SL Masters ProgramTechnology, Institutions, and Infrastructure that

flow from Deep SustainabilityLonnie Gamble

Maharishi University of Management

February 2016

SustainabilityMeet the needs of the present without diminishing

opportunities for the future

A world view with a set of supporting infrastructure, technologies, institutions, ways of relating to each

other and to nature

John Ehrenfeld – Flourishing

Sustainability is the possibility that humans and other life will flourish on Earth forever

Reducing unsustainability, although critical, will not create sustainability.

Being less bad vs moving in the right direction SUSTAINABILITY AS FLOURISHING

Being vs Having

Where do our technological, infrastructure and institutional choices come from?

Wholeness: Technology, Infrastructure, and Institutions flow from and reinforce a

worldview

Why world views/paradigms are important in theory of change and technology adoption

Places to Intervene in a System Donella Meadows(in increasing order of effectiveness)

12. Constants, parameters, numbers (such as subsidies, taxes, standards).11. The sizes of buffers and other stabilizing stocks, relative to their flows.10. The structure of material stocks and flows (such as transport networks, population age structures).9. The lengths of delays, relative to the rate of system change.8. The strength of negative feedback loops, relative to the impacts they are trying to correct against.7. The gain around driving positive feedback loops.6. The structure of information flows (who does and does not have access to information).5. The rules of the system (such as incentives, punishments, constraints).4. The power to add, change, evolve, or self-organize system structure.3. The goals of the system.

2. The mindset or paradigm out of which the system — its goals, structure, rules, delays, parameters — arises.

1. The power to transcend paradigms

Technology, Infrastructure, and Institutions Flowing From and Supporting the Conventional World View

• Economics: eliminating boundaries, exponential growth in throughput of materials and energy, abstracted from nature (laws of nature are not limiting) • Business Management: Centralization, standardization, consolidation of

control. • Technology: Entropic, cradle to grave, uncritically embrace all new technology,

tool for circumventing nature’s limits, brute force, inelegant• Energy: Globally connected fossil energy supply - the geopolitics of fossil

energy. • Education: Banking model, overemphasis on vocational, instrumental

education. Ignores role of consciousness• Agriculture: Agriculture modeled after the industrial revolution, • Built Environment: Dependent on fossil fuels for comfort, non-local design,

car centric vs people centric • Health: Focus on treating sickness, body as a machine• Politics: Purpose is to support human well being through economic growth,

regardless of model (democracry, socialism, communism, dictator). Based in neoclassical economics (economism) • Ways of Knowing: Scientism, Reductionism

Ill effects are inherent in the world view – Not “side effects”

Review of the Old Paradigm

Economic Worldview

Fallacies and Facts of Economic Sustainability

Fallacies: If we just let markets work, profits will provide the necessary incentives for sustainability. If we get the costs and prices right -- if we internalize the externalities -- then free markets will ensure sustainability. New technology will allow us to use resources more efficiency and substitute new abundant resources for scares resources; so, we can sustain economic growth without increasing our use of natural resources. If consumers would make the socially and ecologically responsible economic decisions , the markets will ensure sustainability. Sustainability relates only to those aspects of the economy that affect society and the natural environment, the parts of society that affect the economy, and the parts of nature that area affect the economy and society. The people who manage , work for, and invest in corporations are real people. So corporations have the same incentives as humans to make decisions to ensure sustainability. A primary function of government is to ensure an equal opportunity for all to acquire and accumulate things of economic value. Economic growth is necessary for progress in human well-being so sustainability inevitably will require sacrifices in quality of life.

Technology, Infrastructure, and Institutions that flow from and support the Deep Sustainability world view

Economics: Sustainable Economics: economics bounded by society bounded by the environment, markets based on classical economics for getting individual material needs met (self interest rightly understood, localism, steady state economy, grounded in the physical world - physics, chemistry and biology, supports regeneration of the natural and human relationships that is the source of economic value. Respects limits on extraction and exploitation.

Business management: Systems approach, chaordic vs hierarchical command and control, works to regenerate individual and collective human resources, respects hierarchy of sustainability and intentionality.

