC o m m u n i c a t i o nE n g i n e e r i n g ,S o u t hC h i n aU n i v e r s i t yo f S c i e n c ea n dTe c h n o l o g y,P e o p l e ' sR e p u b l i co fC h i n a .( e - m a i l : e e q h u a n g @ s c u t . e d u . c n ) .W u Yu a n i s w i t ht h eE l e c t r o n i c sa n dC o m m u n i c a t i o nE n g i n e e r i n gD ep a rt me n t, S o u thC h i n aU n i v e r s i t yo fS c i e n c ea n dTe c h n o l o g y,P e o p l e ' sR e p u b l i co fC h i n a .H ei sag r a d u a t es t u d e n t( e - m a i l :t u o g e @ t o m . c o m )

F i g .1 . ( a )R a d i o s c o p i ci m a g eo f a c a st in g. ( b)T h em o s t s i g n i f i c a n tp a r to f (a )

T h er e h a v eb e e ns o m em e t h o d sp r o p o s e di nd e f e c td e t e c t i o n[ 6 ] [ 7 ] .H o w e v e r ,g e n e r a l l y,t h e yh a v et w o p r o b l e m s :a )S i n c et h eo r i g i n a lr a d i o s c o p i ci m a g eu s u a l l yh a sa l a r g es i z e( f i g .1( a ) ,5 4 0 X 5 4 0 , w h i l ec o n t i n u i n g l yp r o c e s s i n gd i r e c t l yo n t h ew h o l ei m a g e ,i tc o n s u m e sm u c ht i m e .S u c ha s[ 6 ] ,i ni t sp a r to f i d e n t i f i c a t io no fp o t e n t i a lf l a w s ,i t ' st o o t i m e - c o n s u m i n gw h e nf i n i s h i n ga l ls t e p si nt h i sp a r t .b )T h e yu s e c l a s s i c a le d g ed e t e c t i o nm e t h o d st h a to f t e nr e s u l ti ni n a c c u r a t ee d g e .I n[ 6 ] ,a c c u r a t e c o n t o u ro fd e f e c t sa c t u a l l yc a n n o tb eo b t a i n e db a s e do n z e r o - c r o s s i n gm e t h o d .

T h i sp a p e rh e r ep r o p o s e sa new s y s t e mt od e a lw i t ht h e s et w o

p r o b l e m s .H e r ei so u r o v e r a l li n s p e c t i o ns y s t e m , s e e i n gF i g . 2 .

i m a g ef 0 ~ r M t i o n-l e r e c t r

X - r a y

._......._.._. - --

p y r o r e r s s n gb y r h e .

F i g .2 .A u t o m a t i cX - r a yi n s p e c t i o ns y s t e m

I nF i g . 2 ,t h es t e po fs e g m e n t a t i o ni s t o a bs tr ac t t hem o s t

s i g n i f i c a n tp a r t( w h e r ea s s e m b l e sm o s t

p o t e n t i a ld e f e c t s )o ft h e

w h o l eo r i g i n a lr a d i o s c o p i ci m a g e .B e c a u s et h i sp a r tu s u a l l yh a sa l i t t l es h a r eo ft h ew h o l ei m a g e ,t h ew h o l ec o m p u t a t i o nt i m eo f

