deconstruction of european binary oppositions …
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DECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPEAN BINARY OPPOSITIONS
TOWARD AFRICAN PEOPLE IN ZWICK AND
HERSKOVITZ’S BLOOD DIAMOND MOVIE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOCEFRINO LEONARDI HIBUR
Student Number: 164214143
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2021
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DECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPEAN BINARY OPPOSITIONS
TOWARD AFRICAN PEOPLE IN ZWICK AND
HERSKOVITZ’S BLOOD DIAMOND MOVIE
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
YOCEFRINO LEONARDI HIBUR
Student Number: 164214143
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA
YOGYAKARTA
2021
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university,
and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains
no material previously written by any other person except where due
reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, July 06, 2021
Yocefrino Leonardi Hibur
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPERLUAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas sanata Dharma
Nama : Yocefrino Leonardi Hibur
Nomor Mahasiswa : 164214143
Demi membangun ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
DECONSTRUCTION OF EUROPEAN BINARY OPPOSITIONS
TOWARD AFRICAN PEOPLE IN ZWICK AND
HERSKOVITZ’S BLOOD DIAMOND MOVIE
berserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolahnya dalam bentuk perangkat
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikanya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 06 Juli, 2021
Yang Menyatakan,
Yocefrino Leonardi Hibur
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Nobody is superior, nobody is inferior, but nobody is equal either.
People are simply unique, incomparable.
You are you, I am I.
~Osho~
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For My Beloved Parents and Sister,
I present this for you
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I want to express my deepest gratitude to Almighty God. I feel
extremely blessed for giving me a lot of knowledge so I can finish my thesis. Only
with His unconditional love, I can pass all the obstacles and still keep going on.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Dr. Gabriel Fajar
Sasmita Aji, M.Hum. for his passionate guidance and the precious time he has given
to me that make me able to finish this thesis. Then my gratitude also goes to A.B.
Sri Mulyani, Ph.D. as my co-advisor for the revisions and suggestions that enrich
my research.
I do also want to give my special gratitude to my family, Bapa Donasius
Hibur, Mama Petronela Ndia, and My sister Ecan Hibur. I want to thank you all for
the support and the best prayers for me. It does make every my steps much easier
to pass.
Lastly, my gratitude goes to all the lecturers and those who give color to my
journey, Nanda, Clara, Angel, Eri, Aska, Septian, Dimas, Natta, Revo, and
everyone who takes part in my growing process. I thank each of you for
accompanying me through ups and downs, for discussing with me, and for giving
me a new perspective of life. You all mean a lot to me.
Yocefrino Leonardi Hibur
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ........................................................................................................ ii
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ..................................................................... v
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA
ILMIAH ................................................................................................................. vi
MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................... vii
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................... x
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... xii
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1
B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................................... 4
C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 4
D. Definition of Terms ....................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ............................................................................. 6
B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................................... 9
1. Theory of Social Context ........................................................................ 9
2. Theories of Postcolonialism on Binary Opposition .............................. 11
3. Theory of Deconstruction ..................................................................... 15
C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 17
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................. 19
A. Object of the Study.................................................................................... 19
B. Approach of the Study .............................................................................. 20
C. Method of the Study .................................................................................. 21
BAB IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ................................ 23
A. Binary Oppositions Constructed through the social Settings of European and
African People ........................................................................................... 23
1. African as Unsophisticated and Oppressed Society ............................. 24
2. African as Uncivilized Society ............................................................ 28
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B. Deconstruction to European Binary Oppositions in Blood Diamond Movie
................................................................................................................... 31
1. African Local Genius as Deconstructive Response to European
Domination Role ................................................................................. 32
2. African Humane Behavior as Deconstructive Response against
European Paradigm ............................................................................... 37
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 42
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 46
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 49
Appendix 1: Summary of Blood Diamond Movie Script.......................... 49
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ABSTRACT
HIBUR, YOCEFRINO LEONARDI. (2021). Deconstruction of European
Binary Oppositions toward African People in Zwick and Herskovitz’s Blood
Diamond Movie. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
This thesis focused on Blood Diamond, the movie script written by Edward
Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz, which is about a diamond mine and civil war
caused by the rebels, RUF (Revolutionary United Front) in Sierra Leone. The story
emphasizes the relationship between people who were depicted in the perspective
of European binary oppositions. The Europeans are superior and civilized,
meanwhile, Africans are inferior and uncivilized. However, the paradigm is
deconstructed in this thesis.
The objectives of the study are to identify the binary oppositions between
European and non-European (African) depicted through the social setting of Blood
Diamond movie. After finding the constructed binary opposition, the researcher
deconstructs the image between European and African by using a deconstruction
perspective. It aims to reveal the colonized superiority and break the European
paradigm.
In conducting this research, the researcher applies a postcolonial approach.
There are some steps done in this research. The first is to have a close reading of
the movie script. Then the researcher figures out the binary oppositions depicted in
the social setting of the movie. After that, the researcher analyzes how the Africans
respond the Europeans constructed binary oppositions. Lastly, the research draws a
conclusion. The method used in this research is the library research method.
The results of the study show there are two prominent social settings in the
movie script which are Africans as an unsophisticated and oppressed society and
Africans as an uncivilized society. Those social settings reveal that the Europeans
are constructed as superior and civilized, while Africans are attached to be inferior
and uncivilized. However, through the deconstruction perspective, the constructed
binary oppositions depicted by Europeans upon Africans are rejected. It turns out
that the responses and behaviors of Africans buried within the text prove that
African people also have their own paradigm of superiority and civilized character
depicted through the relationship with nature, cultural beliefs, and behaviors.
Keywords: deconstruction, binary opposition, European, African, Blood Diamond.
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ABSTRAK
HIBUR, YOCEFRINO LEONARDI. (2021). Deconstruction of European
Binary Oppositions toward African People in Zwick and Herskovitz’s Blood
Diamond Movie. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini membahas Blood Diamond, suatu naskah film yang ditulis oleh
Edward Zwick dan Marshall Herskovitz. Film ini bercerita tentang tambang berlian
dan perang saudara yang disebabkan oleh pemberontakan RUF (Front United
Revolutionary) di Sierra Leone. Cerita pada film menekankan hubungan antara
masyarakat yang digambarkan dalam perspektif oposisi biner orang Eropa. Orang
Eropa digambarkan lebih unggul dan beradab, sementara itu orang Afrika
digambarkan sebagai masyarakat yang rendah dan tidak beradab. Pandangan ini
merupakan isu yang ingin didekonstruksi dalam skripsi ini.
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi oposisi biner antara
Eropa dan non-Eropa (Afrika) yang digambarkan melalui latar sosial film Blood
Diamond. Setelah menemukan oposisi biner, peneliti kemudian mendekonstruksi
gambaran tentang orang Eropa dan Afrika dengan menggunakan perspektif
dekonstruksi. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan superioritas orang-orang
terjajah dan mematahkan paradigma Eropa.
Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti menerapkan pendekatan
pascakolonial. Ada beberapa langkah yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini. Yang
pertama adalah membaca dengan detail skrip film. Kemudian, peneliti
mengidentifikasi oposisi biner yang digambarkan dalam latar sosial film. Setelah
itu, peneliti menganalisis bagaimana orang Afrika menanggapi oposisi biner yang
di bangun oleh orang Eropa. Pada bagian akhir, peneliti menarik kesimpulan.
Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian pustaka.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada dua latar sosial yang menonjol dalam
film yaitu orang Africa sebagai masyarakat yang terbelakang dan tertindas dan
orang Afrika sebagai masyarakat tidak beradap. Latar sosial itu mengungkapkan
bahwa orang Eropa tampaknya lebih unggul dan beradab, sementara orang Afrika
lebih rendah dan tidak beradab. Namun, melalui perspektif dekonstruksi, oposisi
biner yang dibangun oleh orang Eropa untuk menggambarkan orang Afrika
dipatahkan. Ternyata melalui respon dan perilaku orang Afrika yang tersembunyi
di dalam teks membuktikan bahwa orang Afrika juga memiliki paradigma
superioritas dan karakter beradab yang digambarkan melalui kedekatan dengan
alam, keyakinan budaya, dan perilaku mereka.
Keywords: deconstruction, binary opposition, European, African, Blood Diamond.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The story about colonialism has always been captivating and complex. It
brings the idea of conquering and ruling other people. Benjamin in his book defined
colonialism as the processes, policies, and ideologies used by the colonizer to
establish, conquer, settle, govern, and economically exploit the colonized people
(2007, p. xv). So far, European colonialism is the most distinctive and extensive
colonialism of all colonial contacts (Loomba, 1998, p. xiii). It almost encompasses
all over the world. As stated by Fieldhouse in Loomba that until the 1930s,
European colonies and ex-colonies reached 84.6 percent of the world. European
colonial had conquered and colonized so many places in the world, except Arabia,
Persia, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Tibet, China, Siam, and Japan (1998, p. xiii).
