DEBLASSI F I EDCopy No. ___

Office of Strategic Services

(OSS)

Organization and Functions

-0-0-

NOTE:- This booklet is designed to supplement the lectures on OSS organization.

The student may retain his numbered copy of the book for referenceduring the course, but it must be returned to the Chief Instructor on demand.

Special security precautions must be taken by each student not only tosafeguard the information contained herein from unauthorized persons, but also to

protect the book itself against loss or damage.

The information contained in this book is a privileged communication

to OSS students and is designed to help them understand and perform their jobs

intelligently overseas or in the States. This information is not tcbe impartedto unauthorized persons outside the organization.

NOTE:- A "Glossary of Frequently Used Initials" appears at the end cf this book.

nch

(76271)

DECLARfIEDThe Office of Strategic Services (OSS) is an agency of the Joint Chiefs

of Staff charged with collecting and analyzing strategic information and

secret intelligence required for military operations, and with planning

and executing programs of physical sabotage and morale subversion against

the enemy to support military operations.

The OSS is dynamic.scope of activity.needs of the war invarious theaters of

It is constantly changing organizationally and inIt is in a continual state of adaptation to thethe United States and to peculiar conditions in theoperations.

Some of the Charts and the text which follow might have become inaccurate

in a few details in the time required to publish them. Changes in this

booklet will be made from time to time. But the basic aims and functions

of the organization will change little.

DE~ _~FE

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATESCOMMANDER-IN-CHIEF, ARMY AND NAVY

IJOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF

I j

I_-I

II

(OSS)OFFICE OF STRATEGIC SERVICES |

SECRETARY OF WAR

ARMY & AIR CORPS

SECRETARY OF NAVY

NAVY & MARINE CORPS

I

r -I

II

IIIl

,c a I I ---

---- 7-- _ _ - /

This simple chart explains the lines ofresponsibility and authority connectingthe OSS with the President, as Commander-in-Chief, through the Joint Chiefs of Staff..

PEC Jl3ED

D~t =fiEDx

OSS ORGANIZATION(WASHINGTON)

DEPUTY DIRECTOR - ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

BUDGET & PROCUREMENT REPRO- TRANS- OFFICEPROCEDURES & SUPPLY DUCTION PORTATION SERVICES IFINANCE

DEPUTY DIRECTOR- S&T

SCHOOLS & TRAINING

OSS ORGANIZATION

OSS is divided into a number of Branches, eachBranch being responsible for a particular function.In the theaters of operations, Branch representativesare often called upon to assist in performing thefunctions of other Branches, and the functions ofall are closely coordinated by local and theatercommanding officers.

The two large OSS functions (IntelligenceServices, and Strategic Services Operations) areadministered by two deputy directors. Under eachdeputy director are the several Branches whichcarry out particular parts of those larger func-tions for which he is responsible.

INTELLIGENCE SERVICES

The SI (Secret Intelligence) Branch is respon-sible for obtaining secret intelligence by meansof espionage throughout the world, except in LatinAmerica, and by liaison with other Allied intelli-gence agencies engaged in espionage. It recruitsagents, sets up chains of intelligence in neutraland enemy-occupied territory, and exploits exist-ing sources for clandestine intelligence such asunderground and guerrilla groups, and Allied secretintelligence sources. SI deals largely in spotintelligence reports (called SI disseminations).

The X-2 Branch is responsible for counterespio-nage abroad as well as some security functions inconnection with our missions in the active theaters.

DEC[*SIHEUThe Branch's spot intelligence products are usedlargely in support of the Armyts CIC, and the Branchworks closely with the FBI.

The R&A (Research and Analysis) Branch is a re-search Branch which coordinates intelligence from allsources and produces finished intelligence studiesof a strategic, political, geographical, and economicnature. R&A's published contributions to the wareffort have been numerous and important.

FNB (Foreign Nationalities Branch) has domesticfunctions within the United States. It studies con-stantly the political temperature of the variousnationality groups in this country in relation topolitical events abroad, and publishes timely reports.

The CD (Censorship and Documents) Branch hasdual functions: (a) the securing of censorship ma-terials for the organization, and special monitor-ing of enemy broadcasts for commercial and economicintelligence as well as political intelligence; and(b) research in, and supply of personal documentsrequired for undercover operations by other Branches.

STRATEGIC SERVICES OPERATIONS

The SO (Special Operations) Branch organizes and/or supplies sabotage operations behind the enemytslines. It furnished agents and communications andsupplies to underground and guerrilla groups in Norway,France, Denmark, nortt^

also organizes special teams which are sent be-hind the enemy's lines for the destruction ofspecific targets, for securing intelligence,and waging guerrilla warfare.

The MO (Morale Operations) Branch isresponsible for subversion of the enemy'smorale, at home and at the front. Its tech-niques are called "Black" propaganda; that is,propaganda which purports to come from a sourceother than the stated one. Its weapons are ~

"black" radio, leaflets, rumors, poison penletters, and a-variety of "black" newspapersand other publications.

MU (the Maritime Unit) w~a organized tocarry out sabotage against enemy shipping by useof such means as underwater demolitions andstealthy forays into enemy harbors. The contri-bution of this unit has been most important inthe field of water transport for agent infiltra-tions and the supply of agents and undergroundgroups.

The Special Projects Branch is organized tocarry out missions of a specialized nature thatdo not fall in the jurisdiction of any otherbranch of SSO.

The Field Experimental Unit is a specialoperational group included in the SSO divisionfor administration. Planning and Operations ofthis group, however, is done under direct con-trol from the Director's Office.

DECLA4SIFIEDThe OG (Operational Group) Command organizes

and operates guerrilla forces in deep penetrationoperations. In China, and in other places, it hastrained and officered guerrilla bands recruitedabroad. In France just prior to and immediatelyafter D-day, the OG Command dropped groups for liai-son and support to the Maquis.

OTHER BRANCHES OF OSS

All other parts of the OSS organization serveit in either an administrative or a supporting andsupplementary manner.