Technology: Biomimetic, anti entropic, cradle to cradle, limits, selective use, celebrates nature’s limits (limits drive creative solutions)

Energy: 100% solar powered in all it’s forms, wise use, Education: Collaborative learning, CBE, emphasis on how the world owrks and the learners place

in it. Constructivist. Higher states of consciousness Agriculture: Agriculture modeled after natural systems, principles of ecology. Knowledge

based vs chemical based. Perennial Polyculture. Soil Biology and Ecology. Health: Focus on health, prevention. Human Microbiome. Politics: Constitutional convention on consent of the governed for sustainability. Purpose of

government is to provide access to those things that everyone has a right to. Single tax on solar energy. Establish conditions to maximize human well being . Eco-socialism.

Ways of knowing - many ways of knowing, science rightly understood (applied), indigenous wisdom, vedic cognition

“We as a civilization are undergoing a transition to a new (and perhaps very ancient) mythology, one in which we no longer understand ourselves as separate from each other and from nature, one in which we see the universe as intelligent through and through. Upon that narrative (which is contrary to some fundamental tenets of science), radically different kinds of social, economic, and technological systems will emerge. Today, that transition is barely underway. We all live with a foot in two worlds, striving toward a new but in many ways unconsciously clinging to the old. In that, the TED authorities are essentially no different from any of us.”

Charles Eisenstien

“We need a persuasive and visionary yes rather than a ongoing no”

- Naomi Klein, UH Manoa Feb 2015

Economics Nested Hierarchies - respects hierarchy of Sustainability,

Intentionality Steady State Economy (Mills 1806 – 1873)

Planned degrowth vs failed growth economy Systems approach Grounded in the physical world – biology, chemistry physics –

not abstracted from itChaordic vs hierarchical command and control Works to regenerate individual and collective human resources,

respects hierarchy of sustainability and intentionality.

Sustainable Economics

Purpose from higher level

Possibilities from lower level

Business and Organizational Structure and Management

Ikerd, Sustainable Capitalism Ch 10, Ehrenfeld, Flourishing

Governance by principles rather than goals and objectives

Dee Hock, Chaordic Democratic Workplace

Coops (consumer, worker)

Workplace Democracy

Cooperatives, Employee Ownership

Kelsoe - http://www.films.com/ecTitleDetail.aspx?TitleID=27331

Noam Chomsky on Workplace Democracy https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=6ugGqJcro2w

Evergreen Coops – Cleveland

Mondragon

Basque region of Spain 74,000 people employed257 companies in finance, manufacturing, retail

and knowledge $14 billion turnover

Mondragon Coop

Mondragon Coop

Technology and Design

Intent, Purpose Values: Implicit in technology (Mander) Design: First signal of Human IntentionBiomimetic, anti entropic, cradle to cradle,

limits, selective use, celebrates nature’s limits (limits drive creative solutions)

Atlantic Facebook cover

George Washington Carver

Developed thousands of new uses for plants, including soap and ink from peanuts, a building wall system made from cotton stalks, and 75 products made from pecans.

He wanted farmers in the south to be able to get all their needs met from the farm without having to participate in the cash economy.

Carver went to Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa and graduated from Iowa State.

Carver was born into slavery.

John Todd and Living Machines

Processes for Evaluating Technology at a World View Level

Amish - They are selective. They evaluate by experience. They have a criteria. The choices are not individual but communal.

2nd law/ Kevin Kelly - Is the technology entropic or anti - entropic (exotropic)? (Kelly, What Technology Wants)

Leopold/Land ethic - Does the technology tend to preserve or increase the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community?

Wendell Berry - a new tool should be cheaper, smaller, and better than the one it replaces, use less energy (and that energy renewable), be repairable, come from a small, local shop, and “should not replace or disrupt anything good that already exists, and this includes family and community relationships.”

David Orr- Is it a part of a holistic systems approach or is it a reductionist technological fix? Amish Horse vs. Catalytic converter

John Ikerd – Sustainability Ethic - “ A thing is right when it tends to enhance the quality and integrity of all life on earth by means that honor the unique responsibilities and rewards of humans as members and cartakers of the earth’s integral community. A thing is wrong when it tends otherwise. I believe it is important that we begin to guide the sustainability movements by questioning what is right and wrong.”