Richards in his writing said that colonialism has become a major factor that
triggered a rapid change in various fields, forced the change of a different culture
into a new form, then changed what was considered to be solid in society and
created a new model of identities (Richards, 2010, p. 19). Those changes in society
lead to the appearance of a superior and inferior paradigm. The colonizers saw
themselves as the standard of what a human being should be or as proper "self",
meanwhile, the colonized people were considered "other" which are inferior society
and less than fully human (Tyson, 2006, pp. 419-420). Furthermore, Bijay Kumar
Das explained in his book that the colonial powers sought to build a Western
superiority over the East which later formed the concept of binary opposition that
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produced the idea of colonized as inferior and colonizer as superior (2002, p. 214).
Consequently, Western concepts of superiority give birth to racial stereotyping and
binary opposition such as the ‘othering’ of many people and their construction as
backward and inferior (Aji & Crima, 2014, p. 61). Laziness, aggression, violence,
greed, sexual promiscuity, bestiality, primitivism, innocence, and irrationality are
the image of the ‘others’ attributed by European colonists (Loomba, 1998, p. 107).
The stereotypes of colonized people, however, are also biased in literary
works such as movies. Specifically, it is tangibly depicted in Blood Diamond movie
script written by American filmmakers, Edward Zwick and Marshall Herskovitz.
Blood Diamond movie, published in 2006, was set during Sierra Leone’s civil war
(West Africa) in 1991-2002. The movie concerns the exploitation of diamonds and
also the Africans in Sierra Leone that causes a civil war. Moreover, it emphasizes
the action and superiority of white people (European) in Africa during the war.
The social settings of the movie tell us how the social values, behaviors, and
systems of Europeans and Africans are described, whereby African societies have
more negative sides rather than Europeans. Europeans are described as superior and
dominant with the technology they have, while non-Europeans (Africans) are
described as inferior and uncivilized. The social settings that describe Europeans as
superior and civilized are concerned with the destruction and exploitation of the
land (Sierra Leone) and the Africans. That destructive and exploitative act
emphasizes the privilege of the Europeans as the surface representation. So far, the
researcher sees that the ideas of superiority and civilized society are more than just
the surface of power like destruction and exploitation, but also the relationship with
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nature, cultural beliefs, tradition, behavior, and perspective of life can also be the
idea of the superiority of the movie. This paradigm is the idea that the researcher
wants to bring to the surface from Blood Diamond movie script as the
deconstructive works against Europeans’ rhetoric of civilization. Therefore, the
Europeans’ paradigm in Blood Diamond movie script which considered the ‘other’
as inferior and uncivilized is reversed to the different concept of superiority.
This writing is going to examine the paradigm or “tools” of the Africans
that represent their superiority. The social setting or context presenting Africans
being inferior, uncivilized, and barbarous in the movie script is the focus of the
writer to be articulated into a narration that shows African out of European
paradigms or concepts. Through “the tools” of Africans depicted in the movie script,
the researcher wants to articulate the oppressed consciousness of the colonized
subject and also to break the stigma of marginality, then to show that Africans also
have their own privileges compared to Europeans that make them also superior and
civilized.
This writing is important and also beneficial to be conducted because it
gives a new point of view that colonized people also have their superiority
comparing to the colonizer. Therefore, this study encourages people to not
stereotype and judge others or a certain group because of their race, gender, or
religion.
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B. Problem Formulation
1. How are the European binary oppositions constructed through the existing social
settings of Blood Diamond?
2. How do the local genius and behavior of African people depicted in the movie
script deconstruct the European binary oppositions?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulations above, there are two objectives of this
research. First, the research is aimed to identify the binary opposition between
European and African (non-European) depicted through the social setting in Zwick
and Herskovitz’s Blood Diamond movie. The social setting of European and
African helps the researcher to see how they are presented. It will guide the
researcher to identify the binary oppositions given to Europeans and Africans in the
movie script. Then, as the critical point of this study, the researcher attempts to
break the constructed image between Europeans and Africans by using a
deconstruction perspective. It aims to reveal the colonized superiority and break the
European paradigm. The researcher wants to articulate the oppressed consciousness
of the colonized subject and also to break the stigma of marginality.
D. Definition of Terms
In this part, the researcher explains some terms related to the study. Those
terms are deconstruction and binary opposition. Both of those terms are clarified
below to give the reader a deeper understanding of the study.
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Deconstruction, simply defined as a critique of the hierarchical oppositions
that have structured Western thought: inside/outside, mind/body,
literal/metaphorical, speech/writing, presence/absence, nature/culture,
form/meaning (Culler, 2000, p. 126). Deconstruction rejects any final definition and
hierarchical opposition system of text that put a certain group as more privileged or
valuable than the others.
Binary opposition, as stated by Caddon, is the essence of everything that
revealed through the opposition with another thing that has no quality at all, and the
perception of every subcategory is related to its distinction with another object
(Ahmadi, Mostaali, Piri, & Bajelani, 2013, p. 724). Binary opposition gives us the
opposite image between one subject and others. It describes to us how one subject
is more dominant than the others. In imperial perspectives, binary opposition is
described as the way of Western thought in seeing the world that establishes a
relation of dominance ( Ashcroft, Griffiths, & Tiffin, 2007, p. 19).
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
In this part, the researcher reviewed some other studies. The related studies
were taken from some journals and undergraduate thesis. The researcher tries to
understand the related studies by reading and summing up some important points
of the studies.
The first related study is a journal article written by Uchenna Onuzulike
(2015) entitled A critical reading of Blood Diamond (2006) in the context of
transnationalism. It focuses on analyzing the conflict in Blood Diamond movies in
the context of transnationalism. It emphasizes how Africans and Westerners
contributed to conflict diamonds. Briefly, the study contains two important points.
First, African historical, political, economic, social, and cultural environments were
compromised by colonialism. This phenomenon creates wars and other atrocities in
Sierra Leone. Second, the implications of a colonial legacy suggest that both
Africans and Westerners participated in blood diamonds. Conflict diamonds are the
results of the exploitation by colonialists. Some Africans and Westerners continue
benefiting from and participating in the exploitation of conflict diamonds in many
ways, including physical and structural violence. The similarities of the two studies
are both of the studies discuss the same object which is the Blood Diamond movie.
Regardless of the similarities, there are also some differences between the two
studies. Onuzulike’s study of Blood Diamond focuses on conflict diamond seen
through transnationalism context, while this study focuses on the deconstruction of
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binary opposition seen through the social setting or context of the movie script.
Moreover, the previous study aims to see how Africans and Westerners contributed
to conflict diamonds, while this study aims to examine Africans’ superiority against
European paradigm.
The second related study is the undergraduate thesis written by Indiwara
Pandu Widyaningrum (2018) entitled Deconstruction to Binary Opposition of
Postcolonialism through the Characterizations of Black Maid and White Mistress
in Stockett's The Help. The study focuses on deconstructing the constructed binary
opposition reflected from the characterizations of Black Maid Aibileen and White
Mistress Miss Leefolt. The researcher wants to prove that skin color does not
determine the qualities of a person. There are two important findings in this research.
First, Black Maid Aibileen are depicted as inferior, uncivilized, and exotic and
White Mistress Miss Leefolt is superior, civilized, and normal. Those constructed
binary oppositions are reflected from their characterizations in which Aibileen is
characterized as oppressed, poor, lack of education, impolite, nasty, and generous,
meanwhile White Mistress Miss Leefolt is characterized as dominant, wealthy,
polite, uncaring, rude, and perfectionist. Second, based on the deconstruction
perspective, Aibileen is also superior, civilized, and normal rather than Miss Leefolt.
It is because Aibileen has raised and educated White children since they were kids.
Moreover, Aibileen is the kind of woman who cares about others and has a big heart.
Then, she is not obsessive like Miss Leefolt. Miss Leefolt is normal because she
brings good value based on her manner and social status. The similarities of the two
studies are both of the studies discuss a deconstruction toward binary opposition
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constructed by Europeans. Despite the similarities, there is also a difference
between the two studies in which the object of the study is different. If
Widyaningrum's research discusses Stockett's The Help novel, this study discusses
Zwick and Herskovitz’s Blood Diamond movie script. Moreover, deconstruction of
binary opposition in Widyaningrum's research is identified from the
characterization of characters, while in this research it is identified through the
social setting or context depicted in the movie script.
The third related study is a journal article written by Dearty Crima and G.
