dc 94 223p. - ed

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 399 870 HE 029 505

AUTHOR Feagles, Shelley M.; Dickey, Karlene N.TITLE Norway: A Study of the Educational System of Norway

and a Guide to the Academic Placement of Students inEducational Institutions in the United States.Country Report. PIER World Education Series.

INSTITUTION American Association of Collegiate Registrars andAdmissions Officers, Washington, D.C.; NAFSAAssociation of International Educators, Washington,DC

REPORT NO ISBN-0-929851-22-6PUB DATE 94NOTE 223p.AVAILABLE FROM PIER Publications, P.O. Box 231, Annapolis Junction,

MD 20701 (members $35, non-members $50).PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Guides Non-Classroom

Use (055)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Academic Standards; Adult Education;

Apprenticeships; Certification; College Admission;College Curriculum; Colleges; Correspondence Study;Curriculum Design; *Degrees (Academic); ElementarySecondary Education; Foreign Countries; ForeignStudents; Governance; Grading; Higher Education;Institutional Characteristics; IntellectualDisciplines; International Educational Exchange;Language of Instruction; Records (Forms); *StudentPlacement; Student Records; Study Abroad;Universities

IDENTIFIERS *Norway

ABSTRACT

The guide describes the educational system of Norway,primarily to assist in placement of Norwegian students in U.S.schools and for transfer of credits. An introductory chapter givesbackground about Norway and its people, educational governance, andlanguage of instruction. The second chapter outlines the system ofpreschool, primary, and lower secondary education, includingcurriculum design and grading practices, and the third chapterdescribes aspects of the secondary system, its curriculum, grading,college matriculation requirements, apprenticeship training, andinternational baccalaureate. The bulk of the report is devoted tohigher education including information on the academic year,financial aid, student services, governance, and the dualuniversity/college system listing the requirements and institutionalcharacteristics of each. The curriculum and degrees of each majorfield of study are also detailed. Additional chapters provideinformation on adult and correspondence education, internationalexchange programs and study abroad opportunities, and advice foradmissions officers concerning transfer of credits and evaluation ofcredentials, and placement. Sample records and forms are presentedwithin the text. Lists of trades in which apprenticeships areoffered, with program length, and institutions in the formal highereducation system are appended. A Norwegian-English glossary is alsoincluded. (MSE)

PIER World Education Series

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISk.r4 MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

AACRAO

TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

1(/BEST COPY. AVAILABLE

U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOffice of Educational Research and ImprovementEDU ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMAI1ON

CENTER (ERIC)Thos document has been reproduced asreceived from the person or organizationoriginating It.

O Minor changes have been made to Improvereproduction quality.

Points of view or opinions stated in this docu-men, do not necessarily represent officialOE RI position or policy. 2

4.1

AmericanAssociation of

CollegiateRegistrars and

AdmissionsOfficers

NAFSA:Association of

InternationalEducators

COUNTRY

REPORT

1994

NorwayA Study of the EducationalSystem of Norway and a Guideto the Academic Placement ofStudents in EducationalInstitutions in the United States

Shelley M. FeaglesSenior Evaluator/Director of CommunicationsEducational Credential Evaluators Inc.

Karlene N. DickeyAssociate Dean of Graduate Studies EmeritaStanford UniversityScandinavian Project Director

A World Education Series Publication Sponsored bythe American Association of Collegiate Registrarsand Admissions Officers, NAFSA: Association ofInternational Educators, and The College Board

Washington, DC

Placement Recommendations and GradeEquivalencies Approved by the National Council onthe Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Feagles, Shelley M.

Norway : a study of the educational system of Norway and a guide to the academic placement of students ineducational institutions in the United States / Shelley M. Feagles, Karlene N. Dickey.

p. cm. (World education series)"Placement recommendations and grade equivalencies approved by the National Council on the Evaluationof Foreign Educational Credentials."

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.ISBN 0-929851-22-61. EducationNorwayEvaluation. 4. College creditsNorwayEvaluation. 5. School credits

United States. 6. College creditsUnited States. 7. Norwegian studentsUnited States. I. Dickey,Karlene N. II. American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers. III. Title. IV. Series

LA892.F43 1994370'.9481dc20

a M1M1Mi1=11NMINNW MOM/

III=1/WM MIEAACRAOImmo=

American Association of Collegiate Registrarsand Admissions OfficersOne Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 330Washington, DC 20036-1171TEL: (202) 293-9161 FAX: (202) 872-8857

NAFSA: Association of International Educators1875 Connecticut Avenue, Suite 1000, NW

41<Washington, DC 20009-5728TEL: (202) 462-4811 FAX: (202) 667-3419

NAFSAASSOCIATION OFINTERNATIONAL

EDUCATORS

94-9985CIP

The American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, founded in 1910, is a nonprofit, voluntaryprofessional education association of degree-granting postsecondary institutions, government agencies, private educationalorganizations, and education-oriented businesses. Its goal is to promote higher education and further the professionaldevelopment of members working in admissions, enrollment management, financial aid, institutional research, records, andregistration.

NAFSA: Association of International Educators is a nonprofit membership association that provides training, information,and other educational services to professionals in the field of international educational exchange. Its 6,500 membersfromthe United States and more than 50 countriesmake it the largest professional membership association concerned with theadvancement of effective international educational exchange in the world.

©1994 American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers and NAFSA: Association of InternationalEducators. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing fromAACRAO or NAFSA.

Copies may be obtained from PIER Publications for $35 (members)/$50 (nonmembers). To order additional copies or to getmore information on available volumes in the World Education Series, contact PIER Publications at (301) 317-6588.

Projects for International Education Research

Projects for International Education Research (PIER) is an interassociationalcommittee of appointed representatives from the American Association ofCollegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), NAFSA: Associationof International Educators, with the participation of The College Board. PIER isa 1990 merger of two committees of longstanding, the World Education SeriesCommittee of AACRAO and the PIER Committee of AACRAO and NAFSA.

PIER is charged with assessing the need for information on education systemsthroughout the world that can be used by college and university admissionsofficers in the admission and placement of foreign students and scholars ininstitutions of higher education in the United States, publishing reportson thesesystems, and developing workshops and seminars on the admission and placementof foreign students.

Four types of publications make up the World Education Series: full countrystudies, workshop reports, special reports, and working papers. Among the topicscovered are the different levels of education, admission and programrequirements, grading systems, credentials awarded, study abroad programs, andinstitutions. Placement recommendations, when included, are approved by theNational Council on the Evaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials. ThePIER Committee oversees the selection of topics, authors, and reviewers.

Projects for International Education Research CommitteeA Joint Committee of AACRAO and NAFSA

AACRAO Hits

Chair: William H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International Education,Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR

Margery J. Ismail, Director Emerita of International Student Services, Purdue University,West Lafayette, IN

Sylvia K. Higashi, Assistant Dean, College of Continuing Education and Community Service,University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI

NAFSA MEMBERS

Kathleen Sellew, Research and Professional Development, Office of InternationalEducation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

Patricia Parker, Assistant Director of Admissions, Iowa State University, Ames, IACynthia Fish, Assistant Director of Admissions, CUNY-Baruch College, New York, NY

THE COLLEGE BOARD MEMBER

Sanford C. Jameson, Director, International Education Office, The College Board,Washington, DC

Ex- OFFICIO MEMBERS WiTuirmiT VoTE

AACRAOWayne E. Becraft, Executive Director, AACRAO, Washington, DCNAFSANaomi Collins, Executive Vice President & CEO; NAFSA: Association of

International Educators, Washington, DC

OBSERVERS

Agency for International DevelopmentDale E. Gough, Director, AACRAO-AID/Office ofInternational Education Services, Washington, DC

United States Information AgencyMary Reeber, Chief, Advising and Student ServicesBranch, Office of Academic Programs, USIA, Washington, DC

STAFF

AACRAO--Henrianne K. Wakefield, Assistant Executive Director, Communications,AACRAO, Washington, DC

NAFSALinda H. Callihan, Program Manager, Field Services; Jeanne-Marie Duval, SeniorDirector, Educational Programs; NAFSA: Association of International Educators,Washington, DC

5iii

National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign EducationalCredentials and the Placement RecommendationsIn This Full Country Study

The placement recommendations published in this PIER full country study havebeen approved by the National Council on the Evaluation of Foreign EducationalCredentials (the Council) in consultation with its authors. The Council wasestablished to provide guidance on foreign educational credentials for USinstitutions of higher education. It is the only interassociational body in the UnitedStates specifically organized to perform this role.

Membership of the Council reflects the diversity of US educationalinstitutions for which recommendations are made. Member organizations are theAmerican Association of Community Colleges (AACC), the American Associationof Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO), the AmericanCouncil on Education (ACE), The College Board, the Council of GraduateSchools (CGS), the Institute of International Education (IIE), and NAFSA:Association of International Educators. Observers from US organizationsinterested in international education include the United States InformationAgency (USIA), the Agency for International Development (AACRAO-AID), andthe New York State Education Department.

Their representatives for 1993-94 are listed below. See page 120 for adescription of the Council's role, and a guide to the understanding of its placementrecommendations for this volume.

Members of the National Council on theEvaluation of Foreign Educational Credentials

Chair: Karen Lukas, Assistant Director of Admissions, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities,Minneapolis, MN (represents AACRAO)

Past Chair: Caroline Aldrich-Langen, Associate Director, Admissions and Records,California State University-Chico, Chico, CA (represents AACRAO)

REPRESENTATIVES OF MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS

AACC James McKinney, Director, External Relations, AACC, Washington, DCAACRAOWilliam H. Smart, Director of Sponsored Student Programs, International

Education, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR (Chair of PIER)ACEBarbara Turlington, Director, International Education, ACE, Washington, DCThe College BoardMarcelle Heerschap, Director, Office of Admissions, The American

University, Washington, DC; Sanford C. Jameson, Director, Office of InternationalEducation, The College Board, Washington, DC (business meetings only)

CGSJames Siddens, Assistant Dean, Graduate School, Ohio State University, Columbus,OH

IIENicole Morgenstern, Director, Placement and Special Services Division, 11E, New York,NY

NAFSAMargarita Sianou, World Education Services, Inc., New York, NY; EllenSilverman, University Admissions Processing Center/CUNY, Brooklyn, NY; RobertWatkins, Assistant Director of Admissions, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX

REPRESENTATIVES FROM OBSERVER ORGANIZATIONS

AACRAO-AIDDale Gough, Director, AACRAO-AID/Office of International EducationServices, Washington, DC

USIAMary Reeber, Chief, Advising and Student Services Branch, Office of AcademicPrograms, USIA, Washington, DC

NY State Education Department .Susan Fuller, Credentials Assessment, State EducationDepartment, Albany, NY

AACRAOHenrianne K. Wakefield, Assistant Executive Director, Communications,AACRAO, Washington, DC

6

ContentsAcknowledgements

Map of Norway

Diagram of the General Structure of the Educational System

Chapter I. Introduction 1

Norway and Its People 1

Introduction to the Educational System 1

Governance of Education 1

Language of Instruction 2

Chapter II. Preschool, Primary, and Lower SecondaryEducation 3

Preschool Education 3Primary and Lower Secondary Education: The Grunnskole 3

Curriculum 3Grading 3

Chapter III. Upper Secondary Education 5Legal Basis 5Admission to Upper Secondary School 6Documentation and Grading 6College and University Matriculation Requirements 7Curricula 8

The Areas of Study 8Apprenticeship Training 21Teknisk Fagskole (Technical School) 22Private Upper Secondary Schools 22International Baccalaureate 22

Chapter IV. Higher Education 26Overview of Higher Education 26Academic Year 26State Educational Loan Fund 26Student Welfare Organizations 26Supervision of Education 27Overview of Legislation and Transfer Credit 27A Dual System of Education: The University and CollegeSectors 28

Provisions for Academic Transfer Within Norway: TheCandidatus /Candidata Magisterii (Cand. Mag.) Degree 28

The University Sector 29Universities and Specialized University-Level Institutions 29Admission Requirements and Procedures 29Grading at the Tertiary Level 32

v

Structure of Degree Programs 32The Basic University Degree in Arts and Sciences 32Faculties Offering the Basic University Degree in Artsand Sciences 34Advanced University Degrees in Arts and Sciences 35Professionally Oriented Degrees 35Master's Degrees 36Doctoral Degrees 36

The Universities 36Universitetet i Bergen (University of Bergen) 38Universitetet i Oslo (University of Oslo) 41Universitetet i Tromso (University of Tromso) 42Universitetet i Trondheim (University of Trondheim) 44