The S&T (Schools and Training) Branch trainsOSS personnel both in the United States and in theseveral active theaters. This Branch is also re-sponsible for the preliminary screening of recruitsfor service overseas by means of a psychologicalassessment program.

The Planning Group is the top planning and ad-visory group to the Director (Major General WilliamDonovan), and it consists of about half a dozen men,two of whom are representatives of the Army andNavy on the highest echelon. The Planning Staffperforms research and technical services in supportof the Planning Group's program proposals.

The Registry of the Secretariat registers andstores the periodic OSS mission reports and otherreports from the field. The Reports Office (not tobe confused with the Reporting Board, which is apart of.the SI Branch) is an editorial and routingoffice for such reports

__^^^^Ss^^^ *3 I__ fil^^f^^^^ _*B^^B^^

M w1mj lip|I

The Communications Branch-operates an inde-pendent OSS communications system with practicallyworld coverage so that the missions abroad not onlyhave direct radio communications with OSS Wash-ington but with sub-bases and agents in the field.It is responsible for initiating OSS cipher and codesystems used in OSS communications. The Branch alsosupplies base radio operators for field teams andradio equipment for those teams. (OSS utilizesArmy and State Dept. pouch facilities for transmis-.sion to Washington of written reports, however, andalso State Department cable facilities from someneutral countries.)

The Field Photographic Branch is the motion.picture production and picture taking Branch whichrecords OSS activities in the States and abroad.It produces OSS training films. And it has per-formed strategic photographic missions for OSS,the Army,. and the Navy overseas. Personnel ofField Photo accompanied the OSS City Teams whichwere dispatched quickly to newly liberated Euro-pean cities.

The VP (Visual Presentation) Branch employsartists and designers. Its function is to presentpictorially and in chart form all OSS activities.It is alsb the procurer of motion picture films pro-duced outside the organization, and it has done suchother jobs as the preparation of special trainingaids for the S&T Branch.

The R&D (Research & Development) Branch ac-quires, develops, and supplies special, sabotageand other devices for use in field operationssuch as:- camouflaged devices for carrying con-cealed messages; various explosive devices' andweapons.

The Hq and Hq Detachment, and the Naval Commandperform the usual headquarters functions for Armyand Navy personnel assigned to OSS. The Naval'Com-mand is also the liaison and funnel for all DNI in-telligence coming into OSS, but there are specialIntelligence Liaison Officers for liaison with MIS,G-2,.and the JICAts..

The Security'Branch checks the security of allpersonnel before recruitment and is responsible forthe physical security of OSS establishments in theUnited State; and abroad.

The Special Funds Branch 'disburses "unvouchered"funds made available by Congress for which the organi-zation is not accountable in detail, for obvious se-curity reasons. This Branch is also responsible forthe acquisition of the necessary foreign exchange inthe field in support of undercover operations.

The Chief Surgeon is head of the OSS medicalunits here and abroad. This organization is respon--sible for the health of OSS personnel, and maintainssmall but well equipped hospitals at bases for treat-ment of illness and casualties. Officers of thisBranch have also contributed to, and helped to eval-uate, our fund of medical intelligence from enemy andenemy-occupied territory.

All the other Branches and divisions identifiedon the chart perform functions which their namesimply.

S I BRANCH(WASH INGTON)

CHIEF, Sl

SPECIAL ASSISTANTS |

I .EXECUTIVE OFFICER

IIEUROPEAN DIVISION _DIVISIONAL DEPUTY

ASSISTANT FOR ASSISTANT FOREUROPEAN MEDITERRANEANTHEATER THEATER

TECHNICAL I WESTERN EUROPE1IFC~inm I SECTIONmCI FNR S FRENCH DESK

IBERIAN DESK_*mf I ^LOW COUNTRIES DESK

.----- « -.- - ~ SWISS DESKT E C H N I C A L PETROLEUM _

ARMY BRANCH CENTRAL EUROPE-KARMY BRANCHES DEK SCANDINAVIA SECTIONNAVY BRANCHES J IGOV T

. AGENCIES ITALY-ALBANIA LITALY-ALBANIASECTION

SOUTHEAST EUROPESECTION

GREEK DESKJUGOSLAV DESKHUNGARIAN DESKRUMANIAN DESKBULGARIAN DESK

I AOR .C..TrInN LI """" r~~~~~

FAR EAST DIVISIONDIVISIONAL DEPUTY

ASSISTANTDIVISIONAL DEPUTY

SOUTHEAST ASIASECTION

JAPAN-CHINASECTION

PACIFIC SECTION

A

.Bj

SECRETARY

AFRICA DIVISION LDIVISIONAL DEPUTY L .

ASSISTANT |DIVISIONAL DEPUTY

EXECUTIVE,__OFFICER r

NORTH AFRICAI

| EAST AFRICA ISECTION I

WEST AFRICA1 SECTION I

PERSONNEL PROCUREMENTa TRAINING & SECURITY

LIAISON LIAISON

EVALUATIONI PROCEDURESOFFICER

INEAR-MIDDLE EAST I

DIVISIONDIVISIONAL DEPUTY

ASSISTANTDIVISIONAL DEPUTY

L SECTION ITURKEY

SECTION 11SYRIA, LEBANON,

k PALESTINE,TRANS-JORDAN,

EGYPT

SECTION III |IRAN,IRAQ, |

J A kl ICTA EI r Aln i iAiI, II SAUDI-ARABIA I

Taninng Advisore; Training RecordsDIVISIONAL DEPUTY | | Administrtive officer - Travel; Procurenent

& Supply; Budget; Civil Servioe Personnel.PERSONNEL Military Personnel & Recruiting office -& SERVICES | I Recorda; Special Punds Personnel; Military- J L . ,.^^ j P r o m o ti o n B o a r d .

