debate kit: self-driving cars should our town centre be ... · fact: most people who are killed in...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Debate Kit: Self-driving cars Should our town centre be ... · Fact: Most people who are killed in car accidents aren’t in city centres (where traffic moves slowly), they are killed](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050309/5f71018ba9f338763c7abcf1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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“Particularly like the format plus the accuracy of the scientific information”
Facilitation tips• Ensure pupils know there is no right or wrong answer.• Be observant of ones who want to speak and are not getting a chance.• Encourage students to give a reason for their opinions.
For groups who may need extra support you can put the following prompt sentences upon the board:“I think we should/shouldn’t make the town centre for self-driving cars only because...”“I think ……………… is the most important point to think about.”
You can use all eight characters, or fewer, as you wish.
The minimum is the four essential characters (in bold), this gives two for and two against.
Debate Kit: Self-driving carsShould our town centre be for self-driving cars only?A structured practice debate on a controversial topicThe different ‘rounds’ of the debate help students think through the issues and reconsider their opinions.The structure also shows them how to build a discussion and back up their opinions with facts.
Designed for KS4 but canbe used with ages 11-18.
CharactersYes
• Dara Attar – Tech entrepreneur• Fiona Campbell - City planner• Bethany Fisher - Sight impaired person• Kazik Majewska - Commuter
No
• Michael Owuo - Epidemiologist and cyclist• Lisa Dixon - Taxi driver• Rachel Fong - Rural mum• Dave Lyons - Warehouse operative
For in-depth online resources on this debate go to: cars.imascientist.org.uk
Kit
No. 12
Science Debate Kit:Science Debate Kit:Self-driving cars Self-driving cars
“Keep these kits coming please!”
Learning objectives:• To practise discussing and debating issues and expressing an opinion
Other learning outcomes:• Consider social, ethical and factual issues in an integrated way
• Think about different points of view
• Learn to back up their opinions with facts
Curriculum points covered:Thinking scientifically• Evaluating the implications of technological applications of science
• Developing an argument
• Reflecting on modern developments in science
Substantive• Consider practical aspects of motions and forces, particularly driver and vehicle interactions and road safety.
Learning notes Learning notes
![Page 2: Debate Kit: Self-driving cars Should our town centre be ... · Fact: Most people who are killed in car accidents aren’t in city centres (where traffic moves slowly), they are killed](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050309/5f71018ba9f338763c7abcf1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Simon Adeyemi – Phone developerThe people I work with spend our time trying to make people's lives better, with technology. Our customers want voice-activated technology. It's so much easier and more natural to give voice commands than to read a menu and click or type. We need to learn to navigate menus, but speaking is how we communicate in real life! Spoken human language started developing at least 100,000 years ago - possibly 2 million years ago, but for most of human history, most people couldn't read or write. Fact: 1 in 5 adults in the UK can’t read or write well.
Issue: If a microphone isn't always-on, then your device can't be voice-activated. You have to manually switch it on.
Question: Why stop developingtechnology that works with how our brains work?
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IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Simon) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:11
Min Liang – Privacy campaignerResearch shows that people are bad at making privacy decisions. Probably because it’s hard to understand the long-term consequences. I think privacy is a ‘public good’, not just an individual right. If workers can’t talk privately about the company they work for, then they can’t organise for workers’ rights. If citizens can’t criticise the government privately, then we don’t have freedom. I think we need to protect our democracy with laws that protect people’s privacy.
Fact: Current law allows 48 UK authorities to access a record of websites you have visited in the last year. They do not need a warrant for this information.
Issue: If people don't need a warrant, they may abuse their right to access your information.
Question: The law protects people by making drugs illegal, and drink-driving, and lots of other things. Shouldn’t the law protect privacy too?
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IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Min) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12
Jake Beecham – Year 10 studentMy parents are really strict. When they gave me a new phone for my birthday, they insisted I had a tracker app on it. What I didn’t know was that it also recorded me some of the time! They misunderstood a joke I had with my mates and were convinced we’d done loads of stuff we hadn’t. I got grounded for three months. It’s not nice to realise you’ve been spied on, and it’s not right that my mates were recorded just because they were near my phone.
Fact: The UN convention on the rights of the child says that children have a right to privacy.
Issue: I didn’t know I was being listened to, but I was.
Question: Why can’t this technology be more honest?Why isn’t there a red light that tells you when the microphone is recording you?
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IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Jake) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12
Alberta Feynman – Security consultantI advise people on keeping their data and money safe. I think microphones that are always on are a terrible idea. How much do you trust the people who made the device? They say it's only listening sometimes, but what's to stop it recording all the time? And what happens to that data once they've got it? The recording gets sent to a web server to be interpreted, and anything that is sent to servers can be intercepted or hacked.
Fact: Payday loan company Wonga had a data breach in 2017 where 250,000 people's financial information was leaked.
Issue: The things you might say when your phone is near can reveal your thoughts, who you’re ‘talking to’, your habits, when you go on holiday and your house is empty...
Question: Have you ever said anything that you wouldn't want some people to know you've said?
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IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Alberta) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12
Rachel Fong - Rural mum
I’ve got two children under 3 and I live in a rural village. I often come into town to go to the shops, go to soft play, visit friends or family. It’s a nightmare getting two kids into their car seats and all their stuff, plus the shopping, in the boot. I would just stop coming into town altogether if I couldn’t drive in. I’m happy with things the way they are, we don’t always need ‘progress’.
Fact: Self-driving cars are far more expensive than ordinary cars, and likely to remain so for a long time.
Issue: This seems like it’s going to make a lot of people’s lives LESS convenient, just for the sake of shiny new tech.
Question: Who is going to be able to afford to drive into the city centre? Do we want only rich people to have convenience?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Rachel Fong ) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL 2.pdf 1 16/10/2019 11:26
Dave Lyons - Warehouse Operative
I think self-driving cars are a great idea, but I think this is the wrong way to go about it. Human error causes about 75% of car accidents, which is why I’m a fan of self-driving cars. Computers don’t drink and drive, get distracted or drive when they are tired. But we should start with lorries carrying freight. They do a lot of miles, often on rural roads, and they follow set routes - perfect for level 4 technology.
Fact: Most people who are killed in car accidents aren’t in city centres (where traffic moves slowly), they are killed on rural roads.
Issue: Computers are good at ‘bottom up’ processing (e.g. seeing edges of objects), but they aren’t good at ‘top down’ processing - e.g. knowing what a cat is and what it might do. City centres don’t play to their strengths.
Question: Should we give up our city centres without getting the real benefits of driverless car technology?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Dave Lyons ) 15 oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:38
Dara Attar – Tech entrepreneur
Self-driving cars are the future. And to be honest, they are just cool! We should be leading in this technology. There are different levels of autonomous car technology - from level 1, which is things like cruise control, to 5, which is a car that doesn’t need a driver at all and can drive itself in any situation. Level 4 is a car that drives itself - a true driverless car - but that only operates in a particular, controlled area - like our town centre. We need a lot of practice at level 4 in order to get to level 5 and truly unlock this technology.
Fact: A government report says that self-driving cars could be worth an extra £52 billion to the UK economy by 2035.
Issue: Self-driving cars are coming, whether we like it or not.
Question: Shouldn’t UK business get in there, get involved, and reap the benefits?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Dara Attar) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 11:25
Fiona Campbell - City planner
The UK population is increasing, and people make more car journeys all the time. Our towns and cities need to accommodate that. Self-driving cars could mean a system of pooled cars (like robot taxis) and so far fewer cars would be needed to drive everyone around. These cars could be connected and talking to each other, and reduce congestion. It’s easier for level 4 self-driving cars to operate in the centre if they don’t have to deal with normal cars too.
Fact: Today’s cars are only being used 3.5% of the time. They are parked 96.5% of the time.
Issue: Connected autonomous cars can make thousands of calculations every minute and be safer and more efficient than humans.
Question: Does it make sense for everyone to have their own car, but only use it so little of the time?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Fiona Campbell) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:35
![Page 3: Debate Kit: Self-driving cars Should our town centre be ... · Fact: Most people who are killed in car accidents aren’t in city centres (where traffic moves slowly), they are killed](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050309/5f71018ba9f338763c7abcf1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Simon Adeyemi – Phone developerThe people I work with spend our time trying to make people's lives better, with technology. Our customers want voice-activated technology. It's so much easier and more natural to give voice commands than to read a menu and click or type. We need to learn to navigate menus, but speaking is how we communicate in real life! Spoken human language started developing at least 100,000 years ago - possibly 2 million years ago, but for most of human history, most people couldn't read or write. Fact: 1 in 5 adults in the UK can’t read or write well.