The College Sector 45Admission Requirements 45Grading at Colleges 46Credentials Awarded by Colleges 46

Hfigskolekandidat (College Candidate) 46Credentials for a Specific Profession 46Advanced Degree Programs 48

The Hogskolesenter (College Center) 48Distriktshgskolene (Regional Colleges) 53

Chapter V. Education by Fields of Study 56Agriculture 56Architecture 57Business and Economics 57

Institutions Offering Business and Economics Programs 61Education (Teacher Training) 65

College of Education Programs 65Teacher Training Programs Offered at Other Colleges andUniversities 70Teaching Ranks 71

Engineering 71

The Professional Degree in Engineering 72Doctoral Degrees in Engineering 76The Degree of Ingenior (Engineer) 76Opportunities for Further Education for the Ingenior 76Other Programs for Engineers 77

Maritime Education 81

Safety Engineering 81

Fine Arts Education 82Art and Design 82Ballet and Dance 83Music 84Theater 86

vi

Health Professions 86Allied Health Sciences 86

Audiography 86Bioengineering (Medical Laboratory Technology) 87Interpreter's Education for the Hearing Impaired 87Occupational Therapy 87Physical Therapy and Mensendieck Physical Therapy 87Prosthetics and Orthotics 89Radiography 89

Dental Hygiene and Dentistry 89Medicine 90Nursing 91Nutrition and Food Technology 94Pharmacy and Prescriptionist Education 95Public Health 96Veterinary Medicine 96

Hotel and Restaurant Management and Training 97Journalism 98Law 98Library Science 99Military and Police Education 99Physical Education and Sport 102Psychology 102Sociology; Social Work, Child Welfare, and LocalGovernment Administration; and Social Education 103Theology/Religious Studies 106

Chapter VI. Correspondence and Adult Education 111Correspondence Education 111

Adult Education 111

Education in Norwegian Language and Culture 112

Chapter VII. Internationalization and Study AbroadOpportunities 113

Nordic Cooperation 113International Programs 113Study Abroad Programs for US Students 114

Chapter VIII. Advice for Admissions Officers 116Upper Secondary School 116Degrees and Diplomas 116Grade Reports/Transcripts 116Nasjonalt Koordinerende Utvalg/NKU (NationalCoordinating Commission) Recommendations 117Role of the National Council on the Evaluation of ForeignEducational Credentials 118

9vii

viii

Guide to the Understanding of Placement Recommendations 118

Placement Recommendations 121

Appendix A. Trades in Which Apprenticeships Are Offered andthe Length of Each Program 146

Appendix B. Institutions in the Formal System of HigherEducation 151

Norwegian-English Glossary 155

Useful References 158

Index 159

Tables2.1. Allocation of Teaching Periods per Week in the Crunnskok 4

3.1. Normal Allocation of 45-Minute Teaching Periods in theGeneral Studies Area Introduced in 1990-91 12

4.1. Different Study Combinations Leading to the University Cand.

Mag. in the Faculty of Arts 37

4.2. Professionally Oriented Degree Programs 37

4.3. Master's Degree Programs, 1993 38

4.4. Doctoral Degree Programs, 1993: "New" Type 39

4.5. Profession-Specific Qualifications Awarded by College SectorInstitutions With Years of Study Required 49

5.1. Summary of Teacher Training Requirements 66

5.2. Colleges of Education, 1993 68

5.3. Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Offered at NorgesTekniske Hogskole, Heating and Refrigeration Option 75

5.4. Institutions Awarding the Degree of Ingenior, 1993 78

5.5. General Framework of Engineering Programs Leading to theDegree of Ingenifir 79

5.6. Other Programs Offered by Engineering Colleges, 1993 80

5.7. Institutions Offering Education in the Allied Health Sciences,1993 88

5.8. Nursing Colleges With Specialties Offered, 1993 92

5.9. Institutions Offering Education in Child Welfare, LocalGovernment Administration, Social Education, and SocialWork, 1993 105

10

Charts3.1. Structure of Academic Programs in the Videregdende Skole 113.2. Area of Study for Hdndverks- og Industrifag (Technical and

Industrial Subjects), Mechanics Branch 153.3. Tracks for Completion of Apprenticeship Programs 234.1. General Structure of University Degrees 405.1. Business and Economics Higher Education Institutions Offering

Business and Economics Programs 625.2. Technical and Engineering Education 73

Sample Documents3.1. Vitnemdl fra den Videregdende Skolen (Certificate from the Upper

Secondary School) 73.2 Certificate of Upper Secondary Education, Area of Study for

Commercial and Clerical Subjects: Advanced Course I-Officeand Administration Branch (English Version) 14

3.3 Certificate Received at the End of Crunnkurs in the Technicaland Industrial Subjects 16

3.4. Certificate Received at the End of Videregdende Kurs I in theTechnical and Industrial Subjects 16

3.5. Certificate Received at the End of Videregdende Kurs II inTechnical and Industrial Subjects 17

3.6. Certificate from tipper Secondary School, Apprentices' School 243.7. Certificate from a Teknisk Fagskole (Technical School) 254.1. Candidatusla Magisterii (Cand. Mag.) Degree Awarded by

Regionale Hfigskoler (Regional Colleges) 304.2. Candidata /us Magisterii (Cand. Mag.) Degree Awarded by the

University of Oslo (English Version) 314.3. Hogskolekandidat from a Two-Year Program of Study 474.4 Hogskokkandidat from a Three-Year Program of Study 475.1. Sivilingenifir Degree Awarded by the Norwegian Institute of

Technology (English Version) 745.2 Sivilingeniffr Degree Awarded by the University of Tromso 745.3. Ingenifir (Engineer) Degree Awarded by Trondheim Engineering

College 778.1. Certificate of Attendance, Official Transcript, Issued by the

Faculty of Arts of the University of Oslo (English Version) 117

ix

Acknowledgements

The opportunity to visit Norway to undertake the research for the PIER volume

on the country's educational system was an exciting one. This truly beautifulcountry and its people welcomed us everywhere we went. We learned to use the

trikk (trolley) to travel all around Olso. We saw Lillehammer in an early October

snowstorm, explored Trondheim and its magnificent cathedral in the earlymorning, enjoyed a fascinating drive through Bodo on snow-covered streets and

had a wonderful weekend in Tromso (300 miles north of the Arctic Circle) which

was glistening with early snow fallen the week before. Later we received warm

welcomes in Stavanger, before we headed on to Bergen, one of Norway's most

interesting cities. Everywhere we went school administrators spent untold hours

sharing their knowledge with us and patiently explaining their programs, their

educational philosophy, and their country.

We are most grateful to the Norwegian Ministry of Education, Research and

Church Affairs which provided all the funding for the project. We are of course

particularly appreciative of the support from Jean Nes land Olsen and others from

the Department of International Relations of the University of Oslo who werecharged with looking after us. Jean is a wonderful friend and did all she could to

make our trip and the preparation of our manuscript a success. Olve Sorensen

deserves particular thanks for making detailed arrangements for our visit, and,

along with Sidsel AgArd Kaltenborn and Torhild Leer, for answering our numerous

follow-up questions. Eva Tank-Nielsen of the Norwegian Information Service,

New York, was a strong supporter of the project throughout.

In the United States, Hanne Solna provided us with invaluable assistance with

the Norwegian language. Linda Callihan of the NAFSA central office was very

helpful in handling the details of the funding. The PIER Committee supplied us

with a laptop and printer, which were a bit ornery at times, but invaluable, if heavy,

travelling companions. Henrianne Wakefield of AACRAO took on the mammoth

job of simultaneously preparing the three Scandinavian volumes for publishing.

She served as a patient editor who was always helpful and supportive of our efforts.

Shelley M. FeaglesSenior Evaluator!Director of Communications

Educational Credential Evaluators, Inc.

12x

Karlene N. DickeyAssociate Dean of

Graduate Studies Email°Stanford University

Map: Norway

MOLEALESUND

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HONEFOSS

OSLO

KONGSBERG 0HORTEN

PROSGRUNN

STAVANGER

SARPSBORG

HALDEN

GRIMSTAD

KRISTIANSAND

13 xi

General Structure of the Educational System

Iz0Q0Dawu.0cocc

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1

2

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3.5

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9

8

7

6

5

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1

College Sector, University Sector

doctoral degrees

cand. phllol.cand. pollt.cand. sclent.

map. art.

regional cand. mag.

hegskolekandidat

hogskolekandidat(college candidate)

cand. mag.embetsstudier

(professionally oriented)

degrees

videregaende skole(upper secondary school)

Age 71

i

ungdomsskole(lower secondary school)

bameskole(primary school)

14

Chapter !

INTRODUCTION

Norway and Its People

The Land of the Midnight Sun, the Kingdom ofNorway (Kongeriket Norge), is one of the five Nor-dic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark,and Iceland). Its total area is just over 125,000 squaremiles, slightly larger than the state of New Mexico.The extensive coastline including the fjords andmajor offshore islands is about 12,500 miles long(equal to half the distance around the world). One-third of the country lies north of the Arctic Circle.At its greatest length it is 1,100 miles; its greatestwidth measures only 270 miles. It is bordered byFinland, Sweden, and Russia. Though only 3% ofthe land is arable, Norway is a prosperous nationmainly due to large crude oil and natural gas re-serves.

Norway has 19 counties (fylke): Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland,More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag, Op-pland, Oslo, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Tron-delag, Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold, andOst fold.

The capital city is Oslo with a population of450,000. Other large cities include Bergen (220,000),Trondheim (190,000), Stavanger (99,000), andTromso (52,000). Seventy percent of the populationof 4,247,000 (in 1990) live in urban areas. Althougha majority of the people are primarily Norwegian,there is a racial-cultural minority of 20,000 Sarni(Lapps). Ninety-four percent of the Norwegianpeople subscribe to the religion of the state church,Evangelical Lutheran.

The two official languages are &km,/ ("book"Norwegian), which has its roots in the Danish lan-guage, and nynorsk ("new" Norwegian) derived fromthe synthesis of several Norwegian dialects. In ad-dition, the Simi people speak Sarni. The countryenjoys a literacy rate of 100%.

Norway's government is a constitutional monar-chy. The present king is Harald V. The executive

branch includes the monarch, a prime minister, andthe State Council (cabinet). There is a two-houseparliament (Stoning) system: the upper house is theLagting and the lower house the Odelsting.

Norway has been an independent country since1905, when it gained its independence from Swe-den. The constitution was declared on 17 May 1814.May 17 (Constitution Day) remains a national holi-day.

Norway maintains three branches of the mili-tary: The Royal Norwegian Army, the Royal Norwe-gian Navy, and the Royal Norwegian Air Force.Compulsory military service for males lasts 12 to 15months.

The Norwegian currency is the Krone (NOK)100 ore. The exchange rate with the US dollar inJune 1993 was 6.7 NOK = US $1.00.

Introduction to the EducationalSystem

The entire system of education in Norway, fromprimary education to higher education, is based onthe principle of education for all and equal access toeducation. The government ministry responsiblefor education states that "One aim has primacy overall the others: that the education and training pro-vided for everyone should be as equal and impartialas possible, independent of social and economicbackground, residence, gender, age, functional-skill, or ethnic background."

GOVERNANCE OF EDUCATION

The parliament controls all educational mattersthrough the Ministry of Education, Research andChurch Affairs with two exceptions. The Agricul-tural University of Norway and the Norwegian Col-lege of Veterinary Medicine are the responsibility ofthe Ministry of Agriculture. Preschool education,which is not part of the system of formal education,

151

Introduction

is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Child andFamily Affairs.

The educational system in the 1990s under-went a period of reorganization, from the composi-tion of individual colleges to the national govern-ment's educational administration. In 1992 a CentralGovernment Education Office was established ineach county. Most of the National Advisory Council,which represented various sectors of the educationalsystem to the Ministry of Education, Research andChurch Affairs, including the National Council forUpper Secondary Education and the NationalCouncil for Basic Education, was abolished. Thetasks they performed are now the responsibility ofthe Ministry, the National Center for EducationalResources, and the new Central Government Edu-cation Offices of the counties.

2

LANGUAGE OF INSTRUCTION

Beginning with primary school, students are in-structed in the two official languages of Norway:bokmdl ("book" Norwegian) and nynorsk ("new"Norwegian). Local educational authorities decidewhich language is the written language of instruc-tion in the primary and lower secondary schools, butstudents in the upper secondary schools normallyare instructed in both. Textbooks are written simul-taneously in bokmdl and nynorsk.