REPORTING BOARD

MEMBERSFRANCE, SWITZERLAND,LOW COUNTRIES, IBERIA,

FAR EAST, CENTRALEUROPE, SCANDINAVIA,NEAR-MIDDLE EAST,

.AFRICA BALKANS

AREA SPECIALISTSFRANCE, SWITZERLAND,

CENTRAL EUROPE,SBANDINAVIA, ITALY,ALBANIA, BALKANS

GREECE LOW COUNTRIESSPAIN PORTUGAL

FAR EAST AFRICANEAR-MIDDLE EAST

OVERSEASREPORTSSECTION

SERVICESPRINTING

PRESS SURVEYTRANSLATION

-

.-

rIoument Registry & Control

'I .

SI BRANCH

This chart of SI Branch organization in Washingtonis largely self-explanatory, but the following commentsmight be in order.

The various-geographic Divisions and Sections areresponsible for supporting activities in the theatersof operation with which they are concerned. They areresponsible for seeing to it that adequate personnelare recruited, trained and dispatched overseas, thatthe needs and requests of the SI representativesabroad are met, that secret intelligence activitiesin the various theaters are coordinated and givenover-all policy direction, that SI activities inWashington and abroad are coordinated with those ofother Branches of OSS, and that secret intelligencereports from OSS organizations and representativesoverseas are brought to Washington, processed anddistributed to "customers" within OSS and throughoutthe U.S. Government.

In addition various "staff" Sections, such asthe Technical Section and the Labor Section, areresponsible for carrying out special functions withinthe various theaters of operation. The Labor Section,for example, is charged with establishing contactwith organized underground labor groups abroadfor intelligence and subversive activities.

Dissemination of all SI reports is made throughthe Reporting Board, to which all reports go forfinal editing and evaluation after being processedby the geographic Section concerned.

In each of the principal theaters of military-operations there are similar organizations, chargedwith the responsibility of obtaining secret intel-ligence from original sources and Allied secretintelligence agencies, and supplying these reportspromptly to authorized "customers" in the theaterbefore sending them to Washington.

Coordination between the four main geographicdivisions of SI is necessary because of the globalnature of intelligence. For example, considerabletechnical and political intelligence concerningJapan was found in newly liberated regions of Europe,and personnel of the SI European Division exploitedthese sources for the benefit of the SI Far EastDivision.

While the SI organization in each theater headsup into the OSS HQ for the theater, SI sub-basesand representatives are inevitably spread through-out the theater, SI agents in turn extending outfrom these. Networks of SI agents in North Africaand Europe furnished many reports, military, po-litical, economic and psychological, both b'eforeand after the respective D-Days. The story oftheir preparation for the invasion of North Africa,for example, is now well known. As another'example,according to official 7th Army statement, SI agentsfurnished 50-60% of all ground intelligence usedin the Allied invasion into southern France andthe drive northward to Germany.

F (

While before D-Day secret intelligence was,obtained by means of individual agents introducedby clandestine means from Allied bases into enemy-held territory, after D-Day SI men were attached.to the advancing Armies on corps and divisionallevels for tactical intelligence operations inFrance and Germany, and these tactical detachmentsbriefed and dispatched agents recruited on the'spot for shallow penetrations of the enemy linesas the fronts advanced.

During the post-hostilities period in Europe,SI has been entrusted with various intelligenceassignments connected with the occupation ofGermany and Austria. Bases abroad, and tech-niques of operations, are being changed to meetthe new conditions.

In the Far Eastern theaters, SI has virtuallycompleted its coverage of the India-Burma theater,and is being called on in the China theater forconstantly widening coverage. The target area,(Japan and the so-called Inner Zone), presents aproblem even more difficult than that in Europe,and one which will test to the full the resourcesand skill of the SI Branch.

, , / - * :11lS'd

R&A BRANCH(WASHINGTON)

CURRENT MAP EUROPE FAR EAST LATIN USSR CENTRAL INTERDEPART-INTELLIGENCE DIVISION AFRICA DIVISION AMERICA DIVISION INFORMATION MENTAL COM.STAFF DIVISION DIVISION DIVISION FOR ACQUISI-

TION OF FOR-EIGN PUBNS.

_ _ _ _ _ _ I_

R & A BRANCH

D ~~pS ^KE» "' (, ' P * ** -; y* if,,

Dur rt^ a ,, ,li jtb~~~~~~~~~~~U - 13i L `

The R&A Branch draws upon all available sourcesfor secret intelligence and for regularly publishedinformation. It analyzes, correlates, and interpretsthis mass of material and produces finished intelli-gence studies. In Washington, the R&A Branch is theOSS central repository for all incoming intelligencefrom whatever source:- MIS, DNI, our Allies, othergovernment agencies, other OSS Branches.

The Branch produces a steady stream of intelli-gence studies on almost any country or topic upondemand of the Army or Navy or other authorizedagency or Branch of OSS. The R&A Branch producesweekly situation reports covering the world politi-cally and economically. Some of the Branchts mostimportant contributions have been Joint Army-NavyIntelligence Studies published under the authorityof the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Civil AffairsHandbooks and Guides published by the Army and Navy.

The five special staffs of representatives inthe top row of boxes in the chart, perform liaisonand coordinating functions as between R&A and othergovernment agencies and the Army and Navy. Thespecial assistant for Civil Affairs is necessarybecause of the size and importance of the R&A jobof producing Civil Affairs Guides and Handbooks.

The Projects Committee must authorize and ap-prove all study and research projects of the R&ABranch. Upon approval, studies and other publica-tions are turned over to the Branch Editor who editsthem, sees to their publication and distributionto authorized "customers".

There are four main geographical Divisions,within R&A:- The Europe-Africa Division, the FarEast Division, the Latin America Division, and theUSSR Division. These divisions are responsible forthe analysis of all intelligence on the geographicareas to which they are assigned. (A detailedchart and text on one of these divisions, the FarEast Division, follows.)

The Current Intelligence Staff maintains a WarRoom for the top executives of the OSS. It alsoproduces the Current Intelligence Studies, which aresometimes abbreviated R&A studies, and it producesa daily situation report for use in the War Room.