Inspiration for Designers

Design Methodologies

PermacultureTransition Towns Natural Step BiomimicryFairfield Strategic Planning ProcessSamso Process

If we get the design right, we get cascading side benefits

If we get the design wrong, we get cascading side effects

Sustainable Living: A New and Better Design for Living

“We are charged with designing the future,

not being victims of it”- R Buckminster Fuller

• “I look for what needs to be done. After all, that's how the universe designs itself.” - Buckminster Fuller

The Current Generation: Mcdonough Benyus Lovins Todd

Other systems of Ecological DesignNatural Step Principles: The Rules of Nature

In order to create a sustainable society, we need to understand that we must operate within natural laws and principles rather than attempting to overcome them. Scientists agree on the following non-negotiable facts about the earth:

1. The earth is a closed system with respect to matter. Nothing enters or leaves (aside from the odd meteor or rocket), which means everything that was here two billion years ago is still here today. There is no away: matter can change form, but it doesn’t leave.

2. The earth is an open system with respect to energy. In fact, energy from the sun is the only input into the system. This energy enters our atmosphere and is released back into space in the form of heat. The sun’s energy drives everything.

3. Life exists in the thin layer around the earth called the biosphere, which is as thin as the skin of an onion. The biosphere is very fragile – as we’re learning almost daily, and there is only so much wear and tear it can take. And it is certainly rare. As far as we know, there’s only one just like it in the entire universe, and the more we learn about it, the more complex and beautiful it turns out to be.

4. Photosynthetic organisms (plants and some algae) capture the sun’s energy and use it to power their growth. This growth supports the development of every organism on earth – in other words, photosynthesis pays the bills.

5. All life on earth depends on complex, self-regulating systems that circulate materials and energy in closed-loop cycles (Gaia). Slow geological processes move materials from deep in the earth’s crust (or lithosphere) to the biosphere and back again. Ecosystems in the biosphere rapidly cycle and recycle nutrients, water and energy from one organism to the

next. Nature works in efficient cycles where nothing is wasted.

How to organize a community for a positive, desirable transition away from fossil fuels?

Transition Towns MovementPermaculture Design Applied to Community Organizing

“I believe that a lower-energy, more localized future, in which we move from being consumers to being producer/consumers, where food, energy and other essentials are locally produced, local economies are strengthened and we have learned to live more within our means is a step towards something extraordinary, not a step away from something inherently irreplaceable.” —Rob HopkinsThe Transition Handbook

Permaculture Design Considers the Synergistic Relationship of:

• Agriculture - with an emphasis on perennial systems• Aquaculture• Forestry, Forest Gardens, Tree Crops, Agroforestry• Energy• Water• Earthworks• Buildings and the Built Environment• Restoration of natural systens• Urban Design and Planning - Ecocities• Transportation• Attitude• Invisible Structures- economics, access to land, banking and money

systems, right livelihoods, cooperatives, government, education, commons, intellectual property rights

• Equity and Social Justice • The beneficial synergies between all of the above

“The ideal way in which to spend one’s time is in the perfection of the expression of life, to lead the most evolved life possible, and to assist in and celebrate the existence of all life forms other than humans, for they all come from the same egg.”

- Bill Mollison or Maharishi?

Christopher Alexander A Pattern Language

Energy

Central Role of Energy Wise Use 100% solar powered in all it’s formsDon’t let them sell us the sun.

Energy is Essential for Sustainability

• 1st law – energy is neither created nor destroyed – it is eternally cycled from one form to another

• 2nd law – energy loses useful each time it is transformed – same quantity of energy but it can no longer do the same kinds of work.

Energy is Essential for Sustainability

• Examples– Coffee– Car Engine– Leaky tire

• Materials Cycle • Energy flows from

source to sink

Energy is Essential for Sustainability

• For Sustainability: We need a continuous source of high quality energy to offset the effects of entropy, we need solar energy

Sustainability: Regeneration and Renewal

The human body and spirit are subject to their own laws of entropy and are in need of renewal and regeneration

Energy: Mechanics of Intelligence Becoming intelligent

Self organizing self regulating power of nature

Specific embodiment of intelligence vs abstract intelligence of the Unified Field

Energy - Order - Intelligence

Parabola Video

The Economy of Nature

Economy of Abundance Within Limits vs Economy of Scarcity

Fossil Fuel Spill - Disaster

Solar Energy Spill Just Another Nice Day in Ice Sailing in Iowa

Four Season Harvest"I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait till oil and coal run out before we tackle that.”- Thomas Edison (1931 in a letter to Henry Ford)