The Sarni (Lapp) people may speak Simi astheir first or second language, and Norwegian astheir first or second language. Instruction in Simi isavailable for students enrolled in primary and lowersecondary education, and students have the right touse Sarni in examinations through the upper secon-dary level.

Compulsory study of English begins in grade 3and continues through upper secondary school.

16

Chapter II

PRESCHOOL, PRIMARY, AND LOWERSECONDARY EDUCATION

Preschool Education

Preschool education is the responsibility of theMinistry of Child and Family Affairs and is not partof the system of formal education. Optional pre-school education for children aged 1 through 6 isoffered by barnehager (daycare centers or kindergar-tens).

Primary and Lower SecondaryEducation: The Grunnskole

Both primary education and lower secondary edu-cation are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry ofEducation, Research and Church Affairs. However,the day-to-day management of the schools is theresponsibility of the local municipalities.

Nine years of education have been compulsoryfor children aged 7 to 16 since 1969. Until then onlyseven years of education were compulsory. In 1989,100% of the age cohort was enrolled in compulsoryeducation or the grunnskole (basic school). In 1994Parliament voted that compulsory education wouldbegin at age 6 by 1997. This extends the compulsoryeducation period to 10 years.

The nine years of grunnskole are divided into twosegments: six years of primary school (barneskole)and three years of lower secondary school (ung-domsskole). Teaching follows a standardized nationalcurriculum. Each class is kept together with thesame teacher throughout barneskole. In many cases,the class moves to another school at grade 7, but thestudents are kept together as a class unit. Gradesmay not be repeated, so class teachers must ensurethat students are provided with instruction appro-priate to their individual abilities.

An additional tenth year of education is offeredby some lower secondary schools. While this ischronologically a tenth year of education, it does notlead to exemptions from coursework in the vide-regdende skole (upper secondary school), which rep-

resents the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth years in theusual pattern of education. Students may enroll inthis program to better prepare for upper secondaryschool or to complete additional studies if they donot intend to enroll in an upper secondary schoolprogram. Students may complete additionalgrunnskole-level elective subjects, or repeat pre-viously studied subjects.

CURRICULUM

The national curriculum forgrunnskok preparedby the Ministry of Education, Research and ChurchAffairs is provided in Table 2.1.

GRADING

Informal academic assessments are provided toparents or guardians at least twice per year for stu-dents in grades 1 through 6. Students in grades 7through 9 are assigned grades for compulsory sub-jects and a final nationally prepared written exami-nation is administered. Successful completion ofcompulsory education results in the award of a vit-nemdl fragrunnskolen (certificate from basic school).

The grading scale used in lower secondaryschool is as follows:

6 sem godt sg excellent

5 meget godt mg very good

4 gods g good

3 noksd godt ng passable

2 lite godt Ig barely passing

1 ikke godt

deltatt

ig failure

participated

17 3

Prachool, Primary, and Lower Secondary Education

Table 2.1. Allocation of Teaching Periods per Week in the Grunnskole

Subject Primary StageLower

Secondary

TotalYears 1-3 4-6 1-6 7-9

Religious Instruction 6 6 12 6

Norwegian 20 16 36 14

Mathematics 14 11 25 11

English° 3 7 10 9

Civics 6 15 21

Social Studies 9

Natural Science 8

Music 3 6 9 3

Arts and Crafts 4 12 16 5

Physical Education 4 6 10 8

Home Economics 3 3

Optional Subjects" 11

Subtotal 60 82 142 88

Course Determined by Local 5

Schools

Total 60 82 147 88

Practical, Social and Cultural Work 50* 75* 125* 150*

Pupil and Class Council 30* 60* 90* 2

Source: Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs, 1993.English as a foreign language is at present introduced in the third grade, or at the age of 9.

second foreign language is no longer compulsory but is offered as an optional subject at the lower secondarystage. Although optional, aims and specifications for the second foreign language are indicated for Finnish,French, German, and Spanish. At present, about 40% of pupils in lower secondary school opt for a secondlanguage, mainly German or French.*Total number of weekly hours of weekly lessons in a three-year period. The activities are integrated into allsubjects.

184

Chapter III

UPPER SECONDARYEDUCATION,,

' we <A.

Upper secondary education consists of both aca-demic and vocational studies, including apprentice-ship training, which is offered beyond the nine yearsof compulsory education. It encompasses the tenth,eleventh, and twelfth years of formal education,and, on occasion, a thirteenth year in vocationalfields. Typically students aged 16 to 19 attend,although it is open to older students who wish tocomplete or continue their education. Some stu-dents also complete studies at this level while underapprenticeship contract with a company.

The academic calendar in upper secondaryschool consists of 190 days, or 38 five-day weeks.There are 30 to 35 forty-five minute periods perweek, depending on the curriculum followed.

Legal Basis

Programs offered in videregdendeskole (upper secon-dary school) are under the jurisdiction of the Minis-try of Education, Research and Church Affairs. TheMinistry establishes basic policy, acts on entrancerequirements, establishes the fields to be taught,determines teaching salaries and loads, and setscurriculum guidelines.

Each county is responsible for providing uppersecondary education and following Ministry policiesand guidelines. The county government annuallylets each school know how many programs and howmany student places the school will have in thecoming year.

The aim of upper secondary education is to "...prepare students for work and for service in thecommunity, provide a basis for further education,and support the individual student's personal devel-opment .... [It] shall contribute to increased aware-ness and understanding of fundamental Christianvalues, our national heritage, democratic ideals andscientific thought and method .... [It] shall promoteequal rights and equal opportunities, intellectualfreedom and tolerance, ecological awareness and

international co-responsibility." (Upper SecondaryEducation Act of 1974)

In 1976, following the Upper Secondary Educa-tion Act of 1974, all academic secondary schools,trade schools, commercial schools, domestic scienceschools, schools of arts and crafts, and maritimeschools providing pretertiary education were com-bined into one unitary school system--videregelendeskole educationfor students over 16 years of agewho had completed compulsory education. In 1990the schools ofagriculture were also incorporated intothis structure.

Students enrolled in videregdendeskole programscould prepare for admission to higher education orfora vocational qualification. General and vocationalcourses were often offered in the same school andcould in some cases even be combined within thesame program. Until complete implementation ofthe Upper Secondary Act of 1974, the examen arumwas awarded upon completion of university-pre-paratory upper secondary education; a variety ofvocational credentials were awarded upon comple-tion of vocational and technical education.

Upper secondary education reform, which wasimplemented in the school year 1994-95, wasprompted by the fact that many vocational studyprograms did not provide for sequential three-yeareducation; coordination between vocational schoolsand employers was poor; the study of general sub-jects in vocational programs was meager, and themany options offered were complicating and con-fusing the system.

The main points of the reform are:1. All young people, aged 16 to 19, have a statutory

right to three years of upper secondary educa-tion. Young people who are disabled have theright to more than three years of training. Thecounties must guarantee that sufficient schoolplaces are available. Each county is required toestablish a follow-up service for those aged 16to 19 who are outside the normal educational

195

Upper Secondary Education

system (e.g., those who are unemployed, not inan apprenticeship, or left school mid-year).

2. During the first year of upper secondary school,students will choose from 13 foundation coursesrather than from the more than 100 previouslyoffered.

3. Coordination between vocational training inschool and on the job will improve. The basicmodel of vocational training will include twoyears of in-school training followed by up to twoyears of specialized on-the-job training.

4. All areas of study will provide education leadingto a specific qualification: either college or uni-versity matriculation for students completing anacademic program or a craft certificate for stu-dents completing a vocational program.

Admission to Upper SecondarySchool

Upon completion of the nine years of compulsorybasic school (grunnskok), students are not guaran-teed admission to any upper secondary program,although 90% enter some program. Students mustapply to one or more of the 10 areas of study, bothgeneral and vocational. They are admitted on thebasis of grades received in compulsory school, plussupplementary points given for age, practical expe-rience, and further education. Beginning in 1994 allstudents have the legal right, but not obligation, tothree years of upper secondary school; it is expectedthat 95% of all students will attend all three years.

One to 5 supplementary points are given for the11 obligatory subjects, depending on the gradeachieved. Students who completed compulsoryschool in the current or previous year receive 4points; those who finished two years ago receive 1point, three years ago 2 points, and four years ago 3points. Extra points are given for up to three yearsof practical experience, military or civilian service,or attendance at courses in folkehogskok (folk highschool). (See Chapter VI.) A maximum of 6 supple-mentary points from all sources can be granted.

Those students admitted to the first year of avocational upper secondary program must reapplyto continue in the second and third years of studyand again compete for admission on the basis ofpoints for grades, practical experience in the voca-tional area, and satisfactory completion of prereq-uisites. Many vocational branches do not haveenough places for all students to continue their

6

education. Students often opt to enter into appren-ticeships at this point. Students may also take anunlimited number of first-year foundation coursessequentially in several different study areas andbranches.

Documentation and Grading

The vitnemdl fra den videregdende skolen (certificatefrom upper secondary school) is awarded upon suc-cessful completion of upper secondary school. Theexamen artium formerly awarded by academic uppersecondary school was discontinued in 1984.

The vitnemdl is common to all upper secondaryschools. The certificateissued in Norwegian(either bokmdl or nynorsk), English, French, or Ger-manstates the area of study in which the studentwas enrolled and lists all subjects studied and gradesreceived throughout the program.

It also lists the required subjects (feller allmennefag) and electives (valgrag) (see sample document3.1). The student's name (navel) and national num-ber (Fodselsnummer) are on the first line. The date ofgraduation is listed next, followed by fullfOrt (com-pleted). Then a shaded box in which the words og&sat or og greidd (and passed) must appear to indi-cate the student has passed the full program. Stu-dents who attended and did not pass have the samecertificate, but the shaded box is either blank or hasa diagonal line drawn through it.

Hours per week are indicated in the columnheaded Uketimer for each of three years (I dr, 2 dr, 3dr). The numbers below each year show the numberof hours per week required for the subject. A singledocument listing enrollment in all three years isused for the allmenne fag (general studies) curricu-lum. Documents for each year of study are issued forthe handels- og kontorfag (commercial and clericalsubjects) curriculum. Documents from the otherareas of study appear in either format.

The other column headings are Fag (Subject);Standpunktkarakter (Grade in the School); Eksamens-karakter (Grades from National Examination); andProveform (Type of Examination), either muntlig/M(oral), skriftligIS (written), or praktiskIP (practical).The letter K for kombinert (combined) may be usedfor examinations that are both written and oral. Ar(Year) indicates the year that grade was given or theexamination was taken.

The Ar (year) column is very important in un-derstanding the student record. After leaving upper

20

Upper. Secondary Education

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Document 3.1. %nem& fra den lidengliende Skolen (Certificate from the Upper Secondary School)

secondary school, students may improve theirgrades and have their record changed by attendingprivate tutoring schools and retaking the nationalexamination in any subject. When they present thenational examination certificate to the school theyattended, their new grades are entered and theoriginal grades deleted. The only clue to this changein grades is the year in which the examination wasgiven. Sample document 3.1 shows the studentstarted school in 1985 and completed studies in1988. The record shows grades given in three sub-jects (English, German, and Natural Sciences) in1991. These are from national examinations in thosesubjects taken three years after the completion ofupper secondary studies. Normally when the newgrades are entered, the standpunktkarakter is deleted(in this particular sample, it was not).

National examinations are offered in all subjectsin all three years of study. Not all students, however,take national examinations in all subjects. The Min-istry notifies the school of the number of studentswho will take different subject examinations.Groups of students are randomly assigned to sit the

21

examinations, though all students must sit the na-tional written examinations in both bokmdl andnynorsk. Students usually sit for one additional na-tional examination in a general studies subject.

Separate grades are given for overall achieve-ment in the class (standpunktkarakter), and for thenational examinations (eksamenskarakter) taken. Thenational examinations are prepared and corrected bya separate commission of examiners, who are usuallyexperienced teachers. Students who fail a subjectmust reapply to continue in the next year of studyand will only be admitted if there are extra spaces.Information on grading appears on page 8.