Issue: If a microphone isn't always-on, then your device can't be voice-activated. You have to manually switch it on.
Question: Why stop developingtechnology that works with how our brains work?
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Simon) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:11
Min Liang – Privacy campaignerResearch shows that people are bad at making privacy decisions. Probably because it’s hard to understand the long-term consequences. I think privacy is a ‘public good’, not just an individual right. If workers can’t talk privately about the company they work for, then they can’t organise for workers’ rights. If citizens can’t criticise the government privately, then we don’t have freedom. I think we need to protect our democracy with laws that protect people’s privacy.
Fact: Current law allows 48 UK authorities to access a record of websites you have visited in the last year. They do not need a warrant for this information.
Issue: If people don't need a warrant, they may abuse their right to access your information.
Question: The law protects people by making drugs illegal, and drink-driving, and lots of other things. Shouldn’t the law protect privacy too?
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Min) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12
Jake Beecham – Year 10 studentMy parents are really strict. When they gave me a new phone for my birthday, they insisted I had a tracker app on it. What I didn’t know was that it also recorded me some of the time! They misunderstood a joke I had with my mates and were convinced we’d done loads of stuff we hadn’t. I got grounded for three months. It’s not nice to realise you’ve been spied on, and it’s not right that my mates were recorded just because they were near my phone.
Fact: The UN convention on the rights of the child says that children have a right to privacy.
Issue: I didn’t know I was being listened to, but I was.
Question: Why can’t this technology be more honest?Why isn’t there a red light that tells you when the microphone is recording you?
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Jake) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12
Alberta Feynman – Security consultantI advise people on keeping their data and money safe. I think microphones that are always on are a terrible idea. How much do you trust the people who made the device? They say it's only listening sometimes, but what's to stop it recording all the time? And what happens to that data once they've got it? The recording gets sent to a web server to be interpreted, and anything that is sent to servers can be intercepted or hacked.
Fact: Payday loan company Wonga had a data breach in 2017 where 250,000 people's financial information was leaked.
Issue: The things you might say when your phone is near can reveal your thoughts, who you’re ‘talking to’, your habits, when you go on holiday and your house is empty...
Question: Have you ever said anything that you wouldn't want some people to know you've said?
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Alberta) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12
Michael Owuo - Epidemiologist and cyclistI’m a scientist who studies what makes people ill and how to make the health of the whole population better. ‘Active travel’ - walking and cycling - makes so much sense, especially for short journeys. It makes us fitter, healthier and happier, and it doesn’t cause pollution and congestion. It’s also good for communities, we say hello to people, we pop into local shops. Fewer car journeys overall are better for us, better for our communities, and better for the planet!
Fact: In the 1970s the Netherlands invested in cycling infrastructure and promoting cycling. Now over ¼ of all trips are made by bicycle - compared to 2% in the UK.
Issue: We should prioritise making our towns more walkable and bikeable - not still centre them around the car!
Question: Can you hand on heart say that self-driving cars will REDUCE the number of journeys people make by car?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Michael Omari Owuo) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:34
Kazik Majewska - Commuter
I commute for two hours each day. I have a specialist job and I can’t get a job anywhere closer. We live in the village my wife grew up in, and her parents help with childcare for our young twins. We can’t move to be nearer work. There’s no bus route I could use, but I hate spending so much time driving each day.
Fact: In 2016 3.7 million people in the UK commuted for two hours or more each working day. That’s 32% more than in 2010.
Issue: A self-driving car can use cameras or lasers to detect its surroundings, lots of computing power, and advanced AI to drive the car more safely than I can, while I do something more interesting!
Question: I don’t wash clothes by hand, I use a washing machine. Why would we still want to do boring jobs that machines can do for us?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Kazik Majewska) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:32
Lisa Dixon - Taxi driver
I’ve been driving a taxi for ten years, and I really love my job. I’m ‘Lisa’s Lady Cabs’. Lots of women feel happier with a female taxi driver, especially travelling on their own, late at night.I’m company for people. One old lady books me every week and takes flowers to her husband’s grave. She tells me about her life and when she was young. A computer algorithm wouldn’t be the same for her.
Fact: One study suggests that 1.2 million driving jobs could be lost in the UK - for example, taxi drivers, bus drivers, delivery drivers.
Issue: If we get rid of human beings, we lose the human touch. Life shouldn’t only be about what’s most efficient.
Question: No computer system is unhackable. My customers feel safe with me, will they be as safe with a computer programme controlling where they go?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Lisa Dixon ) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:34
Bethany Fisher - Sight impaired person
I am sight impaired. It's not severe and I can see things, but it is very blurry - like a fully sighted person looking at the world through a piece of fabric. Of course I can’t safely drive a car. Sometimes (especially at night) it’s even very hard for me to get a bus or walk somewhere. And taxis are expensive. Driverless cars would transform my life. Fact: There are 350,000 people registered blind or partially sighted in the UK, and 2 million living with sight loss that affects their lives (e.g. they are not able to drive).
Issue: Driverless cars mean that many people would be able to make journeys independently, for the first time. This includes people with impaired sight and some other disabilities, teenagers and old people.
Question: Not everyone can drive,walk or cycle. Don’t I deserve the same freedoms that other people take for granted?
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IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Bethany Fisher) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:31
![Page 4: Debate Kit: Self-driving cars Should our town centre be ... · Fact: Most people who are killed in car accidents aren’t in city centres (where traffic moves slowly), they are killed](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022050309/5f71018ba9f338763c7abcf1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
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Que
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n: S
houl
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cent
re
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elf-
driv
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onl
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Teac
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otes
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The
diffe
rent
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of th
e de
bate
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ts th
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thro
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issu
es a
nd re
cons
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thei
r opi
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truct
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also
sho
ws
them
how
to b
uild
a d
iscu
ssio
n an
d ba
ck u
p th
eir
opin
ions
with
fact
s.
Star
ter:
5 m
inut
es.
How
do
they
thin
k th
e in
vent
ion
of c
ars
affe
cted
the
wor
ld?
Prom
pt, i
f nec
essa
ry, t
hem
to th
ink
abou
t: th
e en
viro
nmen
t,
how
citi
es a
nd to
wns
are
laid
out
, how
peo
ple
live,
whe
re th
ey
live,
whe
re th
ey w
ork,
com
mun
ities
, fam
ilies.
Do
they
thin
k pe
ople
fore
saw
all
thos
e ef
fect
s w
hen
cars
w
ere
first
inve
nted
?
Engi
neer
s ar
e de
velo
ping
driv
erle
ss c
ar te
chno
logy
righ
t no
w. T
oday
we’
re g
oing
to th
ink
a bi
t abo
ut w
hat t
hat m
ight
m
ean
in th
e fu
ture
.
Ther
e ar
e bi
g qu
estio
ns a
bout
exa
ctly
how
the
driv
erle
ss c
ar
futu
re is
goi
ng to
wor
k. A
t the
mom
ent d
evel
opm
ent i
s m
ainl
y be
ing
drive
n by
the
luxu
ry c
ar m
arke
t - th
e ve
hicl
es a
re e
xpen
sive
. A
s ea
rly a
dopt
ers
with
larg
e di
spos
able
inco
mes
sta
rt us
ing
driv
erle
ss c
ars
mor
e - w
hat h
appe
ns to
oth
er ro
ad-u
sers
?
Som
e pe
ople
sug
gest
that
we
will
next
hav
e ro
bot t
axis
- th
e dr
iver
is 7
0% o
f the
cos
t of a
taxi
, so
robo
t tax
is c
ould
be
chea
per.
If pe
ople
who
can
affo
rd it
sw
itch
to ro
bot t
axis
, tha
t co
uld
mea
n on
ly th
e po
ores
t will
still
use
buse
s. T
his
coul
d le
ad to
less
fund
ing
for p
ublic
tran
spor
t, an
d ‘tr
ansp
ort d
eser
ts’,
in p
oore
r are
as.
