deer park lake report

2016

Ozone Research and Applications (India) Pvt. Ltd., Nagpur

[REJUVENATION OF HAUZ

KHAS TANK ] This report focuses on the current scenario of the Hauz Khas Tank and aims to propose an action

plan for its rejuvenation as an aesthetically pleasing heritage site it was ages ago.

Rejuvenation of Hauz Khas Tank

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are grateful to Engineers India Limited for bestowing us with the

opportunity of draft ing this report. The task would not have been possib le

without their guidance and technical expert ise. We would especia lly l ike to

thank Mr. Ashwani Soni (Director-Projects) and Mr. Sanjoy

Mukherjee (General Manager-Infrastructure) for giving us the

motivation in preparing this report. We would also l ike to thank the local

authorit ies at Hauz Khas who provided us with a lot of ground details . We

are thankful to AES Laboratories, New Delhi for conduct ing the tests as

per the standard norms. We would also l ike to acknowledge the efforts of

al l those who have contributed to this report in some way or the other.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report makes an effort to look into the current state of Hauz Khas

Tank at Deer Park, Delhi and aims to propose an action plan for the

rejuvenation of this historical s ite. Chapter 2 brief ly describes the impact

of urbanization on lakes and the effects and causes of subsequent

eutrophication. Chapter 3 focuses on the location, current state of the

Hauz Khas Tank, init ial observation about the water body and source of

tank water. Chapter 4 deals with the basic design of the tank,

meteorological data and the water quality analysis of the tank. Chapter 5

aims at proposing an appropriate methodology to rejuvenate the Hauz

Khas Tank with design concept and proposal. Chapter 6 gives a rough

est imat ion about the Capita l Investment required to implement the

proposed plan. Chapter 7 summarizes the report. Chapter 8 ment ions the

references used in draft ing the report. Chapter 9 is an appendix

compris ing of the Lake Water analys is carr ied out by AES Laboratories,

New Delhi.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

Acknowledgement 1

Executive Summary 2

1. Introduction 6

1.1. Orig in of The Report 6

1.2. Purpose 6

1.3. Sources and Methods of Collecting Data 6

2. Impact of Urbanization and Eutrophication on Lakes 7

2.1. Effect of Urbanizat ion on Hydrology 7

2.2. Eutrophicat ion 8

2.2.1. Eutrophicat ion- Causes 9

2.2.2. Eutrophicat ion- Effect on ecology, aesthetics and

human health 10

3. Hauz Khas Tank- Existing Scenario 13

3.1. Locat ion and Brief History 13

3.2. Tank Source and Restorat ion 16

3.3. Hauz Khas Tank- Today 20

4. Basic Design Data of Hauz Khas 22

4.1. Introduction 22

4.2. Meteorological Data 22

4.3. Water Qual ity Analys is Report 23

4.4. ORAIPL’s Take on the Analys is 24


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5. Design Concept and Proposal 26

5.1. Background 26

5.1.1. Design Basis 26

5.1.2. Desired Product Water Quality 26

5.2. Design Concept and Strategy Proposed 27

6. Capital Investment for the Proposed Plan 31

7. Conclusion 33

8. References 33

9. Appendix- AES Lab Report 34


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Origin of the Report

This report has been compiled and prepared by Ozone Research and Applications (India)

Pvt. Ltd, Nagpur. This report analyzed the existing scenario of the historical Hauz Khas

Tank at Deer Park, New Delhi and aimed to propose a treatment methodology to

rejuvenate and sustain the heritage value of Hauz Khas.

1.2. Purpose

The historic Hauz Khas Tank has been a prime tourist spot since ages but has recently

lost its aesthetic value to the eutrophication of the lake leading to algal bloom, color,

smell and water treatment problems. An urgent need was felt to address the issue and

take immediate action for the revival of this historical place as the water quality seems

to be deteriorating by every passing hour.

1.3. Sources and Methods of Collecting Data

The primary source of collecting information was the internet, site visit and water

analysis under the esteemed guidance of the workforce at Engineers India Limited, New

Delhi and also Mr. Vishal Waindeskar, Director, ORAIPL.


