This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

“Particularly like the format plus the accuracy of the scientific information”

Facilitation tips• Ensure pupils know there is no right or wrong answer.• Be observant of ones who want to speak and are not getting a chance.• Encourage students to give a reason for their opinions.

For groups who may need extra support you can put the following prompt sentences upon the board:“I think we should/shouldn’t make the town centre for self-driving cars only because...”“I think ……………… is the most important point to think about.”

You can use all eight characters, or fewer, as you wish.

The minimum is the four essential characters (in bold), this gives two for and two against.

Debate Kit: Self-driving carsShould our town centre be for self-driving cars only?A structured practice debate on a controversial topicThe different ‘rounds’ of the debate help students think through the issues and reconsider their opinions.The structure also shows them how to build a discussion and back up their opinions with facts.

Designed for KS4 but canbe used with ages 11-18.

CharactersYes

• Dara Attar – Tech entrepreneur• Fiona Campbell - City planner• Bethany Fisher - Sight impaired person• Kazik Majewska - Commuter

No

• Michael Owuo - Epidemiologist and cyclist• Lisa Dixon - Taxi driver• Rachel Fong - Rural mum• Dave Lyons - Warehouse operative

For in-depth online resources on this debate go to: cars.imascientist.org.uk

Kit

No. 12

Science Debate Kit:Science Debate Kit:Self-driving cars Self-driving cars

“Keep these kits coming please!”

Learning objectives:• To practise discussing and debating issues and expressing an opinion

Other learning outcomes:• Consider social, ethical and factual issues in an integrated way

• Think about different points of view

• Learn to back up their opinions with facts

Curriculum points covered:Thinking scientifically• Evaluating the implications of technological applications of science

• Developing an argument

• Reflecting on modern developments in science

Substantive• Consider practical aspects of motions and forces, particularly driver and vehicle interactions and road safety.

Learning notes Learning notes

Simon Adeyemi – Phone developerThe people I work with spend our time trying to make people's lives better, with technology. Our customers want voice-activated technology. It's so much easier and more natural to give voice commands than to read a menu and click or type. We need to learn to navigate menus, but speaking is how we communicate in real life! Spoken human language started developing at least 100,000 years ago - possibly 2 million years ago, but for most of human history, most people couldn't read or write. Fact: 1 in 5 adults in the UK can’t read or write well.

Issue: If a microphone isn't always-on, then your device can't be voice-activated. You have to manually switch it on.

Question: Why stop developingtechnology that works with how our brains work?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Simon) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:11

Min Liang – Privacy campaignerResearch shows that people are bad at making privacy decisions. Probably because it’s hard to understand the long-term consequences. I think privacy is a ‘public good’, not just an individual right. If workers can’t talk privately about the company they work for, then they can’t organise for workers’ rights. If citizens can’t criticise the government privately, then we don’t have freedom. I think we need to protect our democracy with laws that protect people’s privacy.

Fact: Current law allows 48 UK authorities to access a record of websites you have visited in the last year. They do not need a warrant for this information.

Issue: If people don't need a warrant, they may abuse their right to access your information.

Question: The law protects people by making drugs illegal, and drink-driving, and lots of other things. Shouldn’t the law protect privacy too?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Min) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12

Jake Beecham – Year 10 studentMy parents are really strict. When they gave me a new phone for my birthday, they insisted I had a tracker app on it. What I didn’t know was that it also recorded me some of the time! They misunderstood a joke I had with my mates and were convinced we’d done loads of stuff we hadn’t. I got grounded for three months. It’s not nice to realise you’ve been spied on, and it’s not right that my mates were recorded just because they were near my phone.

Fact: The UN convention on the rights of the child says that children have a right to privacy.

Issue: I didn’t know I was being listened to, but I was.

Question: Why can’t this technology be more honest?Why isn’t there a red light that tells you when the microphone is recording you?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Jake) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12

Alberta Feynman – Security consultantI advise people on keeping their data and money safe. I think microphones that are always on are a terrible idea. How much do you trust the people who made the device? They say it's only listening sometimes, but what's to stop it recording all the time? And what happens to that data once they've got it? The recording gets sent to a web server to be interpreted, and anything that is sent to servers can be intercepted or hacked.

Fact: Payday loan company Wonga had a data breach in 2017 where 250,000 people's financial information was leaked.

Issue: The things you might say when your phone is near can reveal your thoughts, who you’re ‘talking to’, your habits, when you go on holiday and your house is empty...

Question: Have you ever said anything that you wouldn't want some people to know you've said?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Alberta) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12

Rachel Fong - Rural mum

I’ve got two children under 3 and I live in a rural village. I often come into town to go to the shops, go to soft play, visit friends or family. It’s a nightmare getting two kids into their car seats and all their stuff, plus the shopping, in the boot. I would just stop coming into town altogether if I couldn’t drive in. I’m happy with things the way they are, we don’t always need ‘progress’.

Fact: Self-driving cars are far more expensive than ordinary cars, and likely to remain so for a long time.

Issue: This seems like it’s going to make a lot of people’s lives LESS convenient, just for the sake of shiny new tech.

Question: Who is going to be able to afford to drive into the city centre? Do we want only rich people to have convenience?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Rachel Fong ) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL 2.pdf 1 16/10/2019 11:26

Dave Lyons - Warehouse Operative

I think self-driving cars are a great idea, but I think this is the wrong way to go about it. Human error causes about 75% of car accidents, which is why I’m a fan of self-driving cars. Computers don’t drink and drive, get distracted or drive when they are tired. But we should start with lorries carrying freight. They do a lot of miles, often on rural roads, and they follow set routes - perfect for level 4 technology.

Fact: Most people who are killed in car accidents aren’t in city centres (where traffic moves slowly), they are killed on rural roads.

Issue: Computers are good at ‘bottom up’ processing (e.g. seeing edges of objects), but they aren’t good at ‘top down’ processing - e.g. knowing what a cat is and what it might do. City centres don’t play to their strengths.

Question: Should we give up our city centres without getting the real benefits of driverless car technology?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Dave Lyons ) 15 oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:38

Dara Attar – Tech entrepreneur

Self-driving cars are the future. And to be honest, they are just cool! We should be leading in this technology. There are different levels of autonomous car technology - from level 1, which is things like cruise control, to 5, which is a car that doesn’t need a driver at all and can drive itself in any situation. Level 4 is a car that drives itself - a true driverless car - but that only operates in a particular, controlled area - like our town centre. We need a lot of practice at level 4 in order to get to level 5 and truly unlock this technology.

Fact: A government report says that self-driving cars could be worth an extra £52 billion to the UK economy by 2035.

Issue: Self-driving cars are coming, whether we like it or not.

Question: Shouldn’t UK business get in there, get involved, and reap the benefits?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Dara Attar) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 11:25

Fiona Campbell - City planner

The UK population is increasing, and people make more car journeys all the time. Our towns and cities need to accommodate that. Self-driving cars could mean a system of pooled cars (like robot taxis) and so far fewer cars would be needed to drive everyone around. These cars could be connected and talking to each other, and reduce congestion. It’s easier for level 4 self-driving cars to operate in the centre if they don’t have to deal with normal cars too.

Fact: Today’s cars are only being used 3.5% of the time. They are parked 96.5% of the time.

Issue: Connected autonomous cars can make thousands of calculations every minute and be safer and more efficient than humans.