Cyb
er s
ecur
ity a
roun
d dr
iver
less
car
s ra
ises
a lo
t of i
ssue
s - w
e co
uld
have
writ
ten
a w
hole
kit
abou
t tha
t, bu
t the
n w
e’d
have
m
isse
d ou
t man
y ot
her i
ssue
s. B
ut y
our s
tude
nts
may
wan
t to
thin
k ab
out w
hat c
ould
hap
pen
if yo
ur d
river
less
car
com
pute
r w
as h
acke
d? A
nd w
heth
er th
e se
curit
y se
rvic
es s
houl
d be
abl
e to
ove
rrid
e th
e co
mpu
ter o
n yo
ur d
river
less
car
?
Impo
rtan
t tec
hnol
ogie
s th
at m
ake
self-
driv
ing
cars
pos
sibl
e• C
amer
as to
sen
se w
hat i
s ar
ound
the
car.
• GPS
to d
eter
min
e th
e ca
r’s lo
catio
n.• A
ltim
eter
s, g
yros
cope
s, a
nd ta
chym
eter
s to
kee
p tra
ck o
f the
pr
ecis
e po
sitio
n of
the
car.
• Rad
ar, a
sys
tem
that
use
s ra
dio
wav
es to
wor
k ou
t the
rang
e,
angl
e an
d ve
loci
ty o
f obj
ects
.• L
idar
, a s
ensi
ng s
yste
m w
hich
follo
ws
the
prin
cipl
es o
f rad
ar,
but u
ses
light
from
a la
ser.
Det
ects
wha
t is
arou
nd th
e ca
r.• U
ltras
onic
sen
sors
det
ects
obj
ects
nea
r the
veh
icle
, and
the
car’s
mov
emen
ts.
• Adv
ance
d A
I/com
pute
r sys
tem
s to
inte
grat
e al
l thi
s da
ta,
map
s an
d kn
owle
dge
abou
t roa
d si
gns,
driv
er b
ehav
iour
, etc
.
Man
y of
thes
e te
chno
logi
es a
re s
ensi
ng o
bjec
ts a
roun
d th
e ca
r in
diffe
rent
, com
plem
enta
ry, w
ays:
for e
xam
ple,
cam
eras
do
n’t w
ork
wel
l in
low
ligh
t, ra
dar w
orks
bes
t for
met
al o
bjec
ts,
ultra
soni
c se
nsor
s on
ly w
ork
over
sm
all d
ista
nces
but
can
‘see
th
roug
h’ s
ome
obje
cts.
All
the
fact
s in
this
kit
have
bee
n re
sear
ched
. Ref
eren
ces
can
be fo
und
onlin
e at
: (c
ars.
imas
cien
tist.o
rg.u
k)
With
spe
cial
than
ks to
Mic
hael
Tal
bot,
Hea
d of
Stra
tegy
at Z
enzi
c, a
org
anis
atio
n fu
nded
by
the
UK
gov
ernm
ent a
nd in
dust
ry to
hel
p gu
ide
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f se
lf-dr
ivin
g te
chno
logy
. Dr N
ick
Ree
d of
Ree
d M
obili
ty, P
rofe
ssor
Nat
asha
Mer
at,
Inst
itute
for T
rans
port
Stu
dies
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Lee
ds, P
rofe
ssor
And
rew
May
nard
, R
isk
Inno
vatio
n La
b, A
rizon
a S
tate
Uni
vers
ity, D
r Jac
k S
tilgo
e of
UC
L, p
rinci
ple
inve
stig
ator
on
the
Driv
erle
ss F
utur
es p
roje
ct a
nd a
utho
r of ‘
Who
’s D
rivin
g
Inno
vatio
n? N
ew T
echn
olog
ies
and
the
Col
labo
rativ
e S
tate
’ and
Per
ry W
alke
r of
Talk
Sho
p, d
ialo
gue
proj
ect.
The
kit h
as b
een
prod
uced
by
the
I’m a
Sci
entis
t tea
m a
nd fu
nded
by
The
Roy
al
Inst
itutio
n, L
loyd
s R
egis
ter F
ound
atio
n an
d In
stitu
te o
f Phy
sics
.
Kit N
o 12
Des
igne
d fo
r KS4
. The
se d
ebat
e ki
ts
have
bee
n us
ed w
ith a
ges
11-1
8.
Key
issu
esLe
vel 2
/2+
pres
ents
som
e di
fficu
lties
that
are
n’t p
rese
nt w
hen
we
get t
o le
vel 3
or 4
. Hum
ans
are
not g
ood
at s
witc
hing
at
tent
ion
and
they
are
not
goo
d at
pay
ing
atte
ntio
n fo
r a lo
ng
time
whe
n th
ey m
ostly
are
n’t n
eede
d. If
you
are
n’t e
ngag
ed,
you
get d
istra
cted
afte
r abo
ut 2
0 m
inut
es. I
f the
car
sud
denl
y al
erts
you
, ‘he
lp, w
e ar
e ab
out t
o cr
ash!
’ it t
akes
tim
e fo
r you
to
retu
rn y
our a
ttent
ion
to th
e ro
ad a
nd w
ork
out w
hat i
s go
ing
on.
Wor
king
out
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
env
ironm
ent a
roun
d yo
u de
pend
s on
, bro
adly,
two
kind
s of
pro
cess
es:-
1. B
otto
m-u
p pr
oces
ses
(for e
xam
ple,
in v
isua
l pro
cess
ing,
de
tect
ing
edge
s)2.
Top
-dow
n pr
oces
ses
(for e
xam
ple,
you
kno
w w
hat a
cat
is
and
how
it m
ight
beh
ave)
Cur
rent
ly, c
ompu
ters
are
ver
y go
od a
t 1, b
ut n
ot v
ery
good
at 2
. Th
ey d
on’t
have
‘com
mon
sen
se’ a
nd c
an’t
mak
e in
fere
nces
, for
ex
ampl
e, to
pre
dict
wha
t a p
edes
trian
mig
ht d
o. W
e w
ill ne
ed a
lo
t of a
dvan
ces
in A
I tec
hnol
ogy
to g
et d
river
less
car
s to
leve
l 5.
Hum
an d
river
s A
RE
good
at t
op-d
own
proc
essi
ng, a
nd c
an
cope
with
man
y si
tuat
ions
that
driv
erle
ss c
ars
won
’t be
abl
e to
co
pe w
ith fo
r a lo
ng ti
me
(if e
ver).
Lev
el 3
and
4 c
ars
may
nee
d us
to c
hang
e th
e ro
ad e
nviro
nmen
t - m
akin
g ed
ges
clea
rer,
bann
ing
pede
stria
ns, b
icyc
les,
bug
gies
, ice
cre
am v
ans…
Mos
t driv
erle
ss c
ars
are
bein
g de
velo
ped
and
test
ed in
pla
ces
like
Palo
Alto
, Cal
iforn
ia, w
here
road
s ar
e w
ide
and
stra
ight
, an
d la
id o
ut o
n a
grid
pat
tern
, and
ther
e is
littl
e m
ixed
road
use
(i.
e. c
yclis
ts a
nd p
edes
trian
s). A
nd w
here
the
wea
ther
is u
sual
ly
dry
and
sunn
y. H
avin
g th
e sa
me
tech
nolo
gy w
ork
in th
e ce
ntre
of
Yor
k on
a ra
iny
Sat
urda
y is
mor
e of
a c
halle
nge.
Mai
n A
ctiv
ity: 3
5 m
inut
es.
1) S
plit
stud
ents
into
as
man
y gr
oups
as
char
acte
rs y
ou w
ant t
o co
ver.
2) G
ive
them
thei
r cha
ract
er c
ards
– o
ne p
er g
roup
, and
giv
e th
em a
few
min
utes
to re
ad th
em o
ver.
3) G
et o
ne s
tude
nt in
eac
h gr
oup
to re
ad o
ut th
eir fi
rst s
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he c
lass
.
Wha
t are
the
clas
s’s
initi
al th
ough
ts?
Is th
ere
one
posi
tion
they
id
entif
y w
ith o
r rej
ect?
4) T
ake
it in
turn
to re
ad o
ut th
eir f
act.
Doe
s it
chan
ge th
e w
ay
they
thin
k?5)
Rea
d th
e is
sue.
Any
diff
eren
t fee
lings
?6)
Eac
h te
am a
sks
thei
r que
stio
n to
the
char
acte
r of t
heir
choi
ce.
Supp
ort:
To h
elp
stud
ents
you
can
put
the
follo
win
g pr
ompt
se
nten
ces
up o
n th
e bo
ard:
“ I th
ink
our t
own
cent
re s
houl
d/sh
ould
n’t b
e fo
r sel
f-driv
ing
cars
on
ly b
ecau
se...