College and University MatriculationRequirements

To qualify for basic college and university matricu-lation, students must complete a certain number ofhours per week in specific subjects all three years ofstudy. These are usually taken in a foundationcourse and advanced courses I and II, although otherroutes for matriculation exist.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE


Under consideration is the proposal that thefollowing subjects be studied over three years forthe number of weekly hours noted in parentheses:Norwegian (14), English (5), mathematics (5), socialsciences (6), and natural sciences (5), plus one yearof study in each of six other subjects, including asecond foreign language. The curricula in the areasof study that automatically fulfill these matricula-tion requirements are allmenne fag (general studies)and handels- og kontorfag (commercial and clericalsubjects). Students completing educational pro-grams in any of the other areas of study may qualifyfor matriculation by taking additional coursework.

Medical programs, for example, impose addi-tional entrance requirements in mathematics andnatural sciences; and some specialized programs inthe tertiary sector require different matriculationrequirements. Students who have completed an up-per secondary program in a related field may qualifyfor entrance into a program without satisfying all ofthe normal matriculation requirements.

Curricula

Through the 1993-94 academic year, upper secon-dary education was divided into 10 areas of study,which were further divided into more than 100branches of specialization. The system has beenrestructured for implementation in 1994. The 10areas of study will be divided into only 13 broader

Grading Scale in Upper Secondary School

branches of specialization in 1994. See "The Areasof Study" below.

Some of these programs qualify a student tomatriculate in tertiary-level institutions. Other pro-grams provide training for a professional examina-tion in a vocational field, which, if successfully com-pleted, permit the graduate to practice the specificvocation or trade. A few programs provide bothmatriculation and vocational training.

The Areas of Study

The 10 areas of study offered in the videregdendeskok (upper secondary school) through 1993-94 are:allmennefag (general studies);fiskerifag (fishing tradesubjects); handels- og kontorfag (commercial andclerical subjects); hdndverks- og industrifag (technicaland industrial subjects); husflids- og estetirkefag (craftsand aesthetic subjects); husholdningsfag (home eco-nomics subjects); idrettsfag (physical education sub-jects); landbruks- og naturfag (agricultural and ruralsubjects); sjeartsfag (maritime subjects); and sosial-og helslag (social studies and health subjects).

Within the 10 areas of study, each of the morethan 100 specific training branches has its own foun-dation course. A number of these branches do notoffer three-year programs. Instead they offer partialupper secondary education in one- and two-yearprograms.

Norwegian Term AbbreviationEnglish

Translation Number% of

Students

SuggestedUS

Equivalent

saerdeles tilfirdsstillende s.ff. excellent 6 seks 2.1 A+

meget tilfredsstillende m.ff. very good 5 fem 13.6 A

tilfredsstilknde ff. satisfactory 4 fire 24.3 B

noenlunde tilfredsstillende ng.f passable 3 tre 27.3 C

mdtelig mdt. barely passing 2 to 20.2 D

ikke tilfredsstillende ik.ff. failure 11 ett 9.6 F

(no grade) 0 null 2.9 F

deltatt deft. participated Satisfactory

1A grade of 1 was passing in either the B or C language in the samfunnsfaglinje (social sciences line) ornaturfaglinje (natural sciences line) until 1986 (see Table 3.1).

8 22

With the reforms implemented in 1994, thenumber of one-year foundation courses being of-fered has been reduced to 13, each leading to twoadditional years of sequential upper secondary edu-cation. The 13 new foundation courses are:1. allmenne- og okonomisk-administrativ fag (general

and business studies)2. byggfag (building and commercial trades)3. elektrofag (electrical trades)4. formgivingsfag (arts, crafts, and design studies)5. helse- og sosialfag (health and social studies)6. hotel! -og naringsmiddelfag (cooking, waiting, and

food processing trades)7. idrettsfag (sports and physical education)8. kjemi- og prosessfag (chemical and processing

trades)9. mekaniske fag (engineering and mechanical

trades)10. musikk, dans ogdrama (music, dance, and drama)11. naturbruk (agriculture, fishing, and forestry

studies)12. tekniske byggfag (service and technical building

trades)13. trearbeidsfag (carpentry)

In 1992, 40% of the students followed the gen-eral studies track. Twenty-four percent selectedtechnical and industrial subjects. A little over 18%chose commercial and clerical subjects. The remain-ing 18% percent were divided among the otherseven areas of study. Social studies and health werethe most popular, and the fishing trade the leastpopular.

In most cases, the areas of study and theirbranches have the same basic structure. A one-yearfoundation course program (grunnkurs) is followedby a two-year advanced course program, referred toas advanced course I and II (videregdende kurs IIVK Iand videregdende kurs II /VK II), for a total of threeyears of study. A two-year (todrig) foundation courseis followed by a one-year advanced course (VK I),which may also be referred to as a pdbygningskurs(supplementary course), also for a total of three yearsof study. In a few vocational areas an advanced IIIcourse program (videregdende kurs III or VK III) rep-resents a fourth year of upper secondary education.

A few branches in the crafts and aesthetic sub-jects area offer a half-year foundation course, whichdoes not give access to the advanced courses in thearea of study. Many foundation courses in vocationalareas of study can be taken as two-year foundationcourses. Students can combine subjects from the


general studies area with subjects from the chosenvocational area, and increase their options for terti-ary academic study or specific vocational training.

Upon completion of a two-year foundationcourse, students can proceed with either general orvocational education, i.e., to advanced course I in thevocational area of study or to a one-year course ingeneral studies or an advanced course I in generalstudies. Chart 3.1. shows the various videregdendeskole routes.

Specific requirements of each of the 10 areas ofstudy offered through 1993 follow in alphabeticorder according to the Norwegian terms.1. The allmenne fag (general studies) subject area

emphasizes the study of theoretical subjects,and, in comparison to other areas of upper sec-ondary education, best prepares students forhigher education in most academic fields.Twenty hours of common core subjects arecompleted over three years. All students followthe same foundation course, which consists ofcommon core subjects: Norwegian, English, B-or C-language (see Table 3.1 for an explanationof B- or C-language), mathematics, physicaleducation, religion, social sciences and naturalsciences. In advanced courses I and II, studentselect an area of study (languages, natural sci-ences, social sciences, or music) and chooseoptional subjects in any of the areas, in additionto the compulsory common core subjects thatcontinue from the foundation course.

Over three years, students spend a total ofat least 20 hours per week on the area of studysubjects. At least one of the area of study sub-jects is studied in both advanced courses I andII for 8 hours (minimally). Students complete atleast 90 hours over the three years. Successfulcompletion of the general studies area qualifiesthe student for college or university matricula-tion. Table 3.1 shows the allocation of teachingperiods in the general studies area.

Sample contents of the mathematics andphysics subjects follow:Mathematics Year 1 (1MA) -1MA, compulsory forall students in the general studies area, includesarithmetic, algebra, and theory of functions.Mathematics Year 2 (2MN and 2MS) - 2MN(mathematics for natural sciences) focuses ontopics important for chemistry, biology, andphysics. It is offered five periods per week andcovers algebra, theory of functions, vector calcu-

23 9


lus, and trigonometry. 2MS (mathematics forsocial studies) covers algebra, theory of func-tions, and descriptive statistics. It is offeredeither for five periods per week in year 2, or fortwo hours per week in year 2 plus three hoursper week in year 3.Mathematics Year 3 (3MN and 3MS) - 3MN isa continuation of 2MN. It covers geometry, the-ory of functions, and algebra. 3MS is a continu-ation of 2MS and includes theory of functionsand either probability or computing science.

Elective specialized study in mathematicsis available in years 2 and 3 in areas such aselectronic data processing, differential equa-tions, mathematical logic, projection drawing,probability calculation, series, complex num-bers, matrices and determinants, history ofmathematics, theory of cones, history of relativ-ity, and mathematics for economists.Physics Year 2 (2FY) - 2FY topics include me-chanics, thermophysics, light and waves, atomicphysics, nuclear physics, electricity, and prob-ability. This subject may be taken either for fiveperiods per week in year 2 or over years 2 and 3in three periods per week in one year and twoperiods per week in the other year.Physics Year 3 (3FY) - 3FY topics include me-chanics, radiation physics, relativity, quantumphysics, astrophysics, and probability. This sub-ject is taken for five periods per week. Prereq-uisites include 2MN and 2FY.

2. The fiskerilag (fishing trade subjects) area ofstudy offers training for work in the fishingindustry. All three branches can provide threeyears of training, consisting of a foundationcourse and advanced courses I and II. There isalso a coastal industry foundation course. Cer-tificates may be obtained at the end of each yearof study. None of the branches satisfy universitymatriculation requirements without furtherstudy.The fish and fishing branch qualifies graduatesfor employment both as a fisherman and as aseaman. Students can take examinations thatlead to afagbrev (vocational certificate). Practicalexperience is necessary for acceptance into ad-vanced course II.The aquaculture branch qualifies students foremployment in fish and shellfish production oncompletion of advanced course I. Advancedcourse II leads to qualifications in marketing of

10

fish and shellfish and to further studies in thearea.The fishing industry branch qualifies studentsfor employment in different areas of the fishingindustry and for work in other industries relatedto food production.

3. The handels- og kontoffag (commercial and cleri-cal subjects) area provides three years of educa-tion in administrative and economic subjects.Each year forms a complete unit with its ownexamination and separate diploma. See sampledocument 3.2.The foundation course is common to all stu-dents and is structured as follows, with periodsper week noted in parentheses: Common CoreSubjectsNorwegian (3), and Physical Educa-tion (2); Area of Study SubjectsAccounting(4), Mathematics (3), Civics and Business Study(3), Correspondence and Documentation (2),Typing (4), and English (3); Optional Area ofStudy SubjectsPractical Clerical Skills orPractical Retailing Skills (5); and Optional Sub-jects (3), for a total of 32 periods per week.Advanced course I is divided into two branches:Business and Economics, and Office and Ad-ministration. (See course contents in sampledocument 3.2.)Advanced course II has five branches: Account-ancy (bookkeeping), marketing, data and infor-mation processing, tourism and languages, andpublic administration. The course has threecomponents: Common Core SubjectsNorwe-gian and Communication (4), OrganizationTheory (3), English (3), Economics (3), PhysicalEducation (2); Branch Subjects in the area ofspecialization, usually built on advanced courseI work (15); and Optional Subjects (2 or 3).

Successful completion of advanced courseII qualifies the graduate for entrance to univer-sity studies and other tertiary-level academicprograms as well as a vocational qualification inthe field.

4. The hdndverks- og industrifag (technical and in-dustrial subjects) area of study provides practi-cal and theoretical training for many occupa-tions within the manufacturing and service in-dustries. A greater variety of courses is offeredin this area of study than in any other area ofstudy.Up until the school year 1993-94, there were 60to 70 foundation courses. A number of these

24

Chart 3.1. Structure of Academic Programs in the lideregaende Skole


2-Year Grunnkurs(Foundation Course)

with 1-YearPabygningskurs

Allmenne Fag (Supplementary Yrkesfag(General Studies) Course) (Vocational Studies)

FourthVideregaende

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SecondYear

FirstYear

Videregaendekurs II

(AdvancedCourse II)

I

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I

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(Foundation Course,1-year)

I

Pabygningskursor Videregaende

kurs I(Supplementary

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I

Grunnkurs,toa 11 g

(Foundation Course,2-years)

I

I

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I

Videregaendekurs I

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I

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I

9-Year Grunnskole (Basic School) or Equivalent

25 11


Table 3.1. Normal Allocation of 45-Minute Teaching Periods in the General Studies AreaIntroduced in 1990-91

Common Core Subjects Year1 2 3

Norwegian/Norsk 4 5 5

Religion/Religion 0 0 3

A-Language* 1A-sprelk 5 0 0

B-Language* IB-sprdk 4 4 0

C-Language* IC-sprdk 4 4 4

Social Stud iesaamfunnslare 2 0 0

Geography/Geografi 0 3 0

History up to 1850IEldre historic 0 3 0

Modern History/Nyere historic' 0 0 4

Science/Naturfag: Biology, Chemistry, 5 5 0Physics

Mathematics/Matematikk 5 0 0

Physical Education/Kroppoving 3 2 3

Total Core Subjects with B-Language 28 17 15

Total Core Subjects with C-Language 28 17 19

Optional Subjects/Study Area Subjectswith B-Language

2 13 15

Optional Subjects/Study Area Subjectswith C-Language

2 13 11

Total Teaching Periods per Week 30 30 30

*A-language = first foreign language (English); B-language = second foreign language based on introductorycourse taken in lower secondary school; C-language = foreign language for beginners. All students must studytwo foreign languages. The alternatives are either A-language English, 3 periods; B-language, 5 periods; orC-language, 4 periods. This requirement can be exempted if the student has taken elective study area subjectswhich, in combination with compulsory subjects, total at least 28 periods, e.g., mathematics (5+5); physics(5+5); and biology (5+3).

could be taken as two-year foundation coursesthat combine vocational subjects and generalstudies. The most popular foundation coursesare in electricity and electronics, mechanicalsubjects, hairdressing, sewing, carpentry, build-ing and construction, the graphic arts, and tech-nical drawing. A number of foundation coursescombine different subject areas, e.g., electron-ics and mechanical subjects.Because training is aimed at specific trades,specialization often begins in the foundation

12

course; therefore, the choice of advanced courseI is limited by the student's previous choice offoundation course. There are about 100 coursesat advanced course I level and approximately 50courses at advanced course II level. A few sub-jects also have courses at advanced course IIIlevel. Chart 3.2 shows the breakdown of studyin the mechanics branch and the options stu-dents have over a three-year period.