Fajar Sasmita Aji (2014) entitled Superiority of the Native Seen in the Tone of The
Track to Bralgu by Bozic Wongar. The study focuses on deconstructing colonizer
superiority as the surface representation and revealing the superiority of the
colonized as the representation of depth. It aims to explain how the tone of The
Track to Bralgu leads readers to the superiority of the colonized. There are three
findings in this study. First, the tone of the novel is cynical as depicted in the
cynicism in every expression of the Aborigine people. Second, the superiority of
the colonizer is depicted through the description of the whites exploiting the natives
by their superior and sophisticated equipment that they have. Third, the study
reveals that in the representation of depth, the colonized are superior to the colonizer
because they have a close relation to nature. Their skills and knowledge of nature
make them can dominate the colonizer. The similarities of the two studies are both
of the studies discuss a deconstruction toward the European paradigm of superiority.
Despite the similarities, there is also a difference between the two studies in which
the object of the study is different. If Dearty Crima and G. Fajar Sasmita Aji’s
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research discusses Bozic Wongar’s the Track to Bralgu, this study discusses Zwick
and Herskovitz’s Blood Diamond movie script. Moreover, the researchers use the
tone of the text as the way to lead the reader to the superiority of the colonized,
while in this research it is identified through the social setting or context depicted
in the movie script.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Social Setting
According to Suri, setting refers to understanding the place, time
relationship, and the social environment where the occurrence of the events
described. Suri also added that setting of places is about the location where the
occurrence of events, setting of time refers to when the occurrence of the events
described, and social setting, also known as social environment or context, is related
to the behavior of people living in a place social recounted in fiction (Suri, 2021,
pp. 42-44).
In this study, the researcher focuses on discussing the social setting (social
environment or context). Social setting highlights society’s habits, customs,
traditions, beliefs, way of life, and way of thinking and behaving (Suri, 2021, p. 44)
Comparing to the previous definition, Kim defines social setting or context in a
more specific way which is the physical and social environment that influence many
aspects of society's life, as stated below,
Building on the definition of a social environment, social context refers to
the settings influencing individuals' behavior, ways of living and thinking,
and other social standards, including a physical environment or culture in
which people live, and groups, institutions, social systems, or other
individuals that they interact with (Kim, 2019, p. 283).
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Through the explanation above, social setting or context can be understood
as a theory that discusses the values, behaviors and the systems of society in which
they live and interact with. In literary works, social setting helps the reader
understands the social condition issues of the character within the text. As stated by
Meyer that context or social setting helps reader to be able to understand the
behaviors of the character and the significance of their actions (Meyer & Miller,
2019, p. 107). It describes the reader about the character’s social situations such as
behavior, culture, point of view, and way of thinking. Therefore, through social
setting, we can see how society and the surroundings are portrayed.
Analysis through social setting or context can be started from any point such
as social structures, social processes, or social behavior patterns (Earle & Earle,
1999, p. 4). Specifically, Earle and Earle in their writings define social structures
as external forces that shape how people approach their daily living activities and
relationship including factors such as technology, social class, demography,
urbanization, mass media, and many social institutions such as family, education,
religion, leisure, health, economy/work and government (Earle & Earle, 1999, p. 3).
Then the social process is related to the internal forces (e.g., perceptions, attitudes,
and values) that are central to the socialization of individuals in society (Earle &
Earle, 1999, p. 3). Meanwhile, social behavior patterns are about the social reality
that most individuals collectively acknowledge as guides to their thinking and
action and are closely related to various folkways, mores (e.g., societal or
community norms), and laws present in society (Earle & Earle, 1999, p. 3).
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2. Theories of Postcolonialism on Binary Opposition
The postcolonial theory appears as the resistance toward the colonized
power. The term "postcolonial" covers all the cultures affected by the imperial
process from the moment of colonization to the present day (Ashcroft, Griffiths, &
Tiffin, 2002, p. 2). It discusses any impact related to European imperialism, as
stated clearly by Ashcroft, Tiffin, & Griffiths below.
The postcolonial theory involves a discussion about migration, slavery,
suppression, resistance, representation, difference, race, gender, place, and
responses to the influential master discourses of imperial Europe such as
history, philosophy, and linguistics, and the fundamental experiences of
speaking and writing by which all these come into being ( Ashcroft,
Griffiths, & Tiffin, 2003, p. 2).
From the quotation above, we know that postcolonialism concerns the
relation between the colonizer and the colonized people. It criticizes the ideology
that forces the colonized to internalize the colonizers’ values and speaks up the
resistance of colonized people, that old as colonialism itself, toward their oppressors
(Tyson, 2006, p. 418). Postcolonialism speaks up the struggle of colonized people
(the other) who struggle to get their identity by writing back to the center, telling
the colonizer that what they did was wrong and how their Western hegemony
damaged and suppressed the ideologies of those who were conquered (Bressler,
1998, pp. 267-268).
In postcolonial studies, the relation of European colonizers and colonized
people are seen through the concept of “self” and “other”. Tyson, in his book,
explains that colonizers tend to see themselves as the proper "self" which is the
embodiment of what human being should be, while the colonized is considered as
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"other" which is less than fully human (different and inferior) (2006, p. 420). The
idea of "self" as a fully human being and "other' as less than fully human creates a
concept of binary opposition where the European (self) is depicted as superior and
civilized, while non- European (other) as inferior and uncivilized. Al-Saidi defines
binary opposition as “a principle of contrast between two mutually exclusive terms
which argues that the perceived binary dichotomy between civilized\ savage has
perpetuated and legitimized Western power” ( Al-Saidi, 2014, p. 95).
Rob Pope, in his book (2005, pp. 149-150), provides us a table that describes
the more specific binary opposition between "self" and "other". It shows a dominant
Western European mindset and cultural frame toward the world.
White Black
Civilization (corruption) Barbarism (innocence)
Culture (as repression) Nature (back to true)
Soul (trapped in the body) Body (expresses soul)
Christian (v. Christian v. Jew) Heathen (other religious)
God (the vengeful father) Devils (other Gods)
Reason (narrow rationalism) Feeling (intuition)
Intellectual (cerebral) Sensual (in touch with body)
Mental activity (white-collar) Manual activity (worker)
Sexual restraint (repressed) Sexual freedom (expressed)
Cleanliness (obsessive) Dirt (natural)
Science (inhuman) Superstition (folk wisdom)
Medicine (mechanical) Magic (holistic)
Classical music and dance Popular music and dance
Print culture (lifeless) Oral culture (lively)
Reserved (up-tight) Savage (‘cool’)
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Self (as other) Other (as self)
Culturally ‘normal’ ‘Ethnic’
Familiar Exotic
Intellectual games Athletics
‘First’ world ‘Third’ World
‘Rich North’ ‘Poor South’
Computing and hypermedia Print literacy
Developed, independent Underdeveloped, dependent
Future Past
Table 1: Dominant post/colonial and neo-colonial mind-sets (and some muted
alternatives)
From the table above, we can see the systematic practice of binary
opposition that the Europeans (self) construct toward the world. From an
imperialism perspective, binary opposition is the way of Western thought to see the
world that establishes a relation of dominance ( Ashcroft, Griffiths, & Tiffin, 2007,
p. 19). It becomes the standpoint of European paradigms that structures people's
minds to see non-European as inferior and uncivilized. It creates a gap between the
two groups. Kumar Das explained clearly in his book that the colonial power had
exploited the colonized both politically and culturally and sought to establish the
superiority of the West that paved the way for the binary opposition that structured
people’s minds into ideas of the colonized people’s inferiority and the colonizer’s
superiority (Das, 2002, p. 214).
Another specific form of “othering” in postcolonial studies is called
Orientalism. It is proposed by Edward Said. In the theory, Said especially discusses
the contrast between the West (Europe) and the East and the style of how the West
controls the East. Said’s Orientalism identifies European cultural traditions that
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consider the East as "other" and inferior to the West (Barry, 2017, p. 140). West
puts the other (East) as the repository or projection of themselves (Westerners)
(Barry, 2017, p. 140). Edward Said in his Orientalism said that Europeans are
always described as rational, virtuous, mature, and "normal", meanwhile people
other than Europeans (or the Oriental as the Europeans call) are described as
opposing the clarity, directness, and nobility (Said, 2003, pp. 39-40). The purpose
is to produce a positive national self-definition for Western nations by contrast with
Eastern nations on which the West projects all the negative characteristics for
Eastern (Tyson, 2006, p. 420). Therefore, Tyson said that,
Thus, the Chinese or the Arabs, or whatever Asian or Middle Eastern
population are politically defined as cruel, sneaky, evil, cunning, dishonest,
given to sexual promiscuity and perversion. Citizens of the West then define
themselves, in contrast to the imaginary “oriental” they’ve created, as kind,
straightforward, good, upright, honest, and moral (Tyson, 2006, pp. 420-
421).
Orientalism lives academically through its doctrine and then many writers
have accepted the distinction between West and East as the basic point when they
write some works about East people, customs, minds, destiny (Said, 2003, pp. 2-3).