0 - 7 8 0 3 - 9 4 3 5 - 6 / 0 5 / 2 0 . 0 0@ 2 0 0 5I E E E .3 0 1

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t h ea l g o r i t h mc a nb eg r e a t l yr e d u c e d .A s f o rt h er e a l i z a t i o no fs e g m e n t a t i o n ,r o u g h l ys p e a k i n g ,w ef i r s td o e d g ea b s t r a c t i n go ft h ew h o l ei ma ge , t he nm a n yg e n e r a le d g e sc a n b eo b t a i n e d .N e x t ,a c c o r d i n gt os o m er e q u i r e m e n t sa n dc h a r a c t e r i s t i c so ft h ed e f e c t s( fo re x a m p l e ,t h ee d g eo ft h ed e f e c ti sc l o s e do rn e a r l yc l o s e da n du s u a l l yd e f e c t sa s s e m b l ei na c e r t a i np l a c eo fa ne n t i r eo r i g i n a lr a d i o s c o p i ci m a g e ) ,t h es i g n i f i c a n tp a r tc a n b el o c a t e d w ew i l ls p e c i f yt h es e g m e n t a t i o na l g o r i t h mi na n o t h e rp a p e r ) .A f t e rs e g m e n t a t i o n ,t h ef l o w i n gs t e p sw i l lf o c u so n d e a l i n gw i t ht h er e l a t i v e l ys m a l lb u tm o s ts i g n i f i c a n ti m a g e .T h i sp a p e rh e r ep r o p o s e sa v o t i n gd i f f u s i o nm o d e lt oc o n t i n u et he d e fe c td e tec t io n ,u n l i k eo t h e rm e t h o d st h a to f t e nr e s u l ti ni n a c c u r a t ee d g e sb a s e do n c l a s s i c a le d g ede t e c t i on ,o u rm o d e lc a n h a v eam o r ea c c u r a t ec o n t o u ro ft h ef l a w( s e e i n gt h ef l o w i n gr e s to ft h ep a p e r ) .

I I . P MM O D EL

I n1 9 9 0 ,P e r o n aa n dM a l i k[ 1 ]p u tf o r w a r dan e wm o d e lf o ri m a g ep r o c e s s i n g :t h eP e r o n a - M a l i k P M )n o n l i n e a rd i f f u s i o ne q u a t i o n .

a u ( x , y, t )= d i v [ c l IVu ( x , y , t )I 1 ]Vu ( x , y , t )j ] ( 1 )a tc ( l 1V u x , y , t ) 1 1=

1

1 + 11V U X , Y, t )11 ) 2k

o r

c ( l 1Vu ( x , y, t )1 )= e x p { f - ( IV U ( X , Y, t )11 ) 2} ( 3 )k

w h e r eu ( x , y, t )d e n o t e st h ei m a g ep i x e la tp o s i t i o n ( x , y ) ,tr e f e r st o t i m eo r i t e r a t i o ns t e pi n d i s c r e t ec a s ea n dc l IVu ( x ,y ,t )| | ) i s a d i f f u s i o nc o e f f i c i e n t ,a d e c r e a s i n gc o n d u c t i v i t yf u n c t i o no f t h e i m a g eg r a d i e n tm a g n i t u d eu ( x , y , t ) 11 0 11d e n o t e st h ev e c t o rn o r m ,h e r ew e u s e t h e

g r a d i e n tm a g n i t u d eu ( x , y, t ) . T h eb a s i ci d e ai st os m o o t h

o u tn o i s ep r e s e n t e di nt h ei m a g ew i t h o u ts a c r i f i c i n gt he u se fu ld e t a i l sa n dh i g h l i g h tc e r t a i ni m a g ef e a t u r e sp r e f e r e n t i a l l y .

F r o mt h e no n ,n u m e r o u sPD Em o d e l sa r ed e s i g n e db a s e do n

t h eP M

m o d e l .A

l a rg en u m b e r

o ft h e m

a r ef o c u so n

m o d i f y i n gt h ed i f f u s i o nc o e f f i c i e n tc ( | )[ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] .Vi r t u a l l y,t h e s ec a nb ev i e w e da sc u r v a t u r e - d r i v e na n i s o t r o p i cd i f f u s i o nm o d e l so ra st h ee v o l u t i o n sc o r r e s p o n d i n gt o t h em i n i m i z a t i o no ft o t a lv a r i a t i o n .T h e yh a v et h es a m eb as ic i d eaa sP Mm o d e lt r y i n gt os t o pt he d i ff us i onw h e r et h em a g n i t u d eo ft h eg r a d i e n to ft h ei m a g ei n t e n s i t yi sh i g h .