Graduates of the technical and industrialsubjects study area are only qualified for univer-

2 6

sity matriculation if they take the general stud-ies advanced course I in their third year andcover the required university prerequisites. Ifstudents take the advanced course I vocationalcourse, they may be eligible to enter an in-geniorhogskole (engineering college). However, apreparatory course in academic subjects may berequired. They are qualified for admission totekniske fagskolen (technical schools), describedbelow. See sample documents 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5for certificates received at the end of each yearof study in hdndverks- og industrifag (technicaland industrial subjects).

5. The husflids- og estetiske fag (crafts and aestheticsubjects) area was under extensive review in1991-93. There was formerly a domestic handi-craft branch offered in many schools, plus fourspecialized branches: dance and ballet, drama,crafts, and music. In 1992 the domestic handi-craft branch was merged with the crafts branch.The foundation course for crafts will becomethe same basic course offered to students in thetechnical and industrial subjects study area. In1994 this study area was renamed formgivingsfag(arts, crafts and design studies).

There are several foundation courses.The general foundation course prepares stu-dents for advanced courses in visual communi-cation, color analysis, and form. Weekly 45-min-ute courses (with the number of periods notedin parentheses) are: Art and Art History (2),Color (4), Drawing (6), Form (4), Materials (6),Norwegian (4), Physical Education (2), SocialStudies (2), and Electives (3) for a total of 33periods per week0 One-year foundation courses are also of-

fered in sewing and textiles, drawing, formsand color. These specialized foundationcourses prepare students for advanced workin related subjects.

A two-year foundation course com-bines drawing, form, and color with dramaand music. The program is as follows (withperiods in years 1 and 2, respectively, indi-cated in parentheses): Art and Culture His-tory (0/4); Civics (2/0); Drama (3/3); Draw-ing, Form, Color (6/6); English (5/0); Geog-raphy (0/3); History to 1850 (0/3); Mu-sic/Rhythm (2/2); Norwegian (4/5); PhysicalEducation (2/2); Science and Materials(2/3); and Electives (9/4) for a total of 35/35


periods per week in years 1 and 2, respec-tively.

On completion of the two-year course,students can further their education in thecourse in drawing, form, and color, or thegeneral studies advanced course I, if theyhave taken the requisite mathematicscourse and a second language. The supple-mentary course in drawing, form, and colorcomprises the following Art and CultureHistory (4); Drama (3); Drawing, Form,Color (11); Music/Rhythm (2); Norwegian(5); Physical Education (2); Religion (3);Social Studies (4); and Electives (1) for atotal of 35 periods per week.

Completion of a two-year foundationcourse plus a supplementary course(pdbygningskurs) qualifies students for ad-mission to university studies if the studentshave taken the requisite mathematicscourse, a second foreign language and oneadditional subject from the general area ofstudies in both advanced courses I and II.

O Advanced course I is based on the founda-tion course, but offers more specializededucation. Courses are offered in the fol-lowing subjects: drawing, design, and color;sewing and textiles; weaving and knitting;woodcarving and metalwork; visual com-munication (interior design and customerguidance); and activity leadership.

O Advanced course II leads to full specializa-tion in the chosen area. There is also aone-year concentrated course in weavingfor students who have completed the threeyears of the general studies area.Study in the branches of music, ballet and

dance, and drama are offered at very few secon-dary schools in Norway. Each branch has its ownstructure, described below.

The Music Branch offers a two-year founda-tion course which includes 45-minute periods ofstudy per week in years 1 and 2, as follows:Coaching Theory and Anatomy (1/1); Electives(9/4); English (5/5); Geography (3/0); History to1850 (0/3); Music (11/15); Norwegian (4/5); Sci-ence (5/0); and Social Studies (2/0) for a total of40/33 periods per week in years 1 and 2, respec-tively.

The two-year foundation course in musicgives access to the supplementary music course

27 13


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Document 3.2. Certificate of Upper Secondary School Education, Area of Study forCommercial and Clerical Subjects: Advanced Course IOffice andAdministration Branch (English Version)

14

or the general studies advanced course II, pro-viding the student has taken mathematics anda second language. Students who complete thegeneral studies advanced course II are qualifiedfor admission to university study. Those whocomplete the supplementary music course arequalified for admission to the Norges mu-sikkhogskole (Norwegian State Academy ofMusic) in Oslo and to the music conservatories.

In the Ballet Branch the two-year founda-tion course parallels the music branch, exceptthat the study of ballet is substituted. Studentsstudy classical ballet, jazz ballet, and modernballet for 10-11 periods per week in the first yearand 14-15 periods in the second year. The foun-dation course gives access to the supplementaryballet course or to the general studies advanced

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

course I if the student has taken mathematicsand a second foreign language.

The supplementary ballet course preparesfor admission to the Statens balletthogskole(National College of Ballet and Dance). Studiesin addition to classical ballet, jazz ballet, andmodern ballet include Norwegian (five 45-min-ute periods a week); History since 1850 (4);Music (2); Religion (3); and English (5). Foradmission to the universities, students musthave completed the supplementary balletcourse plus the requisite mathematics course, asecond foreign language, and one additionalsubject from the general area of studies in bothadvanced course I and II.

The Drama Branch offers a two-year foun-dation course, followed by a one-year advanced

28


Chart 3.2. Area of Study for Hantiverks- og Industrifag (Technical and Industrial Subjects),Mechanics Branch

FoundationCourse

Advanced Course I Advanced Course II

Mechanic-Automotive Industry

Automation Fitter

AutomotiveMechanic

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Sheet and Welding

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Tool MakerMachine Worker

Sheet and Welding

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Agriculture Mechanic

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Precision Mechanic

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course that combines drama and music, or aone-year foundation course, followed by ad-vanced courses I and II that combine languageswith drama studies.

An Activity Leader Program follows the foun-dation course in crafts and is a two-year ad-vanced course with the following curriculum(periods per week in years 1 and 2, respectively,are in parentheses): Activities Training (16/7);Activity Room Management (1/3); Electives(2/2); Interaction with Others (4/9); Medical andHealth Studies (4/5); Norwegian (2/2); PhysicalEducation (2/2); Psychology, Ethics and Peda-gogy (2/3); and Social Studies (2/2) for a total of35/35 periods per week.

6. The husholdningsfag (home economics) studyarea offers foundation and advanced course Icourses.One-year foundation courses are offered in fiveareas: combined health and environment; com-bined cookery, waiting and home economics;home economics (discontinued in 1991-92);cookery (as a single subject); and waiting. Three

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

two-year foundation courses are offered in cook-ery; cookery, waiting and home economics; andhome economics (discontinued in 1991-92).

Completion of the combined foundationcourse in cookery, waiting and home economicsqualifies students for admission to all the ad-vanced courses in home economics. The otherfoundation courses qualify students for admis-sion only to related advanced courses in thestudy area. A number of students also enterapprenticeships in the field after the foundationcourse year (see Apprenticeship Training).

Foundation courses include study in Nor-wegian, Physical Education, Mathematics forthe Trade, English, Hygiene, Health Care, andspecializations of the chosen field.Six subjects are offered at advanced course Ilevel: fresh foodstuffs, cookery, institutionalcookery, environment and maintenance, care offood, and waiting. All include the study of Nor-wegian, marketing economics, trade theory,work technique, and specialization subjects.This area of study offers a one-year general

3217


studies course that builds on the two-year foun-dation courses. The general studies course com-bines common core subjects and home econom-ics with a specialization in dietary needs.

Students who follow the waiting, cookeryand institutional cookery branch may take craftskill examinations and receive a Craft Certifi-cate (Fagbrev) as a cook or waiter (Kokk or Ser-vitor). They do not qualify for university ma-triculation without further study.

7. The idrettsfag (physical education) area offersone- and two-year foundation courses. Half thetime in the two-year foundation course is de-voted to general studies and half to physicaleducation. On completion of the two-year foun-dation course, students can follow a one-yeargeneral studies course that combines physicaleducation and common core subjects, whichqualifies them for university matriculation.

The 45-minute periods of study per weekin the physical education area in years 1 through3 are as follows: Electives (0/0/3), English(5/0/0), Geography (0/3/0), History to 1850(0/3/0), Mathematics (5/0/0), Modern History(0/0/4), Norwegian (4/5/5), Religion (0/0/3), Sci-ence (0/5/0), Second Foreign Language (4/4/4),Social Studies (2/0/0), Sports History (2/2/0),Sports Instruction (8/8/8), Sports and Society(1/1/2), Sports Theory (0/0/4), and TrainingManagement (2/2/3) for a total of 33/33/36 peri-ods per week in years 1, 2, and 3, respectively.

8. The landbruks- og naturfag (agricultural and ruralsubjects) area provides both practical and theo-retical training in agricultural science.The one-year foundation course is the same forall students, but individual schools emphasizedifferent subjects (care of domestic animals,forestry, gardening, plant production, and ruralstudies).Advanced courses I and II are offered in sevenbranches of agricultural and rural subjects: gen-eral (agronomy), forestry, landscape gardening,market gardening, organic agriculture, reindeermanagement, and rural studies and environ-mental conservation. In advanced course II, stu-dents choose between sections A and B. SectionA is more vocationally oriented, while B concen-trates more on general education.A pelbygningskurs (supplementary course) isavailable to those who have completed ad-vanced course II B in landbruks- og naturfag

18

(agricultural and rural subjects) which will fulfillcollege and university general matriculation re-quirements.A variety of spesialiseringskurs (specializationcourses) are available for those who have com-pleted advanced course II A or B, referred to astekniker (technician) courses, in such areas asworking with domestic animals, plant cultiva-tion and research methods, economics and ad-ministration, etc. The periods of study per weekin the agricultural and rural subjects area arelisted on page 19.

9. The sjofartsfag (maritime subjects) area of studytrains personnel for seafaring and offshore work,with particular emphasis on training to be a shipmachinist. The several branches offer a three-year course of study which, with relevant expe-rience, leads to vocational certificates.

The program gives an introduction intomaintenance of machine technical equipmentand is very practically oriented. The studies aredivided into four branches, each offering ad-vanced programs in engine mechanics and ma-chinery. These courses lead to the vocationalcertificates listed below.

Electro-automation branch, leading to theElectro-Automation Technician CertificateCommunications branch, leading to theGeneral Radio-Telegraphist CertificateEngineering branch, leading to the MarineEngineering Certificate, Class 4Nautical branch, leading to the Deck Offi-cer Certificate, Class 4Two 1-year courses at advanced course III

level replaced former half-year courses and pro-vide a theoretical basis with the same contentfor the qualifications noted below. These quali-fications also require practical shipboard expe-rience.a. Marine Engineering

1) Engineer Officer Certificate Class 2 (1stEngineer)

2) Engineer Officer Certificate Class 1(Chief Engineer)

b. Nautical branch1) Deck Officer Certificate Class 2 (1st

Mate)2) Deck Officer Certificate Class 1 (Cap-

tain)10. The sosial- og helsefag (social and health sub-

jects)also referred to as helse- og miljojag

33

(health and environment subjects)area ofstudy prepares students for paramedical profes-sions. Admission to nursing assistant courses isvery competitive. Most students will have hadsubstantial previous experience as an aide in thenursing care field.The one-year foundation course concentrateson health and environmental subjects and iscomposed of the following studies (periods perweek are noted in parentheses): Electives (2),Environmental Studies (11), Norwegian (4),Physical Education (2), Science (2), Social andHealth Studies (9), and Social Science (2) for atotal of 32 periods per week.