Question: Does it make sense for everyone to have their own car, but only use it so little of the time?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Fiona Campbell) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:35

Simon Adeyemi – Phone developerThe people I work with spend our time trying to make people's lives better, with technology. Our customers want voice-activated technology. It's so much easier and more natural to give voice commands than to read a menu and click or type. We need to learn to navigate menus, but speaking is how we communicate in real life! Spoken human language started developing at least 100,000 years ago - possibly 2 million years ago, but for most of human history, most people couldn't read or write. Fact: 1 in 5 adults in the UK can’t read or write well.

Issue: If a microphone isn't always-on, then your device can't be voice-activated. You have to manually switch it on.

Question: Why stop developingtechnology that works with how our brains work?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Simon) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:11

Min Liang – Privacy campaignerResearch shows that people are bad at making privacy decisions. Probably because it’s hard to understand the long-term consequences. I think privacy is a ‘public good’, not just an individual right. If workers can’t talk privately about the company they work for, then they can’t organise for workers’ rights. If citizens can’t criticise the government privately, then we don’t have freedom. I think we need to protect our democracy with laws that protect people’s privacy.

Fact: Current law allows 48 UK authorities to access a record of websites you have visited in the last year. They do not need a warrant for this information.

Issue: If people don't need a warrant, they may abuse their right to access your information.

Question: The law protects people by making drugs illegal, and drink-driving, and lots of other things. Shouldn’t the law protect privacy too?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Min) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12

Jake Beecham – Year 10 studentMy parents are really strict. When they gave me a new phone for my birthday, they insisted I had a tracker app on it. What I didn’t know was that it also recorded me some of the time! They misunderstood a joke I had with my mates and were convinced we’d done loads of stuff we hadn’t. I got grounded for three months. It’s not nice to realise you’ve been spied on, and it’s not right that my mates were recorded just because they were near my phone.

Fact: The UN convention on the rights of the child says that children have a right to privacy.

Issue: I didn’t know I was being listened to, but I was.

Question: Why can’t this technology be more honest?Why isn’t there a red light that tells you when the microphone is recording you?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Jake) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12

Alberta Feynman – Security consultantI advise people on keeping their data and money safe. I think microphones that are always on are a terrible idea. How much do you trust the people who made the device? They say it's only listening sometimes, but what's to stop it recording all the time? And what happens to that data once they've got it? The recording gets sent to a web server to be interpreted, and anything that is sent to servers can be intercepted or hacked.

Fact: Payday loan company Wonga had a data breach in 2017 where 250,000 people's financial information was leaked.

Issue: The things you might say when your phone is near can reveal your thoughts, who you’re ‘talking to’, your habits, when you go on holiday and your house is empty...

Question: Have you ever said anything that you wouldn't want some people to know you've said?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Privacy Debate Cards (Alberta) v3.pdf 1 11/12/2017 12:12

Michael Owuo - Epidemiologist and cyclistI’m a scientist who studies what makes people ill and how to make the health of the whole population better. ‘Active travel’ - walking and cycling - makes so much sense, especially for short journeys. It makes us fitter, healthier and happier, and it doesn’t cause pollution and congestion. It’s also good for communities, we say hello to people, we pop into local shops. Fewer car journeys overall are better for us, better for our communities, and better for the planet!

Fact: In the 1970s the Netherlands invested in cycling infrastructure and promoting cycling. Now over ¼ of all trips are made by bicycle - compared to 2% in the UK.

Issue: We should prioritise making our towns more walkable and bikeable - not still centre them around the car!

Question: Can you hand on heart say that self-driving cars will REDUCE the number of journeys people make by car?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Michael Omari Owuo) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:34

Kazik Majewska - Commuter

I commute for two hours each day. I have a specialist job and I can’t get a job anywhere closer. We live in the village my wife grew up in, and her parents help with childcare for our young twins. We can’t move to be nearer work. There’s no bus route I could use, but I hate spending so much time driving each day.

Fact: In 2016 3.7 million people in the UK commuted for two hours or more each working day. That’s 32% more than in 2010.

Issue: A self-driving car can use cameras or lasers to detect its surroundings, lots of computing power, and advanced AI to drive the car more safely than I can, while I do something more interesting!

Question: I don’t wash clothes by hand, I use a washing machine. Why would we still want to do boring jobs that machines can do for us?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Kazik Majewska) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:32

Lisa Dixon - Taxi driver

I’ve been driving a taxi for ten years, and I really love my job. I’m ‘Lisa’s Lady Cabs’. Lots of women feel happier with a female taxi driver, especially travelling on their own, late at night.I’m company for people. One old lady books me every week and takes flowers to her husband’s grave. She tells me about her life and when she was young. A computer algorithm wouldn’t be the same for her.

Fact: One study suggests that 1.2 million driving jobs could be lost in the UK - for example, taxi drivers, bus drivers, delivery drivers.

Issue: If we get rid of human beings, we lose the human touch. Life shouldn’t only be about what’s most efficient.

Question: No computer system is unhackable. My customers feel safe with me, will they be as safe with a computer programme controlling where they go?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Lisa Dixon ) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:34

Bethany Fisher - Sight impaired person

I am sight impaired. It's not severe and I can see things, but it is very blurry - like a fully sighted person looking at the world through a piece of fabric. Of course I can’t safely drive a car. Sometimes (especially at night) it’s even very hard for me to get a bus or walk somewhere. And taxis are expensive. Driverless cars would transform my life. Fact: There are 350,000 people registered blind or partially sighted in the UK, and 2 million living with sight loss that affects their lives (e.g. they are not able to drive).

Issue: Driverless cars mean that many people would be able to make journeys independently, for the first time. This includes people with impaired sight and some other disabilities, teenagers and old people.

Question: Not everyone can drive,walk or cycle. Don’t I deserve the same freedoms that other people take for granted?

C

M

Y

CM

MY

CY

CMY

K

IAS Driverless Cars Debate Cards (Bethany Fisher) 15 Oct 2019 FINAL.pdf 1 16/10/2019 10:31

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eede

d. If

you

are

n’t e

ngag

ed,

you

get d

istra

cted

afte

r abo

ut 2

0 m

inut

es. I

f the

car

sud

denl

y al

erts

you

, ‘he

lp, w

e ar

e ab

out t

o cr

ash!

’ it t

akes

tim

e fo

r you

to

retu

rn y

our a

ttent

ion

to th

e ro

ad a

nd w

ork

out w

hat i

s go

ing

on.

Wor

king

out

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

env

ironm

ent a

roun

d yo

u de

pend

s on

, bro

adly,

two

kind

s of

pro

cess

es:-

1. B

otto

m-u

p pr

oces

ses

(for e

xam

ple,

in v

isua

l pro

cess

ing,

de

tect

ing

edge

s)2.

Top

-dow

n pr

oces

ses

(for e

xam

ple,

you

kno

w w

hat a

cat

is

and

how

it m

ight

beh

ave)

Cur

rent

ly, c

ompu

ters

are

ver

y go

od a

t 1, b

ut n

ot v

ery

good

at 2

. Th

ey d

on’t

have

‘com

mon

sen

se’ a

nd c

an’t

mak

e in

fere

nces

, for

ex

ampl

e, to

pre

dict

wha

t a p

edes

trian

mig

ht d

o. W

e w

ill ne

ed a

lo

t of a

dvan

ces

in A

I tec

hnol

ogy

to g

et d

river

less

car

s to

leve

l 5.