I n s t e a do ff o c u s i n go n t h ec u r v a t u r e - d r i v e nd i f f u s i o nm o d e l s ,w h e r et he d i f fu s i oni sg o v e r n e db y t h ed i f f u s i o nc o e f f i c i e n tc ( * ) ,w e u s ea n o t h e rt y p eo f d i f f u s i o nm o d e l[ 5 ] ,w h e r et h ed i f f u s i o ni s g o v e r n e db y a m a t r i x ,c al le d d i f f u si o nt e n s o r ,e m b e d d e di nt h ee q u a t i o n .

I I I .V O T I N GD I F F U S I O NM O D E L

T h ev o t i n gd i f f u s i o nm o d e li s :a u - d i v ( L [ Vu ] Vu )= 0a tm-+ L = F [ V u ]

a tH e r e

F I Vu ]=I P 1u

2 ( P) Id2 u-L

i fI Vu . s{o t h e r w i s eJ

s i sap a r a m e t e rt h a tc a nb es e l e c t e dm a n u a l l y .

V 2 - uUy

u ( x , y , O )= I

4

5

6 )

7

L ( x , y , O )= I d

Id= I Vu = X)

I i st h eo r i g i n a li m a g e ,a n do b v i o u s l y,F a n dL a r e2x 2m a t r i c e s

I no r d e rt op r e v e n td i f f u s i o na c r o s ss i g n i f i c a n te d g eo ft h ei m a g e ,t h ed i f f u s i o nt e n s o rL w a s c o n s t r u c t e di n( 5 )t h a tt h ed i f f u s i o ni s o n l ya l o n gt h ed i r e c t i o np e r p e n d i c u l a rt oV u .

I P Vi st h eo r t h o g o n a lp r o j e c t i o no n t h ed i r e c t i o no r t h o g o n a lt oV u . L i s t h et i m e - d e l a yr e g u l a r i z a t i o no f F . T i m e - d e l a yr e g u l a r i z a t i o ne n a b l e su st ob r i n gt h ep a s ti n f o r m a t i o no ft h eg r a d i e n to fi m a g ei n t oa c c o u n t ,s o t h a to v e r - s m o o t h i n gc a n b ea d j u s t e d .

R o u g h l ys p e a k i n g ,i n( 6 ) ,i n s i d et h eh o m o g e n e o u sr e g i o n sw h e r et h eg r a d i e n t sa r en o tl a r g e ,t h ed i f f u s i o ni s i s o t r o p i cw h i l eo nt h ee d g ew h e r et h eg r a d i e n t sa r eh i g h ,t h ed i f f u s i o ni so n l yi nt h ed i r e c t i o np e r p e n d i c u l a rt oVu

I V .N U M E R I C A LE X P E R I M E N T S

H e r e ,we p r e s e n to u r n u m e r i c a ls c h e m e a n ds e v e r a le x p e r i m e n t s .W ed e n o t eb yu ( x , y )t h ev a l u eo fu a tt h ep i x e l x = i h , y =j h ) .W ed e f i n e :

AYu 11= i + 1 , ju f o rt h ef o r w a r dd i f f e r e n c eo fu a tt h eX h

p i x e l( i ,j )u . - u - IU i j =a h f o rt h eb a c k w a r dd i f f e r e n c eo fu a tt h e

p i x e l( i ,j )(Ay u .j a n dA ; y u , jh a v es i m i l a rr e s u l t s )

V u )

3 0 2

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d i v V u) = d i v u )div

( Ay u i f J )

A + A - u j j )+ A + ( A - v, , j )h

s o a c c o r d i n gt ot h ed e f i n i t i o n sa b o v e ,f r o m( 4 ) ,we h a v en n

U j -U . j

A

= d i v L V u )

i v ( ( L 2 1L1 ) ( A x u i , j )

L2 2 tAyU i j ;

L 2 1 A XU i j + L 2 u IV Y J ij )= [ A+ ( L I ,A - u j j + L I 2A - u i u j )+

A+ L 2 I A x U j I j L 2 2 A - u i j ) ]/ h

t h e n ,n j +=nj + + A t

u i h ) [ A L , A~u1j L12A;Ui , )

8 )

A; L 2 1Au,j

L 2 2 A U i , j

f r o m( 5 ) ,we h a v e

LI +_ lL ij L 'l 1 inA t m m

I n =1 m L , j+F

A t

9 )

o u r p r o g r a m m e i s b a s e d o n ( 8 )a n d ( 9 )w i t h t h ei n i t i a l

c o n d i t i o n sL °j = I d , u = I.