”“I
thin
k …
……
……
… is
the
mos
t im
porta
nt p
oint
to th
ink
abou
t.”
Plen
ary:
10
min
utes
Vote
for w
hich
pos
ition
they
agr
ee w
ith m
ost (
if th
ere
is o
ne).
Why
? W
hich
arg
umen
ts w
ere
the
mos
t per
suas
ive?
Not
e –
Pupi
ls c
an s
tay
in ro
les
all t
he w
ay th
roug
h de
bate
, or o
nly
for t
he fi
rst r
ound
if y
ou p
refe
r. If
it’s a
ll the
way
thro
ugh,
giv
e th
em
a ch
ance
to e
xpre
ss th
eir o
wn
opin
ion
at th
e en
d an
d in
the
plen
ary.
For g
roup
s w
ho a
re n
ot c
onfid
ent a
t cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, it
mig
ht
help
to h
ave
them
sta
rt by
dis
cuss
ing
the
ques
tion
and/
or th
eir
char
acte
r’s p
ositi
on in
pai
rs, a
nd th
en c
ompa
re n
otes
in fo
urs.
Th
ey’v
e th
en h
ad c
hanc
e to
rehe
arse
som
e of
wha
t the
y w
ant
to s
ay b
efor
e ha
ving
to d
o it
in fr
ont o
f the
who
le c
lass
.
Bac
kgro
und
note
s Se
lf-dr
ivin
g ca
rsS
elf-d
rivin
g ca
rs (a
lso
calle
d au
tono
mou
s ve
hicl
es) a
re v
ehic
les
whi
ch c
an s
ense
the
envi
ronm
ent a
roun
d th
em a
nd tr
avel
saf
ely
with
out h
uman
inpu
t (or
with
less
hum
an in
put t
han
a ‘n
orm
al’ c
ar).
Ther
e ar
e fiv
e le
vels
of ‘
driv
erle
ss’ t
echn
olog
y. (S
omet
imes
re
ferr
ed to
as
six,
to in
clud
e st
anda
rd c
ar te
chno
logy
).
Leve
l 0St
anda
rd c
ar te
chno
logy
, the
hum
an d
oes
all t
he d
rivin
gLe
vel 1
‘han
ds o
n’A
singl
e el
emen
t of t
he d
rivin
g pr
oces
s ha
s be
en ta
ken
over
by
the
car -
e.g
. cru
ise
cont
rol,
or la
ne-k
eep
assis
t.Le
vel 2
‘han
ds o
ff’
- but
not
lite
rally
! Le
vel 2
+
Com
pute
rs c
an ta
ke o
ver m
ultip
le fu
nctio
ns fr
om th
e dr
iver,
brin
ging
toge
ther
info
rmat
ion
from
var
ious
sen
sors
to c
ontro
l the
sp
eed
and
dire
ctio
n of
the
car m
uch
of th
e tim
e. H
uman
s st
ill ne
ed
to b
e ‘h
ands
on’
at a
ll tim
es -
mon
itorin
g th
e dr
ivin
g an
d re
ady
to
inte
rven
e in
an
emer
genc
y.N
ot e
xact
ly a
‘leve
l’, bu
t thi
s is
wher
e to
day’s
mos
t adv
ance
d ve
hicl
es a
re u
p to
. The
y ar
e be
yond
leve
l 2 -
they
are
inte
grat
ing
mor
e se
nsor
dat
a, in
clud
ing
mon
itorin
g th
e dr
iver.
But t
hey
are
not
yet a
t lev
el 3
.Le
vel 3
‘eye
s of
f’Th
e dr
iver c
an s
afel
y tu
rn th
eir a
ttent
ion
to o
ther
thin
gs fo
r muc
h of
the
time.
The
veh
icle
can
han
dle
brak
ing
in a
n em
erge
ncy,
but
the
drive
r mus
t be
avai
labl
e to
inte
rven
e wi
thin
a lim
ited
time,
if th
e ve
hicl
e al
erts
them
.Le
vel 4
‘min
ds o
ff’Th
e ve
hicl
e is
tota
lly re
spon
sible
for d
rivin
g an
d th
e hu
man
driv
er
can
leav
e th
e dr
iver’s
sea
t, or
sle
ep. B
ut, t
he v
ehic
le c
an o
nly
op
erat
e in
geo
fenc
ed a
reas
, whe
re v
ery
deta
iled
map
ping
is
avai
labl
e, la
ne m
arkin
gs a
nd ro
ad e
dges
are
cle
ar (e
.g. c
ity c
entre
s,
or a
n ai
rpor
t car
par
k), o
r und
er s
peci
al c
ircum
stan
ces
(e.g
. a
traffi
c ja
m).
Out
side
of t
hese
are
as o
r circ
umst
ance
s, th
e ca
r will
aler
t the
driv
er, a
nd s
afel
y pa
rk th
emse
lves
if th
ey d
on’t
resp
ond.
Leve
l 5‘s
teer
ing
whe
el
optio
nal’
The
vehi
cle
does
n’t n
eed
a hu
man
driv
er, e
ver,
and
can
co
rrect
ly a
nd s
afel
y co
ntro
l its
elf i
n ev
ery
circ
umst
ance
that
a
hum
an d
river
cou
ld. F
or e
xam
ple,
par
king
on
a fie
ld a
t a s
choo
l fe
te, a
nd fo
llow
ing
the
hand
sig
nals
of a
vol
unte
er. W
ill re
quire
ve
ry a
dvan
ced
AI. D
iffer
ent e
xper
ts p
redi
ct th
is w
ill be
ava
ilabl
e wi
thin
10-
30 y
ears
, som
e sa
y it
will t
ake
100
year
s. It
is n
otor
ious
ly
diffi
cult
to p
redi
ct te
chno
logi
cal d
evel
opm
ent a
ccur
atel
y.
IAS
Driv
erle
ss C
ars
6pp
A6 (1
5 O
ct 2
019)
v2.
indd
2
15/1
0/20
19
16:4
2
Key
issu
esLe
vel 2
/2+
pres
ents
som
e di
fficu
lties
that
are
n’t p
rese
nt w
hen
we
get t
o le
vel 3
or 4
. Hum
ans
are
not g
ood
at s
witc
hing
at
tent
ion
and
they
are
not
goo
d at
pay
ing
atte
ntio
n fo
r a lo
ng
time
whe
n th
ey m
ostly
are
n’t n
eede
d. If
you
are
n’t e
ngag
ed,
you
get d
istra
cted
afte
r abo
ut 2
0 m
inut
es. I
f the
car
sud
denl
y al
erts
you
, ‘he
lp, w
e ar
e ab
out t
o cr
ash!
’ it t
akes
tim
e fo
r you
to
retu
rn y
our a
ttent
ion
to th
e ro
ad a
nd w
ork
out w
hat i
s go
ing
on.
Wor
king
out
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
env
ironm
ent a
roun
d yo
u de
pend
s on
, bro
adly,
two
kind
s of
pro
cess
es:-
1. B
otto
m-u
p pr
oces
ses
(for e
xam
ple,
in v
isua
l pro
cess
ing,
de
tect
ing
edge
s)2.
Top
-dow
n pr
oces
ses
(for e
xam
ple,
you
kno
w w
hat a
cat
is
and
how
it m
ight
beh
ave)
Cur
rent
ly, c
ompu
ters
are
ver
y go
od a
t 1, b
ut n
ot v
ery
good
at 2
. Th
ey d
on’t
have
‘com
mon
sen
se’ a
nd c
an’t
mak
e in
fere
nces
, for
ex
ampl
e, to
pre
dict
wha
t a p
edes
trian
mig
ht d
o. W
e w
ill ne
ed a
lo
t of a
dvan
ces
in A
I tec
hnol
ogy
to g
et d
river
less
car
s to
leve
l 5.
Hum
an d
river
s A
RE
good
at t
op-d
own
proc
essi
ng, a
nd c
an
cope
with
man
y si
tuat
ions
that
driv
erle
ss c
ars
won
’t be
abl
e to
co
pe w
ith fo
r a lo
ng ti
me
(if e
ver).