Hum

an d

river

s A

RE

good

at t

op-d

own

proc

essi

ng, a

nd c

an

cope

with

man

y si

tuat

ions

that

driv

erle

ss c

ars

won

’t be

abl

e to

co

pe w

ith fo

r a lo

ng ti

me

(if e

ver).

Lev

el 3

and

4 c

ars

may

nee

d us

to c

hang

e th

e ro

ad e

nviro

nmen

t - m

akin

g ed

ges

clea

rer,

bann

ing

pede

stria

ns, b

icyc

les,

bug

gies

, ice

cre

am v

ans…

Mos

t driv

erle

ss c

ars

are

bein

g de

velo

ped

and

test

ed in

pla

ces

like

Palo

Alto

, Cal

iforn

ia, w

here

road

s ar

e w

ide

and

stra

ight

, an

d la

id o

ut o

n a

grid

pat

tern

, and

ther

e is

littl

e m

ixed

road

use

(i.

e. c

yclis

ts a

nd p

edes

trian

s). A

nd w

here

the

wea

ther

is u

sual

ly

dry

and

sunn

y. H

avin

g th

e sa

me

tech

nolo

gy w

ork

in th

e ce

ntre

of

Yor

k on

a ra

iny

Sat

urda

y is

mor

e of

a c

halle

nge.

Mai

n A

ctiv

ity: 3

5 m

inut

es.

1) S

plit

stud

ents

into

as

man

y gr

oups

as

char

acte

rs y

ou w

ant t

o co

ver.

2) G

ive

them

thei

r cha

ract

er c

ards

– o

ne p

er g

roup

, and

giv

e th

em a

few

min

utes

to re

ad th

em o

ver.

3) G

et o

ne s

tude

nt in

eac

h gr

oup

to re

ad o

ut th

eir fi

rst s

ectio

n to

the

rest

of t

he c

lass

.

Wha

t are

the

clas

s’s

initi

al th

ough

ts?

Is th

ere

one

posi

tion

they

id

entif

y w

ith o

r rej

ect?

4) T

ake

it in

turn

to re

ad o

ut th

eir f

act.

Doe

s it

chan

ge th

e w

ay

they

thin

k?5)

Rea

d th

e is

sue.

Any

diff

eren

t fee

lings

?6)

Eac

h te

am a

sks

thei

r que

stio

n to

the

char

acte

r of t

heir

choi

ce.

Supp

ort:

To h

elp

stud

ents

you

can

put

the

follo

win

g pr

ompt

se

nten

ces

up o

n th

e bo

ard:

“ I th

ink

our t

own

cent

re s

houl

d/sh

ould

n’t b

e fo

r sel

f-driv

ing

cars

on

ly b

ecau

se...

”“I

thin

k …

……

……

… is

the

mos

t im

porta

nt p

oint

to th

ink

abou

t.”

Plen

ary:

10

min

utes

Vote

for w

hich

pos

ition

they

agr

ee w

ith m

ost (

if th

ere

is o

ne).

Why

? W

hich

arg

umen

ts w

ere

the

mos

t per

suas

ive?

Not

e –

Pupi

ls c

an s

tay

in ro

les

all t

he w

ay th

roug

h de

bate

, or o

nly

for t

he fi

rst r

ound

if y

ou p

refe

r. If

it’s a

ll the

way

thro

ugh,

giv

e th

em

a ch

ance

to e

xpre

ss th

eir o

wn

opin

ion

at th

e en

d an

d in

the

plen

ary.

For g

roup

s w

ho a

re n

ot c

onfid

ent a

t cla

ss d

iscu

ssio

n, it

mig

ht

help

to h

ave

them

sta

rt by

dis

cuss

ing

the

ques

tion

and/

or th

eir

char

acte

r’s p

ositi

on in

pai

rs, a

nd th

en c

ompa

re n

otes

in fo

urs.

Th

ey’v

e th

en h

ad c

hanc

e to

rehe

arse

som

e of

wha

t the

y w

ant

to s

ay b

efor

e ha

ving

to d

o it

in fr

ont o

f the

who

le c

lass

.

Bac

kgro

und

note

s Se

lf-dr

ivin

g ca

rsS

elf-d

rivin

g ca

rs (a

lso

calle

d au

tono

mou

s ve

hicl

es) a

re v

ehic

les

whi

ch c

an s

ense

the

envi

ronm

ent a

roun

d th

em a

nd tr

avel

saf

ely

with

out h

uman

inpu

t (or

with

less

hum

an in

put t

han

a ‘n

orm

al’ c

ar).

Ther

e ar

e fiv

e le

vels

of ‘

driv

erle

ss’ t

echn

olog

y. (S

omet

imes

re

ferr

ed to

as

six,

to in

clud

e st

anda

rd c

ar te

chno

logy

).

Leve

l 0St

anda

rd c

ar te

chno

logy

, the

hum

an d

oes

all t

he d

rivin

gLe

vel 1

‘han

ds o

n’A

singl

e el

emen

t of t

he d

rivin

g pr

oces

s ha

s be

en ta

ken

over

by

the

car -

e.g

. cru

ise

cont

rol,

or la

ne-k

eep

assis

t.Le

vel 2

‘han

ds o

ff’

- but

not

lite

rally

! Le

vel 2

+

Com

pute

rs c

an ta

ke o

ver m

ultip

le fu

nctio

ns fr

om th

e dr

iver,

brin

ging

toge

ther

info

rmat

ion

from

var

ious

sen

sors

to c

ontro

l the

sp

eed

and

dire

ctio

n of

the

car m

uch

of th

e tim

e. H

uman

s st

ill ne

ed

to b

e ‘h

ands

on’

at a

ll tim

es -

mon

itorin

g th

e dr

ivin

g an

d re

ady

to

inte

rven

e in

an

emer

genc

y.N

ot e

xact

ly a

‘leve

l’, bu

t thi

s is

wher

e to

day’s

mos

t adv

ance

d ve

hicl

es a

re u

p to

. The

y ar

e be

yond

leve

l 2 -

they

are

inte

grat

ing

mor

e se

nsor

dat

a, in

clud

ing

mon

itorin

g th

e dr

iver.

But t

hey

are

not

yet a

t lev

el 3

.Le

vel 3

‘eye

s of

f’Th

e dr

iver c

an s

afel

y tu

rn th

eir a

ttent

ion

to o

ther

thin

gs fo

r muc

h of

the

time.

The

veh

icle

can

han

dle

brak

ing

in a

n em

erge

ncy,

but

the

drive

r mus

t be

avai

labl

e to

inte

rven

e wi

thin

a lim

ited

time,

if th

e ve

hicl

e al

erts

them

.Le

vel 4

‘min

ds o

ff’Th

e ve

hicl

e is

tota

lly re

spon

sible

for d

rivin

g an

d th

e hu

man

driv

er

can

leav

e th

e dr

iver’s

sea

t, or

sle

ep. B

ut, t

he v

ehic

le c

an o

nly

op

erat

e in

geo

fenc

ed a

reas

, whe

re v

ery

deta

iled

map

ping

is

avai

labl

e, la

ne m

arkin

gs a

nd ro

ad e

dges

are

cle

ar (e

.g. c

ity c

entre

s,

or a

n ai

rpor

t car

par

k), o

r und

er s

peci

al c

ircum

stan

ces

(e.g

. a

traffi

c ja

m).

Out

side

of t

hese

are

as o

r circ

umst

ance

s, th

e ca

r will

aler

t the

driv

er, a

nd s

afel

y pa

rk th

emse

lves

if th

ey d

on’t

resp

ond.