The two-year foundation course includesthe one-year foundation course listed above andone year of study in general studies area sub-jects. The structure (with periods of study foryears 1 and 2, respectively, in parentheses) is asfollows: Cost/Nutrition/Environment (7/4),Electives (9/4), English (5/3), Geography (0/3),History (0/3), Norwegian (4/5), Physical Educa-tion (2/2), Psychology (0/2), Science (2/3), Socialand Health Studies (4/5), and Social Studies(2/0), for a total of 35/34 periods per week inyears 1 and 2, respectively.

Successful completion of the two-yearfoundation course qualifies students for the ad-

Agricultural and Rural Subjects Curriculum, 45-Minute Teaching Periods per Week/Year

Subjects Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4°

Sec. A Sec. BA-Language (English) S

B-Language 8

Biology 3 5

Chemistry 3t

Early History 3

Economics 3 7 4Mathematics 2 3 5t

Norwegian 2 2 2 5 5

Optional Subjects 2 2 2 1

Physical Education 2 2 2 2 2

Production Subjects 17 17 18 10

Project Work 1 1

Recent History 4

Religious Education 2

Science 5

Social Studies 2

Technical Subjects 3 6 3 2

Periods per Week 35 35 35 35 35

Pelbygningskurs (supplementary course)tSubjects which are not required for general matriculation, but which may be used to satisfy specialmatriculation requirements to the Norges landbrukshogskole (Norwegian Agricultural University) and theNorges veterinwrhogskole (Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine).

34 19


vanced course I in allmennefag(general studies),or to a supplementary course in health and en-vironment with general studies area subjects aspart of the program.The advanced course I in sosial- og helsefag isoffered in 10 branches which lead to employ-ment in the related field. The branches andtotal hours in required subjects or the numberof required periods taught per week are:

Apotektekniker (pharmacy technician): Nor-wegian (190 hours), physical education (76), ba-sic electronic data processing instruction (76),field work (270), commodity study (340), com-modity management (110), dispensing (110),workplace and environment (44), electives (114).

Barnepleier (nursery assistant): Norwegian(5 weekly periods), physical education (2), worktheory and environment (11), practical experi-ence (14), electives (3).

Fotterapeut (foot therapist): Norwegian (5weekly periods), physical education (2), worktheory (10), practical experience (18).

Helsesektrtar (health secretary): Norwegian(190 hours), English (190), mathematics (190, or76 depending on subjects selected), physicaleducation (76), practical accounting (266), sci-ence (266), social and health studies (152), elec-tives (0, or 114 depending on subjects selected).If mathematics is taken for 190 hours, a portionwill count in the electives.

Hjelptpleier (auxiliary nurse): Norwegian (5weekly periods), physical education (2), worktheory (8), practical experience and work tech-nique (17), electives (3).

Hjelpepleierutdanning for voksne (auxiliarynurse course for adults): Norwegian (2 weeklyperiods); physical education (2); anatomy,physiology, nursing instruction (4); social andhealth studies (2); nursing (9); practical experi-ence (16).

Hudpleier(skin care consultant): Norwegian(5 weekly periods), physical education (2), worktechnique (18), professional theory (10).

Legesekretter(medical secretary): Norwegian(5 weekly periods), physical education (2), worktheory (10), medical secretary work in a healthinstitution (7), medical secretary service in pri-mary care service (8).

Pleie- og omsorgsfag (nursing and care assis-tant course): Norwegian (190 hours), English(190), mathematics (190 or 76), physical educa-

20

tion (76), cost/nutrition/environment (190),pedagogical psychology and ethics (152), healthinstruction/physiology/nursing instruction(304), microbiology/hygiene/social studies (38),electives (0 or 13). When mathematics is takenfor 190 hours, it will be counted as an electivesubject.

Tanntekniker (dental assistant): A three-yearcourse, which combines theory and practice.Prior to 1992-93, dental assistant training wasnot offered in the upper secondary school, butin a one-year tannlegesekretarskole (dental assis-tant school) program at the University of Oslo(see "Dentistry" and "Dental Hygiene" inChapter V). The upper secondary tannteknikerprogram now includes a grunnkurs (foundationcourse) and videtvgdende kurs I og II (advancedcourse I and II).A videregdende kurs II (advanced course II) isoffered in each specialty as well as the two moregeneral supplementary courses listed below.A supplementary course (pdbygningskuts) inhealth and environment is offered for those whohave satisfactorily completed a two-year foun-dation course in the area of study. It includesthe following weekly periods of study: Norwe-gian (5), history (4), religion (3), physical educa-tion (4), social studies I (5), social knowledge (5),obligatory foreign language (3), and electives(6). Graduates are eligible for university ma-triculation if they have studied one year of elec-tive mathematics, a second foreign language,and one additional subject from the general areaof studies. If they have not completed thesestudies, they are eligible for matriculation innonuniversity tertiary level institutions of nurs-ing, nursing for the mentally handicapped, so-cial welfare, ergotherapy, preschool teaching,child welfare, and general teaching (if they hadone year of elective mathematics).

In addition a supplementary course in gen-eral study subjects includes Norwegian (5), re-ligion (1), French or German (7), social studies(5), sociology (5), history of political thought (2),social economics (3), and physical education (2).Graduates of this course are qualified for ma-triculation at a university or other tertiary levelinstitution if they have studied one year ofelec-tive mathematics, a second foreign language,and one additional subject from the general areaof study.

35

Apprenticeship Training

Many of the subjects offered in vocational areas ofstudy can also be completed as part of apprentice-ship training. The conditions for this form of trainingare laid down in the Vocational Training Act of 1980,which concerns apprenticeship training in the work-place. In addition to outlining the provisions govern-ing the rights and duties of apprentices and trainingestablishments, the Act establishes rules governingthe craft and journeyman's examinations and tosome extent the apprentices' school (larlingskole)and training. Appendix A lists all trades in whichapprenticeships are offered and the length of eachprogram.

Anyone who has completed compulsory educa-tion, is under the age of 20, and is engaged in workin a trade or craft is considered an apprentice and issubject to the provisions of this act. All apprenticesunder the age of 20 who have not received advancedinstruction in the trade must attend apprentices'schools at the upper secondary level. The Ministry-approved curriculum, laid down by the trainingcouncil for the trade or craft in question, comprisesboth practical training, the principal elements andframework for theoretical training, as well as theexamination regulations.

Apprenticeship training consists of a combina-tion of formal vocational education in school andpractical theoretical training on the job. Studentsattend school one day a week over a three- or four-year period, or the equivalent in short concentratedcourses, and spend the remainder of their time inon-the-job training. As of 1994 all apprentices arerequired to complete two years of school work andone year of practical work. An apprenticeship can beentered into without any prior upper secondary vo-cational training. Most students, however, take afoundation course and possibly an advanced courseI in an upper secondary school program and thenenter an apprenticeship.

The on-the-job training portion of an appren-ticeship program normally lasts from two to fouryears, depending on the trade and the student'sprevious education. There are four stages of theo-retical training. Periods of relevant vocational edu-cation at school reduce the length of the apprentice-ship proportionately, i.e., a one-year foundationcourse reduces the apprenticeship by ten months.Students who have completed the foundation


course in a vocational area prior to entering an ap-prenticeship are exempt from the first and secondstage of apprenticeship training. Those who havecompleted advanced course I have also covered thetheoretical portion of apprenticeship training. Chart3.3 indicates the different tracks available for whichapprenticeship programs may be completed.

Students who entered apprenticeships directlyfrom compulsory school may on completion of stagetwo apply for admission to advanced course I, as-suming they have the required practical experience.Students who have completed the third stage ofapprenticeship may apply for admission to advancedcourse II.

On completion of the apprenticeship, a tradeskills or journeyman's examination (svenneptove orfagprove), set by the related trade union, is taken,leading to the award of a trade skills or journeyman'scertificate (svennebrev or fagbrev). A journeyman'scertificate is also referred to as a craft certificate. Thedifference in these two terms is historical; there isno practical difference in training. The fagbrev isgenerally awarded in industrial and service fields,the svennebrev in those areas formerly classified ascrafts.

In a few subjects, the trade skills examinationcan be taken on completion of advanced course II.Usually, however, an additional period of practicaltraining is required. The examination consists of atheoretical and practical part. The theoretical part isconsidered completed when the apprentice haspassed a final examination at apprentices' school orin an appropriate course at the upper secondarylevel. The practical part of the examination is carriedout in the work establishment. The contents of theexamination are established by the appropriatetrade union.

In addition to the vocational certificate, thosewho have completed a full apprenticeship programof any type will receive a vita emdl fra den videregdendeskolen (certificate from upper secondary school),which will list the larlingskolen (apprentice school)studies. The Iterlingskolen documentation providesinformation only on the in-school portion of theapprenticeship program. See sample document 3.6.In practice, an apprentices' school is usually a specialsection of a nearby upper secondary school, butthere are some separate specialized apprentices'schools.

Holders of a svennebrev can apply to the relatedtrade union for a special master craftsman examina-

36 21


tion after several years' experience. The certificateawarded is the mesterbrev (master certificate).

Teknisk Fagskole (Technical School)

Technical schools are part of upper secondary edu-cation and offer two-year programs to students whoalready have trade skills, practical experience inemployment, and/or upper secondary education.

Technical schools offer courses in civil construc-tion, motor mechanics, drilling technology, produc-tion technology, electrical power, electronics, housebuilding, chemistry, machinery, foodstuffs technol-ogy, process technology, welding technology andheating, ventilation, and sanitary technology. A vit-nem& fra den videregdende skole (certificate from up-per secondary school) from the teknisk fagskok isawarded upon completion. This is a vocational cer-tificate, which also qualifies students for furthertechnical studies, usually in an ingenifirhogskole (en-gineering college). Graduates are referred to astekniker (technician). See sample document 3.7.

Some technical schools also offer a one-yearcourse of additional studies in certain subjects.

22

Private Upper SecondarySchools

There are a few private secondary schools. Manyoffer evening courses. Students follow the sameacademic programs as students in public schools.The private schools may offer internal final exami-nations only if approved by the Council on Secon-dary School Affairs. Students attending privateschools that do not have this approval must apply totake the national examinations in every subject forwhich they wish to have documented credit in orderto pursue further education. Private school recordsfrom schools without Council approval will onlyreport grades for national examinations.

International Baccalaureate

Some upper secondary schools offering the generalstudies area also offer the International Baccalaure-ate (IB) program. The IB program requires two yearsof study and is taught entirely in English. It isnormally begun after the student has completed thefoundation year of the general studies area program.

37


Chart 3.3. Tracks for Completion of Apprenticeship Programs

Trades With Three Years' Apprenticeship

Apprenticeship with apprentices' school-36 months

Foundationcourse*

practicalexamination

Apprenticeship with apprentices' school practical26 months

Foundation Advancedcourse course I+

Apprenticeship-16 months

FoundationCourse

Advancedcourse I

Advancedcourse II

WpprenticeshipII 6 months

examination



All -round experience after 20 years of age-45 monthswith or withouttheory course

Trades With Four Years' Apprenticeship

*A completed course in a relevant subject isrecognized as equivalent to a certain numberof months of apprenticeship. Only one courseat each stage is recognized.

+In some trades additional theory is taught atapprentices' school.

practical andtheoreticalexamination

Apprenticeship with apprentices' school-48 months

Foundationcourse Apprenticeship with apprentices' school-38 months

Foundation Advancedcourse course II+ Apprenticeship, with or without apprentices' school-28 months

Foundation Advanced AdvancedCOMA course I course II

Apprenticeship-18 months





Ail-round experience after 20 years of age-60 monthswith or without theory coursepractical andtheoreticalexamination

Source: The Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs, May 1992.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 38 23


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ader 41

Chapter 4

HIGHER EDUCATION

Overview of Higher Education

in 1993 the system of higher education underwenta comprehensive restructuring process. There weremore than 100 public institutions and numerousprivate institutions (see Appendix B). These in-cluded the university sector (four public universi-ties; six public specialized university-level institu-tions; and two private university-level institutions),and the public college sector (numerous multi-fieldinstitutions, as well as single-field institutions). Inaddition, there were private colleges that offerededucation in various fields, the majority in the areaof business.

Academic Year

At most institutions of higher education, classesstart in August and end in June. There are twosemesters: the hostsemester (autumn semester) thatlasts from August to December and the vdrsemester(spring semester) that runs from January to June.Summer terms are becoming more common. Ex-cluding examination periods, vacations, and sum-mer terms, usually 28 weeks of teaching are pro-vided per year at most institutions.