This presentation prepared on solar powered computers

“Someday, after we have mastered the winds, the waves, the tide and gravity, we shall harness for God the energies of love. Then for the second time in the history of the world, man will have discovered fire.” - Teilhard de Chardin

Education

Collaborative learning Emphasis on how the world works and the

learners place in it. ConstructivistCBE Rightly UnderstoodHigher states of consciousness

Agriculture

Agriculture modeled after natural system, principles of ecology, agroecology

Knowledge Based Vs Chemical Based Perennial polycultures (J Russel Smith, Tree

Crops, 1929)Relationship of the health of the soil biology to

the health of plants and peopleBiodynamics – Farm as a living organism

Permanent Agriculture leading to Permanent Culture

“The philosophy behind permaculture is one of working with, rather than against, nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protracted and thoughtless action; of looking at systems in all their functions; rather than asking only one yield of them; and of allowing systems to demonstrate their own evolution”- Bill Mollison

Looking Beyond Sustainablility to Thrivability

Off Season Gardening

DIANA IN SNOWSTORM

“The ultimate goal of farming is not the growing of crops, but the cultivation and perfection of human beings.”

- Masanobu Fukuoka

Health

Focus on Health, prevention Human micro biome (collaboration and

cooperation as big a factor as competition in nature – Kroptkin, Mutual Aid, a Factor of Evolution, 1902)

Governance and PoliticsPurpose of government is to provide access to those things that

everyone has a right to.Establish conditions to maximize human well being. Constitutional convention on clarifying basic rights, establishing

“consent of the governed” for sustainability.Establish and enforce constraints on the economy to keep keep

exploiting people and natureMaintain conditions for market economyMonopoly = Public Utility Single tax on solar energy. Eco-socialism?

Ways of Knowing

Many ways of knowingScience “rightly understood (applied)” vs

Scientism Subjective ways of knowing

Indigenous wisdom Vedic cognition

Built Environment

Ecocities, Ecotowns, EcovillagesTransportation Buildings Space between buildings

David Orr on Human Settlements I think there are four different models, which are not mutually exclusive. One would be what Gene Logsdon, in a book called The Contrary Farmer, has proposed. Rural areas with farms of, say, 20-25 acres would be intensively managed but basically would provide a second income. Logsdon's model is essentially a down scaling of the status quo; it's a kind of a mini-farm size.

Eliot Coleman, Four Season Farm, Harborside Maine

Lonnie and Eliot C

Orr on settlements cont’d

• In the second model, I think we're talking about reinventing agriculture. This model is based on the European farm village in which people live in a town that has a vital civic and cultural life. But farm lands lie outside the village. This model would be in fact a reinvention of a human community relative to a particular habitat, involving everything from food production to marketing. It would certainly be more diverse. You could imagine land owned collectively or cooperatively with outlets like local restaurants or direct marketing a variety of products to urban areas.

Register city image

Orr on settlements cont’d A third model involves re-ruralizing cities and moving agriculture in

novel ways into urban areas. Let me give you two different examples. You can see in virtually every large city, small groups doing urban gardening. What they've done is to move agriculture on a small scale into often blighted urban neighborhoods.

Another form is the ecological engineering being developed by John and Nancy Todd of the Ocean Arks Institute (see Healing Technologies in this issue). An example would be a city block under glass in which you use the waste water from local communities as the input to a series of human-designed ecosystems. While you're purifying the water, you're using the nutrient stream in the water, the nitrogen and the phosphorous, to grow trees, fruits, flowers, various kinds of plants and vegetables, and raise fish.

Gillis Growth Grove Kansas City, Missouri

Orr on settlements cont’d

Finally, there's a fourth approach. Paul Shepard, author of The Tender Carnivore and the Sacred Game, once described reintegrating hunting/gathering zones in and around cities. These zones work as wildlife corridors and also as places where people in adjoining towns can hunt and gather. I saw something like this near the town of Puschino south of Moscow on the banks of the Oka River. There was a biosphere reserve on the north side of the river, and they kept the river corridor relatively pristine. People would go out on the weekend with baskets and harvest the forest: a kind of modern age hunting and gathering.

Three things amazed me. One was how pretty the landscape was; the people there appreciated the beauty and they kept it beautiful. Second, I was impressed by how competent they were; the people knew plants and animals. They were natural historians. The third thing was how productive the land along the river appeared to be.