Therefore, European culture can manage and produce any aspects of the East
(politics, ideology, social). Edward Said’s Orientalism examines how Eurocentrism
not only influences and alters, but produces other cultures ( Ashcroft, Griffiths, &
Tiffin, 2007, p. 85). Orientalism is more about the Western style of dominating,
restructuring, having authority over the orient (Said, 2003, p. 3).
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3. Theory of Deconstruction
Deconstruction is a way of reading text introduced by a French philosopher,
Jacques Derrida. Deconstruction appeared in the late 1960s and became a major
influence on literary studies during the late 1970s ( (Tyson, 2006, p. 249). It
appeared as a reaction to the primacy of French structuralism and a repressive
academic and intellectual system that rigidly administered a unique and definitive
interpretation of a literary text ( Hendricks, 2016, p. 2). Unlike structuralism,
deconstruction identifies textual features that focus on the rhetorical rather than
grammatical (Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, & Willingham, 2005, p. 377).
According to Hendricks, the method is called “deconstruction” because it is
not only containing the idea of “constructing meaning”, but also “deconstructing
the metaphysics of presence from the text” (2016, p. 8). Deconstruction is simply
defined as a critique of the hierarchical oppositions that have structured Western
thought: inside/outside, mind/body, literal/metaphorical, speech/writing,
presence/absence, nature/culture, form/meaning (Culler, 2000, p. 126).
Furthermore, Derrida stated that deconstruction is a useful means of saying new
things about the text ( Hendricks, 2016, p. 2). Reading text by deconstruction is not
to break the text itself, but rather to give the text a different structure and functioning
(Culler, 2000, p. 126). Deconstruction is about the dismantling of cultural,
philosophical, institutional structures that starts from textual ( Hendricks, 2016, p.
2).
Since deconstruction trying to read the text from a different point of view,
it rejects any final explication or statement of meaning and questions the presence
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of any objective structure or content in a text (Guerin, Labor, Morgan, Reesman, &
Willingham, 2005, p. 377). Deconstruction starts to deconstruct by finding the
center of the text and how it constructs its system of 'truth' and 'meaning' (Klages,
2006, p. 59). Deconstruction questions the inconsistency of the text, because
deconstruction, as explained clearly by Lois Tyson below.
(1) Language is dynamic, ambiguous, and unstable, continually
disseminating possible meanings; (2) existence has no center, no stable
meaning, no fixed ground; and (3) human beings are fragmented battlefields
for competing ideologies whose only “identities” are the ones we invent and
choose to believe (Tyson, 2006, p. 158).
In rejecting and questioning the text center, deconstruction tries to see the
binary opposition in the text. Hendricks stated that “the basic method of
deconstruction is to find a binary opposition and show how each term, rather than
being the polar opposite of its paired term, is part of it” ( Hendricks, 2016, p. 8).
The purpose of finding the binary oppositions is to discover a certain ideology in a
text that contains hierarchical oppositions, as explained clearly by Lois Tyson
below.
By finding the binary oppositions at work in cultural production (such as a
novel, a film, a conversation, a classroom, or a courtroom trial), and by
identifying which member of the opposition is privileged, one can discover
something about the ideology promoted by that production (Tyson, 2006, p.
254).
Deconstruction rejects the hierarchical opposition system that puts a certain group
on the privileged side or more valuable than the other. Hendricks said that
deconstruction tries to dismantle the opposition concepts of hierarchical thought,
and then rewrite the concept in different order of textual signification (2016, p. 2).
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Deconstructing a text can be done by the reader and the text itself. When the
text is deconstructed by the reader, it means that the reader can have an opposite
perspective from what has already started on the text. The way the reader reads the
text violates the certain intention of the text. Meanwhile, if the text deconstructs
itself, it means that the text itself offers the opposite meaning of interpretation. It
happens because of the non-finite meaning of the word that people have (Waugh,
2006, pp. 312-315)
C. Theoretical Framework
To answer the research questions, there are three theories used. Those
theories are the theory of social setting or context, the theory of postcolonial binary
opposition, and the theory of deconstruction. Those theories have their function and
reason why they are used in this study.
The theory of social setting helps the researcher to examine society’s social
setting or context in the literature work. The theory provides us an image of how
the director depicts the European and African people in Blood Diamond movie. By
looking at the social setting of the society, it leads the researcher to discover the
constructed binary oppositions between European and African people.
The next theory is the theory of postcolonial on binary opposition. In this
theory, the researcher wants to see the concept of European binary opposition
through postcolonial study. The theory helps the researcher to define what binary
opposition is. Moreover, the theory gives the researcher an understanding of the
concept and limitation of binary opposition. The researcher also provides the theory
of orientalism by Edward Said to show the Western style for dominating,
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restructuring, and having authority over the other. It guides the researcher to analyze
the kind of constructed binary oppositions. In this theory, the European paradigm
is clearly described, whereby the Westerns see the ‘other’ in a different way such
as inferior, uncivilized, barbarous. The theory helps the researcher know how the
European and non-European (Africans) in the Zwick and Herskovitz’s Blood
Diamond movie depicted oppositely.
The last theory is the theory of deconstruction. This theory guides the
researcher to unmasking internal contradictions or inconsistencies in the movie
script by finding another way of reading the text (movie). The theory helps the
researcher to against general assumptions constructed by the European paradigm
over the ‘other’.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
Blood Diamond movie, set in Sierra Leone in 1999, is the object of the study
in this research. The movie is an Oscar-nominated Hollywood blockbuster film
directed by Edward Zwick ( Onuzulike, 2015, p. 297). In analyzing the movie, the
researcher focuses on the script of the movie. The story was directed by Edward
Zwick and written by Charles Leavitt, based on a story by Mr. Leavitt and C. Gaby
Mitchell (Dargis, 2006), but it was rewritten by Edward Zwick and
Marshall Hershkovitz. In this study, the researcher used Zwick and Hershkovitz’s
script version that consists of 112 pages. The movie was released on December 8,
2006, with a running time of 2 hours and 23 minutes (Dargis, 2006). The genre is
adventure, drama, and thriller. The movie is distributed by Warner Bross Picture
which spends a budget of $ 57,366,262 million.
The director of the film, Edward Zwick, is an American producer, writer,
and director. He has directed 13 feature films with many genres. Besides Blood
Diamond (2006), he has directed and produced some famous films such as About
Last Night (1986), Glory (1989), The Last Samurai (2003), Legends of the Fall
(1994), Defiance (2008), Love and Other Drugs (2010), and Jack Reacher: Never
Go Back (2016). In 1999, Zwick won an Oscar as one of the producers of
Shakespeare in Love (Silver, 2019).
Blood Diamond is a story about diamond mines and civil war caused by the
rebels, RUF (Revolutionary United Front) in Sierra Leone. The rebels called RUF
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(Revolutionary United Front) appear as a form of rebellion toward the Freetown
dictatorial government and their white masters. They take control of the diamond
mine that creates so much violence in the country because RUF forcibly recruits
civilians and children to become soldiers and slaves in the diamond mine as a form
of rebellion against the government. The situation makes many people (African)
lose and separated from their families as experienced by the African character,
Salomon Vandy, in the movie script. The movie is not just about Africa and its
people, but also about white people (European) in Africa and their actions during
the war in Sierra Leone. It emphasizes the relationship between the European and
African during the war.
B. Approach of the Study
In analyzing the study, the writer applies the postcolonial approach.
Postcolonialism is a discourse of resistance. It criticizes the relation between the
colonizer and the colonized people. Post-colonialism provides a frame to destabilize
inherent assumptions embedded in the Occidental thought which always considers
as the highest and universal truth ( Hafizh, Faruk, & Juliasih, 2016, p. 77).
Therefore, the postcolonial approach is the approach that tries to criticize
any kind of colonial paradigm. It rejects all kinds of colonizer's dominations toward
the colonized people. The postcolonial approach speaks up the situation of the
oppressed people, how the colonizers see and treat the colonized people. The
approach is appropriate in analyzing Zwick's Blood Diamond movie because the
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movie also talks about the domination of the Europeans toward African people and
postcolonial studies itself are also focused on the resistance toward European power.
C. Method of the Study
The study employs a library research method. It means that the researcher
collected information and sources from books, studies or thesis, and other media by
doing a survey or observation on-site to get a deeper knowledge about
deconstruction theory, postcolonial theory, orientalism theory, and Blood Diamond
movie.
There were three steps done by the researcher to enlarge the study. Those
steps are collecting the data, analyzing data, and drawing a conclusion. The
researcher collected the data by reading the script of Blood Diamond movie several
times to understand and grasp the idea completely. While reading, the researcher
highlighted the significance of the social settings depicted in the movie.