The Map Division has one of the most completecollections of maps - on microfilm as well as onpaper -- in the world. It collects maps from allsources through regular OSS intelligence channelsas well as from the Navy, the Army Map Service,the State Department, and other government sources.The Map Division maintains a cartographic sectionfor the drawing and publishing of special OSS mapsto be used in OSS intelligence studies, and itproduces relief models which are used by Army andNavy for strategic planning as well as by the ArmyService Forces for its weekly and widely circulatedNewsmap. It supplies maps in large quantities foruse by OSS personnel and for the Armed Forces...

The Central Information Division is the li-brary division, the repository for intelligencedocuments from all sources including other OSS

- BEL'Li1S~~~~~~~~~~~~Li't

/

Branches. This Division is complex organizationallyand functionally. In addition to maintaining anextensive library for OSS, this Division also col-lects and catalogues photographs of a strategicnature, maintains an extensive card index on foreignpersonalities, and receives and makes available docu-ments from a wide variety of sources including MIS,DNI, Department of State, Allied governments, otherOSS Branches, Office of Censorship, Justice Depart-ment, Treasury Department, etc., etc. Documentarymaterials are carefully catalogued and indexed forresearch purposes.

DECLeraDof other Branches in obtaining useful and neededintelligence. R&A representatives were in thefirst parties to arrive in liberated Balkan capi-tals and large central European cities in order toassist in quickly obtaining important intelligencematerials left behind by the enemy. In Burma,R&A men helped to brief SI native intelligenceagents. R&A Branch maintained a large staff inETO to render strategic intelligence services tothe Army and Air Forces there, and representativesof the Branch have moved to the Continent withOSS missions.

The Interdepartmental Committee for theAcquisition of Foreign Periodicals has the func-tion of collecting, in the original and on micro-film, copies of all sorts of foreign newspapers.,periodicals, books, technical and trade magazines,etc. This committee, although OSS financed andsponsored, serves all the United States Governmentwar agencies with desired foreign publications.

R&A, like the other Branches, is representedin the OSS missions overseas. The Branchts spe-cialized efforts are brought to bear directly onintelligence problems in the particular theaters,and R&A men have performed a variety of jobs inthe field. In Italy, R&A representatives notonly performed almost on a diplomatic level inreporting political and military intelligence inthe liberated regions, but they interrogatedprisoners for enemy economic intelligence, pre-pared air target studies in collaboration withthe Air Forces, and helped to direct the efforts

f^ w1^a § M ( r i-J'' -t" i j.' 1~~~~1 tr " BU~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I i^ 'sPM^ N 'i

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS BRANCH

I

\ R & A BRANCH, FAR EAST DIVISION

The Far East Division, organizationally, is typical of the four other R&AGeographical Divisions, except that it maintains a separate library of FarEastern books and publications apart from the main OSS library which is a partof the Central Information Division.

There are three principal Washington sub-divisions responsible for FarEast intelligence in the fields of (a) geography and topography, (b) politics,and (c) economics. The production of a strategic survey on a Far Eastern countrywould involve the joint efforts of these three sub-divisions. The GeographicSub-division would contribute information on the topography of the country, therail, telegraphic, telephone, and road communications, the weather, ports,airfields, cities, etc. The Political Sub-division would contribute the sectionsof the survey dealing with the political structure and the current politicalsituation within the country. And the Economic Sub-division would contributethe sections of the survey dealing with military supplies, food, industry, rawmaterial supplies, production potentials, location of industries, etc.

The sub-division distinctions apply to R&A, Far East Division, in Washington.They tend to disappear in the Division's organization in the Far East theatersof operations where representatives of the Division must be versatile in allintelligence aspects of the countries for which they are responsible.

or tuji

SPECIAL OPERATIONS

AREA OPERATIONSOFFICER- EUROPE

AREA OPERATIONSOFFICER-FAR EAST

ASS'T MAP ANDREPORTS OFFICER

\\~ ~so

The SO Branch operates behind enemy lines andfrom bases in Allied or neutral countries. The chieffunctions are: (1) sabotage, (2) organization and con-duct of guerrilla warfare, (3) contact and support ofunderground resistance groups, (4) special operationsnot assigned to any other Government agency.

Prior to D-Day, SO had installations in ETO fortraining agents and Jedburgh personnel and supplyingresistance groups. They also materially aided therescue of downed Allied fliers. These operations con-tinued after D-Day in addition to dropping Jedburghteams into all parts of France where they directedPartisan resistance in harassing the German Army.The outstanding achievement was the holding of the 3rdArmy's right flank during the breakthrough from St. Lo.

Joint SO/SOE schools trained 500 Norwegiannationals who reentered.their country to receive airdrops of supplies and lead sabotage activities.

In the Mediterranean Theater SO dropped hugequantities of supplies to Partisans in Italy,acted as liaison with Balkan resistance forces,and directed teams in physical subversion. Anexample of their effectiveness in Greece was thecutting of the main railroad route between Turkeyand Greece for a considerable period of time byblowing several bridges. SO Branch also evacuatedmore than 3,000 downed airmen.

BECL A IElBRANCH

The outstanding achievement of OSS in the FarEast was clearing the Japs out of northern Burma.This was done by Detachment 101 which had beenestablished by SO personnel with headquarters inAssam. SO men parachuted into enemy-held territoryand trained and led the Kachin Rangers (nativetroops) in many successful operations againstJapanese installations. The capture of theMyitkyina airfield (bomber and fighter base) wasfacilitated by SO and SO-trained personnel.

In China, the SO Branch has perhaps its mostfavorable opportunity for extensive operations.In connection with U.S. Army offensives in China,SO has great strategic value. One of the mosteffective operations has been the sabotage of enemycommunications and supply lines by demolition teamswith the aid of Chinese guerrillas.