V . E X P E R I M E N T S

H e r e we d o s o m e e x p e r i m e n t so n o u r c a s t i n gp i c t u r e so b t a i n e db y X - r a y .

( g )F i g .3 .( a )S t a n d a r di m a g eo f c a s t i n gd e f e c t i o n .( b )P r o c e s s e dp i c t u r eo f ( a ) ,b y t h eP M m o d e l( i t e r a t i o n = 1 0 0 ,k = 8 ,u s i n g e q u a t i o n(3 )f o rc(e ) . ( c )P r o c e s s e dp i c t u r eo f (b )a f t e rt h r e s h o l d i n g .( d )P r o c e s s e d

p i c t u r eo f ( a ) ,b y t h ep r o p o s e dd i f f u s i o nm o d e l( i t e r a t i o n = l 0 0 ,At

= 0 . 0 5 ,m = 5 ,S = 2 ) .( e )P r o c e s s e dp i c t u r eo f( d )a f t e rt h r e sh o l d i n g .( f )Z e r oc r o s s i n gi m a g eo f ( a ) ,u s i n gG a u s s i a nl o w p a s sf i l t e r c = 1 . 2 5 ,k e r n e ls i z e= 11 x 1 1 ) .( g )R e s u l to f f i n d i n gc l o s e de d g e si n( f )

I nf i g .3 ,c o m p a r e dw i t hPM m o d e l ,t h ep r o p o s e dd i f f u s i o nm o d e ln o t o n l ye r a s e s m o s t o f t h en o i s eb u ta l s ot r a c k st h ec o n t o u r o f t h ef l a w sm o r e a c c u r a t e l ya n d s u i t a b l e l y( s e e i n g( d ) , ( e ) ) .H o w e v e rt h eP M m o d e lt r a c k s t h ec o n t o u rso r o u g h

a n d s o m e t i m e sg e n e r a t e s s o m e s m a l ls p e c k l e sa r o u n d t h ec o n t o u rt h e nt h et h r e s h o l d e dp i c t u r em u s ta f f e c tt h es u b s e q u e n tw o r ki nd e a l i n gw i t ht h ef l a w ss o r t i n gt h a ti s b a s e d o n t h ea c c u r a t e c o n t o u r( s e e i n g( b ) , ( c ) ) .( f )i so b t a i n e db a s e d o n t h em e t h o di n[ 6 ]a n db y o b s e r v i n g( g )we f i n dt h i sm e t h o dc a n n o t

p r o v i d e a c ce p t a bl er e s u l t - t h e r ea r e so m a n y i r r e g u l a re d g e sa n dd i s t o r t e ds h a p e sw i t h o u ta ny a c c u r a c y .

3 0 3

( a )

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( g ) ( h )F i g . 4 .( a )R e a ld e fec t so f X - r a yc a s t i n gi m a g e .( b )P r o c e s s e dp ic tu r eo f( a )a f t e rd i r e c tt h r e s h o l d i n gw i t h o u ta n y p r o c e s s e si na d v a n c e .( c )P r o c e s s e dp i c t u r eo f( a ) ,b yt h eP M m o d e l( i t e r a t i o n = 1 0 0 ,k = 2 ,e q u a t i o n( 3 ) . ( d )P r o c e s s e dp i c t u r eo f( c ) a f t e rt h r e s h o l d i n g .( e )P r o c e s s e dp i c t u r eo f ( a ) ,b y t h ep r o p o s e dd i ff u s io nm o d e l( i t e r a t i o n = 1 0 0 ,A t = 0 . 0 5 ,m = 5 A t ,S = 2 ) .( 1 )P r o c e s s e dp i c t u r eo f

( e )a f t e rt h r e s h o l d i n g .( g )Z e r oc r o s s i n gp i c t u r eo f( a ) ,u s i n gG a u s s i a nl o w p a s sf i l t e r a = 1 . 2 5 ,k e r n e ls i z e= 1 1x 1 1 .( h )R e s u l to f f i n d i n gc l o s e de d g e si n( g ) .