State Educational Loan Fund

The State Educational Loan Fund (Statenslanekasse for utdanning; Postboks 195 Okern, 1510Oslo; Tel: +47 22 72 67-00) was established in 1947.It is operated by the government for the benefit ofstudents attending secondary and tertiary educa-tional programs. Financial aid is normally limited tothose enrolled in fulltime studies, but certain cate-gories of part-time students are eligible. Tuition atpublic institutions is not required in Norway; schol-arships and loans awarded by the Loan Fund are

26

intended to be used for students' living expensesand books. Repayment of loans is not required aslong as students are still studying; once studentsgraduate, they repay the loan over a maximum pe-riod of 20 years. The loan is interest free untileducation is completed. If education is considerablydelayed, interest may be charged from the timeeducation should have been completed.

To continue receiving scholarships and loans,students must demonstrate they are progressing intheir education at a rate established by the LoanFund. The Loan Fund awards financial aid on thebasis of the time it normally takes to complete oneacademic program. Funding for advanced degreeprograms may be considered, but is not automatic.Students in private institutions have the same rightsto state scholarships and loans when the programsin which they are enrolled are recognized by theMinistry of Education, Research and Church Affairs.

For Norwegian students studying in the UnitedStates, loans are available for academic work at thesophomore level or higher (in most cases) in four-year tertiary-level institutions. US programs musthave programmatic accreditation and be offered byinstitutions which have regional academic accredi-tation. Grants and loans are sent to the student twicea year, usually some weeks before the beginning ofthe term. The individual student is responsible tothe school for the payment of fees.

Student Welfare Organizations

National student welfare organization and individ-ual college and university student welfare organiza-tions represent Norwegian students in a wide rangeof student welfare matters. For example, studenthousing, financed in part by public funding, is ad-ministered by student welfare organizations thatalso oversee student nursery schools, student cafe-terias, and student health services.

42

Supervision of Education

The Ministry of Education, Research and ChurchAffairs has ultimate responsibility for public highereducation in Norway, except for the Norges land-brukshogskole (The Agricultural University of Nor-way) and the Norges veterinxrhogskole (Norwe-gian College of Veterinary Medicine) which are theresponsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture.

The Ministry of Education, Research andChurch Affairs regulates which programs of studyare offered, funds a specified number of studentplaces per institution and faculty in relation to ad-mission capacities, and specifies which degrees anddiplomas may be awarded by each institution. Inaddition, it prepares national curricula which indi-cate the general nature and duration of study pro-grams. Individual institutions, however, have sub-stantial autonomy in determining how the programswill be implemented. Universities and specializeduniversity-level institutions are accorded more in-dependence in terms of course content than otherhigher education institutions.

Approximately 90% of students in higher edu-cation programs are enrolled in public institutions.The various private institutions of higher educationreceive between 10% and 100% of their budgetsthrough public funding.

Overview of Legislation andTransfer Credit

In 1970 the Act of Examinations and Degrees waspassed to regulate the tertiary education sector. TheAct made it formally possible to combine educationfrom different university faculties, other universi-ties, and university-level institutions. The institu-tion.: coordinated their decisions through recom-mendations made by the Nasjonalt KoordinerendeUtvalg/NKU (National Coordinating Commission)of the Norwegian Council of Universities. TheNKU was established in 1973 to ensure that eachuniversity and university-level institution was se-curing equal credit for the same examinations takenat other institutions.

In addition, the Act specified that examinationsfrom other universities or university-level institu-tions receive full transfer credit as long as the studieswere compatible with the degree to be pursued and

Higher Education

that studies from the public or private colleges(nonuniversity tertiary-level institutions) wereeither fully credited, partially credited, or were com-pletely refused.

In 1977 the Ministry of Education, Researchand Church Affairs was entitled by Parliament toextend the application of the 1970 Act of Examina-tions and Degrees to include colleges. This was putinto effect in 1981 and was linked to the introductionof a regional candidatus magisterii (regional cond. mag.)degree. Since 1981, then, studies completed at themajority of nonuniversity tertiary-level institutionshave received full transfer credit in university de-gree programs. Universities have the right to temperthe amount of transfer credit. For the most part,however, the NKU recommendations are followed.

Nonuniversity tertiary-level institutions in-clude the following:1. distriktshfigskolene (regional colleges)2. ingeniohfigskolene (engineering colleges)3. kommunal- og sosialhfigskolene (local government

administration and social work colleges)4. pedagogiske hfigskolene (colleges of education)5. Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State

Academy of Music)6. Norsk journalisthogskole (Norwegian College

of Journalism)7. Statens bibliotek- og informasjonshogskole

(Norwegian School of Library and InformationScience)Throughout the 1980s, the college system ex-

panded. Colleges of nursing and other health sci-ences were transferred from municipal to nationaljurisdiction or from the jurisdiction of the Ministryof Social Affairs to the Ministry of Education, Re-search and Church Affairs. These colleges soughtthe same rights for transfer of credit that other col-leges enjoyed. It was decided that nursing andhealth sciences programs with a substantial practicalcomponent would receive partial transfer credit.

The University Act of 1989 replaced the 1970Act of Examinations and Degrees and subsequentacts pertaining to individual universities, though thestructure and logic remained the same. Chapter 11of the University Act of 1989 regulates the transfercredit practices of virtually all public tertiary-levelinstitutions, leaving the NKU to recommend thetransfer of credit between private institutions(which in 1991 enrolled approximately 10,000 stu-dents) and public institutions twice each year.

43 27

Ilidier Education

A Dual System of Education:The University and College Sectors

Norway has a dual system of formal higher educa-tion: the university sector and the college sector.The university sector includes 10 public institutionsand two private institutions. These institutions carryout research, and all but one offer instruction to thelevel of the doctorate. In 1993 approximately 72,000students were enrolled in university sector institu-tions.

Det norske universitetsrad (The NorwegianCouncil of Universities, Harald HArfagresgt 17, 5007Bergen) was established by the 10 public university-sector institutions in 1976 to coordinate the views ofthe institutions. The National Coordinating Com-mission or NKU is one committee of the Council.The Council represents the interests of the in-titu-tions to, and is supported by, the Ministry of Educa-tion, Research and Church Affairs. The Council'smain objectives are 1) to develop strategies forhigher education and research in the university sys-tem, 2) to improve national coordination, and 3) tobe a joint contact point to the international networkof universities.

The public college sector has been reorganized.The number of colleges was reduced from 98 to 26.Including the universities, only 17 of the 98 highereducation institutions enrolled at least 1000 stu-dents in 1992. Because of the large number of smallinstitutions in the college sector, the Ministry ofEducation, Research and Church Affairs was author-ized by Parliament to reduce the number of institu-tions. As of August 1994, the colleges will be reor-ganized into larger units by mergers of the collegesin the same local vicinity and, in some cases, withinlarger areas such as counties. There will be 26 newhfigskoler (colleges). Many of the colleges will com-plete their merging gradually throughout 1994,though some of the colleges may keep their individ-ual identities for a longer period of time.

The public colleges offer two-, three- and four-year programs in many fields. Approximately 65,000students were enrolled in these institutions in 1993.The types of colleges reorganized into the 26 largerhrigskoler are listed below:1. barneuernsakademiet (preschool teachers' col-

lege)2. bibliotek- og informasjonshogskok (library and in-

formation science college)3. dirtriktshOgskole (regional college)

28

4. hsioterapihrigskole (physical therapy college)5. helsefagskole (health professions college)6. hogskolesenter (college center)7. ingeniorhogskole (engineering college)8. journalisthogskok (journalism college)9. larerhogskoleorpedagogisk hogskole (teachers' col-

lege or college of education)10. maritim hogskok (maritime college)11. musikkonsetvatorium (music conservatory)12. neeringsmiddelteknisk hogskole (food technology

college)13. reseptarhogskole (pharmacy technician's college)14. sosialhogskok (social work college)15. sykepleierhogskok (nursing college)16. vernepleierhogskok (social educator college)17. okoaomisk hogskole (business college)

Appendix B lists the new hfigskoler as of 1994,and the names of the colleges that are being consoli-dated to form them. It also lists eight public institu-tions offering education in art and design plus onecollege under municipal jurisdiction (0konomiskCollege) which are not part of the reorganization. Inaddition, 20 private college-sector institutions thatreceive government funding are included as arepublic and private institutions with programs par-tially or fully recognized by the NKU that are notgovernment funded.

PROVISIONS FOR ACADEMICTRANSFER WITHIN NORWAY:THE CANDIDATUS /CANDIDATA MAGISTERII(CAND. MAC.) DEGREE

Progression through the levels of higher educa-tion and within the levels of higher education inNorway is based on a system of building blocks andease of transfer from one institution to another. Inmany fields, this is accomplished by students study-ing one subject at a time in depth and, once com-pleted, moving on to another subject, whether at thesame institution or another institution. This systemdepends on regulations regarding transfer to andfrom public colleges and universities. Since privateinstitutions offer institution-specific programs andaward their own credentials for the most part, trans-fer from private to public institutions is dependentupon recommendations made by the NasjonaltKoordinerende Utvalg/NKU (National Coordinat-ing Commission). These procedures are describedin the section above.

44

Most of the public colleges are authorized toaward the regional (regional) candidatus /a magisterii(cand. mag.) degree candidatus for males, and can-didata for females. This four-year degree requiresthat at least one subject be studied for three semes-ters, another subject for two semesters, and addi-tional elective subjects for the remaining three se-mesters. Unless the student transfers to a universityand completes all university degree requirements,including the examen philosophicum, the regionalcand. mag. degree will be awarded by the college-sector institution the student attended at least oneyear of the four years of required study. While mostcolleges do not offer integrated programs longerthan three years in length, additional academic pro-grams at least one semester in length completed atany public college, university, or university-levelinstitution may apply to the four-year requirementfor the regional cand. mag (See also the sectionentitled "The College Sector" later in this chapter.)

This degree is considered in Norway to be at thesame level as a university-awarded cand. mag de-gree, which is the basic university degree (see"Structure of Degree Programs" below). Individu-als holding a regional cand. mag. degree are entitledto all of the same rights as those with a cand. magdegree awarded by a university, including eligibilityfor admission to an advanced degree program of-fered by a university. Sample documents 4.1 and 4.2are examples of a regional cand. mag. degree and auniversity-awarded cand. mag degree.

The University Sector

UNIVERSITIES AND SPECIALIZEDUNIVERSITY-LEVEL INSTITUTIONS

Norway's four universities, the University of Ber-gen, University of Oslo, University of Tromso, andthe University of Trondheim, offer a variety of de-gree studies in the arts, mathematics and naturalsciences, social sciences and psychology; and profes-sional degree programs in dentistry, engineeringand architecture, law, medicine, pharmacy, and the-ology. Degrees are awarded by a specific faculty,except in the case of special inter-faculty degreeswhich are comprised of subjects from several facul-ties, or, in some cases, from other institutions. Thedegree is then awarded by the university rather thanby an individual faculty.

Higher Education

Six public institutions and two private institu-tions are classified as specialized university-levelinstitutions. They each offer instruction in one mainacademic area. All but one institution award theirown degrees up to the level of the doctorate. Theseinstitutions offer professional degree programs thatare described in the appropriate sections by field ofstudy. They are:1. Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo (Oslo School of Archi-

tecture)2. I-landelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of

Management) - private3. Norges handelshoyskole (Norwegian School of

Economics and Business Administration)4. Norges idrettshogskole (Norwegian University

of Physical Education and Sport)5. Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State

Academy of Music) [no doctorate]6. Norges landbrukshogskole (The Agricultural

University of Norway)7. Norges veterinxrhogskole (Norwegian College

of Veterinary Medicine)8. Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (Free Fac-

ulty of Theology)-private

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS ANDPROCEDURES

Admission to the universities and the special-ized university-level institutions requires successfulcompletion of three years of upper secondary schoolstudy in specified subjects. Competition for placesin the institutions is based on numerical informa-tion, rather than on a student's individual charac-teristics. Points are based on the grades obtained onthe vitnemdl fra den videregdende skolen (certificatefrom the upper secondary school) and on supple-mentary points. The final score that determinesadmission is made up of three sets of points: a)karakterpoeng, which is the upper secondary schoolaverage of all grades received multiplied by 10; b)fordypningspoeng, which are extra points given foradvanced courses taken in the upper secondaryschool general subjects area only; and c) tilleggspoeng,which are supplementary points given either forprevious college or university study, age, and/orpractical experience. Applicants are ranked accord-ing to the total number of points obtained.