Lev
el 3
and
4 c
ars
may
nee
d us
to c
hang
e th
e ro
ad e
nviro
nmen
t - m
akin
g ed
ges
clea
rer,
bann
ing
pede
stria
ns, b
icyc
les,
bug
gies
, ice
cre
am v
ans…
Mos
t driv
erle
ss c
ars
are
bein
g de
velo
ped
and
test
ed in
pla
ces
like
Palo
Alto
, Cal
iforn
ia, w
here
road
s ar
e w
ide
and
stra
ight
, an
d la
id o
ut o
n a
grid
pat
tern
, and
ther
e is
littl
e m
ixed
road
use
(i.
e. c
yclis
ts a
nd p
edes
trian
s). A
nd w
here
the
wea
ther
is u
sual
ly
dry
and
sunn
y. H
avin
g th
e sa
me
tech
nolo
gy w
ork
in th
e ce
ntre
of
Yor
k on
a ra
iny
Sat
urda
y is
mor
e of
a c
halle
nge.
Mai
n A
ctiv
ity: 3
5 m
inut
es.
1) S
plit
stud
ents
into
as
man
y gr
oups
as
char
acte
rs y
ou w
ant t
o co
ver.
2) G
ive
them
thei
r cha
ract
er c
ards
– o
ne p
er g
roup
, and
giv
e th
em a
few
min
utes
to re
ad th
em o
ver.
3) G
et o
ne s
tude
nt in
eac
h gr
oup
to re
ad o
ut th
eir fi
rst s
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he c
lass
.
Wha
t are
the
clas
s’s
initi
al th
ough
ts?
Is th
ere
one
posi
tion
they
id
entif
y w
ith o
r rej
ect?
4) T
ake
it in
turn
to re
ad o
ut th
eir f
act.
Doe
s it
chan
ge th
e w
ay
they
thin
k?5)
Rea
d th
e is
sue.
Any
diff
eren
t fee
lings
?6)
Eac
h te
am a
sks
thei
r que
stio
n to
the
char
acte
r of t
heir
choi
ce.
Supp
ort:
To h
elp
stud
ents
you
can
put
the
follo
win
g pr
ompt
se
nten
ces
up o
n th
e bo
ard:
“ I th
ink
our t
own
cent
re s
houl
d/sh
ould
n’t b
e fo
r sel
f-driv
ing
cars
on
ly b
ecau
se...
”“I
thin
k …
……
……
… is
the
mos
t im
porta
nt p
oint
to th
ink
abou
t.”
Plen
ary:
10
min
utes
Vote
for w
hich
pos
ition
they
agr
ee w
ith m
ost (
if th
ere
is o
ne).
Why
? W
hich
arg
umen
ts w
ere
the
mos
t per
suas
ive?
Not
e –
Pupi
ls c
an s
tay
in ro
les
all t
he w
ay th
roug
h de
bate
, or o
nly
for t
he fi
rst r
ound
if y
ou p
refe
r. If
it’s a
ll the
way
thro
ugh,
giv
e th
em
a ch
ance
to e
xpre
ss th
eir o
wn
opin
ion
at th
e en
d an
d in
the
plen
ary.
For g
roup
s w
ho a
re n
ot c
onfid
ent a
t cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, it
mig
ht
help
to h
ave
them
sta
rt by
dis
cuss
ing
the
ques
tion
and/
or th
eir
char
acte
r’s p
ositi
on in
pai
rs, a
nd th
en c
ompa
re n
otes
in fo
urs.
Th
ey’v
e th
en h
ad c
hanc
e to
rehe
arse
som
e of
wha
t the
y w
ant
to s
ay b
efor
e ha
ving
to d
o it
in fr
ont o
f the
who
le c
lass
.
Bac
kgro
und
note
s Se
lf-dr
ivin
g ca
rsS
elf-d
rivin
g ca
rs (a
lso
calle
d au
tono
mou
s ve
hicl
es) a
re v
ehic
les
whi
ch c
an s
ense
the
envi
ronm
ent a
roun
d th
em a
nd tr
avel
saf
ely
with
out h
uman
inpu
t (or
with
less
hum
an in
put t
han
a ‘n
orm
al’ c
ar).
Ther
e ar
e fiv
e le
vels
of ‘
driv
erle
ss’ t
echn
olog
y. (S
omet
imes
re
ferr
ed to
as
six,
to in
clud
e st
anda
rd c
ar te
chno
logy
).
Leve
l 0St
anda
rd c
ar te
chno
logy
, the
hum
an d
oes
all t
he d
rivin
gLe
vel 1
‘han
ds o
n’A
singl
e el
emen
t of t
he d
rivin
g pr
oces
s ha
s be
en ta
ken
over
by
the
car -
e.g
. cru
ise
cont
rol,
or la
ne-k
eep
assis
t.Le
vel 2
‘han
ds o
ff’
- but
not
lite
rally
! Le
vel 2
+
Com
pute
rs c
an ta
ke o
ver m
ultip
le fu
nctio
ns fr
om th
e dr
iver,
brin
ging
toge
ther
info
rmat
ion
from
var
ious
sen
sors
to c
ontro
l the
sp
eed
and
dire
ctio
n of
the
car m
uch
of th
e tim
e. H
uman
s st
ill ne
ed
to b
e ‘h
ands
on’
at a
ll tim
es -
mon
itorin
g th
e dr
ivin
g an
d re
ady
to
inte
rven
e in
an
emer
genc
y.N
ot e
xact
ly a
‘leve
l’, bu
t thi
s is
wher
e to
day’s
mos
t adv
ance
d ve
hicl
es a
re u
p to
. The
y ar
e be
yond
leve
l 2 -
they
are
inte
grat
ing
mor
e se
nsor
dat
a, in
clud
ing
mon
itorin
g th
e dr
iver.
But t
hey
are
not
yet a
t lev
el 3
.Le
vel 3
‘eye
s of
f’Th
e dr
iver c
an s
afel
y tu
rn th
eir a
ttent
ion
to o
ther
thin
gs fo
r muc
h of
the
time.
The
veh
icle
can
han
dle
brak
ing
in a
n em
erge
ncy,
but
the
drive
r mus
t be
avai
labl
e to
inte
rven
e wi
thin
a lim
ited
time,
if th
e ve
hicl
e al
erts
them
.Le
vel 4
‘min
ds o
ff’Th
e ve
hicl
e is
tota
lly re
spon
sible
for d
rivin
g an
d th
e hu
man
driv
er
can
leav
e th
e dr
iver’s
sea
t, or
sle
ep. B
ut, t
he v
ehic
le c
an o
nly
op
erat
e in
geo
fenc
ed a
reas
, whe
re v
ery
deta
iled
map
ping
is
avai
labl
e, la
ne m
arkin
gs a
nd ro
ad e
dges
are
cle
ar (e
.g. c
ity c
entre
s,
or a
n ai
rpor
t car
par
k), o
r und
er s
peci
al c
ircum
stan
ces
(e.g
. a
traffi
c ja
m).
Out
side
of t
hese
are
as o
r circ
umst
ance
s, th
e ca
r will
aler
t the
driv
er, a
nd s
afel
y pa
rk th
emse
lves
if th
ey d
on’t
resp
ond.
Leve
l 5‘s
teer
ing
whe
el
optio
nal’
The
vehi
cle
does
n’t n
eed
a hu
man
driv
er, e
ver,
and
can
co
rrect
ly a
nd s
afel
y co
ntro
l its
elf i
n ev
ery
circ
umst
ance
that
a
hum
an d
river
cou
ld. F
or e
xam
ple,
par
king
on
a fie
ld a
t a s
choo
l fe
te, a
nd fo
llow
ing
the
hand
sig
nals
of a
vol
unte
er. W
ill re
quire
ve
ry a
dvan
ced
AI. D
iffer
ent e
xper
ts p
redi
ct th
is w
ill be
ava
ilabl
e wi
thin
10-
30 y
ears
, som
e sa
y it
will t
ake
100
year
s. It
is n
otor
ious
ly
diffi
cult
to p
redi
ct te
chno
logi
cal d
evel
opm
ent a
ccur
atel
y.