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2. IMPACT OF URBANIZATION

AND EUTROPHICATION ON

LAKES

2.1. Effect of Urbanization on Hydrology

Humanity is increasingly urban, but continues to depend on Nature for its survival. Cities

are dependent on the ecosystems beyond the city limits, but also benefit from internal

urban ecosystems. The numerous effects of urbanization on hydrology, geomorphology,

and ecology make wetlands in urban regions function differently from wetlands in non-

urban lands. Furthermore, wetlands in urban regions may take on human-related values

that they lack in nonurban areas, as they provide some contact with nature, and some

opportunities for recreations that are otherwise rare in the urban landscape. Natural

water bodies tend to get absorbed in urban expansion and their catchment is disturbed

as a result of development. In Delhi in the Yamuna floodplain, the once river fed water

bodies are disconnected from the river because of embankments.

The biodiversity of lake and pond ecosystems is currently threatened by a number of

human disturbances, of which the most important include increased nutrient load,

contamination, acidification, and invasion of exotic species (Bronmark & Hansson, 2002).


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Hydrologic change is the most visible impact of urbanization. Hydrology concerns the

quality, duration, rates, frequency and other properties of water flow. Urbanization

typically increases runoff peak flows and total flow volumes and damages water quality

and aesthetics. Pollutants reach wetlands mainly through runoff. Urbanized watersheds

generate large amounts of pollutants, including eroded soil from construction sites, toxic

metals and petroleum from roadways, industrial and commercial areas, and nutrients

and bacteria from residential areas. By volume, sediment is the most important non-

point pollutant. At the same time that urbanization produces large quantities of

pollutants, it reduces water infiltration capacity, yielding more surface runoff. Pollutants

from urban land uses are, therefore, more vulnerable to transport by surface runoff than

pollutants from other land uses. The urbanization effects on wetland hydrology are:-

• Decreased surface storage of storm water which results in increased surface

runoff

• Increased storm water discharge relative to base flow discharge which results in

increased erosive force within stream channels, which in turn results in increased

sediment input to recipient waters ‚

• Changes in water quality (increased turbidity, increased nutrients, metals, organic

pollutants, decreased O2 etc.)

• Decreased groundwater recharge which results in decreased groundwater flow,

which reduces base flow and may eliminate dry season flow

• Increased floodwater frequency and magnitude result in, or scour of wetland

surface, physical disturbance of vegetation

• Increase in range of flow rates (low flows are diminished high flows are

augmented) may deprive wetlands of water during dry weather

2.2. Eutrophication

“Eutrophication is an accelerated growth of algae on higher forms of plant life caused by

the enrichment of water by nutrients, especially compounds of nitrogen and/or

phosphorus and inducing an undesirable disturbance to the balance of organisms present

in the water and to the quality of the water concerned”.


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2.2.1 Eutrophication – Causes

The mechanisms that lead to eutrophication, i.e. to this new status of the aquatic

environment, are complex and interlinked. The enrichment of water by nutrients can be

of natural origin but it is often dramatically increased by human activities. This occurs

almost everywhere in the world. There are three main sources of anthropic nutrient

input: runoff, erosion and leaching from fertilized agricultural areas, and sewage from

cities and industrial wastewater. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (from animal

breeding and combustion gases) can also be important. According to the European

Environment Agency, “the main source of nitrogen pollutants is run-off from agricultural

land, whereas most phosphorus pollution comes from households and industry, including

phosphorus-based detergents. The rapid increase in industrial production and in in-house

consumption during the 20th century has resulted in greater volumes of nutrient-rich

wastewater. Besides nutrient inputs, the first condition supporting eutrophication

development is purely physical - it is the containment (time of renewal) of the water.

The containment of water can be physical, such as in a lake or even in a slow river that

works as a batch (upstream waters do not mix with downstream waters), or it can be

dynamic. Other physical factors influence eutrophication of water bodies. Thermal

stratification of stagnant water bodies (such as lakes and reservoirs), temperature and

light influence the development of aquatic algae. Increased light and temperature

conditions during spring and summer explain why eutrophication is a phenomenon that

occurs mainly during these seasons. Eutrophication itself affects the penetration of light

through the water body because of the shadow effect coming from the development of


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algae and other living organisms and this reduces photosynthesis in deep water layers,

and aquatic grass and weeds bottom development.

