deep packet inspection challenges in a transport network · pdf filedeep packet...
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Deep Packet Inspection Challengesin a Transport Network
ArtyomGavrichenkov<[email protected]>
GPG:2deb97b10a3c151db67f1ee500e794bc4d089191
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Qrator Traffic Filtering Network
A global anycast network for traffic filteringand DDoS mitigation
Each point of presence:•A properly chosen generic hardware•A custom-built DPI software
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Qrator Traffic Filtering Network
A 8 years experience in:•DPI appliance design•DPI R&D•Deployment and integration:• ISP networks• Enterprise networks
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Qrator Traffic Filtering Network
The main purpose is availability
• Traffic analysis•Monitoring and provisioning• DDoS mitigation
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DDoS Mitigation
L3:L4-6:
L7:
simple traffic filtering,complex network scanning and mapping
A full OSI stack traffic analysis
simple flow assessment,complex aspects of TCP/TLS edge cases
complex session analysis, simple Big Data tooling
(haha, not really)
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“L7 Packet Filtering”
An assumption:
“a simple packet-based analysis is just enough to tell malicious intent from a legitimate one,L3-L7-wise”
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“L7 Packet Filtering”
This is convenient.
• Computational complexity• Implied unreliability of sec. appliances• SPAN, Netflow/IPFIX
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“L7 Packet Filtering”
This is convenient approach,contradicting the nature of TCP/IP layering.
It was theoretically vulnerableeven in the age of cleartext.
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“L7 Packet Filtering”
This is convenient approach,contradicting the nature of TCP/IP layering.
It was theoretically vulnerableeven in the age of cleartext.
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GoodbyeDPI
https://github.com/ValdikSS/GoodbyeDPI
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GoodbyeDPI
• IP ID Analysis•TCP Fragmentation•HTTP Header Mangling
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GoodbyeDPI
• IP ID Analysis•TCP Fragmentation•HTTP Header Mangling
•Game over for most of DPI deployed by ISP
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“L7 Packet Filtering”
This is convenient approach,contradicting the nature of TCP/IP layering.
It was theoretically vulnerableeven in the age of cleartext.
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With heavy TLS and PFS deploymenthappening recently,
packet-based approach is helplesseven for the means of DDoS mitigation.
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Perfect Forward Secrecy
•Present in ephemeral Diffie-Hellman ciphers•Mandatory in TLS v1.3•Makes out-of-path analysis impossible•Makes historic data analysis impossible
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Perfect Forward Secrecy
Good catch for an out-of-path DPI and/or WAF
70% HTTPS requests come and go without analysis
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Perfect Forward Secrecy
Good catch for an out-of-path DPI and/or WAF
70% HTTPS requests come and go without analysis60% legitimate90% malicious
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The Purpose of DPI
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The Purpose of DPI
• DDoS mitigation(enough said already)• General QoS and shaping• Parental control
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The Purpose of DPI
• DDoS mitigation(enough said already)• General QoS and shaping• Parental control
• Targeted advertisement• Copyright abuse
countermeasures• Lawful interception and
filtering of unwanted content
(no matter the definition of “unwanted”)
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The Purpose of DPI
• DDoS mitigation(enough said already)• General QoS and shaping• Parental control
• Targeted advertisement• Copyright abuse
countermeasures• Lawful interception and
filtering of unwanted content
(no matter the definition of “unwanted”)
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The Purpose of DPI
• DDoS mitigation(enough said already)• General QoS and shaping• Parental control
• Targeted advertisement• Copyright abuse
countermeasures• Lawful interception and
filtering of unwanted content
(no matter the definition of “unwanted”)
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Catastrophic backtracking
•RegEx over every single packet
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Catastrophic backtracking
•RegEx over every single packet
O(n2) behaviour!
https://blog.codinghorror.com/regex-performance/
(x+x+)+yxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx...x
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DPI Caveats
A DPI is commonly believed to be a silver bullet,
a sort of products, supposedly availablefor purchase and deployment,
designed to handle every DPI goal out there.
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DPI Caveats
A DPI is commonly believed to be a silver bullet,
designed to handle every DPI goal out there.
In reality, DPI is just a common characteristicsof a broad range of solutions,each designed to handle a single DPI goal
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In reality, DPI is just a common characteristicsof a broad range of solutions,each designed to handle a single DPI goal
A single piece of equipmentwon’t cope with every DPI goal
A DPI is commonly believed to be a silver bullet,
designed to handle every DPI goal out there.
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Even with a single goal,
there’s a trade-offbetween the packet processing speed
and the expected functionalityto a certain extent.
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Network design: transparent IP network
•VoIP•Gaming•Overlay networks
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Network design: transparent IP network
•VoIP•Gaming•Overlay networks
•Enterprise VPN•Modern Web:
HTTP/2, MPTCP, QUIC…
•Modern Net:TLS v1.3, DNSSEC, CAA…
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DPI breaks this transparency.
Network design: transparent IP network
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The outcome
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The outcome
•Several importantapplications suffer
(slides by Eric Rescorla, http://tinyurl.com/tls13ietf99 )
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The outcome
•Several importantapplications suffer•Others adapt
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• ENOG 13: the ISP Security Roundtable• It takes up to 4-6 months
to deploy an updated network firmwareeven in case of a vulnerability discovered
An Arms Race
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4-6 months
• 2-3 monthson the vendor sidealone.
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4-6 months
• 2-3 monthson the vendor sidealone.
• 2-3 months more to roll out the update all across the IP network.
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An Arms Race
• It takes up to 4-6 monthsto deploy an updated network firmware.
• A modern application(including, but not limited to IoT and malware)
makes heavy use of the CI/CD approach,enabling it to roll out a new release several times a day.
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An Arms Race
• It takes up to 4-6 monthsto deploy an updated network firmware.
• A modern application(including, but not limited to IoT and malware)
makes heavy use of the CI/CD approach,enabling it to roll out a new release several times a day.
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An Arms Race is lost at that point.
• It takes up to 4-6 monthsto deploy an updated network firmware.
• A modern application(including, but not limited to and malware)
makes heavy use of the CI/CD approach,enabling it to roll out a new release several times a day.
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The Day after Tomorrow
• A packet-based DPI is unsufficientIt has its regions of applicability though – it’s when you’re fine with 80/20 rule:• Parental control• Simple QoS• Targeted advertisement• General lawful interception and copyright enforcement
• A session-based DPI is vulnerablewhen neither a client nor a server is under the DPI vendor control
The implied heavy computational complexityrenders a DPI unable to transparently handleevery new network activity in time, as it goes.
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Security Considerations
• DPI: complex solution• Security awareness of
vendors?• FinFisher spyware as a PoC• The risk and the implied
loss potential are beyond imagination(i.e. a “futurological congress” scale)
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Therightwayforanetworkentity,destinedtobuildsomenon-transparentsolutionsinamiddleofIPtransportnetwork,
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Therightwayforanetworkentity,destinedtobuildsomenon-transparentsolutionsinamiddleofIPtransportnetwork,istojoinRIPE,IETF,andICANN activitiesinordertoclarifytherequirementsandtobuildanetworksolutionthatwillsurvivethedayaftertomorrow.
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Therightwayforanetworkentity,destinedtobuildsomenon-transparentsolutionsinamiddleofIPtransportnetwork,istojoinRIPE,IETF,andICANN activitiesinordertoclarifytherequirementsandtobuildanetworksolutionthatwillsurvivethedayaftertomorrow.
Eitherthis,oranunreliableIPtransport,ad-hocapplications,andaninherentinstabilityofthecore infrastructure.