Furthermore, because the movie mostly depicted postcolonial issues, the researcher
took an idea to discuss the movie throughout the postcolonial binary opposition
perspective. Then the researcher determined two research questions related to
binary opposition issues. Those research questions have been mentioned in chapter
I. Besides collecting the data from the movie, the researcher also did some reviews
on books journals, thesis, and any kind of online sources related to the study to get
a deeper understanding of the topic and object that the writer wanted to analyze.
The second was analyzing the data. In this part, the researcher figured out
the binary opposition between European and non-European (African) existing in
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the social setting to see the way they are depicted. The researcher used the theory
of social setting to figure out the image of both of the groups depicted in the movie
script. In analyzing the binary opposition, the researcher applied postcolonial theory
and orientalism theory that already been stated in the review of related theory. After
that, to break the European paradigm toward non-European, the researcher
deconstructed the binary oppositions found in the social setting of the society in
Zwick and Hershkovitz’s Blood Diamond movie script. The researcher applied
deconstruction theory as a guideline to deconstruct the binary oppositions.
Lastly, the researcher concluded all of the discussions and findings. The
researcher summed up some important points in the study. After that, the researcher
tried to make a connection between those points. Then, the researcher drew a
conclusion based on those important points and findings.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Binary Oppositions Constructed through Social Setting of European and
African People
Social setting or context refers to the settings influencing individuals'
behavior, ways of living and thinking, and other social standards, including a
physical environment or culture in which people live, and groups, institutions,
social systems or other individuals that they interact with (Kim, 2019, p. 283).
Therefore, it is very important to know how the social setting of European and
African (non-European) is portrayed. Through social context or setting, the writer
can figure out the way European and African (non-European) societies are
presented, not just by their actions, but also by their thought and social situations.
Those depictions of social context lead the researcher to find out the constructed
binary oppositions in the movie script.
As the writer has explained in chapter two "theory of social setting", how
the social setting or context depicted can be analyzed from many points of social
setting, namely social structure, social process, and social behavior patterns (Earle
& Earle, 1999, pp. 3-4). Therefore, the following explanations of European and
African societies are focused on those points of social setting. From the social
structure, social process, and social behavior patterns, there are two prominent
binary oppositions constructed in the social settings of Blood Diamond which are
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Africans as an unsophisticated and oppressed society and African as an uncivilized
society. Those findings are comprehensively explained below.
1. African as Unsophisticated and Oppressed Society
As seen vividly in the social setting of Blood Diamond movie, it does not
just talk about Africa and its people struggling in the civil war, but also about white
people (European) in Africa and their actions during the war in Sierra Leone. It
emphasizes the relationship between the Europeans and Africans during the war.
However, what is being emphasized to Africans is different from the Europeans.
Within the script of Blood Diamond, African is highlighted in their lack of
technological tools and their dependency on Europeans in the social structure of the
society because of the Europeans’ sophisticated tools and dominant role.
Social structure is one of the elements which describes how society is
portrayed in the social setting. As stated in the theory, social structure highlights
the external forces that shape how people approach their daily living activities and
relationship including factors such as technology, social class, demography,
urbanization, mass media, and many social institutions such as family, education,
religion, leisure, health, economy/work and government (Earle & Earle, 1999, p. 3).
In Blood Diamond, one of the prominent external forces that shape how Europeans
approach their daily living and relationship with others is technology. It becomes
one of the main factors that differentiate them from others in the social structure of
society, especially with Africans as seen in the movie.
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In most of the scenes, Africans are described as a society that is far from
anything related to technology. Indirectly, it highlights the image of the African
people in the social structure of society. It is described in the script when an African
adores the technological advancements of white people. White people's world is
closed to sophisticated tools such as computers, video cameras, and satellite phones.
(BACK TO THE BUSS...)
(Where Salomon talking quietly to Maddy)
SALOMON. I have been living in the white people’s world. Computers,
video cameras, and satellite phones. You would like it very much
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 58).
The above conversation showing the local Salomon Vandy adores white
people’s technological advances affirms the image of African people as an
unsophisticated society. The phenomenon of having no access to technology makes
African people have no more opportunities to do anything in the social structure of
the society. As a sociologist, Robert Merton stated that “social structure consists
not only of normative patterns but also of the inequalities of power, status, and
material privileges, which give the members of a society widely different
opportunities and alternatives” (Form & Wilterdink, 2020). Therefore, having no
material privilege such as technology makes the Africans have to depend on the
Europeans because they have widely different opportunities and alternatives due to
the technological advances of the Europeans. Africans seem to be oppressed by the
dominant role of the Europeans in the structure social of society. Europeans can do
anything with the power they have. It is depicted in the scene when an African
Salomon depends on the white people’s technology to help his family who
disappears during the war in Sierra Leone.
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ARCHER. What if I could help find your family?
[At these words, something feral appears in Salomon’s eyes]
SALOMON. What do you know about my family?
ARCHER. The relief agencies are useless, the hospitals are overwhelmed.
There are other ways.
SALOMON. Liar!
ARCHER. I know people. White people [Salomon LUNGES---pinning
Archer against the wall. Archer could fight. He doesn’t]
ARCHER. The...right...stone [Salomon wants nothing more than to strangle
him, but he also intuits Archer might be his only hope. He relaxes his
grip]
ARCHER. --can buy anything. Information. Safety. Even freedom. But a
big stone doesn’t stay secret. The minute you show it, your life is
worthless. I’m guessing the only reason you're still alive is that you
haven't told anyone where it is. Right? [Archer’s pitch—fueled by
desperation—is mesmerizing]
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 42)
As seen in the conversation above, a white Danny Archer, who is ordered by his
white people leader (Colonel Coetsee) to find the location of the diamond that most
Europeans want, uses their power as white people to intimidate and exploit the
locals which are Salomon Vandy and the family. As seen in the conversation above,
the white Danny Archer said, “The...right...stone” (p. 42), which means that the
white people can help Salomon and the family as long as Salomon tells them where
the diamond is located. After negotiating, eventually the local (Salomon Vandy)
accepts an offer of the white Danny Archer to tell him about the diamond mine
location that most of the white people are looking for in Sierra Leone, Africa.
ARCHER. Yes or no. Whole life can change with a single syllable.
SALOMON. Yes.
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 43)
The local Salomon Vandy is helpless because he does not have many
choices to make rather than just follow or agree to save the other Africans which
are his family, even though he has to sacrifice their natural wealth. The only hope
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Salomon has is white people, “Salomon wants nothing more than to strangle him,
but he also intuits Archer might be his only hope. He relaxes his grip” (p. 42). The
African Salomon Vandy cannot do anything more rather than just depend on the
white people’s power. In this situation, the Africans Salomon Vandy is oppressed.
Moreover, as depicted in the conversation above, even the relief agencies are
useless and the hospitals are overwhelmed, and only the white people have ways to
solve African’s problem. It becomes very clear when Archer said, “I know people.
White people”. Then with the power of the European sophisticated tool that they
have, Salomon could find the location where his family lives. It is depicted clearly
when two white people (Danny and Maddy) use their computers to access any
information about Salomon’s family so they could find where they are.
[Maddy reads from the computer manifest in her hand]
MADDY. Jassie Vandy, Kono District. Crossed into Guinea six weeks ago.
SALOMON. Six weeks? And my children?
[Maddy hesitates, folds the manifest, then just nods]
MADDY. You would have found them. Sometimes it takes a year before a
new manifest reaches the field offices. [Glances at Archer] I was
lucky to get access to the UNHCR database.
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 49)
The above interaction between European and African identifies the image
of Africans in the social structure of the society in Blood Diamond movie. Having
no technology shapes the image and the position of Africans as unsophisticated and
oppressed people in the social structure. White people or Europeans can easily
dominate and exploit the Africans because they can access anything they want. It
makes the local have a dependency toward the white power. As mentioned in the
dialogue above, European people could get access to the UNHCR database to know
the African family. Based on the sociologist, Robert Merton said that “the
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inequality defines different strata, or classes, that form the stratification system, or
class structure, of the society” (Form & Wilterdink, 2020). So, it can be concluded
that the inequality in terms of technology makes the Africans belong to lower strata
compare to the Europeans which are depicted as a sophisticated and dominant
(superior) society in the social structure. The Africans seem to be inferior in the
social setting of the movie. The phenomena of social class differences above
become one of the prominent things depicted in the social setting of the Blood
Diamond movie.
2. African as Uncivilized Society
In scene after scene, one of the prominent social settings of Blood Diamond
is the depiction of Africa as a conflict area that is full of violence and also
inhumanity of Africans. It emphasizes the image of Africa and the social behavior
patterns of the society.
From the first scene of the movie script, it already portrays the cruelty and
conflict (Civil War) that occurred in Africa whereby many people are killed and
children are recruited as a soldier (pp. 2-3). It emphasizes Africa as a "dark
continent”. The portraits of Africa as a “dark continent” are depicted vividly
through the explanation of a European, Danny Archer, about the image of Africa.