2.2.2 Eutrophication – Effects on Ecology, Aesthetics and

Human Health

The major consequence of eutrophication concerns the availability of oxygen. Plants,

through photosynthesis, produce oxygen in daylight. On the contrary, in darkness all

animals and plants, as well as aerobic microorganisms and decomposing dead

organisms, respire and consume oxygen. These two competitive processes are

dependent on the development of the biomass. In the case of severe biomass

accumulation, the process of oxidation of the organic matter that has formed into

sediment at the bottom of the water body will consume all the available oxygen. Even

the oxygen contained in sulphates (SO4 2-) will be used by some specific bacteria. This

will lead to the release of sulphur (S2-) that will immediately capture the free oxygen

still present in the upper layers. Thus, the water body will lose all its oxygen and all life

will disappear. This is when the very specific smell of rotten eggs, originating mainly

from sulphur, will appear.


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An infestation of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) can be a health hazard. It can

provide an ideal breeding habitat for mosquito larvae and it can protect the snail vector

of bilharzia [Scott et al., 1979]. Of all the cyanotoxins currently known, the cyclic

peptides represent the greatest concern to human health, although this may be because

so little is known about the other cyanotoxins [Chorus and Bartram, 1999]. The concern

exists primarily because of the potential risk of long term exposure to comparatively low

concentrations of the toxins in drinking water supplies. Acute exposure to high doses

may cause death from liver haemorrhage or liver failure. Other short term effects on

humans include gastrointestinal and hepatic illnesses. A number of adverse

consequences have been documented for swimmers exposed to cyanobacterial blooms.

Chronic exposure to low doses may promote the growth of liver and other tumours.

Nevertheless, many cyanobacterial blooms are apparently not hazardous to animals

[Carmichael, 1992]. It is also possible that people exposed to odours from waterways

contaminated with decaying algae of cyanobacteria may suffer chronic ill-health effects.

The existence of large areas of macrophytes can inhibit or prevent access to waterways.

This decreases the fitness for use of the water for water sports such as skiing, yachting

and fishing. The presence of unsightly and smelling scums also makes any recreational

use of the water body unpleasant.


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The condition of urban lakes and water bodies in India is so dismal that the people have

now filed a number of public interest litigation (PIL) to put pressure on government

agencies to take action for their conservation. Citizens having realised that this

important natural resource is key to sustenance of habitations and source of potable

water need immediate conservation. Many cases have been documented, Dal Lake in

Kashmir, Delhi’s Waterbodies, Kurpa Tal, Naini Tal, Bhimtal, Naukuchia Tal and Sattal in

Uttaranchal, Charkop, Thanne lake, Powai and Eksar Lakes in Mumbai, Hussain Sagar,

Saroo Nagar lake, Kolleru wetlands in Andhra Pradesh, Vembanad wetlands in Kerala,

Bangalore lakes, Bellandur lake in Karnataka etc. There are many more instances where

citizens have come forward to conserve the wetlands and lake in light of government

apathy.


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3. Hauz Khas Tank-Existing

Scenario

3.1. Location and Brief History

Delhi which is the national capital of India is located at 28.61°N 77.23°E, and lies

in Northern India. It borders the Indian states of Haryana on the north, west and south

and Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the east. Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi

are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge.

INTACH’s (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage) blueprint for water

augmentation mapped all water resources as well as possible groundwater recharge sites

such as paleo-channels and lineaments. It identified 44 lakes and 355 village ponds as

major sites for water storage and recharge locations. A few of these are water bodies

constructed by Delhi rulers in the past that have become defunct with time. When

revived they can be used for storage of rainwater and groundwater that will aid in

recharging the groundwater in the associated aquifers, in addition to providing habitat

for biodiversity.

Hauz Khas Complex houses a water tank, an Islamic seminary, a mosque, a

tomb and pavilions built around an urbanized village with medieval history traced to

the thirteenth century of Delhi Sultanate reign. It was part of Siri, the second medieval


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city of India of the Delhi Sultanate of Allauddin Khilji Dynasty (1296–1316). Hauz Khas

is a historic place and the lake inside it is 700 years old. The latitude is 28.55 deg N and

longitude is 77.19 deg E. The tank is 26 km far from Yamuna River. The area of the lake

is surrounded by Deer Park, Safdarjang Enclave and Green Park.

Hauz Khas as shown below is located is located in South Delhi in Zone –F which is full of

protected monuments, forested areas and heritage sites so, it is called “GREEN LUNG” of

the Delhi city.