The SO Branch has contributed directly to thewar effort by planning, organizing and executingharassing operations and direct sabotage at crucialpoints. By assisting conquered peoples to liberatetheir countries, Special Operations has proven itsvalue in the Allied Cause.

PECL JR

OG FIELD ORGANIZATION: TACTICAL PLANNING

Overall plans and programs are submittedto the Joint Chiefs of Staff for ap-proval before being sent to the field.

Il

STRATEGIC SERVICESOFFICER

'lans are based on intelligence furnishedby OSS Intelligence Sections.

WESEARCH & ANALYSIS

Fopograrhy, industrial targets, enemyilitary organization and morale.

ECRET INTELLIGENCE

Location of enemy units and instal-ations, and strength and dispositionf guerrilla groups.

Enemy espionage agents and networks.

Ow IANDER I

I

olm-M

OG HEADQUARTERS: STRATEGIC PLANNING

-I A I . _..II

-- xZ'.

OG BRANCH

Operational Groups have a dual function, (a) they serve as the operational nucleiof guerrilla organizations which have been formed from resistance groups in enemyterritory, (b) they execute independent operations against enemy targets on ordersof the theater commander.

OG works with individuals unfamiliar with military operations as well as insuf-ficiently-equipped quasi-military organizations. The former are organized and trainedin military techniques of resistance. The latter are provided with supplies and theirtactics are coordinated with allied military plans. Leadership is normally kept inthe hands of the native people, though OG may select leaders and unify opposing groups.

The aim of CG activity is to aid actual and planned Allied military operationsby harassing the enemy behind his lines, by disrupting his lines of communicationand supply, and by forcing him to divert troops to protect himself from guerrillaattacks and wide-scale uprisings.

The activities, mode of operation, and personnel of OG differ from those ofthe Special Operations Branch. OG personnel activate guerrillas as military organ-izations to engage enemy forces. They always operate in uniform as military unitsand are not primarily concerned with individual acts of sabotage.

iE L%

V_' C

t

MO BRANCH(WASHINGTON)

CHIEFEUROPEAN & MEDI-TERREAN SECTION

ETO AREA MEDTO AREAOPERATIONS OPERATIONS

OFFICER OFFICER

MO BRAN(

The Plans Sections originate weekly, strategicintelligence directives and summaries for dispatch tothe field, suggesting their adaption to field opera-tions. The Plans Officers, in liaison with the OSSPlanning Staff, insure that MO activities conform toapproved OSS policies as directed by the Joint Chiefsof Staff, State Department, etc.

The Production Officers expedite the physicalproduction of material for the campaigns and projectsprepared by Desk Officers.

MO DEFINITIONS

By Joint Chiefs of Staff directive, MO Branchis charged with "Planning and executing programsof morale subversion against the enemy in support ofmilitary operations."

The Morale Operations Branch deals with thatphase of propaganda known as black or covert. Itcomes from a hidden source, is unofficial and pur-ports to be disseminated from within the targetcountry by persons who claim to be serving its inter-ests.

MO black propaganda coaxes the minds of thoseit wishes to manipulate with the confidential voiceof an accepted friend. As such, it can be far moreeffective than the direct appeals or the stern com-amands, threats or promises of a stranger.

THE MISSION OF MO

Since MO, according to OSS General Order No. 9,"is responsible for the conduct of subversion otherthan physical", its mission is to create internaldissension between groups, distrust between allies,and to unify and strengthen dissident groups so thatthe enemy's fighting capacity is impaired.

1. Objective - WITHIN THE ENEMY STATE, MO seeks todeepen and enlarge the differences among enemygroups and peoples by creating resentment, friction,and civil strife among them.

2. Objective - AMONG ENEMY ALLIES, MO seeks to di-vide the coalition of enemy states by creating mu-tual distrust and suspicion. National differencesare played up, antagonisms and rivalries are broughtout and exaggerated, and suspicion is thrown on thefaith and integrity of the enemyts allies.

MO MEDIA AND TECHNIQUES

Printed Material - (Leaflets, Posters, Stickers,Stencils, Newspapers and Magazine Articles). Dis-guised as official enemy publications; or as organsof actual or fake dissident groups in enemy nations;or of resistance groups in enemy-occupied countries.

ffl 5W ^('aprr^^^Wif~7

MO PLANNING IN WASHINGTON DEALS WITH LONG RANGE STRATEGICPLANS AND DEVELOPS IDEAS FOR

MO PLANNING IN THE FIELD IS OFTEN TACTICAL INORGANIZED FOR SWIAGAINST TARGETS OF

NATURE AND ISFT EXECUTIONOPPORTUNITY.

OSS DIRECTOR vuuu uu M vUnu E

LONG RANGE PLANS ARF SUBMITTED TO TEFJOINT CHIEFS OF STAFF FOR CONSIDERATION...

AN) ARE SENT TO THE THEATERCOMMANDFR FOR APPROVAL.

OSS OPERATIONS& PLANS OFFICER

PLANNING GROUPINTEGRAUtS PlIAN5 WID MllU.

ITAR' AND NAVAL (OPt tAIION'

PLANNING STAFFLtVI )I i'S PLANS IN ( ONI)NTIl()N

WITH MO I LANNIN. (I FFI( l_

_U _ _

1 I MO SECTION CHIEF IMO CHIEF

1 MO AREA 1I OPERATIONS OFFICER I

.SJERIE DEEOMN OFCPIN

_5SUPERVISES DEVELOPMENT OF CAMPAIGNSIBASED ON ALL AVAILABLE INTELLIGENCE

f,~~~~~W -* == 1| MO PRODUCTION & PLANS

EXPEDITES PRINTING RADIOAJ ___AND OTHER PROJECTS

* ARMY & NAVY OS |INTELLIGENCE INTELLIGENCE

ONI C2, R&A CDA 2 PWI SI X 2 FN

MO DESK OFFICER Campaign plans, anticipa- MO SECTION OFFICER^.- _ _ t o ry--^ tory ideas, and finished pro -- __ _ _ _ _ _

- d ucLtiCAMnPACductions are sent to the field ADAT-ILN AND ODUC FROM WASHINI[L ZR N 5 R R " ' p r v lTON TO TACTICAI lISr P~f 'AWING DTAL ANTA^GES^ ^INHIS ARPE for final approval and use. TON

Of^U( MIS1N

LOCAL TECHNICIANSPROV IDE DATA ON LOCAL EXPERTSCUSTOMS, POLITICS & PEOPLE.