IAS
Driv
erle
ss C
ars
6pp
A6 (1
5 O
ct 2
019)
v2.
indd
2
15/1
0/20
19
16:4
2
Key
issu
esLe
vel 2
/2+
pres
ents
som
e di
fficu
lties
that
are
n’t p
rese
nt w
hen
we
get t
o le
vel 3
or 4
. Hum
ans
are
not g
ood
at s
witc
hing
at
tent
ion
and
they
are
not
goo
d at
pay
ing
atte
ntio
n fo
r a lo
ng
time
whe
n th
ey m
ostly
are
n’t n
eede
d. If
you
are
n’t e
ngag
ed,
you
get d
istra
cted
afte
r abo
ut 2
0 m
inut
es. I
f the
car
sud
denl
y al
erts
you
, ‘he
lp, w
e ar
e ab
out t
o cr
ash!
’ it t
akes
tim
e fo
r you
to
retu
rn y
our a
ttent
ion
to th
e ro
ad a
nd w
ork
out w
hat i
s go
ing
on.
Wor
king
out
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
env
ironm
ent a
roun
d yo
u de
pend
s on
, bro
adly,
two
kind
s of
pro
cess
es:-
1. B
otto
m-u
p pr
oces
ses
(for e
xam
ple,
in v
isua
l pro
cess
ing,
de
tect
ing
edge
s)2.
Top
-dow
n pr
oces
ses
(for e
xam
ple,
you
kno
w w
hat a
cat
is
and
how
it m
ight
beh
ave)
Cur
rent
ly, c
ompu
ters
are
ver
y go
od a
t 1, b
ut n
ot v
ery
good
at 2
. Th
ey d
on’t
have
‘com
mon
sen
se’ a
nd c
an’t
mak
e in
fere
nces
, for
ex
ampl
e, to
pre
dict
wha
t a p
edes
trian
mig
ht d
o. W
e w
ill ne
ed a
lo
t of a
dvan
ces
in A
I tec
hnol
ogy
to g
et d
river
less
car
s to
leve
l 5.
Hum
an d
river
s A
RE
good
at t
op-d
own
proc
essi
ng, a
nd c
an
cope
with
man
y si
tuat
ions
that
driv
erle
ss c
ars
won
’t be
abl
e to
co
pe w
ith fo
r a lo
ng ti
me
(if e
ver).
Lev
el 3
and
4 c
ars
may
nee
d us
to c
hang
e th
e ro
ad e
nviro
nmen
t - m
akin
g ed
ges
clea
rer,
bann
ing
pede
stria
ns, b
icyc
les,
bug
gies
, ice
cre
am v
ans…
Mos
t driv
erle
ss c
ars
are
bein
g de
velo
ped
and
test
ed in
pla
ces
like
Palo
Alto
, Cal
iforn
ia, w
here
road
s ar
e w
ide
and
stra
ight
, an
d la
id o
ut o
n a
grid
pat
tern
, and
ther
e is
littl
e m
ixed
road
use
(i.
e. c
yclis
ts a
nd p
edes
trian
s). A
nd w
here
the
wea
ther
is u
sual
ly
dry
and
sunn
y. H
avin
g th
e sa
me
tech
nolo
gy w
ork
in th
e ce
ntre
of
Yor
k on
a ra
iny
Sat
urda
y is
mor
e of
a c
halle
nge.
Mai
n A
ctiv
ity: 3
5 m
inut
es.
1) S
plit
stud
ents
into
as
man
y gr
oups
as
char
acte
rs y
ou w
ant t
o co
ver.
2) G
ive
them
thei
r cha
ract
er c
ards
– o
ne p
er g
roup
, and
giv
e th
em a
few
min
utes
to re
ad th
em o
ver.
3) G
et o
ne s
tude
nt in
eac
h gr
oup
to re
ad o
ut th
eir fi
rst s
ectio
n to
the
rest
of t
he c
lass
.
Wha
t are
the
clas
s’s
initi
al th
ough
ts?
Is th
ere
one
posi
tion
they
id
entif
y w
ith o
r rej
ect?
4) T
ake
it in
turn
to re
ad o
ut th
eir f
act.
Doe
s it
chan
ge th
e w
ay
they
thin
k?5)
Rea
d th
e is
sue.
Any
diff
eren
t fee
lings
?6)
Eac
h te
am a
sks
thei
r que
stio
n to
the
char
acte
r of t
heir
choi
ce.
Supp
ort:
To h
elp
stud
ents
you
can
put
the
follo
win
g pr
ompt
se
nten
ces
up o
n th
e bo
ard:
“ I th
ink
our t
own
cent
re s
houl
d/sh
ould
n’t b
e fo
r sel
f-driv
ing
cars
on
ly b
ecau
se...
”“I
thin
k …
……
……
… is
the
mos
t im
porta
nt p
oint
to th
ink
abou
t.”
Plen
ary:
10
min
utes
Vote
for w
hich
pos
ition
they
agr
ee w
ith m
ost (
if th
ere
is o
ne).
Why
? W
hich
arg
umen
ts w
ere
the
mos
t per
suas
ive?
Not
e –
Pupi
ls c
an s
tay
in ro
les
all t
he w
ay th
roug
h de
bate
, or o
nly
for t
he fi
rst r
ound
if y
ou p
refe
r. If
it’s a
ll the
way
thro
ugh,
giv
e th
em
a ch
ance
to e
xpre
ss th
eir o
wn
opin
ion
at th
e en
d an
d in
the
plen
ary.
For g
roup
s w
ho a
re n
ot c
onfid
ent a
t cla
ss d
iscu
ssio
n, it
mig
ht
help
to h
ave
them
sta
rt by
dis
cuss
ing
the
ques
tion
and/
or th
eir
char
acte
r’s p
ositi
on in
pai
rs, a
nd th
en c
ompa
re n
otes
in fo
urs.
Th
ey’v
e th
en h
ad c
hanc
e to
rehe
arse
som
e of
wha
t the
y w
ant
to s
ay b
efor
e ha
ving
to d
o it
in fr
ont o
f the
who
le c
lass
.
Bac
kgro
und
note
s Se
lf-dr
ivin
g ca
rsS
elf-d
rivin
g ca
rs (a
lso
calle
d au
tono
mou
s ve
hicl
es) a
re v
ehic
les
whi
ch c
an s
ense
the
envi
ronm
ent a
roun
d th
em a
nd tr
avel
saf
ely
with
out h
uman
inpu
t (or
with
less
hum
an in
put t
han
a ‘n
orm
al’ c
ar).
Ther
e ar
e fiv
e le
vels
of ‘
driv
erle
ss’ t
echn
olog
y. (S
omet
imes
re
ferr
ed to
as
six,
to in
clud
e st
anda
rd c
ar te
chno
logy
).
Leve
l 0St
anda
rd c
ar te
chno
logy
, the
hum
an d
oes
all t
he d
rivin
gLe
vel 1
‘han
ds o
n’A
singl
e el
emen
t of t
he d
rivin
g pr
oces
s ha
s be
en ta
ken
over
by
the
car -
e.g
. cru
ise
cont
rol,
or la
ne-k
eep
assis
t.Le
vel 2
‘han
ds o
ff’
- but
not
lite
rally
! Le
vel 2
+
Com
pute
rs c
an ta
ke o
ver m
ultip
le fu
nctio
ns fr
om th
e dr
iver,
brin
ging
toge
ther
info
rmat
ion
from
var
ious
sen
sors
to c
ontro
l the
sp
eed
and
dire
ctio
n of
the
car m
uch
of th
e tim
e. H
uman
s st
ill ne
ed
to b
e ‘h
ands
on’
at a
ll tim
es -
mon
itorin
g th
e dr
ivin
g an
d re
ady
to
inte
rven
e in
an
emer
genc
y.N
ot e
xact
ly a
‘leve
l’, bu
t thi
s is
wher
e to
day’s
mos
t adv
ance
d ve
hicl
es a
re u
p to
. The
y ar
e be
yond
leve
l 2 -
they
are
inte
grat
ing
mor
e se
nsor
dat
a, in
clud
ing
mon
itorin
g th
e dr
iver.
But t
hey
are
not
yet a
t lev
el 3
.Le
vel 3
‘eye
s of
f’Th
e dr
iver c
an s
afel
y tu
rn th
eir a
ttent
ion
to o
ther
thin
gs fo
r muc
h of
the
time.