That's good land use planning, it's good food policy, it conserves resources and biological diversity, and it nourishes the spirit.

Electric Transportation: Nissan Leaf

• Nissan Leaf Example

Assume 12,000 miles per yearLeaf gets 5.4 miles per kwh, 2300 kwh per yearCost for electricity at 12 cents (40 cents on Kauai) /kwh:$271Equivalent cost for gas @$3/gallon: $1200Cost of PV panels to produce this much annual energy: $1600Cost of system: $4600

Like having 70 cent per gallon gasoline

But Consider Design Again:The better car makes the worse city

The surprising sustainability of city livingGoing beyond individual initiative

Richard Register Sustainable Living Department Distinguished Scholar

Ecocites

Ecocity Design

Strategies for transitioning to ecocities

Maharishi’s Ecocity

2222 feet tall

Havana, Cuba

400,000 people employed in urban agriculture in Cuba80% of the produce for Havana comes from farms in the city

Growing PowerMilwaukee Wisconsin

Rain gardens, permeable pavingInfiltrate and store water in cities

Village Homes

Abundance Ecovillage

From Living Machines to Ecocities

Work and Consumerism

• Sufficiency • Juliet Schnor - Plentitude Excerpt • Quote from Keynes, Keynes essay• Minimum Guaranteed Income

Plentitude FundamentalsJuliet Schor

1. A New Allocation of Time – less industrial work, more time for working outside of the BAU economy and for social relations.

2. Self-provision - or make, grow, or do things for oneself. Includes new forms of hi-tech making.

3. True Materialism – it is only when we take the materiality of the world seriously that we can appreciate and preserve the resources on which spending depends.

4. Restore investments in one another and our communities - While social bonds are not typically thought of in economic terms, these connections, which scholars call social capital, are a form of wealth that is every bit as important as money or material goods.

Work and spend less, create and connect more.

Degrowth Movement

Keynes – Economic Prospects for our Grandchildren (1929)

• Thus for the first time since his creation man will be faced with his real, his permanent problem – how to use his freedom from pressing economic cares, how to occupy the leisure, which science and compound interest will have won for him, to live wisely and agreeably and well.The strenuous purposeful money-makers may carry all of us along with them into the lap of economic abundance. But it will be those peoples, who can keep alive, and cultivate into a fuller perfection, the art of life itself and do not sell themselves for the means of life, who will be able to enjoy the abundance when it comes

• .Yet there is no country and no people, I think, who can look forward to the age of leisure and of abundance without a dread. For we have been trained too long to strive and not to enjoy. It is a fearful problem for the ordinary person, with no special talents, to occupy himself, especially if he no longer has roots in the soil or in custom or in the beloved conventions of a traditional society. To judge from the behaviour and the achievements of the wealthy classes to-day in any quarter of the world, the outlook is very depressing! For these are, so to speak, our advance guard – those who are spying out the promised land for the rest of us and pitching their camp there. For they have most of them failed disastrously, so it seems to me – those who have an independent income but no associations or duties or ties – to solve the problem which has been set them

• .I feel sure that with a little more experience we shall use the new-found bounty of nature quite differently from the way in which the rich use it to-day, and will map out for ourselves a plan of life quite otherwise than theirs.

• For many ages to come the old Adam will be so strong in us that everybody will need to do some work if he is to be contented. We shall do more things for ourselves than is usual with the rich to-day, only too glad to have small duties and tasks and routines. But beyond this, we shall endeavour to spread the bread thin on the butter – to make what work there is still to be done to be as widely shared as possible. Three-hour shifts or a fifteen-hour week may put off the problem for a great while. For three hours a day is quite enough to satisfy the old Adam in most of us!

• There are changes in other spheres too which we must expect to come. When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the code of morals. We shall be able to rid ourselves of many of the pseudo-moral principles which have hag-ridden us for two hundred years, by which we have exalted some of the most distasteful of human qualities into the position of the highest virtues. We shall be able to afford to dare to assess the money-motive at its true value. The love of money as a possession – as distinguished from the love of money as a means to the enjoyments and realities of life – will be recognised for what it is, a somewhat disgusting morbidity, one of those semi-criminal, semi-pathological propensities which one hands over with a shudder to the specialists in mental disease. All kinds of social customs and economic practices, affecting the distribution of wealth and of economic rewards and penalties, which we now maintain at all costs, however distasteful and unjust they may be in themselves, because they are tremendously useful in promoting the accumulation of capital, we shall then be free, at last, to discard.