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Hauz Khas as per the google earth view resides in the heart of the dense Deer park and

has been a prime tourist spot for many years.


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3.2. Tank Source and Restoration in 2004

The Hauz Khas tank which was originally of about 50 ha (123.6 acres) area with

dimensions of 600 m (1,968.5 ft) width and 700 m (2,296.6 ft) length with 4 m (13.1 ft)

depth of water faced a brief period of being bereft of water (See Figure) due to

evaporation losses and no make-up water source. To make the situation worse, the lake

was located at a place where adjacent land use cannot be changed and no other source

of surface water was available to retrieve the lake. The bed of the Hauz was concretized

with a 50 mm thick layer of lean concrete in 1968 with a view to stop the tremendous

percolation losses. Over a period of time the layer had crumbled and was completely

ineffective. Several trees had taken root in shallow mud pockets in the bed and several

more have been planted along the 1 km. long edge. From the lake management point of

view this vegetation is a nightmare as it multiplies the in situ organic load through decay


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and leaf fall. The littoral zone is also steep with stone-pitched banks and little vegetation.

There is an island of 0.40 ha with steep banks but thick vegetation.

The stratum is extremely porous and makes it difficult to retain surface water. The water

holding capacity of Hauz Khas has now come down to mere 128,000 cum from a

whooping 800,000 cum when built due to decreased depth of the tank mainly because of

siltation and continuous percolation and evaporation losses.

To rectify the situation, INTACH had proposed a scheme to rejuvenate the Hauz Khas

Tank. The following scheme was implemented:-

• One MGD (Million Gallon per Day) treated effluent from Vasant Kunj STP was

utilized for filling the lake after further treatment with duckweeds (Spirodella,

Lemna, Wolffia) in the water retained in existing check dams in the catchment.

Three storm water channels which lie on the upstream side of the Hauz emerge

south of the Hauz from the southern ridge area and serve a catchment of

approximately 10 sq.km. These channels are carrying wastewaters/sewage from

unsewered areas of heavily urbanized catchment, the annual storm water runoff

generated was about 700,000 - 900,000 m3 annually, in a year of average

rainfall.


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• The treated water was conveyed from check dam through a system of pipes (600

mm ø) and chambers. The pipes were laid on the bed of the storm water channel

to ensure that nonpoint pollution does not affect the water quality en route.

• The entire flow was accomplished with gravity.

• Based on the flow regime the average flow was estimated at 2000 m3/d (cubic

meters per day) after accounting for diversions upstream of Sanjay Van, seepage

losses in Sanjay Van, trans-evaporation by the plant community in the aquatic

plants lagoon in Sanjay Van and removals in IIT campus.

• After filling the Hauz to full capacity the losses on account of evaporation and

percolation had to be made up. The percolation losses were assumed as a stable

constant whereas the evaporation losses would vary with the seasons. The

losses were estimated between 940 m3/d in May to 600 m3/d in December –

January.

• After filling the Hauz appropriate fish species were introduced in the reservoir.

[Populations: Indian Carps – 120,000, Grass Carps - 50,000, Gambussia –

10,000]. The plankton, which feed upon the organic load in the water were

consumed by the fish. Bottom feeder fish feed upon the detritus of dead matter


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floating down towards the bed of the reservoir. The fish would attract fish eating

birds and thus the organic matter would be removed from the water through a

natural food chain.

• Bioremediation: Facultative anaerobic bacterial consortium was introduced in

surface waters to reduce biological oxygen demand, reduce nitrates and to

improve the levels of dissolved oxygen.

This formed basis for restoration of water quality and aquatic ecosystem to the lake.


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3.3. Hauz Khas Tank- Today

In spite of the remedial measures taken by INTACH which lead to the restoration of tank,

the Hauz Khas tank even today faces the same old problem of algal bloom, high organic

load, odor issues, unaesthetic appearance and siltation.

Following observations were made from our site visit on 12th January, 2016:-

• The appearance of lake water was unattractive and looked green in colour due to

algal bloom.


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• Presence of aquatic life, migratory birds and ducks was observed.

• The treated sewage inflow to the lake appeared to have been contributing to the

already polluted lake.

• Unpleasant odour sensed near the lake.

• Surrounding pathways looked clean.