Leve

l 5‘s

teer

ing

whe

el

optio

nal’

The

vehi

cle

does

n’t n

eed

a hu

man

driv

er, e

ver,

and

can

co

rrect

ly a

nd s

afel

y co

ntro

l its

elf i

n ev

ery

circ

umst

ance

that

a

hum

an d

river

cou

ld. F

or e

xam

ple,

par

king

on

a fie

ld a

t a s

choo

l fe

te, a

nd fo

llow

ing

the

hand

sig

nals

of a

vol

unte

er. W

ill re

quire

ve

ry a

dvan

ced

AI. D

iffer

ent e

xper

ts p

redi

ct th

is w

ill be

ava

ilabl

e wi

thin

10-

30 y

ears

, som

e sa

y it

will t

ake

100

year

s. It

is n

otor

ious

ly

diffi

cult

to p

redi

ct te

chno

logi

cal d

evel

opm

ent a

ccur

atel

y.

IAS

Driv

erle

ss C

ars

6pp

A6 (1

5 O

ct 2

019)

v2.

indd

2

15/1

0/20

19

16:4

2

Key

issu

esLe

vel 2

/2+

pres

ents

som

e di

fficu

lties

that

are

n’t p

rese

nt w

hen

we

get t

o le

vel 3

or 4

. Hum

ans

are

not g

ood

at s

witc

hing

at

tent

ion

and

they

are

not

goo

d at

pay

ing

atte

ntio

n fo

r a lo

ng

time

whe

n th

ey m

ostly

are

n’t n

eede

d. If

you

are

n’t e

ngag

ed,

you

get d

istra

cted

afte

r abo

ut 2

0 m

inut

es. I

f the

car

sud

denl

y al

erts

you

, ‘he

lp, w

e ar

e ab

out t

o cr

ash!

’ it t

akes

tim

e fo

r you

to

retu

rn y

our a

ttent

ion

to th

e ro

ad a

nd w

ork

out w

hat i

s go

ing

on.

Wor

king

out

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

env

ironm

ent a

roun

d yo

u de

pend

s on

, bro

adly,

two

kind

s of

pro

cess

es:-

1. B

otto

m-u

p pr

oces

ses

(for e

xam

ple,

in v

isua

l pro

cess

ing,

de

tect

ing

edge

s)2.

Top

-dow

n pr

oces

ses

(for e

xam

ple,

you

kno

w w

hat a

cat

is

and

how

it m

ight

beh

ave)

Cur

rent

ly, c

ompu

ters

are

ver

y go

od a

t 1, b

ut n

ot v

ery

good

at 2

. Th

ey d

on’t

have

‘com

mon

sen

se’ a

nd c

an’t

mak

e in

fere

nces

, for

ex

ampl

e, to

pre

dict

wha

t a p

edes

trian

mig

ht d

o. W

e w

ill ne

ed a

lo

t of a

dvan

ces

in A

I tec

hnol

ogy

to g

et d

river

less

car

s to

leve

l 5.

Hum

an d

river

s A

RE

good

at t

op-d

own

proc

essi

ng, a

nd c

an

cope

with

man

y si

tuat

ions

that

driv

erle

ss c

ars

won

’t be

abl

e to

co

pe w

ith fo

r a lo

ng ti

me

(if e

ver).

Lev

el 3

and

4 c

ars

may

nee

d us

to c

hang

e th

e ro

ad e

nviro

nmen

t - m

akin

g ed

ges

clea

rer,

bann

ing

pede

stria

ns, b

icyc

les,

bug

gies

, ice

cre

am v

ans…

Mos

t driv

erle

ss c

ars

are

bein

g de

velo

ped

and

test

ed in

pla

ces

like

Palo

Alto

, Cal

iforn

ia, w

here

road

s ar

e w

ide

and

stra

ight

, an

d la

id o

ut o

n a

grid

pat

tern

, and

ther

e is

littl

e m

ixed

road

use

(i.

e. c

yclis

ts a

nd p

edes

trian

s). A

nd w

here

the

wea

ther

is u

sual

ly

dry

and

sunn

y. H

avin

g th

e sa

me

tech

nolo

gy w

ork

in th

e ce

ntre

of

Yor

k on

a ra

iny

Sat

urda

y is

mor

e of

a c

halle

nge.

Mai

n A

ctiv

ity: 3

5 m

inut

es.

1) S

plit

stud

ents

into

as

man

y gr

oups

as

char

acte

rs y

ou w

ant t

o co

ver.

2) G

ive

them

thei

r cha

ract

er c

ards

– o

ne p

er g

roup

, and

giv

e th

em a

few

min

utes

to re

ad th

em o

ver.

3) G

et o

ne s

tude

nt in

eac

h gr

oup

to re

ad o

ut th

eir fi

rst s

ectio

n to

the

rest

of t

he c

lass

.

Wha

t are

the

clas

s’s

initi

al th

ough

ts?

Is th

ere

one

posi

tion

they

id

entif

y w

ith o

r rej

ect?

4) T

ake

it in

turn

to re

ad o

ut th

eir f

act.

Doe

s it

chan

ge th

e w

ay

they

thin

k?5)

Rea

d th

e is

sue.

Any

diff

eren

t fee

lings

?6)

Eac

h te

am a

sks

thei

r que

stio

n to

the

char

acte

r of t

heir

choi

ce.

Supp

ort:

To h

elp

stud

ents

you

can

put

the

follo

win

g pr

ompt

se

nten

ces

up o

n th

e bo

ard:

“ I th

ink

our t

own

cent

re s

houl

d/sh

ould

n’t b

e fo

r sel

f-driv

ing

cars

on

ly b

ecau

se...

”“I

thin

k …

……

……

… is

the

mos

t im

porta

nt p

oint

to th

ink

abou

t.”

Plen

ary:

10

min

utes

Vote

for w

hich

pos

ition

they

agr

ee w

ith m

ost (

if th

ere

is o

ne).

Why

? W

hich

arg

umen

ts w

ere

the

mos

t per

suas

ive?

Not

e –

Pupi

ls c

an s

tay

in ro

les

all t

he w

ay th

roug

h de

bate

, or o

nly

for t

he fi

rst r

ound

if y

ou p

refe

r. If

it’s a

ll the

way

thro

ugh,

giv

e th

em

a ch

ance

to e

xpre

ss th

eir o

wn

opin

ion

at th

e en

d an

d in

the

plen

ary.

For g

roup

s w

ho a

re n

ot c

onfid

ent a

t cla

ss d

iscu

ssio

n, it

mig

ht

help

to h

ave

them

sta

rt by

dis

cuss

ing

the

ques

tion

and/

or th

eir

char

acte

r’s p

ositi

on in

pai

rs, a

nd th

en c

ompa

re n

otes

in fo

urs.

Th

ey’v

e th

en h

ad c

hanc

e to

rehe

arse

som

e of

wha

t the

y w

ant

to s

ay b

efor

e ha

ving

to d

o it

in fr

ont o

f the

who

le c

lass

.

Bac

kgro

und

note

s Se

lf-dr

ivin

g ca

rsS

elf-d

rivin

g ca

rs (a

lso

calle

d au

tono

mou

s ve

hicl

es) a

re v

ehic

les

whi

ch c

an s

ense

the

envi

ronm

ent a

roun

d th

em a

nd tr

avel

saf

ely

with

out h

uman

inpu

t (or

with

less

hum

an in

put t

han

a ‘n

orm

al’ c

ar).

