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By :

Lohit Shetty &

Dhanashree Khopkar 

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DDL

DDL is abbreviation of Data Definition Language.

It is used to create and modify the structure of 

database objects in database.

It is used in a generic sense to refer to any formallanguage for describing data or information structures.

Used for the following :

Creating Databases

Creating Tables Drop tables

Alter tables

For defining primary key & foreign keys

etc....

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CREATE statements

CREATE TABLE statement

CREATE TABLE [ table name]  ( [ column definitions]  ) [ table

 parameters] .

CREATE TABLE OFFICES

(OFFICE INTEGER NOT NULL,CITY VARCHAR(15) NOT NULL,

REGION VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,

MGR INTEGER,

TARGET MONEY,

SALES MONEY NOT NULL)

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ALTER statements

 Alter - To modify an existing database object. An ALTER statement

in SQL changes the properties of an object inside of a relational

database management system (RDBMS).

Eg:

 ALTER object type object name parameters 

 ALTER TABLE CUSTOMERS

 ADD CONTACT_NAME VARCHAR(30)

 ALTER TABLE SALESREPSDROP HIRE_DATE

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Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DML is abbreviation of Data Manipulation Language. It is used to retrieve,

store, modify, delete, insert and update data in database.

Examples: SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT statements

Used for the following :

retrieval of information from the database

insertion of new information into the database

deletion of information in the database

modif ication of information in the database

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Eg:

SELECT * from Student_info

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EG :

INSERT INTO ORDERS

(AMOUNT, MFR, PRODUCT, QTY, ORDER _DATE, 

ORDER _NUM, CUST, REP)

VALUES (2340.00, 'ACI', '41004', 20, CURRENT _DATE, 

113069, 2126, 111)

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EG :

UPDATE CUSTOMERS

SET  CUST _ID = 109

WHERE COMPAN Y = 'Acme Mfg.'

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EG :

DELETE FROM ORDERS

WHERE CUST = 2126

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DCL

DCL is abbreviation of Data Control Language.

It is used to create roles, permissions, and referential integrity as well

it is used to control access to database by securing it.

GRANT , REVOKE

TCL

TCL is abbreviation of Transactional Control Language. It is used tomanage different transactions occurring within a database.

COMMIT

ROLLBACK

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