It can be seen in the following scene.
ARCHER. See that guy? Government ministers caught pocketing disaster
relief money. Bad move, know why? Wasn't giving a big enough cut
to his boss...[points nearby] That one ...? Sells AK-47’s to the rebels
and waits for a cease- fire to buy ‘em at a discount, then after the
fighting starts again, sells them back at a profit.
MADDY. And your point is?
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ARCHER. The point is, it’s Africa. There is no point. You want another?
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 21).
From the conversation above, it is obvious that Africa is depicted as nothing rather
than just a place that full of chaos. When a European, Archer, said “The point is,
it’s Africa. There is no point”, it emphasizes that Europeans consider Africa as no
more than just a wild, unsafe, and ironic place. There is nothing to expect or be
proud of from Africa instead of chaos and a hopeless place.
The portraits of Africa as a “dark continent” also automatically alludes to
the pattern of social behavior of the society. As stated in the theory, social behavior
patterns are about the social reality that most individuals collectively acknowledge
as guides to their thinking and action and are closely related to various folkways,
mores (norms), and laws present in society (Earle & Earle, 1999, p. 3). In the movie,
Africans' social behavior is depicted as savage human beings (not fully human).
They are described as having uncivilized behavior as the social reality that most of
them acknowledge as guides to their thinking and action. The image of Africans as
an uncivilized society is vividly depicted in the movie through the conversation
between two Europeans in the scene below.
ARCHER. How long you been in Africa?
MADY. Four months. Before that Kosovo
ARCHER. Okay. How many blacks do you know back in States—besides
the girl who cleans your house and the man who picks up your
garbage?
MADY. What’s that got to do with it?
ARCHER. I know blacks. Grew up with ‘em, fought with ‘em. Behind the
calm eyes and the gentle smile, they’re burning with hate for what
we have done to ‘em. They hate you, hate me, hate each other and
hate themselves. And your bleeding heart isn’t gonna stop ‘em
butchering each other. Half the continent is starving and the rest is
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dying of AIDS while their leaders sell medicine to build palaces and
drive mercedes
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 21).
The dialogue between the two Europeans above describes African or black
people as the vengeful people behind their calmness and friendly smile. They are
also full of hatred. They do not just hate the European people but also each other as
described in the dialogue, “they hate you, hate me, hate each other, and hate
themselves” (p. 21). Those behaviors are categorized as uncivilized since it is
harmful to other people both verbally or physically. Moreover, as said by the
European in the conversation above, Africans also act like corruptors (their leader)
which cause so many cases of starvation in Africa. The way they establish a
relationship with others severely violates social expectations for a particular
environment. Even though the Europeans come to help them, they are still
unfriendly as explained in the conversation above, "And your bleeding heart isn’t
gonna stop ‘em butchering each other” (p. 21). Indirectly, it also highlights that
Europeans have more concerns about what happened in Africa rather than Africans.
They are depicted as having more civilized characters, meanwhile, Africans are
culturally depicted as savage and brutal.
Such an inhuman action that shows a social decadence in Africa as
explained above becomes the most thing that is shown in the Blood Diamond movie.
The Africans look like an uncivilized society in the social setting of the movie. It
obviously can be seen through the view of Europeans as seen in some scenes above.
The phenomena of Africa as a "dark continent" and uncivilized behavior of the
people are also the prominent social setting described in Blood Diamond.
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B. Deconstruction to European Binary Oppositions in Blood Diamond Movie
After identifying European binary oppositions reflected through the social
setting or context of the Blood Diamond movie script, the writer deconstructs the
binary oppositions paradigm as the critical point of this research. In this part, the
focus of this analysis is on the responses and behaviors of African people that
deconstruct Europeans constructed binary oppositions.
To analyze the content properly, the writer needs to bear in mind what the
writer has explained in the review of related theories about the Europeans'
paradigms in the concept of "self" and "other". European colonialism brought a
hierarchical opposition in the relation between the Europeans and "the other". The
Europeans see “the other” as less than fully human. As stated by Tyson that the
colonizers see themselves as the embodiment of what a human being should be, the
proper "self", meanwhile, native people were considered "other" and inferior to the
point of being less than fully human (Tyson, 2006, pp. 419-420). Such a thing
happens even after the practice of colonialism itself has ended.
In this part, the writer tries to go deeper into the movie script of Blood
Diamond to find exactly the unseen remains buried within the script that describe
the responses and behaviors of African people toward the European people
paradigms. As stated by Bressler that many colonized people (the other) who
struggle to get their identity by writing back to the center, telling the colonizer that
what they did was wrong and how their Western hegemony damaged and
suppressed the ideologies of those who were conquered (Bressler, 1998, pp. 267-
268). Therefore, in Blood Diamond movie, the efforts of Africans in breaking
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32
European hegemony and getting back their identity are done by the unseen actions
and qualities that Africans have toward the Europeans. The Europeans paradigm of
superiority toward Africans (non-European) is rejected through the responses and
behaviors pattern that Africans have. By revealing those qualities as the depth
representation of African people, the writer wants to articulate the oppressed
consciousness of the colonized subject and also to break the stigma of marginality
portrayed by Europeans toward non-Europeans.
1. African Local Genius as Deconstructive Response to European
Domination Role
In Blood Diamond movie script, one of the prominent ideas that can be
grasped clearly in our mind is about an inequality of power between European and
African people that defines different strata or social classes. The inequality makes
the European people look like sophisticated people and play a dominant role in the
social structure of the society. Meanwhile, the Africans seem to be helpless and
depend on the Europeans. The social setting or context of the movie highlights the
Europeans' power and superiority through the technology or sophisticated tools that
make them can dominate and access anything, even solve any problems easily.
However, by looking deeper into the text, the representation of Europeans'
superiority is rejected through the way how African people respond and behave
towards European people’s domination role that remains buried within the script. It
turns out that after having the examination, the writer finds out the Africans also
have a significant role toward the Europeans that have to be acknowledged by the
Europeans. It makes them, in some cases, superior to the European people.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
33
Binjay Kumar Das explains in his book that the colonial power had
exploited the colonized the ‘other’ both politically and culturally, and then sought
to build a Western superiority over the East which later formed the concept of
binary opposition that produced the idea of colonized as inferior and colonizer as
superior (Das, 2002, p. 214). Speaking through the concept, the surface
presentations of Blood Diamond depict that being superior and powerful by
dominating and exploiting the local people become the style of Europeans to get
the diamond they want from the Africans that shows their superiority. As seen in
the social setting, a white Danny Archer exploits the helpless local people, Salomon
Vandy, to tell and lead him to the diamond mine if Salomon wants to get the family
back. Only white people can get any information related to the family.
ARCHER. The...right...stone [Salomon wants nothing more than to strangle
him, but he also intuits Archer might be his only hope. He relaxes
his grip]
ARCHER. --can buy anything. Information. Safety. Even freedom
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 42).
As depicted in the scene above, even though the Europeans have
sophisticated tools that make them look powerful and dominant, however, as the
“newcomer” in African people’s land, Europeans still need the locals to lead them
to the diamond (the right stone) located in Sierra Leone, Africa. It cannot be denied
that the local genius or knowledge plays an important role in this part. As the local
people, Africans have much more knowledge related to their land rather than the
“newcomer” (Europeans). The local genius of the Africans makes the Europeans
have to depend on them. It becomes clearer when Colonel Coetsee tells Danny
Archer that they need people who know the terrain where the diamond is located.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
34
THE COLONEL. They want us to take back the diamond mines and I need
someone who knows his way around up there. [Archer just takes
another sip. The colonel studies him]
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 32)
The Colone asks Archer to bring them to the diamond mine in Sierra Leone because
Archer has been living in that place for a long time. However, even Archer has been
living in Sierra Leone, he still does not know the place well. Therefore, as seen in
the social setting of the movie script, the white Danny Archer, who is ordered by
white people leader Colonel Coetsee, needs the local Salomon Vandy to leads him
and other Europeans to the diamond mine. To get the family back, Salomon
becomes a pet of white people since he knows the place well and how to get there.
It is depicted when Salomon leads Danny Archer to track the forest without using
a map.
[Salomon sharpens the blade of a machete with a whetstone. Archer pores
over a map with a flashlight]
ARCHER. You say the mine is near the Moa River. Where exactly on this
map? [Salomon’s eyes remain on the machete blade]
SALOMON. I do not need a map.
ARCHER. Well, I do
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 53)
As depicted above, it shows that even though the European or white people
represented by Danny Archer have a map to find the diamond, however, it does not
help at all. Only Africans know exactly where the location of the diamond mine,
because it cannot be denied that the locals know better their place than the
Europeans. Another prove showing the local genius of the Africans is depicted
when the Europeans Danny Archer depends on the local Salomon Vandy to find
water in the forest because Danny Archer feels thirsty during their tracking in the
forest to find the big diamond that most Europeans want.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
35
ARCHER. [Feeling his forehead] I’ve stopped sweating. We’ve got to find
water.