Ther

e ar

e fiv

e le

vels

of ‘

driv

erle

ss’ t

echn

olog

y. (S

omet

imes

re

ferr

ed to

as

six,

to in

clud

e st

anda

rd c

ar te

chno

logy

).

Leve

l 0St

anda

rd c

ar te

chno

logy

, the

hum

an d

oes

all t

he d

rivin

gLe

vel 1

‘han

ds o

n’A

singl

e el

emen

t of t

he d

rivin

g pr

oces

s ha

s be

en ta

ken

over

by

the

car -

e.g

. cru

ise

cont

rol,

or la

ne-k

eep

assis

t.Le

vel 2

‘han

ds o

ff’

- but

not

lite

rally

! Le

vel 2

+

Com

pute

rs c

an ta

ke o

ver m

ultip

le fu

nctio

ns fr

om th

e dr

iver,

brin

ging

toge

ther

info

rmat

ion

from

var

ious

sen

sors

to c

ontro

l the

sp

eed

and

dire

ctio

n of

the

car m

uch

of th

e tim

e. H

uman

s st

ill ne

ed

to b

e ‘h

ands

on’

at a

ll tim

es -

mon

itorin

g th

e dr

ivin

g an

d re

ady

to

inte

rven

e in

an

emer

genc

y.N

ot e

xact

ly a

‘leve

l’, bu

t thi

s is

wher

e to

day’s

mos

t adv

ance

d ve

hicl

es a

re u

p to

. The

y ar

e be

yond

leve

l 2 -

they

are

inte

grat

ing

mor

e se

nsor

dat

a, in

clud

ing

mon

itorin

g th

e dr

iver.

But t

hey

are

not

yet a

t lev

el 3

.Le

vel 3

‘eye

s of

f’Th

e dr

iver c

an s

afel

y tu

rn th

eir a

ttent

ion

to o

ther

thin

gs fo

r muc

h of

the

time.

The

veh

icle

can

han

dle

brak

ing

in a

n em

erge

ncy,

but

the

drive

r mus

t be

avai

labl

e to

inte

rven

e wi

thin

a lim

ited

time,

if th

e ve

hicl

e al

erts

them

.Le

vel 4

‘min

ds o

ff’Th

e ve

hicl

e is

tota

lly re

spon

sible

for d

rivin

g an

d th

e hu

man

driv

er

can

leav

e th

e dr

iver’s

sea

t, or

sle

ep. B

ut, t

he v

ehic

le c

an o

nly

op

erat

e in

geo

fenc

ed a

reas

, whe

re v

ery

deta

iled

map

ping

is

avai

labl

e, la

ne m

arkin

gs a

nd ro

ad e

dges

are

cle

ar (e

.g. c

ity c

entre

s,

or a

n ai

rpor

t car

par

k), o

r und

er s

peci

al c

ircum

stan

ces

(e.g

. a

traffi

c ja

m).

Out

side

of t

hese

are

as o

r circ

umst

ance

s, th

e ca

r will

aler

t the

driv

er, a

nd s

afel

y pa

rk th

emse

lves

if th

ey d

on’t

resp

ond.

Leve

l 5‘s

teer

ing

whe

el

optio

nal’

The

vehi

cle

does

n’t n

eed

a hu

man

driv

er, e

ver,

and

can

co

rrect

ly a

nd s

afel

y co

ntro

l its

elf i

n ev

ery

circ

umst

ance

that

a

hum

an d

river

cou

ld. F

or e

xam

ple,

par

king

on

a fie

ld a

t a s

choo

l fe

te, a

nd fo

llow

ing

the

hand

sig

nals

of a

vol

unte

er. W

ill re

quire

ve

ry a

dvan

ced

AI. D

iffer

ent e

xper

ts p

redi

ct th

is w

ill be

ava

ilabl

e wi

thin

10-

30 y

ears

, som

e sa

y it

will t

ake

100

year

s. It

is n

otor

ious

ly

diffi

cult

to p

redi

ct te

chno

logi

cal d

evel

opm

ent a

ccur

atel

y.

IAS

Driv

erle

ss C

ars

6pp

A6 (1

5 O

ct 2

019)

v2.

indd

2

15/1

0/20

19

16:4

2

Key

issu

esLe

vel 2

/2+

pres

ents

som

e di

fficu

lties

that

are

n’t p

rese

nt w

hen

we

get t

o le

vel 3

or 4

. Hum

ans

are

not g

ood

at s

witc

hing

at

tent

ion

and

they

are

not

goo

d at

pay

ing

atte

ntio

n fo

r a lo

ng

time

whe

n th

ey m

ostly

are

n’t n

eede

d. If

you

are

n’t e

ngag

ed,

you

get d

istra

cted

afte

r abo

ut 2

0 m

inut

es. I

f the

car

sud

denl

y al

erts

you

, ‘he

lp, w

e ar

e ab

out t

o cr

ash!

’ it t

akes

tim

e fo

r you

to

retu

rn y

our a

ttent

ion

to th

e ro

ad a

nd w

ork

out w

hat i

s go

ing

on.

Wor

king

out

info

rmat

ion

abou

t the

env

ironm

ent a

roun

d yo

u de

pend

s on

, bro

adly,

two

kind

s of

pro

cess

es:-

1. B

otto

m-u

p pr

oces

ses

(for e

xam

ple,

in v

isua

l pro

cess

ing,

de

tect

ing

edge

s)2.

Top

-dow

n pr

oces

ses

(for e

xam

ple,

you

kno

w w

hat a

cat

is

and

how

it m

ight

beh

ave)

Cur

rent

ly, c

ompu

ters

are

ver

y go

od a

t 1, b

ut n

ot v

ery

good

at 2

. Th

ey d

on’t

have

‘com

mon

sen

se’ a

nd c

an’t

mak

e in

fere

nces

, for

ex

ampl

e, to

pre

dict

wha

t a p

edes

trian

mig

ht d

o. W

e w

ill ne

ed a

lo

t of a

dvan

ces

in A

I tec

hnol

ogy

to g

et d

river

less

car

s to

leve

l 5.

Hum

an d

river

s A

RE

good

at t

op-d

own

proc

essi

ng, a

nd c

an

cope

with

man

y si

tuat

ions

that

driv

erle

ss c

ars

won

’t be

abl

e to

co

pe w

ith fo

r a lo

ng ti

me

(if e

ver).

Lev

el 3

and

4 c

ars

may

nee

d us

to c

hang

e th

e ro

ad e

nviro

nmen

t - m

akin

g ed

ges

clea

rer,

bann

ing

pede

stria

ns, b

icyc

les,

bug

gies

, ice

cre

am v

ans…

Mos

t driv

erle

ss c

ars

are

bein

g de

velo

ped

and

test

ed in

pla

ces

like

Palo

Alto

, Cal

iforn

ia, w

here

road

s ar

e w

ide

and

stra

ight

, an

d la

id o

ut o

n a

grid

pat

tern

, and

ther

e is

littl

e m

ixed

road

use

(i.

e. c

yclis

ts a

nd p

edes

trian

s). A

nd w

here

the

wea

ther

is u

sual

ly

dry

and

sunn

y. H

avin

g th

e sa

me

tech

nolo

gy w

ork

in th

e ce

ntre

of

Yor

k on

a ra

iny

Sat

urda

y is

mor

e of

a c

halle

nge.