Mission isoperatives,all availablinication ar

ATA ON LOCAL TECHNIQUES,REPRODUCTION, ETC.

IfI I

IHW-ml

i

I

DEC__ _SIFIE'

Black Radio Campaigns - Posing as "freedom stations"of a resistance group within an enemy-occupiedcountry; or as clandestine organ of dissidentgroup in enemy country; or as actual enemy station.

Word-of-Mouth Rumors - Planted by agents in anappropriate situation, and sufficiently plausibleto retain their credibility.

Forgeries - (Commercial Documents, Military Docu-ments, Business Stationery) - Used to intimidatecollaborationists, implicate enemy officials,and harass the enemy's secret police.

Poison Pen Letters - D sguised as letters fromactual business firms, soldiers, or other indi-viduals, and containing incriminating informa-tion.

Bribery - Inducing enemy officials to performacts favorable to our cause.

Operational Ruses - False military orders, mani-festos, and demoralizing rumors disseminatedbehind enemy front lines to induce surrender ortactical withdrawal.

MARITIME UNIT

MUMIDDLE EASTMIDDLE EAST

Extensive and highly successful clandestineferrying operations were carried out in the Aegean Sea.OSS personnel and supplies were transported to Greecein support of native resistance groups and guerrillaforces. A fleet of caiques (native fishing boats)plied between Cyprus and secret bases in Turkey.From these bases smaller craft took over making pin-point landings at night on the Greek coast. In ad-dition to landing agents and keeping them supplied,this ferry service evacuated many refugees anddowned flyers, rescued and brought to evacuationpoints by Greek guerrillas.

ITALY

MU planned and supervised the operations ofthe San Marco Battalion, an amphibious group ofthe Italian Navy. This group was trained in themethods of sneak attack and marine sabotage. Theyoperated on the coast of the Tyrrhenian and Adriaticseas. They have a long record of successful mis-sions involving demolition attacks on shore instal-lations within striking distance of the coast.

UNITED KINGDOM

Maritime Branch in conjunction with U.S. Navyoperated PT boats from British bases to the con-tinent. It also secured for the British for ulti-mate use by Allied forces, sub-chasers which weremaking successful runs in the North Sea.

IB/SEAC

In this theater Maritime handles the water trans-portation for all other OSS branches. In this con-junction, personnel and equipment were ferried up anddown the Burma coast from Akyab to Ramree. Mari-time swimmers went in and made reconnaissance deter-mining beach and shore installations before theBritish Army forces landed. Other Maritime personnelwere actively engaged on submarines as escortingofficers. As such, they landed Military and nativepersonnel and supplies and equipment behind enemylines.

DCCLAf,1

INTELLI6ENCE & OPERATIONS- FETOINDIA- BURMA THEATEK

*101 - BHAMOOPERATIONAL STRENG6TH-66 AMERICANS

9200 KACHIN RANGERSOPERATIONS- GUIDES AND SECURITY PATROLS FORP MERRILL'S MARAUDERS,

MARS TASK FORCE, BRITISH AND CHINESE FORCES. EVACUATED470 ALLIED WOUNDED, 128 U.S. AIRMEN . 865% OF INTEL-LIGENCE FOR. NORTH BURMA CAMPAIGN. 76% OF IOTm AIR.FORCE TARGETS. 100/. OF GROUND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT.KILLED 4,23&O, CAPTURED 53 JAPANESE. IDENTIFIED 922JAPANESE AGENTS. LEAFLETS RUMORS, AND RADIO BE-GINNING TO CHANGE JAPANESE SURRENDER POLICY. 4,000TONS ARMS AND SUPPLIES BY AIR.

Z02 - CEYLONOPERATIONAL STRENGTH- 59 AMERICANS

MANY NATIVE SUB-AGENTSOPERATIONS- DETAILED INTELUGENCE ON SOUTHERN BURMA, THAILAND,

MALAYA AND SUMATRA, BROUGHT OUT THAI OFFICIAL TOCONFER WITH STATE DEPARTMENT. LOCATION OF ENEMYRADAR. LOCATION OF POW CAMPS. ASSESSMENT OF AIR.RAIDS. SELECTION OF AIR TARGETS.

CHINA THEATEKOPERATIONAL STRENGTH- 185 AMERICANS

S,OOO CHINESE AUTHORIZEDOPERATIONS- ORGANIZING AND TRAINING 20 CHINESE

COMMANDO GROUPS. DESTROYED 1 7 BRIDGES,3 TUNNEL$, 19 FERRIES, I A I RDRKOME .AGFRTS SUPPLIED 57% OF GROUND I NTEL-LIGENCE TO 14Tr AIR, FORCE RESULTING(E.G)INDESTRUCTION OP 9,000 JAPANESE CAVALRY.AGFRTS,, SACO, AND OTHER OSS SOURCES SUP-PLIED A THIRD OF ALL GROUND INTELLIGENCEPRECEIVED BY G-. IN THEATER. . I DENTIFIED535 ENEMY AGENTS.

ORGANIZATION OF OSS IN THE FAR EASTDECfSWIIE[Drv>Wulrl~~~I

THE INDIA-BURMA THEATER

There are two Strategic Services Officers inthe Far East -- one for the India-Burma Theater,and one for the China Theater.

The SS Officer for I-B is responsible for OSSactivities in Southeast Asia and in the India-Burma-Thailand area. His main base is in Kandy, Ceylon,and there are important sub-bases at Calcutta andNew Delhi, India.