SALOMON. Then we must move faster.
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 85)
SALOMON. Wait ...[listening] Can you hear it?
[Archer listens hard. A weird croaking sound. Frogs?]
ARCHER. Frogs !
SALOMON. Yes.
[Frogs mean water. They stumble forward to discover...]
ARCHER. What if...this water...is bad?
SALOMON. You can wait for beer.
ARCHER. Good point. [Archer drinks his fill]
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 87)
It is narrated through the scene above that the local African, Salomon Vandy uses
his local knowledge and skill to find water in order to save Danny Archer from
thirst that could kill him in the forest. The local Salomon uses his ability to hear a
frog’s sound in order to discover water because if there are frogs’ sounds, it means
that they are closed to the water sources/spring. Having those kinds of local genius
makes the European Danny Archer have a high dependency on the local African,
Salomon Vandy. He cannot even kill him because the local Salomon is the way to
get to the diamond mine that makes Danny Archer can bring the Colonel and other
Europeans to get there.
ARCHER. Hold Up there, boy--! [Salomon reacts to Archer’s instinctive
use of “boy”]
ARCHER. I’m not letting you get yourself killed until I had that fucking
stone. We wait for dark.
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 89)
The scene above shows us the superiority of the African people. However,
it turns out from the scene that, by the local genius or knowledge, Africans also
have a significant and dominant role over the Europeans. The situation is used by
African (Salomon Vandy) to control the European in order to save the African
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36
family first from the war. The African takes an advantage of Europeans'
sophisticated tools and power to find the family.
ARCHER. No? You don’t give a fuck about finding the diamond. [More]
ARCHER. You’re out here looking for your son. And you’d cut my heart
out in a second if it is meant to get him back. [Salomon is shocked
into silence. Archer is right]
SALOMON. Yes. It is true.
(Blood Diamond, 2005, pp. 79-80)
As depicted above, the local Salomon does not want to help the Europeans to get to
the diamond mine. He is actually preparing the journey to help his family by using
the power of European people. Throughout the scene above, the idea of Europeans
as superior and dominant by dominating and exploiting the others (Africans) is
debatable. The African actually pretends to be the pet of white and then takes
advantage of it. Therefore, the Europeans' paradigms over the other (Africans) that
structured people's minds into ideas of Europeans' superiority and the others'
inferiority (Africans) are rejected. Since the local people have their local genius or
knowledge, as “newcomer” the European paradigm of superiority does not work at
all to the local people. Furthermore, the local genius of the Africans depicted
through their skills in tracking forest without a map and finding water in the forest
show that Africans are also advanced in their way. It highlights the Africans’
paradigm of superiority that the Europeans as the “newcomer” must recognize. The
scene proves that the local genius of the Africans makes the white people have a
high dependency on the native (Africans) as the masters of their land. It turns out
that both Europeans and Africans have their own particular advances on both sides.
From the explanations above, having local genius depicted through the close
relationship to nature and the way how Africans respond to the domination role of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
37
Europeans are kind of “the unseen qualities” that belongs to the Africans that might
be buried within the text of Blood Diamond Movie. It does not mean to say that
Africans are better than the Europeans, but it is simply to show the Africans are also
advance and have a way of living that makes the Europeans depend on them. It
shows that African people also have their own superiority toward European people
that must be recognized by the Europeans.
2. African Humane Behavior as Deconstructive Response against European
Paradigm
As stated in Said's Orientalism that people other than Europeans (or the
Oriental as the Europeans call) are described as opposing the clarity, directness, and
nobility (Said, 2003, p. 40). In the social setting, Africa is considered as nothing
rather than "a dark continent" that full of chaos, it is depicted through the statement
of white people about Africa, "The point is, it’s Africa. There is no point. You want
another?” (p. 21). Not just stop there, Africans’ social behavior patterns are depicted
as anti-social behavior in the social setting of the movie. It is portrayed through the
description of white people, Danny Archer about African people who are full of
hatred and desire to kill. Africans are culturally marked as savage, brutal, and even
heartless. Those images of Africans' social decadence depict Africans as opposing
clarity, directness, and nobility. Therefore, they look like an uncivilized society in
the social setting of Blood Diamond movie.
After doing depth research, however, the writer finds out that actually,
binary opposition does not portray such an image. The Africans are not culturally
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38
savage, brutal, and heartless as they are described. In fact, the Europeans
assumption toward the Africans is rejected when there is a quality of Africans that
highlights the human behaviors and values of the Africans in some parts of the
movie script. It deconstructs Europeans’ binary opposition concepts about Africans
who are uncivilized and barbarous. The quality that the writer wants to explain is
caring humans.
As depicted in the social setting by the European Danny Archer, that Black
people are described as an anti-social society with savage and brutal behavior. They
hate the Europeans and even each other, “…behind the calm eyes and the gentle
smile, they're burning with hate for what we have done to 'em. They hate you, hate
me, hate each other and hate themselves” (p. 21). However, it is debatable through
the scene when the Europeans come to their village. It is depicted that the Africans’
family take care of the Europeans, Danny Archer and Maddy Bowen.
BENJAMIN. If you are looking for money, weapons, or fuel, I don’t have
any.
ARCHER. How about food?
BENJAMIN. If you ask politely. My name is Benjamin Kapanay.
ARCHER. Danny Archer. And this is—
MADDY. Maddy Bowen. How do you do?
[.... Under a covered porch, they eat lunch—served by Benjamin’s young
Mende wife and his three children]
(Blood Diamond, 2005, pp. 63-64)
Instead of doing like what Europeans assume about black people who are
hating them and butchering each other, however, the Africans serve them by giving
them food. It is depicted in the scene above when the local leader, Benyamin and
his young Mende wife and his three children provide lunch for the Europeans.
Another prove showing the local people’s humane behavior is when the local
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39
African, Salomon Vandy takes care of the white Danny Archer when he gets wound
in the forest.
SALOMON. Let me see your leg.
ARCHER. It’s fine.
[Salomon touches it and Archer grunts in pain]
ARCHER. It’s infected. From lying there all fucking night…
[Salomon stands. Archer tries to but the pain is overwhelming]
SALOMON. I will be back…
HOURS LATER-THE MOON HAS RISEN. [Archer awakens to see
Salomon walking toward him out of the bush. He carries a poultice made of
leaves and mud. He kneels and begins to apply it to Archer’s wound]
(Blood Diamond, 2005, pp. 81-82)
As depicted in the dialogue above, the local African, Salomon Vandy goes to the
bush to find a traditional medicine for the European Danny Archer and he takes
care of Archer’s wound. Indirectly, the scene shows that the local people actually
care deeply about other people. The fact that any assumptions of Europeans towards
the Africans actually reflect themselves. Any chaos and inhumanity that happened
in Africa are because of the Europeans' interventions. It is depicted in the scene
when Danny Archer explains about their people (white people) affect African’s life.
MADDY. I pin it on all of us. Especially you.
ARCHER. Yeah, we fucked the black man. My father did and my
grandfather before him. Now the black man fucks himself. Tell me
something I don’t know.
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 53)
The appearance of Europeans has an impact on the social behavior pattern of
Africans. They come to the African world and then “Fuck” their life. It is obviously
depicted above that what Europeans have done in the past impacts the Africans.
This is reinforced by the statement of the RUF leader Caption Poison, who rebels
toward the government and the white people.
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40
CAPTAIN POISON. The Freetown government and their white masters
have raped your land to feed their greed!
(Blood Diamond, 2005, p. 7)
The statement above confirms that actually what is portrayed by Europeans
about Africans is a picture of themselves. They are the people who cause the
suffering of Africans and they rape the Africans and their land. They come to take
the diamond that Africans have and they caused any social decadence in Sierra
Leone, Africa. Therefore, the image of Europeans as rational, virtuous, mature, and
"normal" stated by Said in his Orientalism (Said, 2003, pp. 39-40), somehow, is
questionable.
The point of caring human is not just the action of the African people in
their daily life, but actually it becomes something that has been mandated in the
beliefs of African people. The prove can be seen through Salomon's words about
Africans' beliefs and culture in the movie script. In the script, it is narrated when
Salomon Vandy and Danny Archer see many corpses are piled high at a mass grave
that is built from an abandoned diamond pit. Salomon cries and tells Archer about
the belief that highlights the humanity value in their society.
[A mass grave has been fashioned from an abandoned diamond pit. Bodies
piled high—men, women, children. None of the soldiers]
ARCHER. Animals.
SALOMON. No animal would do such a thing. It makes no sense.