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4. Basic Design Data of Hauz

Khas

4.1. Introduction

The lake is situated in a district park of urban south Delhi and has a water spread of 6

hectares. The catchment of this lake has undergone rapid urbanization. The Hauz has an

area of 58,515 m2, an average depth of 2.20 m [the bed is in slope with a difference of

1.5 m between the highest and lowest levels] and a storage capacity of 128,000 m3. It

has a perimeter of 1 km.

Total water volume in the water: 1,28,000 m3 (or cum)

Total turnover time: 300 hours

Water flow to be treated: 426.6 m3/hr (500 m3/hr approx)

4.2. Meteorological Data

Sr. No. Particulars Description

1. Location New Delhi, India,

2. Temperature (Min/Max) -2.2 / 48.4 deg. C

3. Wind Velocity( Min/Max) 0.0 / 13.4 km/hr


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4. Rainfall (Annual) 617 mm

5. Altitude above sea level 216 m

6. Seism City Zone Zone 4

4.3. Water Quality Analysis of Hauz Khas

Detailed water analysis report of Haus Khas Lake carried out by AES Laboratories (P)

Ltd, New Delhi is presented below. The water sample was collected on February 19,

2016.

Sr. No.

Parameter Test Method Results Units

1. Conductivity at 25 deg. C APHA 2510(B) 828 µS/cm

2. Turbidity APHA 2130(B) 15 NTU

3. Colour APHA 2120(B) 4 Hazen

4. pH Value at 25 deg. C APHA 4500(B) 8.95 -

5. Free CO2 APHA 4500(C) Nil mg/l

6. Alkalinity Total(as CaCO3) IS 3025 Pt 23:1986 180 mg/l

7. Chloride(as Cl) IS 3025 Pt 32:1988 80 mg/l

8. Calcium Hardness(as CaCO3) APHA 3500(B) 116 mg/l

9. Magnesium Hardness(as CaCO3) APHA 3500(B) 68 mg/l

10. Dissolved Silica(as SiO2) APHA 4500(C) 4.6 mg/l

11. Nitrates(as NO3) IS 3025 Pt 44:1988 12 mg/l

12. Sodium (as Na) APHA 3500-Na-B 86 mg/l

13. Solids Dissolved(TDS) APHA 2540(C) 516 mg/l

14. BOD (3 days at 27 deg. C) IS 3025 Pt 44:1993 36 mg/l

15. COD (as O2) IS 3025 Pt 58:2006 172 mg/l

16. Dissolved Oxygen IS 3025 Pt 38:1989 2.35 mg/l

17. Hardness Total (as CaCO3) IS 3025 Pt 21:2009 184 mg/l

18. Sulphate(as SO4) APHA 4500 SO4 E 49 mg/l

19. Iron(as Fe) APHA 3111(B) 0.12 mg/l

20. Potassium (as K) APHA 3500 K B 19 mg/l

21. Solid Suspended(TSS) IS 3025 Pt 17:1984 8 mg/l

22. E.Coli IS 1622:1981 280 Qualit

ative

23. Coliform IS 1622: 1981 1800 MPN/1

00 ml

24. Appearance Visual Observation Green due

to algal bloom

25. Odour Olfactory Method Objectiona

ble due to algal &

sewage

odours


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4.4. ORAIPL’s TAKE ON THE ANALYSIS

On pH:

As per the guidelines suggested by BIS, a pH range of 6.5-8.5 is normally acceptable. As

per the report, the pH is just above 8.5 (8.95 recorded as per the report) which states

that the lake is on the alkaline side. This is be due to photosynthesis carried out by the

aquatic plants or algae which are using up the dissolved CO2 (Nil recorded as per the

report). Since dissolved carbon dioxide (Nil recorded as per the report) acts as carbonic

acid in water, it is unable to increase the acidity of the lake and hence the pH increases.

Due to heavy nutrient loading and subsequent algal growth, the pH might aggravate

during the growing season and daytime.

On Electrical Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids:

Conductivity of water is affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved solids such as

chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate anions, or sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and

aluminium cations. It is also affected by temperature; warmer the water, higher the

conductivity. The conductivity recorded (828 µS/cm as per the report) is higher than the

permissible limit of 500 µS/cm which may be due to a failing sewage system letting

chloride, phosphate and nitrate ions mix into the lake. The TDS and Conductivity

parameters are closely related as they both indicate the amount of dissolved solids. The

TDS (516 mg/l as per the report) was found to be slightly above the set limit of 500

mg/l. Such TDS in water might cause gastro-intestinal irritation on consumption.

On Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand:

The dissolved oxygen recorded (2.35 mg/l as per the report) is way below the minimum

limit of 5 mg/l. Concentrations below 5 mg/l affects the functioning and survival of

biological communities. Water with inadequate DO might well be considered as

wastewater. Water bodies with large quantity organic waste also contain a lot of bacteria

working to decompose the waste; hence the demand for oxygen will be high due to all

the bacteria. As the waste is consumed and dispersed, the BOD declines. When BOD

levels are high in water (due to quicker growth of algae and subsequent death), the DO

level decreases because the available oxygen is now getting consumed by the bacteria

operating on the increased organic load. The BOD recorded (39 mg/l as per the report)

clearly misbehaves with the set BOD limit of 30 mg/L and should be reduced to below 3

mg/l to inhibit the current rate of deterioration.


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On COD:

The high value of COD obtained (170 mg/l as per the report) shows that the lake is filled

with some dissolved organic compounds or oxidisable inorganic substances. This might

be due poor sewage treatment and surface runoffs. Although it is below the standard

COD of 250 mg/l; high COD talks about the high pollution levels in the lake.

On Nitrate Concentration:

As per the report, the nitrate concentration obtained is 12 mg/l. Nitrate concentration

above 10 mg/l is very harmful. The high nitrate concentration in lakes signifies high

nutrient loading which leads to subsequent algal bloom as seen now.

On the presence of Total Coliform:

Total Coliform Count acts as an index of magnitude of biological contamination. It is an

important parameter to check sewage contamination in a lake. In the present case, the

Total Coliform count was found to be 1800 MPN/100 ml and E.Coli was found to be 280.

The ideal recreational water body should have a TC count below 500 MPN/100 ml. The

increased coliform concentration might be due to sewage contamination, droppings or

excretion from warm blooded creatures in the lake and its surroundings. The presence of

such disease-causing microorganisms is a strictly undesirable in recreational

environments.


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5. Design Concept and Proposal

5.1. Background

Conservation of lakes and wetlands requires several actions to be taken together. It is

necessary to first assess the current state of the water body in terms of its physical,

chemical, hydrological and biological characteristics and then determine the objectives

and goals for which the water body is to be conserved.

Hauz Khas lake which faces the problem of algal bloom due to nutrient loading, higher

pH, odor and color problems an urgent need was felt to come up with a permanent fix to

such issues.

5.1.1. Design Basis

Lake Name Hauz Khas Tank

Total Volume of Water in the Lake 1,28,000 Cum

Total water turnover time 300 Hrs

Water flow to be treated /

Capacity of the treatment plant

500 cum/hr

Source of Make Up Water Sanjay Van Catchment Area( Vasant

Kunj STP Treated Water)

Make Up Water Requirement 25-40 (Approx. considering average

evaporation, percolation losses over

and rainfall make up over the year)

cum/hr

5.1.2. Desired Product Water Quality

Core quality parameters for the product water will be maintained as per IS 2296:1992

[Surface water quality standards; class-B Water for outdoor bathing/recreation] as given

below:-

Parameters Desired Value

Dissolved Oxygen (DO), mg/l (Minimum) 5


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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l (Maximum) 3

Total Coliform (TC) organisms, Maximum, MPN/100 ml 500

pH Between 6.5 and 8.5

Colour, Hazen Units, Maximum 300

5.2. Design Concept and Strategy Proposed

Ozone Research and Applications (India) Pvt. Ltd. (ORAIPL) would like to propose

the following treatment scheme in order to rejuvenate the Hauz Khas Lake and restore

its rich heritage and aesthetic beauty :-

On-Site Operations-

Step 1: Removal of settled sludge from the bottom of the Tank (Desilting):

The reduced depth of the Hauz Khas tank is due to the excess deposit of sludge or dead

aquatic life at the bottom of the tank. Desilting operation from time to time can be put to

use to remove the settled sludge and increase the depth of the tank making it an able

water body which can be used as a supply source during tough times.