I nf i g u r e4 ,w e c a n f i n ds i m i l a rr es ul ts t ow h a tf i g .I s h o w s .W it h o ut a n yp r o c e s s e si na d v a n c e ,a g o o db i n a r i z a t i o nr e s u l tc o u l dn o tb e o b t a i n e dd i r e c t l yb y t h r e s h o l d i n gt h er e a ld e f e c t so fX - r a y c a s t i n gi m a g e .S e e i n gp i c t u r e( b )a b o v e ,c o n t o u r so b t a i n e da r er o u g ha n d o n eo ft h e mi se v e nd i s t o r t e d ,t o g e t h e rw i t hs o m en o i s e .I np i c t u r e( d ) ,t h o u g hg e n e r a lc o n t o u r so ft h ef l a w sw e a r ei n t e r e s t e di na r ef o u n da n dt he u ni n te r es t in g

o b j e c t sa r ed e n o i s e d ,h o w e v e r ,

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r o u g h ,w h a ti sm o r e ,t h es h a p ea c t u a l l yc h a n g e sa l o t p a r to f t h ec o n t o u r sb e c o m ea s t r a i g h tl i n e .T h e s ea r et h ed i s a d v a n t a g e so f

P Mm o d e l .No wf o c u s i n go np i c t u r e( f ) ,c o n t o u r so fi n t e r e s t i n gf l a w sa r ef o u n dw h i c ha r em o r ea c c u r a t e .A s f o r( g ) ,i ti sb a s e do n c l a s s i c a le d g ed e t e c t i o n( u s i n gm e t h o do f[ 6 ]) a n do f t e np r o d u c e sm a n yi r r e g u l a rc u r v e s .T h o u g ha f t e rf i n d i n gt h ec l o s e de d g e s ,w e c a ng e ts o m ep o t e n t i a ld e f e c t s ,h o w e v e r ,t h ee d g e so b t a i n e df i n a l l y( s e e i n g( h ) )a r ei n a c c u r a t e( t h er e s u l tc a n ' ts a t i s f yo u r r e q u i r e m e n t s ) ,c o m p a r i n gw i t h( a ) .T h er o o t

c a u s eo ft h i si st h a tt h ec l a s s i c a le d g ed e t e c t i o nm e t h o di sw e a ki np r e s e r v i n ga na c c u r a t ec o n t o u ro f t h ed e f e c t .

V I .C O N C L U S I O N

W eu s ea t y p eo fv o t i n gd i f f u s i o nm o d e lf o rd e f e c td e t e c t i o ni n a l u m i n u mc a s t i n g s .T h i sm o d e l ,g o v e m e db y d i f f u s i o nt e n s o r ,c a n t r a c kt h ef l a we d g em o r ea c c u r a t e l yt h a nt h eP Mm o d e la s w e l la s o t h e rm e t h o d sb a s e do n c l a s s i c a le d g ed e t e c t i o n .P Mm o d e li sa c t u al l y t r y i n gt od i m i n i s ht h ed i f f u s i o nw h e r et h em a g n i t u d e o ft h eg r a d i e n to ft h ei m a g ei sh i g h ,b u td o e s n ' tt a k et h ed i f f u s i o nd i r e c t i o n so n t h ee d g ei n t oa c c o u n t .S o i t l e a d st oa r o u g hc o n t o u rt h a tc a u s e sd i s t o r t i o nf r o mt h er e a le d g eo ft h ef l a w.A s f o rm e t h o d sb a s e do n c l a s s i c a le d g ed e t e c t i o n ,b e c a u s eo f i t s w e a k n e s s i n a c c u r a t ee d g ep r e s e r v a t i o n ,t h er e s u l ti sn o ts os a t i s f a c t o r y.H o w e v e r ,t h es u g g e s t e dd i f f u s i o nm o d e l ,w h i l eo n t h ee d g e ,c o n t r o l st h ed i f f u s i o no n l yi n t h ed i r e c t i o np e r p e n d i c u l a rt oVu w i t h o u td i f f u s i n gt o w a r d sd i r e c t i o no f Vu t h r o u g ht h ed i f f u s i o nt e n s o r.T h e nb e t t e rc o n t o u r sc a nb ep r e s e r v e d .S i n c ea c c u r a t e l yt r a c k i n gf l a w si sv e r yi m p o r t a n tf o rf l a ws o r t i n gi nt h ew h o l ep r o c e s so fc a s t i n gd e f e c td e t e c t i o n ,PDE m o d e lg o v e m e db yd i f f u s i o nt e n s o rm us t h a veab r ig h t p r o s p e cti nt h i sf i e l d .