The
veh
icle
can
han
dle
brak
ing
in a
n em
erge
ncy,
but
the
drive
r mus
t be
avai
labl
e to
inte
rven
e wi
thin
a lim
ited
time,
if th
e ve
hicl
e al
erts
them
.Le
vel 4
‘min
ds o
ff’Th
e ve
hicl
e is
tota
lly re
spon
sible
for d
rivin
g an
d th
e hu
man
driv
er
can
leav
e th
e dr
iver’s
sea
t, or
sle
ep. B
ut, t
he v
ehic
le c
an o
nly
op
erat
e in
geo
fenc
ed a
reas
, whe
re v
ery
deta
iled
map
ping
is
avai
labl
e, la
ne m
arkin
gs a
nd ro
ad e
dges
are
cle
ar (e
.g. c
ity c
entre
s,
or a
n ai
rpor
t car
par
k), o
r und
er s
peci
al c
ircum
stan
ces
(e.g
. a
traffi
c ja
m).
Out
side
of t
hese
are
as o
r circ
umst
ance
s, th
e ca
r will
aler
t the
driv
er, a
nd s
afel
y pa
rk th
emse
lves
if th
ey d
on’t
resp
ond.
Leve
l 5‘s
teer
ing
whe
el
optio
nal’
The
vehi
cle
does
n’t n
eed
a hu
man
driv
er, e
ver,
and
can
co
rrect
ly a
nd s
afel
y co
ntro
l its
elf i
n ev
ery
circ
umst
ance
that
a
hum
an d
river
cou
ld. F
or e
xam
ple,
par
king
on
a fie
ld a
t a s
choo
l fe
te, a
nd fo
llow
ing
the
hand
sig
nals
of a
vol
unte
er. W
ill re
quire
ve
ry a
dvan
ced
AI. D
iffer
ent e
xper
ts p
redi
ct th
is w
ill be
ava
ilabl
e wi
thin
10-
30 y
ears
, som
e sa
y it
will t
ake
100
year
s. It
is n
otor
ious
ly
diffi
cult
to p
redi
ct te
chno
logi
cal d
evel
opm
ent a
ccur
atel
y.
IAS
Driv
erle
ss C
ars
6pp
A6 (1
5 O
ct 2
019)
v2.
indd
2
15/1
0/20
19
16:4
2
This
wor
k is
lice
nsed
und
er th
e C
reat
ive
Com
mon
s A
ttrib
utio
n-N
onC
omm
erci
al-S
hare
Alik
e 4.
0 In
tern
atio
nal L
icen
se. T
o vi
ew a
cop
y of
this
lice
nse,
vis
it ht
tp://
crea
tivec
omm
ons.
org/
licen
ses/
by-n
c-sa
/4/0
4.
Que
stio
n: S
houl
d ou
r to
wn
cent
re
be f
or s
elf-
driv
ing
cars
onl
y?
Teac
her N
otes
Less
on p
lan
The
diffe
rent
‘rou
nds’
of th
e de
bate
hel
p st
uden
ts th
ink
thro
ugh
the
issu
es a
nd re
cons
ider
thei
r opi
nion
s. T
he s
truct
ure
also
sho
ws
them
how
to b
uild
a d
iscu
ssio
n an
d ba
ck u
p th
eir
opin
ions
with
fact
s.
Star
ter:
5 m
inut
es.
How
do
they
thin
k th
e in
vent
ion
of c
ars
affe
cted
the
wor
ld?
Prom
pt, i
f nec
essa
ry, t
hem
to th
ink
abou
t: th
e en
viro
nmen
t,
how
citi
es a
nd to
wns
are
laid
out
, how
peo
ple
live,
whe
re th
ey
live,
whe
re th
ey w
ork,
com
mun
ities
, fam
ilies.
Do
they
thin
k pe
ople
fore
saw
all
thos
e ef
fect
s w
hen
cars
w
ere
first
inve
nted
?
Engi
neer
s ar
e de
velo
ping
driv
erle
ss c
ar te
chno
logy
righ
t no
w. T
oday
we’
re g
oing
to th
ink
a bi
t abo
ut w
hat t
hat m
ight
m
ean
in th
e fu
ture
.
Ther
e ar
e bi
g qu
estio
ns a
bout
exa
ctly
how
the
driv
erle
ss c
ar
futu
re is
goi
ng to
wor
k. A
t the
mom
ent d
evel
opm
ent i
s m
ainl
y be
ing
drive
n by
the
luxu
ry c
ar m
arke
t - th
e ve
hicl
es a
re e
xpen
sive
. A
s ea
rly a
dopt
ers
with
larg
e di
spos
able
inco
mes
sta
rt us
ing
driv
erle
ss c
ars
mor
e - w
hat h
appe
ns to
oth
er ro
ad-u
sers
?
Som
e pe
ople
sug
gest
that
we
will
next
hav
e ro
bot t
axis
- th
e dr
iver
is 7
0% o
f the
cos
t of a
taxi
, so
robo
t tax
is c
ould
be
chea
per.
If pe
ople
who
can
affo
rd it
sw
itch
to ro
bot t
axis
, tha
t co
uld
mea
n on
ly th
e po
ores
t will
still
use
buse
s. T
his
coul
d le
ad to
less
fund
ing
for p
ublic
tran
spor
t, an
d ‘tr
ansp
ort d
eser
ts’,
in p
oore
r are
as.
Cyb
er s
ecur
ity a
roun
d dr
iver
less
car
s ra
ises
a lo
t of i
ssue
s - w
e co
uld
have
writ
ten
a w
hole
kit
abou
t tha
t, bu
t the
n w
e’d
have
m
isse
d ou
t man
y ot
her i
ssue
s. B
ut y
our s
tude
nts
may
wan
t to
thin
k ab
out w
hat c
ould
hap
pen
if yo
ur d
river
less
car
com
pute
r w
as h
acke
d? A
nd w
heth
er th
e se
curit
y se
rvic
es s
houl
d be
abl
e to
ove
rrid
e th
e co
mpu
ter o
n yo
ur d
river
less
car
?
Impo
rtan
t tec
hnol
ogie
s th
at m
ake
self-
driv
ing
cars
pos
sibl
e• C
amer
as to
sen
se w
hat i
s ar
ound
the
car.
• GPS
to d
eter
min
e th
e ca
r’s lo
catio
n.• A
ltim
eter
s, g
yros
cope
s, a
nd ta
chym
eter
s to
kee
p tra
ck o
f the
pr
ecis
e po
sitio
n of
the
car.
• Rad
ar, a
sys
tem
that
use
s ra
dio
wav
es to
wor
k ou
t the
rang
e,
angl
e an
d ve
loci
ty o
f obj
ects
.• L
idar
, a s
ensi
ng s
yste
m w
hich
follo
ws
the
prin
cipl
es o
f rad
ar,
but u
ses
light
from
a la
ser.
Det
ects
wha
t is
arou
nd th
e ca
r.• U
ltras
onic
sen
sors
det
ect o
bjec
ts n
ear t
he v
ehic
le, a
nd th
e ca
r’s m
ovem
ents
.• A
dvan
ced
AI/c
ompu
ter s
yste
ms
to in
tegr
ate
all t
his
data
, m
aps
and
know
ledg
e ab
out r
oad
sign
s, d
river
beh
avio
ur, e
tc.
Man
y of
thes
e te
chno
logi
es a
re s
ensi
ng o
bjec
ts a
roun
d th
e ca
r in
diffe
rent
, com
plem
enta
ry, w
ays:
for e
xam
ple,
cam
eras
do
n’t w
ork
wel
l in
low
ligh
t, ra
dar w
orks
bes
t for
met
al o
bjec
ts,
ultra
soni
c se
nsor
s on
ly w
ork
over
sm
all d
ista
nces
but
can
‘see
th
roug
h’ s
ome
obje
cts.
All
the
fact
s in
this
kit
have
bee
n re
sear
ched
. Ref
eren
ces
can
be fo
und
onlin
e at
: (c
ars.
imas
cien
tist.o
rg.u
k)
With
spe
cial
than
ks to
Mic
hael
Tal
bot,
Hea
d of
Stra
tegy
at Z
enzi
c, a
org
anis
atio
n fu
nded
by
the
UK
gov
ernm
ent a
nd in
dust
ry to
hel
p gu
ide
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f se
lf-dr
ivin
g te
chno
logy
. Pro
f Nic
k R
eed
of R
eed
Mob
ility
, Pro
fess
or N
atas
ha M
erat
, In
stitu
te fo
r Tra
nspo
rt S
tudi
es, U
nive
rsity
of L
eeds
, Pro
fess
or A
ndre
w M
ayna
rd,
Ris
k In
nova
tion
Lab,
Ariz
ona
Sta
te U
nive
rsity
, Dr J
ack
Stil
goe
of U
CL,
prin
cipl
e in
vest
igat
or o
n th
e D
river
less
Fut
ures
pro
ject
and
aut
hor o
f ‘W
ho’s
Driv
ing
In
nova
tion?