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Step 2: Removal of Planktonic Algae (By Acoustic Technology)

For removal of existing algae or planktons a new acoustic technology has been

developed in European countries and is being widely used for water treatment. As is the

name, this technology emits sound signals with right frequency, which creates a sound

barrier in the top layer of the water, reflecting on objects with a different density than

water. This affects the buoyancy of many types of algae and prevents algae from floating

up to the surface, thus dying by lack of light.

Centralized Treatment Plant

The proposed water treatment plant of capacity 500c.u.m/hr will treat the treated

sewage inflow to the Hauz Khas Tank before entering into the lake while also

accomplishing the treatment of the existing lake water in 15-20 hour recirculation.

Step 1: Fine Screening

A dry well is to be constructed (in RCC) at below ground level parallel to the pond. This

well and pump house will be a feed point of water for filtration and other purposes like

equalization and neutralization (pH adjustment).

Suction filters are proposed to be placed in this channel for physical separation of waste

solids floating in the pond. Purpose is to avoid any solid waste entering the filter pumps

on suction side. Solids trapped in this filter have to be cleaned manually.

Feed pumps will lift water from dry well and feed it to Vortex filter (cyclone type) for

removal of sand, mud and suspended solid particles above 20mm size.

Step 2: Pressure Sand filter (PSF)


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Outlet water from Vortex filter shall be passed through sand media of Pressure sand

filter to get rid of suspended solids (size below 20 mm), impurities and inorganic matter

in the pond. The same water shall also be used for backwashing of filters to avoid choke-

ups and maintain the efficiency of filter. Objective is to reduce down the TSS (Total

suspended solids) load.

Step 3: Activated carbon filter (ACF)

Filtered water from PSF shall be fed to Activated carbon filters, wherein after contacting

with carbon media the TSS & TDS load of water will reduce from 50 ppm to 5 ppm which

is as per bathing standards. The ACF will also help in reducing the odor as well as colour

of water.

Step 4: Disinfection (Ozonisation system)

After ACF the filtered water is collected in a filter water sump (in RCC). Next step is to

disinfect the filtered water for bacteria and organic material removal. This disinfection is

done online by ozone generator system. For the efficient and economic introduction of

ozone a part stream of the filtered water is utilized as a motive flow for the gas injection

and mixing through venturi injector. Ozonisation system will not only disinfect the pond

water but will also eliminate colour and odour, if any, in the pond water. COD (Chemical

oxygen demand) load will be reduced to < 15 ppm. Thus, safe bathing/recreational

water grade water is returned to the pond.

Some more advantages of ozone:

• Filtration support: Ozone assists flocculation of organic waste materials, thus

enhancing the effectiveness of sand filters.

• Water purification: Ozone directly decomposes organic waste by oxidation.

• Water sanitation: Properly dissolved ozone residual of 0.05 mg/L or higher assures a

100% kill of all bacteria, viruses and fungus.

• Water ozonisation: Unused ozone slowly decomposes to normal oxygen and remains

dissolved in the water to the point of saturation. This makes the pond water clean,

sparkling sky blue with a pleasantly clean smell.

• Leaves no toxic residue in the treated water.

• Ozone is produced on site and does not require storage or transportation.

• Ozone ends water discharge liabilities.


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• Compared to chlorine, the most common water disinfection chemical; ozone is more

than 50% stronger in oxidizing power and acts over 3,000 times faster in disinfection.

Step 5: Filter Backwash water treatment with HRSC Clarifier

A total backwash water quantity of about 50 m3/hr is received from the filtration system

(PSF + ACF). This backwash water is transferred to HRSCC (High rate solids contact

clarifier) to separate out sludge from the backwash water. Polyelectrolyte and alum

solution shall be dosed for flocculation and coagulation. Clarified water shall be collected

in a clarified water sump for further filtration by PSF. An ozone dose @ 1 ppm shall be

applied for disinfection before returning this water back to the pond.

Step 6: Filter press

Separated sludge from HRSCC is transferred to filter press for cake formation and

disposal at sludge drying bed which can be reused after treatment as a fertilizer.

The above scheme was proposed by ORAIPL for Shivganga Pond Rejuvenation (currently

under execution). Same can be replicated for Hauz Khas Tank as well.


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6. Capital Investment for the

Proposed Plant

The capital outlay for the proposed treatment plant is estimated to be about Rs. 6 crores

with object head-wise breakup as machinery and equipment, civil works, electrical works

and other capital expenditure.