O u rf u t u r ew o r kh a st w o

m a i na s p e c t s :a )c o n t i n u i n gw i t ht h ei m p r o v e m e n to ft h ev o t i n gd i f f u s i o nm o d e lu s e d i nt h e c a s ti ng si m a g e ;b ) f ur th er i nv es t i ga t i ona b o u tt h ec l a s s i f i c a t i o nt oa b s t r a c tt h er e a ld e f e c t sf r o mt h ep o t e n t i a lo n e s .

R E F E R E N C E S

[ 1 ] P .P e r o n aa n dJ .M a l i k , S c a l es p a c ea n de d g ed e t e c t i o nu s i n ga n i so t r op i cd i f f u s i o n ,I E E ETr a n s .P a t t e r nA n a l .M a c h i n eI n t e l l ,v o l .1 2 ,p p . 6 2 9 - 6 3 0 ,1 9 9 0 .

[ 2 ] F .C a t t e ,J .M .M o r e l ,P .L .L i o n sa n dT .C o l l , I m a g es e l e c t i v es m o o t h i n ga n de d g ed e t e c t i o nb yn o n l i n e a rd i f f u s i o n ,S I A MJ o u r n a lo nN u m e r i c a lA n a l y s i s ,p p . 1 8 2 - 1 9 3 ,F e b. 1 9 92 .

[ 3 ]Y .

C he n , B . C.Ve m u r i ,a n dL .

w a n g , I m a g ed e n o i s i n ga n ds e g m e n t a t i o nv i an o n l i n e a rd i f f u s i o n ,I n t e r n a t . J . C o m p u t . M a t h .A p p l . ,t oa p p e a r .

[ 4 ] B .S m o l k a , C o m b i n e dF o r w a r da n dB a c k w a r dA n i s o t r o p i cD i f f u s i o nF i l t e r i n go f C ol orI m a g e .P a t t e r nR e c o g n i t i o nP r o c e e d i n g so f2 4 t hD A G MS y m p o s i u m ,p p 16 - 1 8 , 2 0 0 2 .

[ 5 ] G .H .C o t t e ta n dM .E .Ay y a d i , A Vo l t e r r at y p em o d e lf o ri m a g ep r o c e s s i n g ,I E E ET r a n s .I m a g eP r o c e s s i n g ,v o l . 7 ,i s s u e .3 ,p p . 2 9 2 - 3 0 3 ,M a r.1 9 9 8 .

[ 6 ] D .M e r y, A u t o m a t e dF l a wD e t e c t i o ni nA l u m i n u mC a s t i n g sB a s e do nt h eT h a n k i n go fP o t e n t i a lD e f e c t si na R a d i o s c o p i cI m a g eS e q u e n c e ,I E E ET r a n s .R o b o t i c s A u t o m a t i o n ,v o l .1 8 ,2 0 0 2 .

[ 7 ] S .H e m a n d e z ,D .S a e z ,D .M e r y, N e u r o - F u z z yM e t h o df o rA u t o m a t e dD e f e c tD e t e c t i o ni nA l u m i n i u mC a s t i n g s .I C I A R2 0 0 4 ,L N C S3 2 1 2 ,p p .8 2 6 - 8 3 3 ,2 0 0 4 .

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