New
Tec
hnol
ogie
s an
d th
e C
olla
bora
tive
Sta
te’ a
nd P
erry
Wal
ker o
f Ta
lk S
hop,
dia
logu
e pr
ojec
t.
The
kit h
as b
een
prod
uced
by
the
I’m a
Sci
entis
t tea
m a
nd fu
nded
by
The
Roy
al
Inst
itutio
n, L
loyd
s R
egis
ter F
ound
atio
n an
d In
stitu
te o
f Phy
sics
.
Kit N
o 12
Des
igne
d fo
r KS4
. The
se d
ebat
e ki
ts
have
bee
n us
ed w
ith a
ges
11-1
8.
IAS
Driv
erle
ss C
ars
6pp
A6 (1
5 O
ct 2
019)
v2.
indd
1
15/1
0/20
19
16:4
2
This
wor
k is
lice
nsed
und
er th
e C
reat
ive
Com
mon
s A
ttrib
utio
n-N
onC
omm
erci
al-S
hare
Alik
e 4.
0 In
tern
atio
nal L
icen
se. T
o vi
ew a
cop
y of
this
lice
nse,
vis
it ht
tp://
crea
tivec
omm
ons.
org/
licen
ses/
by-n
c-sa
/4/0
4.
Que
stio
n: S
houl
d ou
r to
wn
cent
re
be f
or s
elf-
driv
ing
cars
onl
y?
Teac
her N
otes
Less
on p
lan
The
diffe
rent
‘rou
nds’
of th
e de
bate
hel
p st
uden
ts th
ink
thro
ugh
the
issu
es a
nd re
cons
ider
thei
r opi
nion
s. T
he s
truct
ure
also
sho
ws
them
how
to b
uild
a d
iscu
ssio
n an
d ba
ck u
p th
eir
opin
ions
with
fact
s.
Star
ter:
5 m
inut
es.
How
do
they
thin
k th
e in
vent
ion
of c
ars
affe
cted
the
wor
ld?
Prom
pt, i
f nec
essa
ry, t
hem
to th
ink
abou
t: th
e en
viro
nmen
t,
how
citi
es a
nd to
wns
are
laid
out
, how
peo
ple
live,
whe
re th
ey
live,
whe
re th
ey w
ork,
com
mun
ities
, fam
ilies.
Do
they
thin
k pe
ople
fore
saw
all
thos
e ef
fect
s w
hen
cars
w
ere
first
inve
nted
?
Engi
neer
s ar
e de
velo
ping
driv
erle
ss c
ar te
chno
logy
righ
t no
w. T
oday
we’
re g
oing
to th
ink
a bi
t abo
ut w
hat t
hat m
ight
m
ean
in th
e fu
ture
.
Ther
e ar
e bi
g qu
estio
ns a
bout
exa
ctly
how
the
driv
erle
ss c
ar
futu
re is
goi
ng to
wor
k. A
t the
mom
ent d
evel
opm
ent i
s m
ainl
y be
ing
drive
n by
the
luxu
ry c
ar m
arke
t - th
e ve
hicl
es a
re e
xpen
sive
. A
s ea
rly a
dopt
ers
with
larg
e di
spos
able
inco
mes
sta
rt us
ing
driv
erle
ss c
ars
mor
e - w
hat h
appe
ns to
oth
er ro
ad-u
sers
?
Som
e pe
ople
sug
gest
that
we
will
next
hav
e ro
bot t
axis
- th
e dr
iver
is 7
0% o
f the
cos
t of a
taxi
, so
robo
t tax
is c
ould
be
chea
per.
If pe
ople
who
can
affo
rd it
sw
itch
to ro
bot t
axis
, tha
t co
uld
mea
n on
ly th
e po
ores
t will
still
use
buse
s. T
his
coul
d le
ad to
less
fund
ing
for p
ublic
tran
spor
t, an
d ‘tr
ansp
ort d
eser
ts’,
in p
oore
r are
as.
Cyb
er s
ecur
ity a
roun
d dr
iver
less
car
s ra
ises
a lo
t of i
ssue
s - w
e co
uld
have
writ
ten
a w
hole
kit
abou
t tha
t, bu
t the
n w
e’d
have
m
isse
d ou
t man
y ot
her i
ssue
s. B
ut y
our s
tude
nts
may
wan
t to
thin
k ab
out w
hat c
ould
hap
pen
if yo
ur d
river
less
car
com
pute
r w
as h
acke
d? A
nd w
heth
er th
e se
curit
y se
rvic
es s
houl
d be
abl
e to
ove
rrid
e th
e co
mpu
ter o
n yo
ur d
river
less
car
?
Impo
rtan
t tec
hnol
ogie
s th
at m
ake
self-
driv
ing
cars
pos
sibl
e• C
amer
as to
sen
se w
hat i
s ar
ound
the
car.
• GPS
to d
eter
min
e th
e ca
r’s lo
catio
n.• A
ltim
eter
s, g
yros
cope
s, a
nd ta
chym
eter
s to
kee
p tra
ck o
f the
pr
ecis
e po
sitio
n of
the
car.
• Rad
ar, a
sys
tem
that
use
s ra
dio
wav
es to
wor
k ou
t the
rang
e,
angl
e an
d ve
loci
ty o
f obj
ects
.• L
idar
, a s
ensi
ng s
yste
m w
hich
follo
ws
the
prin
cipl
es o
f rad
ar,
but u
ses
light
from
a la
ser.
Det
ects
wha
t is
arou
nd th
e ca
r.• U
ltras
onic
sen
sors
det
ects
obj
ects
nea
r the
veh
icle
, and
the
car’s
mov
emen
ts.
• Adv
ance
d A
I/com
pute
r sys
tem
s to
inte
grat
e al
l thi
s da
ta,
map
s an
d kn
owle
dge
abou
t roa
d si
gns,
driv
er b
ehav
iour
, etc
.
Man
y of
thes
e te
chno
logi
es a
re s
ensi
ng o
bjec
ts a
roun
d th
e ca
r in
diffe
rent
, com
plem
enta
ry, w
ays:
for e
xam
ple,
cam
eras
do
n’t w
ork
wel
l in
low
ligh
t, ra
dar w
orks
bes
t for
met
al o
bjec
ts,
ultra
soni
c se
nsor
s on
ly w
ork
over
sm
all d
ista
nces
but
can
‘see
th
roug
h’ s
ome
obje
cts.
All
the
fact
s in
this
kit
have
bee
n re
sear
ched
. Ref
eren
ces
can
be fo
und
onlin
e at
: (c
ars.
imas
cien
tist.o
rg.u
k)
With
spe
cial
than
ks to
Mic
hael
Tal
bot,
Hea
d of
Stra
tegy
at Z
enzi
c, a
org
anis
atio
n fu
nded
by
the
UK
gov
ernm
ent a
nd in
dust
ry to
hel
p gu
ide
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f se
lf-dr
ivin
g te
chno
logy
. Dr N
ick
Ree
d of
Ree
d M
obili
ty, P
rofe
ssor
Nat
asha
Mer
at,
Inst
itute
for T
rans
port
Stu
dies
, Uni
vers
ity o
f Lee
ds, P
rofe
ssor
And
rew
May
nard
, R
isk
Inno
vatio
n La
b, A
rizon
a S
tate
Uni
vers
ity, D
r Jac
k S
tilgo
e of
UC
L, p
rinci
ple
inve
stig
ator
on
the
Driv
erle
ss F
utur
es p
roje
ct a
nd a
utho
r of ‘
Who
’s D
rivin
g
Inno
vatio
n? N
ew T
echn
olog
ies
and
the
Col
labo
rativ
e S
tate
’ and
Per
ry W
alke
r of
Talk
Sho
p, d
ialo
gue
proj
ect.
The
kit h
as b
een
prod
uced
by
the
I’m a
Sci
entis
t tea
m a
nd fu
nded
by
The
Roy
al
Inst
itutio
n, L
loyd
s R
egis
ter F
ound
atio
n an
d In
stitu
te o
f Phy
sics
.
Kit N
o 12
Des
igne
d fo
r KS4
. The
se d
ebat
e ki
ts
have
bee
n us
ed w
ith a
ges
11-1
8.