Budgetary Costing of Equipment and Machineries are tabulated below:

Sr.no. Item Description Total

Qty.

Unit Rate in Lakhs Total in

Lakhs

1 Ultrasonic Equipment 4 No. 5.25 21.00

2 Suction Filter 3(Standby

Included)

No. 1.00 3.00

3 Filter Feed Pumps 3(Standby

Included)

No. 4.1 12.30

4 Vortex Filter 2 No. 3.0 6.0

5 Pressure Sand Filters 2 No. 17.55 35.1

6 Activated Carbon Filters 2 No. 17.55 35.1

7 Filtered Water Transfer

Pumps

2(Standby

Included)

No. 4.10 8.20

8 Ozonisation System (1.5

kg/hr)

1 No. 127.00 127.00

9 HRSC Clarifier 1 No. 17.00 17.00

10 Filter Press 1 No. 13.75 13.75

11 Sludge Transfer Pumps 2(Standby

Included)

No. 1.50 3.00

12 Flocculant Tank +

Agitator + Pump

1 No. 1.50 1.50

13 Clarified Water Transfer

Pumps

2(Standby

Included)

No. 2.50 2.50

14 Pressure Sand Filter 1 No. 8.50 8.50

15 Ozonisation System (50

g/hr)

1 No. 6.00 6.00

16 Diffuser 1 Lot 1.00 1.00


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17 Pipes and Fittings 1 Lot 75.00 75.00

18 Media (Sand + Activated

Carbon under-bed

materials)

110 MT 0.063 per MT 7.00

19 Misc. Items 1 Lot 25.00 25.00

Supply Total 371.65

20 Civil Works 1 Lump

sum

75.00 75.00

21 Electrical Cost 1 Lump

sum

75.00 75.00

22 Other Capital

Expenditure

1 Lump

sum

75.00 75.00

Grand Total 596.65

Note:- The rates are subjected to change. This breakup aims to give a rough

estimate of the capital involved in implementing this project. The operational

costs are not covered in this section as that would require further detailed

engineering and project planning.


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7. Conclusion

Conservation of lakes requires several actions to be taken together. It is necessary to

first assess the present state of the water body in terms of its physical, chemical,

hydrological and biological characteristics and then determine the objectives and goals

for which the water body is to be conserved. In India, there are several lakes which need

urgent restoration. Conservation and management of water bodies can only be done

when all the concerned authorities come together and resolve the issue by showing their

participation in the preparation and implementation of the action plan. This report was

aimed at incepting the thought of not just rejuvenating a lake but also the need to

maintain its beauty and quality through continuous treatment.

Hauz Khas which has been an epitome of tourist attraction since decades needs urgent

attention. We hope this report could look into all the aspects required to devise a plan

for the rejuvenation of Hauz Khas Tank and restore the heritage value it is longing for.

8. References

• Bureau of Indian Standards 2296: 1992. Water quality parameters for different

uses in the standard IS 2296:1992.

• Conservation and Management of Lakes - An Indian Perspective 2010. Ministry of

Environment and Forests, New Delhi.

• Garg R K, Rao R J and Saksena D N, J Environ Biology, 2009, 30(5), 909-916.

• Gupta S K, Dixit S and Tiwari S, Poll Res., 2005, 24(4), 805808.

• Maiti S.K., Water and Wastewater analysis, Vol.1, 2nd edition, 2004.

• Manu Bhatnagar, Revival of Hauz Khas Lake (INTACH), 2008, 1477- 1487.

• Meg Raj Pokhral, spectrophotometric determination of phosphate, Scientific

World, Vol.11, 2013, 58-62.

• MoEF 2010. Conservation and Management of Lakes-An Indian Perspective.

• Subrahmanyam N.S. and A.V.S.S. Sambamurty, Ecology 2nd (Edition), 2006.

• Sutapa Chakarabarty, Jayshree, Deka and Sarma H P, Int J Chem Sci., 2009,

7(4), 2914-2920.

• Trivedy R K and Goel P K, Chemical and biological methods for water pollution

studies, Environmental Publication, Karad, India, 1986.

• Tyler Miller G., Jr, Living in the environment, 5th (Edition), 1985.


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9. Appendix


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deer park lake report

Documents