Mai

n A

ctiv

ity: 3

5 m

inut

es.

1) S

plit

stud

ents

into

as

man

y gr

oups

as

char

acte

rs y

ou w

ant t

o co

ver.

2) G

ive

them

thei

r cha

ract

er c

ards

– o

ne p

er g

roup

, and

giv

e th

em a

few

min

utes

to re

ad th

em o

ver.

3) G

et o

ne s

tude

nt in

eac

h gr

oup

to re

ad o

ut th

eir fi

rst s

ectio

n to

the

rest

of t

he c

lass

.

Wha

t are

the

clas

s’s

initi

al th

ough

ts?

Is th

ere

one

posi

tion

they

id

entif

y w

ith o

r rej

ect?

4) T

ake

it in

turn

to re

ad o

ut th

eir f

act.

Doe

s it

chan

ge th

e w

ay

they

thin

k?5)

Rea

d th

e is

sue.

Any

diff

eren

t fee

lings

?6)

Eac

h te

am a

sks

thei

r que

stio

n to

the

char

acte

r of t

heir

choi

ce.

Supp

ort:

To h

elp

stud

ents

you

can

put

the

follo

win

g pr

ompt

se

nten

ces

up o

n th

e bo

ard:

“ I th

ink

our t

own

cent

re s

houl

d/sh

ould

n’t b

e fo

r sel

f-driv

ing

cars

on

ly b

ecau

se...

”“I

thin

k …

……

……

… is

the

mos

t im

porta

nt p

oint

to th

ink

abou

t.”

Plen

ary:

10

min

utes

Vote

for w

hich

pos

ition

they

agr

ee w

ith m

ost (

if th

ere

is o

ne).

Why

? W

hich

arg

umen

ts w

ere

the

mos

t per

suas

ive?

Not

e –

Pupi

ls c

an s

tay

in ro

les

all t

he w

ay th

roug

h de

bate

, or o

nly

for t

he fi

rst r

ound

if y

ou p

refe

r. If

it’s a

ll the

way

thro

ugh,

giv

e th

em

a ch

ance

to e

xpre

ss th

eir o

wn

opin

ion

at th

e en

d an

d in

the

plen

ary.

For g

roup

s w

ho a

re n

ot c

onfid

ent a

t cla

ss d

iscu

ssio

n, it

mig

ht

help

to h

ave

them

sta

rt by

dis

cuss

ing

the

ques

tion

and/

or th

eir

char

acte

r’s p

ositi

on in

pai

rs, a

nd th

en c

ompa

re n

otes

in fo

urs.

Th

ey’v

e th

en h

ad c

hanc

e to

rehe

arse

som

e of

wha

t the

y w

ant

to s

ay b

efor

e ha

ving

to d

o it

in fr

ont o

f the

who

le c

lass

.

Bac

kgro

und

note

s Se

lf-dr

ivin

g ca

rsS

elf-d

rivin

g ca

rs (a

lso

calle

d au

tono

mou

s ve

hicl

es) a

re v

ehic

les

whi

ch c

an s

ense

the

envi

ronm

ent a

roun

d th

em a

nd tr

avel

saf

ely

with

out h

uman

inpu

t (or

with

less

hum

an in

put t

han

a ‘n

orm

al’ c

ar).

Ther

e ar

e fiv

e le

vels

of ‘

driv

erle

ss’ t

echn

olog

y. (S

omet

imes

re

ferr

ed to

as

six,

to in

clud

e st

anda

rd c

ar te

chno

logy

).

Leve

l 0St

anda

rd c

ar te

chno

logy

, the

hum

an d

oes

all t

he d

rivin

gLe

vel 1

‘han

ds o

n’A

singl

e el

emen

t of t

he d

rivin

g pr

oces

s ha

s be

en ta

ken

over

by

the

car -

e.g

. cru

ise

cont

rol,

or la

ne-k

eep

assis

t.Le

vel 2

‘han

ds o

ff’

- but

not

lite

rally

! Le

vel 2

+

Com

pute

rs c

an ta

ke o

ver m

ultip

le fu

nctio

ns fr

om th

e dr

iver,

brin

ging

toge

ther

info

rmat

ion

from

var

ious

sen

sors

to c

ontro

l the

sp

eed

and

dire

ctio

n of

the

car m

uch

of th

e tim

e. H

uman

s st

ill ne

ed

to b

e ‘h

ands

on’

at a

ll tim

es -

mon

itorin

g th

e dr

ivin

g an

d re

ady

to

inte

rven

e in

an

emer

genc

y.N

ot e

xact

ly a

‘leve

l’, bu

t thi

s is

wher

e to

day’s

mos

t adv

ance

d ve

hicl

es a

re u

p to

. The

y ar

e be

yond

leve

l 2 -

they

are

inte

grat

ing

mor

e se

nsor

dat

a, in

clud

ing

mon

itorin

g th

e dr

iver.

But t

hey

are

not

yet a

t lev

el 3

.Le

vel 3

‘eye

s of

f’Th

e dr

iver c

an s

afel

y tu

rn th

eir a

ttent

ion

to o

ther

thin

gs fo

r muc

h of

the

time.

The

veh

icle

can

han

dle

brak

ing

in a

n em

erge

ncy,

but

the

drive

r mus

t be

avai

labl

e to

inte

rven

e wi

thin

a lim

ited

time,

if th

e ve

hicl

e al

erts

them

.Le

vel 4

‘min

ds o

ff’Th

e ve

hicl

e is

tota

lly re

spon

sible

for d

rivin

g an

d th

e hu

man

driv

er

can

leav

e th

e dr

iver’s

sea

t, or

sle

ep. B

ut, t

he v

ehic

le c

an o

nly

op

erat

e in

geo

fenc

ed a

reas

, whe

re v

ery

deta

iled

map

ping

is

avai

labl

e, la

ne m

arkin

gs a

nd ro

ad e

dges

are

cle

ar (e

.g. c

ity c

entre

s,

or a

n ai

rpor

t car

par

k), o

r und

er s

peci

al c

ircum

stan

ces

(e.g

. a

traffi

c ja

m).

Out

side

of t

hese

are

as o

r circ

umst

ance

s, th

e ca

r will

aler

t the

driv

er, a

nd s

afel

y pa

rk th

emse

lves

if th

ey d

on’t

resp

ond.

Leve

l 5‘s

teer

ing

whe

el

optio

nal’

The

vehi

cle

does

n’t n

eed

a hu

man

driv

er, e

ver,

and

can

co

rrect

ly a

nd s

afel

y co

ntro

l its

elf i

n ev

ery

circ

umst

ance

that

a

hum

an d

river

cou

ld. F

or e

xam

ple,

par

king

on

a fie

ld a

t a s

choo

l fe

te, a

nd fo

llow

ing

the

hand

sig

nals

of a

vol

unte

er. W

ill re

quire

ve

ry a

dvan

ced

AI. D

iffer

ent e

xper

ts p

redi

ct th

is w

ill be

ava

ilabl

e wi

thin

10-

30 y

ears

, som

e sa

y it

will t

ake

100

year

s. It

is n

otor

ious

ly

diffi

cult

to p

redi

ct te

chno

logi

cal d

evel

opm

ent a

ccur

atel

y.

IAS

Driv

erle

ss C

ars

6pp

A6 (1

5 O

ct 2

019)

v2.

indd

2

15/1

0/20

19

16:4

2

This

wor

k is

lice

nsed

und

er th

e C

reat

ive

Com

mon

s A

ttrib

utio

n-N

onC

omm

erci

al-S

hare

Alik

e 4.