[Salomon forces himself to walk among the corpses, praying that his son is
not among them. Tears stream down his cheeks]
SALOMON. My people value life. The Mende find it hard even to take the
life of a chicken. God gives life, only he may take it back. [a
strangled cry] How can they do this?
[Archer has no answer. Just look at him]
(Blood Diamond, 2005, pp. 84-85)
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41
As displayed in the scene, it shows that killing is not the Africans' way of life. They
value people's life as a concept of living because their belief teaches them that
people have no right to take other people's life, only God may do that. It is not just
about respecting human life, but more than that it is also about respecting other
creatures' life such as animals as stated by Salomon that it is hard for them even to
take the life of a chicken. The Africans' belief above indicates that they have a high
appreciation of humanity in their society. Indirectly, this is contrary to the European
assumptions about Black people who are savage and brutal.
The above description emphasizes an important point that Africans are not
as bad as the white people think. They are good human beings, not just good for
their people but also for others like Europeans. So that, the Europeans’ perspective
of other (or the Oriental as the Europeans call) as opposing the clarity, directness,
and nobility stated by Said in his Orientalism (Said, 2003, p. 40), however, it is
rejected. The image of African’s social behavior patterns as uncivilized are rejected
since they have a quality of caring human that is reflected from their belief and
action in daily life. Moreover, the image of Europeans as a civilized society is
somehow questionable since their intervention in African people’s system of life
causes the social decadence in Africa.
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42
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
Based on the previous Analysis, in this chapter, the researcher concludes the
result of the analysis. On writing the conclusion, the researcher uses the problem
formulation as a guideline to draw the conclusion. There is two problem
formulation used in this research. The first one is discussing the binary opposition
found in the social settings of Blood Diamond. The social context or setting of
European and non-European helps the researcher to see how they are presented. It
leads the researcher to reveal the binary oppositions given to European and non-
European (African) in the movie script. Then as the critical point of this study, on
second problem formulation, the researcher discusses how the local people respond
and behave to the European binary oppositions. It is focused on deconstructing the
European binary oppositions.
After figuring out the social setting depicted in the Blood Diamond movie,
the researcher found out two prominent binary oppositions depicted in the social
settings of Blood Diamond movie. There are African as an unsophisticated and
oppressed society and Africans as an uncivilized society. The first finding describes
Africans as inferior and helpless compare to European people in the social structure
of the society. Having sophisticated tools make the European can access and do
anything they want. This opportunity is used by the Europeans to control and exploit
the Africans to get the diamond that Africans have. Africans represented by
Salomon Vandy have no choice because he has to help his family who is lost during
the war. The only way he can do is depending on white people's power and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
43
sophisticated tools. The domination and power of white people make the Africans
seem to be oppressed even in their land of birth. This inequality in terms of
technology makes the Europeans belong to different strata in the social structure of
the society. The second finding depicts African people as an uncivilized society
who are considered as having savage behaviors in social life. Africans are culturally
marked as vengeful and full of hatred. They are also butchering each other. Those
images of Africans' social decadence depict Africans as opposing clarity, directness,
and nobility. Therefore, they look like an uncivilized society in the social setting of
Blood Diamond movie script.
The second finding in this research becomes the critical point of the research.
By using the deconstructive perspective, the research found out the unseen
phenomena that remain buried within the script. It turns out that the binary
oppositions created by Europeans are not true. Firstly, the constructed binary
oppositions that say African as an unsophisticated and oppressed society are
deconstructed. Based on the analysis, the social setting or context of the movie
highlights the Europeans' power and superiority through their technology or
sophisticated tools that make them can dominate and exploit the Africans. However,
as the “newcomer” in the Africans’ land, the European’s sophisticated tools do not
really help them. They still need the local knowledge to lead them to the diamond
mine located in Sierra Leone, Africa. This is clearly depicted when the white Danny
Archer, who is ordered by Colonel Coetsee to find the diamond mine, depends on
the African Salomon Vandy because Africans have much more knowledge about
their land. It shows that even though the European or white people represented by
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
Danny Archer have a map to find the diamond, however, it does not help at all.
Only Africans know exactly where the location of the diamond mine even without
a map, because it cannot be denied that the locals know better their place than the
Europeans. Moreover, the local people have the skill to find water in the forest
depicted by the local character, Salomon Vandy who saves the white people, Danny
Archer, from thirst. It makes the Europeans have a high dependency on the Africans
to get the diamond. The local genius of the Africans depicted through their skill in
tracking forest without a map and finding water through the frogs’ sounds show
that Africans are also advanced in their way. It highlights the Africans’ paradigm
of superiority that the Europeans as the “newcomer” must recognize. It turns out
that both Europeans and Africans have their own particular advances on both sides.
Secondly, European binary oppositions that consider African as uncivilized is also
deconstructed. Africans have a quality of caring human. As seen in the movie script,
Benjamin and his family take care of white people, Dany Archer and Maddy
Bowen. They give them food when the white people come to their village.
Moreover, the movie script also depicts the scene when the local African, Salomon
Vandy takes care of the white Danny Archer when he gets wound during their
tracking in the forest. This phenomenon depicts that black people are not anti-social
or uncivilized as depicted by the Europeans. In fact, the social decadence that
happens to Africans is because of the interventions of the Europeans who destroy
their system social of life. It is depicted through the dialog between Maddy and
Archer about the Europeans that “fuck” black man’s life. It is also reinforced by the
speech of Captain Poison who tells that the suffering in Africa is caused by the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
45
white people who rape their land. Moreover, Africans’ action of caring humans is
also part of their cultural beliefs. They value people's life as a concept of living
because their belief teaches them that people have no right to take other people's
life, only God may do that. It is not just about respecting human life, but more than
that it is also about respecting other creatures' life such as animals as stated by
Salomon that it is hard for them even to take the life of a chicken. It shows the
Africans high appreciation of humanity. The quality of caring humans is not just a
mere belief in Africans' life, but they also apply it in action in their daily life.
By the explanations in the previous paragraphs, the Europeans' paradigms
over the other (Africans) that structured people's minds into ideas of Europeans'
superiority and the others' inferiority (Africans) are rejected. The fact that, Africans
also have their own paradigm of superiority and civilized character that are depicted
through their local genius or knowledge and behaviors buried within the text of
Blood Diamond movie script. It breaks the stigma of marginality that the Europeans
describe to the others (Africans). However, it does not mean to say that Africans
are better than the Europeans, but it is simply to show that both Africans and
Europeans have their own paradigm of superiority that must be recognized by each
other. Moreover, regardless of those binary oppositions and deconstructive works
depicted in the Blood diamond movie script, the important ideology that the text
wants to deliver is about humanity. The Blood Diamond itself highlights some
social issues like children soldiers, civil war, and discrimination that want to evoke
our respect and awareness toward humanity value.
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46
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Mistress in Stockett's The Help. Sanata Dharma University. Retrieved May
31, 2021, from https://repository.usd.ac.id/32534/2/144214130_full.pdf
Zwick, E., & Herskovitz, M. (2005, July 27). Blood Diamond. Retrieved Agustus
28, 2019, from Dailyscript Web site:
https://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/Blood%20Diamond_July_27_2005_dr
aft).pdf
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: The Summary of Zwick and Herskovitz’s Blood Diamond
Published in 2005, Blood Diamond talks about the civil war and exploitation
of diamonds in Sierra Leone, Africa. It does not just talk about Africa and its people
struggling in the civil war, but also about white people (European) in Africa and
their actions during the war in Sierra Leone. The story emphasizes the relationship
between the European and African during the war.
The movie begins with the invade of Salomon Vandy’s village by the
Revolutionary United Front (RUF) who rebels toward the government and the white
people. Salomon Vandy is captured by the group and separated from his family. He
is enslaved to work in the diamond fields under the command of Captain Poison.
While working in the RUF diamond fields as a slave, Solomon finds a large pink
diamond. A white Danny Archer, an Anglo ex-mercenary from Rhodesia, is asked
by a white leader of South African mercenary named Colonel Coetzee to find the
large pink diamond. Then Danny Archer arranges to meet Solomon and offers to
help him find his family in exchange for the diamond. Danny Archer needs Salomon
because as a local people he knows better the place. Salomon Vandy has no choice
rather than accept Archer’s offer because as white people Archer has more power
and access to technology that could help Salomon Vandy to find his family. With
the help of Mady Bowen who is Archer’s friend, Salomon can find the location of
his family. Furthermore, Salomon and Archer go to meet the family and find the
diamond. In their way, Salomon helps Archer in tracking the forest until they arrive
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at the location of the diamond mine. Finally, Archer calls Colonel Coetzee and the
other white soldiers to come to the location. It creates the war between Colonel
Coetzee’s army and the RUF lead by Captain Poison. The war results in many
people death from both sides, including Danny Archer. Then Salomon eventually
meets his family again in London where he testifies against and serves as a witness
to the blood diamond trade.
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