Happiness research and material requisites of a good life

Minimum Gauranteed Income

Surprising benefits of less industrial work

Kellogg Work less party

Orr quote

“What exactly do we intend to sustain and what will that require of us?...

The dialogue about sustainability is about a change in the human trajectory that will require us to rethink old assumtions and engage the large questions that some presume to have answered once and for all…

Genuine sustainability will not come from superficial changes but from a deeper process akin to humankind growing to a fuller stature”

Orr, 2002

• ..something akin to spiritual renewal is the sine qua non of the transition to sustainability

Orr Cont’d

“…The great discovery of the modern era is not how to make nuclear fire, alter our genes, or communicate at the speed of light but rather the discovery of our interconnectedness in the web of life. What Thomas Berry calls the “Great Work” of the 21st centruy will be to comprehend what that awareness means in every area of life” in order to calibrate human demands with what the earth can sustain”

A New Story

The changes we need to make for sustainability – stronger, more vibrant communities, rich social connections, a sense of purpose and meaning, less industrial work, renewable energy, ecocities, coproducing and making, organic local foods, connection to nature and to our own inner being - are also the changes we need to create a better world, the world of our best dreams and aspirations.

“Although the problems are increasingly complex, the solutions remain embarrassingly simple”

- Bill Mollison developer of Permaculture Design Methodology

Snyder quote

Wes Jackson(turn up sound)

• “But in the end, the question is not, 'How do we use nature to serve our interests' It's 'How can we use humans to serve nature's interest?' Now, as a designer, I find that question really interesting” William McDonough

• “In higher states of consciousness, individual desire becomes spontaneously aligned with the need of nature, the need of the time”

Living Fully Rooted in the Abundant Flows of Natural Systems

P1020801.jpg

END

Add ecovillage video

• Economics Nested Heiracrchies (Intentionailty, Steady State Economy StartFragmentSystems approach, chaordic vs hierarchical command and control, works to regenerate individual and collective human resources, respects hierarchy of sustainability and intentionality. EndFragmentBusiness Organization and Organizational Management (Ikerd, Sustainable Capitalism Ch 10, Flourishing ) )Governance by principles rather than goals and objectives Dee Hock, Chaordic Democratic Workplace Coops (consumer, worker) Technology Intent Values explicit Design MethodologiesPermaculture Mcdnouygh clip om obeying nature’s laws) Biomimicry Natural Step Juliet Schor - PlentitudeEnergy Central Role of Energy Wise Use 100% solar powered in all it’s formsDon’t let them sell us the sun.Education Collaborative learning, CBE, emphasis on how the world owrks and the learners place in it. Constructivist. Higher states of consciousnessStartFragmentEndFragmentAgriculture Agriculture modeled after natural system, principles of ecology, agroecology Knowledge Based Vs Chemical Based Perennial polycultures Relationship of the health of the soil biology to the health of plants and people HealthFocus on Health, prevention Human micro biomePolitics Ways of Knowing Many ays of knowingScience rightly understood (applied) Indigenous wisdom Vedic cognition Built Environment Ecocities (Register)Work and Consumerism Sufficiency Juliet Schnor - Plentitude Excerpt Quote from Keynes, Keynes essay

• Indigenous Cultures• Tree Crops - J Russell Smith• Farmers of 40 Centuries - King• Sir Albert Howard• Aldo Leopold• Henry David Thoreau• Ghandi

Other work pre-dating Mollison and Holmgren:A few examples

Wired mag cover

• http://www.wired.com/2015/09/design-issue-future-of-cities/

“There is in all things …

a hidden wholeness.”- Thomas Merton, trappist monk and mystic

SustainabilityMeet the needs of the present without diminishing

opportunities for the future

A world view with a set of supporting infrastructure, technologies, institutions, ways of relating to each

other and to nature

John Ehrenfeld – Flourishing

Sustainability is the possibility that humans and other life will flourish on Earth forever

Reducing unsustainability, although critical, will not create sustainability.

Being less bad vs moving in the right direction SUSTAINABILITY AS FLOURISHING

Being vs Having