0 In

tern

atio

nal L

icen

se. T

o vi

ew a

cop

y of

this

lice

nse,

vis

it ht

tp://

crea

tivec

omm

ons.

org/

licen

ses/

by-n

c-sa

/4/0

4.

Que

stio

n: S

houl

d ou

r to

wn

cent

re

be f

or s

elf-

driv

ing

cars

onl

y?

Teac

her N

otes

Less

on p

lan

The

diffe

rent

‘rou

nds’

of th

e de

bate

hel

p st

uden

ts th

ink

thro

ugh

the

issu

es a

nd re

cons

ider

thei

r opi

nion

s. T

he s

truct

ure

also

sho

ws

them

how

to b

uild

a d

iscu

ssio

n an

d ba

ck u

p th

eir

opin

ions

with

fact

s.

Star

ter:

5 m

inut

es.

How

do

they

thin

k th

e in

vent

ion

of c

ars

affe

cted

the

wor

ld?

Prom

pt, i

f nec

essa

ry, t

hem

to th

ink

abou

t: th

e en

viro

nmen

t,

how

citi

es a

nd to

wns

are

laid

out

, how

peo

ple

live,

whe

re th

ey

live,

whe

re th

ey w

ork,

com

mun

ities

, fam

ilies.

Do

they

thin

k pe

ople

fore

saw

all

thos

e ef

fect

s w

hen

cars

w

ere

first

inve

nted

?

Engi

neer

s ar

e de

velo

ping

driv

erle

ss c

ar te

chno

logy

righ

t no

w. T

oday

we’

re g

oing

to th

ink

a bi

t abo

ut w

hat t

hat m

ight

m

ean

in th

e fu

ture

.

Ther

e ar

e bi

g qu

estio

ns a

bout

exa

ctly

how

the

driv

erle

ss c

ar

futu

re is

goi

ng to

wor

k. A

t the

mom

ent d

evel

opm

ent i

s m

ainl

y be

ing

drive

n by

the

luxu

ry c

ar m

arke

t - th

e ve

hicl

es a

re e

xpen

sive

. A

s ea

rly a

dopt

ers

with

larg

e di

spos

able

inco

mes

sta

rt us

ing

driv

erle

ss c

ars

mor

e - w

hat h

appe

ns to

oth

er ro

ad-u

sers

?

Som

e pe

ople

sug

gest

that

we

will

next

hav

e ro

bot t

axis

- th

e dr

iver

is 7

0% o

f the

cos

t of a

taxi

, so

robo

t tax

is c

ould

be

chea

per.

If pe

ople

who

can

affo

rd it

sw

itch

to ro

bot t

axis

, tha

t co

uld

mea

n on

ly th

e po

ores

t will

still

use

buse

s. T

his

coul

d le

ad to

less

fund

ing

for p

ublic

tran

spor

t, an

d ‘tr

ansp

ort d

eser

ts’,

in p

oore

r are

as.

Cyb

er s

ecur

ity a

roun

d dr

iver

less

car

s ra

ises

a lo

t of i

ssue

s - w

e co

uld

have

writ

ten

a w

hole

kit

abou

t tha

t, bu

t the

n w

e’d

have

m

isse

d ou

t man

y ot

her i

ssue

s. B

ut y

our s

tude

nts

may

wan

t to

thin

k ab

out w

hat c

ould

hap

pen

if yo

ur d

river

less

car

com

pute

r w

as h

acke

d? A

nd w

heth

er th

e se

curit

y se

rvic

es s

houl

d be

abl

e to

ove

rrid

e th

e co

mpu

ter o

n yo

ur d

river

less

car

?

Impo

rtan

t tec

hnol

ogie

s th

at m

ake

self-

driv

ing

cars

pos

sibl

e• C

amer

as to

sen

se w

hat i

s ar

ound

the

car.

• GPS

to d

eter

min

e th

e ca

r’s lo

catio

n.• A

ltim

eter

s, g

yros

cope

s, a

nd ta

chym

eter

s to

kee

p tra

ck o

f the

pr

ecis

e po

sitio

n of

the

car.

• Rad

ar, a

sys

tem

that

use

s ra

dio

wav

es to

wor

k ou

t the

rang

e,

angl

e an

d ve

loci

ty o

f obj

ects

.• L

idar

, a s

ensi

ng s

yste

m w

hich

follo

ws

the

prin

cipl

es o

f rad

ar,

but u

ses

light

from

a la

ser.

Det

ects

wha

t is

arou

nd th

e ca

r.• U

ltras

onic

sen

sors

det

ect o

bjec

ts n

ear t

he v

ehic

le, a

nd th

e ca

r’s m

ovem

ents

.• A

dvan

ced

AI/c

ompu

ter s

yste

ms

to in

tegr

ate

all t

his

data

, m

aps

and

know

ledg

e ab

out r

oad

sign

s, d

river

beh

avio

ur, e

tc.

Man

y of

thes

e te

chno

logi

es a

re s

ensi

ng o

bjec

ts a

roun

d th

e ca

r in

diffe

rent

, com

plem

enta

ry, w

ays:

for e

xam

ple,

cam

eras

do

n’t w

ork

wel

l in

low

ligh

t, ra

dar w

orks

bes

t for

met

al o

bjec

ts,

ultra

soni

c se

nsor

s on

ly w

ork

over

sm

all d

ista

nces

but

can

‘see

th

roug

h’ s

ome

obje

cts.

All

the

fact

s in

this

kit

have

bee

n re

sear

ched

. Ref

eren

ces

can

be fo

und

onlin

e at

: (c

ars.

imas

cien

tist.o

rg.u

k)

With

spe

cial

than

ks to

Mic

hael

Tal

bot,

Hea

d of

Stra

tegy

at Z

enzi

c, a

org

anis

atio

n fu

nded

by

the

UK

gov

ernm

ent a

nd in

dust

ry to

hel

p gu

ide

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f se

lf-dr

ivin

g te

chno

logy

. Pro

f Nic

k R

eed

of R

eed

Mob

ility

, Pro

fess

or N

atas

ha M

erat

, In

stitu

te fo

r Tra

nspo

rt S

tudi

es, U

nive

rsity

of L

eeds

, Pro

fess

or A

ndre

w M

ayna

rd,

Ris

k In

nova

tion

Lab,

Ariz

ona

Sta

te U

nive

rsity

, Dr J

ack

Stil

goe

of U

CL,

prin

cipl

e in

vest

igat

or o

n th

e D

river

less

Fut

ures

pro

ject

and

aut

hor o

f ‘W

ho’s

Driv

ing

In

nova

tion?

New

Tec

hnol

ogie

s an

d th

e C

olla

bora

tive

Sta

te’ a

nd P

erry

Wal

ker o

f Ta

lk S

hop,

dia

logu

e pr

ojec

t.

The

kit h

as b

een

prod

uced

by

the

I’m a

Sci

entis

t tea

m a

nd fu

nded

by

The

Roy

al

Inst

itutio

n, L

loyd

s R

egis

ter F

ound

atio

n an

d In

stitu

te o

f Phy

sics

.

Kit N

o 12

Des

igne

d fo

r KS4

. The

se d

ebat

e ki

ts

have

bee

n us

ed w

ith a

ges

11-1

8.