The nearly-autonomous unit known as OSS De-tachment 101 also comes under the SS Office. forI-B. This Detachment's job in Burma has come toan end, and its personnel is being absorbed inother areas -- chiefly in the China Theater. ThisDetachment was the earliest OSS Unit in the FarEast, having been established in late 1942 inupper Assam, India, for intelligence, guerrilla,and sabotage work behind the Japanese in NorthernBurma along the path which General Stilwell'sforces had to take to clear the land supply route'to China. 101 organized, directed, equipped, andtrained several thousand natives of Burma for guer-rilla operations; operated a small air group forsupply and liaison with field groups behind the Japs;set up machinery which worked very efficiently forthe rescue of downed Allied fliers. (See accom-panying chart.) This Detachment was establishedby the SO Branch, and it became one of the mostsuccessful OSS enterprises. It has stood as anexample not only of adaptability to peculiar

conditions, but also of inter-Branch cooperationand united Branch operations in the direction of acommon goal.

OSS forces in SEAC, under the same SS Officerfor I-B, are responsible for operations in the restof Burma, Malaya, Thailand, and Sumatra. It is knownas OSS Detachment 404. Due to a slower start, to thenature of the over-all strategic picture, and to thevast water transport problem, the task of this De-tachment has been much more difficult than the taskof most OSS organizations overseas. Its operationsin Thailand have been brilliantly successful.

A chart of OSS/I-B organization is not includedhere. The organization is rather complicated be-cause of its scattered character with bases in India,Ceylon, and Burma. But the following chart and textdescribing OSS organization in China is fairly typ-ical of OSS organization in the Far East and willgive some idea of the I-B setup.

DECL- JF ED

ORGANIZATION OSS CHINA THEATRE

IFFICE SACO

---- -- T N GAT CHUNGKING

KUNMING NO LONGER A SEPARATE UNIT

< ORGANIZATION OF OSS CHINA THEATERDECL K IFIED

(OSS DETACHMENT 202)

This chart presents the OSS organization inChina based in Kunming (the major base for OSSoperations) and in Chungking (residence of theStrategic Services Officer for China.) The SSOfficer is directly responsible to the American com-manding general for the theater and to the Directorof OSS, Washington.

The China OSS organization (like OSS in mosttheaters) has many similarities to the OSS Washing-ton organization. All the Branches are represented,and in many instances their personnel share commonquarters and offices. The Operations Planning Boardbears the same relationship to OSS China as thePlanning Group and Planning Staff bear to OSS Washing-ton. Just as it was found impractical by experienceto direct operations entirely from the United States,it has been found impractical to plan and coordinateoperations from a distance.

The OSS China organization has been split intothree distinct geographic commands (not shown in thischart), each one of which is a replica on a smallscale of the base organization which is shown in thechart. Each of the three sub-areas are commanded byseparate OSS officers, and all the Branches arerepresented on their staffs. The three areas ad-ministered from three sub-bases cover (a) NorthChina down to, approximately, the Yellow River,(b) Central China including the coastal regions downto, approximately, the Indo-China border, and

(c) Indo-China and contiguous regions in South China.The OSS officers commanding these three areas are di-rectly responsible to the SS Officer, China Theater.This arrangement gives considerable flexibility toOSS operations in China in a rapidly expanding stra-tegic situation.

Two features of OSS China deserve special men-tion.

The SACO unit is a Chinese-American joint intelli-gence effort staffed with Chinese and Americans forthe mutual exploitation of certain intelligence chan-nels. The SACO unit is based on Chungking, benefitsfrom intelligence chains already established by theChinese, and organizes other chains. The Chinese sideconsists of representatives of General Tai Lits Na-tionalist organization called the Bureau of Intelli-gence and Statistics, which has both intelligence andpolice functions. The American side consists of aU.S. Navy group and an OSS group, both working underGeneral Tai Li.

The AGFRTS Unit was formed as a joint OSS-lhthAir Force organization under the command of GeneralChennault. It furnished weather, ground, and shiptarget intelligence through intelligence networks inSoutheast China! it rendered bomb damage assessmentreports; and it set up machinery for the rescue ofU.S. Air Force pilots brought down in guerrilla-held "Jap-occupied" areas

W I E

K

.-m m UP

-",J

-

was transferred from the 14th Air Force command todirect OSS control under the OSS Strategic ServicesOfficer and the U.S. China Theater Commander. As aresult, its intelligence activities were broadenedand its intelligence product made available to awider circle of "customers." The unit is no longerknown as AGFRTS, and it is an integral part of thecentral sub-area of OSS/China in which it operates.

The activities of OSS China are expanding rapidlyas the strategic picture in that theater unfolds. Be-cause of the fluid "lines" throughout China there arealmost limitless opportunities for effectively or-ganizing and supplying resistance behind the Japa-nese. The training and equipping of Chinese OG units,the extension of intelligence chains, and the r--alesubversion of the enemy present OSS with perhaps itsbest opportunity for large-scale operations, particu-larly since the American Army is so far not engagedthere in any important numbers. With the lessonslearned in Europe, and at Detachment 101, OSS inChina will be able to coordinate all its weaponsagainst the enemy as never before and will operatethrough the air, on water, and on land. Unprece-dented demands will be made upon the OSS Branchesoffering supporting services to the intelligenceand operational Branches:- supply, transport, serv-ices, training, communications, and medical. Asseen in the preceding chart (Intelligence andOperations - FETO), the scope of the OSS effortin China is already impressive.

BECLA~~~~~~~~ j,,

P t

I-r

~.~+ . E ' ~T O P E IP IN G

." ' COMMUNICATIONS? J NETWORK SHANTUNG-B MJSSIoN,'," YENAN-D MISSION I.' f /R PROJECT.f .