IAS

Driv

erle

ss C

ars

6pp

A6 (1

5 O

ct 2

019)

v2.

indd

1

15/1

0/20

19

16:4

2

This

wor

k is

lice

nsed

und

er th

e C

reat

ive

Com

mon

s A

ttrib

utio

n-N

onC

omm

erci

al-S

hare

Alik

e 4.

0 In

tern

atio

nal L

icen

se. T

o vi

ew a

cop

y of

this

lice

nse,

vis

it ht

tp://

crea

tivec

omm

ons.

org/

licen

ses/

by-n

c-sa

/4/0

4.

Que

stio

n: S

houl

d ou

r to

wn

cent

re

be f

or s

elf-

driv

ing

cars

onl

y?

Teac

her N

otes

Less

on p

lan

The

diffe

rent

‘rou

nds’

of th

e de

bate

hel

p st

uden

ts th

ink

thro

ugh

the

issu

es a

nd re

cons

ider

thei

r opi

nion

s. T

he s

truct

ure

also

sho

ws

them

how

to b

uild

a d

iscu

ssio

n an

d ba

ck u

p th

eir

opin

ions

with

fact

s.

Star

ter:

5 m

inut

es.

How

do

they

thin

k th

e in

vent

ion

of c

ars

affe

cted

the

wor

ld?

Prom

pt, i

f nec

essa

ry, t

hem

to th

ink

abou

t: th

e en

viro

nmen

t,

how

citi

es a

nd to

wns

are

laid

out

, how

peo

ple

live,

whe

re th

ey

live,

whe

re th

ey w

ork,

com

mun

ities

, fam

ilies.

Do

they

thin

k pe

ople

fore

saw

all

thos

e ef

fect

s w

hen

cars

w

ere

first

inve

nted

?

Engi

neer

s ar

e de

velo

ping

driv

erle

ss c

ar te

chno

logy

righ

t no

w. T

oday

we’

re g

oing

to th

ink

a bi

t abo

ut w

hat t

hat m

ight

m

ean

in th

e fu

ture

.

Ther

e ar

e bi

g qu

estio

ns a

bout

exa

ctly

how

the

driv

erle

ss c

ar

futu

re is

goi

ng to

wor

k. A

t the

mom

ent d

evel

opm

ent i

s m

ainl

y be

ing

drive

n by

the

luxu

ry c

ar m

arke

t - th

e ve

hicl

es a

re e

xpen

sive

. A

s ea

rly a

dopt

ers

with

larg

e di

spos

able

inco

mes

sta

rt us

ing

driv

erle

ss c

ars

mor

e - w

hat h

appe

ns to

oth

er ro

ad-u

sers

?

Som

e pe

ople

sug

gest

that

we

will

next

hav

e ro

bot t

axis

- th

e dr

iver

is 7

0% o

f the

cos

t of a

taxi

, so

robo

t tax

is c

ould

be

chea

per.

If pe

ople

who

can

affo

rd it

sw

itch

to ro

bot t

axis

, tha

t co

uld

mea

n on

ly th

e po

ores

t will

still

use

buse

s. T

his

coul

d le

ad to

less

fund

ing

for p

ublic

tran

spor

t, an

d ‘tr

ansp

ort d

eser

ts’,

in p

oore

r are

as.

Cyb

er s

ecur

ity a

roun

d dr

iver

less

car

s ra

ises

a lo

t of i

ssue

s - w

e co

uld

have

writ

ten

a w

hole

kit

abou

t tha

t, bu

t the

n w

e’d

have

m

isse

d ou

t man

y ot

her i

ssue

s. B

ut y

our s

tude

nts

may

wan

t to

thin

k ab

out w

hat c

ould

hap

pen

if yo

ur d

river

less

car

com

pute

r w

as h

acke

d? A

nd w

heth

er th

e se

curit

y se

rvic

es s

houl

d be

abl

e to

ove

rrid

e th

e co

mpu

ter o

n yo

ur d

river

less

car

?

Impo

rtan

t tec

hnol

ogie

s th

at m

ake

self-

driv

ing

cars

pos

sibl

e• C

amer

as to

sen

se w

hat i

s ar

ound

the

car.

• GPS

to d

eter

min

e th

e ca

r’s lo

catio

n.• A

ltim

eter

s, g

yros

cope

s, a

nd ta

chym

eter

s to

kee

p tra

ck o

f the

pr

ecis

e po

sitio

n of

the

car.

• Rad

ar, a

sys

tem

that

use

s ra

dio

wav

es to

wor

k ou

t the

rang

e,

angl

e an

d ve

loci

ty o

f obj

ects

.• L

idar

, a s

ensi

ng s

yste

m w

hich

follo

ws

the

prin

cipl

es o

f rad

ar,

but u

ses

light

from

a la

ser.

Det

ects

wha

t is

arou

nd th

e ca

r.• U

ltras

onic

sen

sors

det

ects

obj

ects

nea

r the

veh

icle

, and

the

car’s

mov

emen

ts.

• Adv

ance

d A

I/com

pute

r sys

tem

s to

inte

grat

e al

l thi

s da

ta,

map

s an

d kn

owle

dge

abou

t roa

d si

gns,

driv

er b

ehav

iour

, etc

.

Man

y of

thes

e te

chno

logi

es a

re s

ensi

ng o

bjec

ts a

roun

d th

e ca

r in

diffe

rent

, com

plem

enta

ry, w

ays:

for e

xam

ple,

cam

eras

do

n’t w

ork

wel

l in

low

ligh

t, ra

dar w

orks

bes

t for

met

al o

bjec

ts,

ultra

soni

c se

nsor

s on

ly w

ork

over

sm

all d

ista

nces

but

can

‘see

th

roug

h’ s

ome

obje

cts.

All

the

fact

s in

this

kit

have

bee

n re

sear

ched

. Ref

eren

ces

can

be fo

und

onlin

e at

: (c

ars.

imas

cien

tist.o

rg.u

k)

With

spe

cial

than

ks to

Mic

hael

Tal

bot,

Hea

d of

Stra

tegy

at Z

enzi

c, a

org

anis

atio

n fu

nded

by

the

UK

gov

ernm

ent a

nd in

dust

ry to

hel

p gu

ide

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f se

lf-dr

ivin

g te

chno

logy

. Dr N

ick

Ree

d of

Ree

d M

obili

ty, P

rofe

ssor

Nat

asha

Mer

at,

Inst

itute

for T

rans

port

Stu

dies

, Uni

vers

ity o

f Lee

ds, P

rofe

ssor

And

rew

May

nard

, R

isk

Inno

vatio

n La

b, A

rizon

a S

tate

Uni

vers

ity, D

r Jac

k S

tilgo

e of

UC

L, p

rinci

ple

inve

stig

ator

on

the

Driv

erle

ss F

utur

es p

roje

ct a

nd a

utho

r of ‘

Who

’s D

rivin

g

Inno

vatio

n? N

ew T

echn

olog

ies

and

the

Col

labo

rativ

e S

tate

’ and

Per

ry W

alke

r of

Talk

Sho

p, d

ialo

gue

proj

ect.

The

kit h

as b

een

prod

uced

by

the

I’m a

Sci

entis

t tea

m a

nd fu

nded

by

The

Roy

al

Inst

itutio

n, L

loyd

s R

egis

ter F

ound

atio

n an

d In

stitu

te o

f Phy

sics

.

Kit N

o 12

Des

igne

d fo

r KS4

. The

se d

ebat

e ki

ts

have

bee

n us

ed w

ith a

ges

11-1

8.