' / ', ,,':,ITO ASMARA a WASHINGTON DELHI.

x ./\\./w//y///ANGTZE-O .HH MISSIONI. /l.. \\ A^\. DT MISSION IHEKIANG-R MISSION

111 ~.. ,/)///,////////, ~,//,,'/l, 2 SVI A HONOLULU. \\\\\\."§Kii CA M -- F HUNGKIN- O-,N FRANCISC

" .MIS SMISSION

O. .U. s- E. '1|. S/

* CALCUTTA TANG ------ CHOW 8 NAA OP HQi.DET. 202

M A O N DG ~ A "M [ B H A M O " '" '""'"'"' ~ " -S E AH O N G K O N GGCOMBAT HQ. 3~ ON'"'----...GS. 4 M IS SION -/ /BAZAAR DET I0 , I .\. . ,~...NANNING-G MISSION

; ^ x /^// ^.AKYABFLD.

RANGOON "'"

THAILAND . k. IISEAG MISSIOI~ '( ,

-~ ' N ........S%,,J 'INDO-CHINA ST.P MISSION

KANDY SEACB. DIET 4 0

*e ARMY a NAVY,,____ NAV ............

COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - FETO

This chart gives some idea of OSS communications coverage in the Far Eastwhere vast distances separate points which must be joined quickly via radio.Navy and Army trunk communications channels are used where possible, but mostof the coverage, especially with the innumerable field teams and sub-bases,must be maintained by OSS itself.

The Communications Branch maintains these lines of communication, staffsthe stations, furnishes operators for field missions, and supplies equipment.This Branch does not handle pouch communication; existing Army or State Depart-ment pouch facilities are used by OSS. But the Communications Branch has usedpigeons with good results in Burma, and it has instituted the OSS system ofcipher for radio messages.

DECL0- 1FED

N ~ ~__~ OECLR SIFIED

GLOSSARY OF FREQUENTLY

A-2 Air Intelligence (Army)

AAF Army Air Force

AGFRTS Air Ground Force Resources and TechnicalStaff (14th Air Force, China, groundintelligence, an OSS controlled organization;now a part of the OSS Chinkiang Unit, one ofthe three OSS commands in China.)

AI Air Intelligence (British Air Ministry)

BAM British Air Ministry

BMEW British Ministry of Economic Warfare

CD Censorship & Documents Branch (OSS)

CIC Counter Intelligence Corps (US Army)

CID Central Information Division (OSS,R&A Branch)

CSDIC Combined Services Detailed InterrogationCenter (Allied interrogation service;pooled effort; pooled result)

DGER Direcion Generale Des Etudes et Recherches(French counterpart of OSS)

DMI Division of Military Intelligence(British War Office)

DNI

ETO

FCC

FEA

FIC

FIME

FNB

FP

FO

FORD

Fr-SR

Ga2

HO

IB

USED INITIALS

Division of Naval Intelligence (U.S. -formerly the ONI)

European Theater of Operations

Federal Communications Commission

Foreign Economic Administration

French Indo-China

Forces in Middle East (British Army)

Foreign Nationalities Branch (OSS)

Field Photograph Branch (OSS)

Foreign Office (British)

Foreign Office Research Dept. (British)

Services de Renseignements et Service deSecurite Militaire(French Intelligence & Security services -now defunct)

U. S. Army Intelligence

Hydrographic Office (US Navy)

India-Burma Theater of Operations

IDC Interdepartmental Committee for Acquisitioncf Foreign Periodicals (OSS sponsored com-mittee)

ISLD Inter-Service Liaison Division(British intelligence)

ISTD Inter-Service Topographical Division(British topographical intelligencepublishing service)

JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff

JANIS Joint Army-Navy Intelligence Studies(Army-Navy-OSS joint project forpublishing strategic surveys)

JIC Joint Intelligence Committee

JICA Joint Intelligence Collection Agency(American Intelligence pools in thetheaters of operations.)

JISPB Joint Intelligence Studies Publication Board

JSSC Joint Strategic Survey Committee

Mil (Directorate of) Military Intelligence(British War Office); (Section 1 ofseveral sections)

MIS Military Intelligence Service(U.S. Army; formerly MID)

MO

MOI

MTO

MU

NETO

NID

OB

OG

OSS

OMI

PLOPS

PWE

R&A

R&D

SACO

DECLASIFIEDMorale Operations Branch (OSS)

Ministry of Information (British)

Mediterranean Theater of Operations

Maritime Unit (OSS)

Near East Theater of Operations

Naval Intelligence Dept. (British)

Order of Battle

Operational Grcups (OSS)

Office of Strategic Services

Office of War Information

Planning and Operations (Army or OSS)

Psychological 1,Warfare Branch(AFHQ - Allied Force Headquarters)

Political Warfare Executive (British)

Research & Analysis Branch (OSS)

Research & Development (OSS)

Sino-American .... (OSS Chinese jointintelligence project, based in Chungking)

DECL $IFiED

SEAC Southeast Asia Command(Gen. Montbatten's command)

SEATIC Southeast Asia Technical Intelligence Center

SFE Survey of Foreign Experts (An OSS sponsoredand supported service which interviews areaand technical e-pert, in the United Stateson request by any authorized governmentagency)

SI Secret Intelligence Branch (OSS)

SIGIS Secret Intelligence Geographic InterpretationSection

SIS Secret Intelligence Service (British)

SITREP Situation Report

SO Special Operations Branch (OSS)

SOE Special Operations Executive (British,corresponding roughly to OSS-SO)

SSO Strategic Services Officer (Chief OSSofficer for a theater)

S&T Schools & Training Branch (OSS)

SWP Southwest Pacific (MacArthurts formercommand)

DEC L -IIEDVP Visual Presentation Branch (OSS)

WO War Office (British)

X-2 X-2 Branch (OSS counter-intelligence)

M= - 37 -

OSS Detachments in the Far East:-

101 India-Burma, based on .Assam (India)and advanced points in Burma

202 China, Kunming

203 SACO - Chungking

204 China, S&T Detachment base atKai Yuan, near Kumring

205 Chengtu, China

303 Dew Delhi, India

404 Kandy, Ceylon

505 Calcutta, India