As of 1993, most public higher education insti-tutions use the same admission criteria with someexceptions in medicine and mathematics and natu-

45 29

Hig /ler Education

..1111/1 TM

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Document 4.1. Candidatusla Magisterii (Cand Mag.) Degree Awarded by Regionale Hogskoler(Regional Colleges)

30 46 BEST COPY AVALABLF

THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY OF OSLO

THE DEGREE

CANDIDATA/CANDIDATUS MAGISTERII

HAS BEEN AWARDED TO

Higier Education

The cand.mag. degree at The Faculty of Social SciencesUniversity of Oslo

The sand. mag. degree is a first degree ha the social sciences. It Is the basis for advancedstudies In the social sciences at the univemity level.

Admission to the degree course requires meeting general university ttinalnet laanUnOnames and completing the preliminary ezaminatke (seamen philosopblcum) In the histnry of philosophy, logic & communication, and the philosophy of science.

length at the delvee course Is seven semesters fulielme study after examen pbaa**Means Zr is normally awarded after completing examinations in three subject areas.The following combinations lead to a card. mag. degree:

1. One nredomfag araermediate mune) and 2 grumfag (Foundanon courses)'2 Two mace** Om:mediae courses) and I sersartennena (Semester course)3. One mallonlag (Intermediate course), 1 gnantiag (Pourdation course), and

2 anrarstwerenar (Semester courses)

Examination's Candidates must pass examinations at the end of semesterentne, rums-fag, and mellontrag mums. These examinations consist of one or more written exami-nations and an oral exarnindion. Semester reports, project work and group wait canalso faro pan of the course work.

Grades, The grading sale for the majority of exams tenses from 1.0 (highest) to 4.0(lowest pass mark) with the following categories:

Isudabills case cadets 1.0 - 1.5Lusiabilis 1.6 - 2.5Haud illaudabdis 2.6 - 3.2Noe contemns:netts 3.3 - 4.0

The grade Laudabilis peas muds (1.0 - 1.5) is very rarely obtained by students at thislevel. In most subjects, the average gnmnfag mark Is 2.7.

Some ommlnation use s Pam/Pall (Godkjenteikke godkent) grading scale.

Degrees. A and. meg. degree in social sciences requires that at lout two of the sub-jects must be in the social sciences. A minimum at one Foundation comae must havebeen taken in the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Oslo.

Examinations from ocher higher education institutions an be used as pen of the caner.meg. degree if they meet the academic requirements of the Faculty.

getant(ag (Foundation course) requires 2 semesters full-tlme work in 1 subjectmadosr(ag (Intermediate course) requires 3 semesters fug -time work In 1 subjectsemesteremmt (Semester course) requires I semester full -time wort In 1 subject

UNIVERSITY OF OSLOTHE FACULTY OP SOCIAL SCIENCES

The outdate wand the laikeelne edditionel ateellnetlone r the Uebvereay dada

naardonfral Doe Grade

Nom

Document 4.2. andidatuda Magisterii (and Mag.) Degree Awarded by the University of Oslo(English Version)

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 4731

Hipier Education

ral sciences. The university matriculation require-ments may be met in a variety of upper secondaryschool programs. See Chapter III for details.

Universities and university-level institutions donot have a centralized application processing center.Each faculty processes applications for admissionindependently, so when students wish to changefaculties within an institution, they must reapply.

GRADING AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL

Grading in Norway is somewhat uniform at thetertiary-level. Most universities and specialized uni-versity-level institutions use the 1.0 to 6.0 scaledescribed below. Grading practices for universityfaculties and certain specialized university-level in-stitutions that use other grading practices are notedin the institutional profiles or in the appropriatesections of Chapter V, "Education by Fields ofStudy."

The 1.0 to 6.0 scale defines 1.0 as the bestpossible grade and 4.0 as the minimum passinggrade. Grades of 4.1 to 6.0 do not appear on thetranscript. Some courses are graded on a bestdttlikkebestdtt (pass/fail) basis. Degrees are classified accord-ing to the following scale:

laudabilis prae ceteris or scerelelets tilfredsstillende(excellent)-1.0 to 1.5laudabilis or meget tilfredsstillende (very good) -1.6 to 2.5haud illaudabilis or tilfredsstillende (satisfac-tory)-2.6 to 3.2non contemnendus or noenlunde tilfredsstillende(passable)-3.3 to 4.0contemnendus or ikke tilfredsstillende (failure)-4.1to 6.0Very rarely does a student achieve a degree

classification of laudabilis prae ceteris. Until very re-cently, students achieving this classification werepresented to the Norwegian king.

Students earning the minimum grade of 4.0 areeligible for graduation. They are theoretically ad-missible to an advanced degree program. Due tolimited capacity, however, admission to many ad-vanced degree programs requires a grade of 2.5 to2.7 in the subject studied in the basic degree pro-gram that the student wishes to study at an advancedlevel. In light of this information, grading practicesused at most universities and specialized university-level institutions are supplied below.

32

UniversityGrading

1.0-2.3

2.4-2.7

2.8-3.2

3.3-4.0

4.1-6.0

Suggested USEquivalent

A

B

B-,C+

C

STRUCTURE OF DEGREE PROGRAMS

After completion of upper secondary school,students may choose to study in the fields of arts andsciences, or they may elect to study in a profession-ally oriented degree program.

Class attendance at universities is, in somecases, not obligatory; students may attend any num-ber of lectures to prepare for examinations. Success-ful completion of examinations results in the stu-dent's earning Norwegian credit units, or vekttall.Fulltime study for one semester is defined as enroll-ment in coursework representing 10 vekttall. Degreeprograms are made up of specified numbers ofvekttall in specified subjects.

The Basic University Degreein Arts and Sciences

The basic university degree in the arts andsciences is the candidatus / candidata magisterii (cand.mag.)the candidatus for male students and thecandidata for female students. Only the Faculties ofArts, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, and SocialSciences award the university cand. mag. degree.The cand. mag. is composed of a number of vekttallcompleted over 31/2 to four years of study in speci-fied subjects; or the introductory program known asthe examen philosophicum (philosophical examina-tion) plus blocks of study known as the grunnfag(foundation subject), mellomfag (intermediate sub-ject), storfag (major subject), semesteremne (semestercourse) or delfag (partial subject), or halvsemesteremne(half-semester course). Many university facultiesreport completed coursework in terms of theseblocks of study. Each block, however, represents aspecified amount of vekttall.

The minimum requirements for the university-awarded cand. mag. include the following: 1) oneyear of residency at the university awarding thedegree; 2) examen philosophicum; 3) grunnfag com-

48

pleted at any university or college; 4) mellomfagcompleted at one of the four universities; and 5)approved elective subjects completed at the collegeor university which make up the balance of the3V2 or four-year program.

Examen Philosophicum (Philosophical Examina-tion). The examen philosophicum (ex. phil.) is apreliminary examination required by the major-ity of Norwegian university faculties. (Univer-sity degree programs not requiring this exami-nation are noted in the institutional profiles.) Itis usually taken upon completion of an introduc-tory program studied during the first semesterof enrollment. In most faculties it must bepassed before further examinations can be at-tempted. The universities have different ar-rangements for administering the cc. phil. Insome cases, students are able to choose betweena written examination based on study of re-quired topics (thilstudiumsvarianten) and an oralexamination based on a research paper (normal-varianten).

The curriculum for the University of Oslo'sex. phil., for example, consists of two parts: 1)history of philosophy and history of science(eight philosophersPlato, Aristotle, Galileo,Descartes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, and Wittgen-steinare studied in detail); and 2) logic andphilosophy of science (theory of knowledge,conception of the world, ethics, and social-po-litical theory).

Each university prepares its own ex. phil.curriculum. The curriculum is the same for allstudents regardless of the faculty in which thestudent enrolls. The ex. phil. represents comple-tion of the equivalent of different numbers ofvekttall depending on which faculty and univer-sity the student attends. The University of Oslodoes not assign vekttall for the ex. phil. TheUniversity of Bergen assigns 5 vekttall for the ex.phit for all students, and the University ofTrondheim assigns 7 vekttall. At the Universityof Tromso, the ex. phit represents completionof the equivalent of 10 vekttall. The NorwegianState Educational Loan Fund considers enroll-ment in the semester leading to the ex. phit tobe fulltime study.Forberedende Prover (Preparatory Examina-tions). Preparatory examinations specific to theselected field of study are required of studentsenrolled in some cand. mag. programs. These

HiDier Education

exams are usually taken during the same semes-ter as the ex. phil. Preparation for them is part ofthe degree programs. If required, they must bepassed before additional faculty examinationsare attempted.

For example, the general course in phonet-ics and linguistics is required of students wish-ing to complete a basic degree in languages.The University of Oslo and the University ofTromso do not assign a specific amount ofvekttall to this examination; the Universities ofBergen and Trondheim assign 5 and 4 vekttall,respectively.

In addition, the University of Bergen re-quires of all other students in the Faculty of Artsa 5-vekttall examination in the history and objec-tives and functions of the humanities. Similarly,students pursuing basic degrees in the Facultiesof Social Sciences and Mathematics and NaturalSciences of the University of Bergen are re-quired to complete a 5-vekttall course in eithermethodology of the social sciences or basicmathematics.Grunnfag (Foundation Subject). The grunnfagconsists of two semesters of study in a singlesubject area and represents the equivalent of 20vekttall. The grunnfag is not considered com-plete and will not be noted on the student'srecord until the final grunnfag examination ispassed. Normally, no partial credit is awarded.Lectures and seminars are offered but no spe-cific course examinations are given.

The grunnfag in psychology, for example,aims to give students a basic understanding ofmodern psychology. There are lectures andseminars. The syllabus covers an introductionto psychology, cognitive psychology, human de-velopment, social psychology, abnormal psy-chology, and the history of psychology. Stu-dents are encouraged to read beyond the recom-mended reading list. The exam consists of two8-hour exams and an oral exam (University ofOslo Catalog).Mellomfag (Intermediate Subject). The mellom-fag consists of a total of three semesters of studyin a single subject and represents the equivalentof 30 vekttall. It includes the 20-vekttallgrunnfag.Students may choose to take the final mellomfagexamination at the completion of the three se-mesters of study (skipping the grunnfag exami-nation), or they may take agrunnfagexamination

49 33

Higier Education

after two semesters, and the mellomfagexamina-tion after the third semester. The mellomfag isnot considered complete and will not be notedon the student's record until the final examina-tion is passed. An example of subject matterincluded in a mellomfag that builds on the cur-riculum for the grunnfag follows.

In the mellomfag in psychology, studentsspecialize in either social psychology or devel-opmental psychology. Students submit a se-mester report of 15-20 pages that are related totheir area of specialization. The mellomfag alsocovers methodology, psychology as a discipline,applications of psychology, and psychology as ateaching subject. The exam consists of an 8-hour written exam and an oral exam. The se-mester report counts two-thirds of the finalmark, and the exams (mainly the written) makeup the remaining one-third (University of OsloCatalog).Storfag (Major Subject). The stotfag consists offour semesters of study in a single subject andrepresents the equivalent of 40 vekttall, includ-ing the 30-vekttall for the mellomfagandgrunnfag.

The stotfag may be completed according toone of three models:

1) one examination after four semesters ofstudy;2) a grunnfag examination after two semes-ters, plus a mellomfag examination after oneadditional semester, plus the storfag exami-nation after the fourth and final semesters;Or

3) a grunnfag examination after two semes-ters of study, plus the stotfag examinationafter an additional two semesters. The stor-fag is not considered complete and will notbe noted on the student's record until thefinal examination is passed.

Semesteremne (Semester Course) or Delfag (Par-tial Subject). A semesteremne or delfag is a one-se-mester program in a single subject in a fielddifferent from the subject studied in thegrunnfag or mellomfag. It is the equivalent of 10vekttall.Halvsemestetrmne (Half-Semester Course). Ahalvsemesteremne is a half-semester program in asingle subject in a different field than that stud-ied in thegrunnfagormellomfag.lt represents theequivalent of 5 vekttall.

34

Faculties Offering the Basic University Degreein Arts and Sciences

Historisk-Filosofisk Fakultet (Faculty of Arts)

The faculties of arts of each of the universitiesutilize the same structure for the cand. mag. degree.Stated combinations of grunnfag, mellomfag, etc.must be completed to earn the degree of cand. mag.However, the University of Trondheim is unique. Itassigns credit values, or vekttall, to smaller courseunits.

At all four universities, the cand. mag. degree inthe Faculty of Arts requires a minimum of four yearsof fulltime study or its equivalent, including theexamen philosophicum and study in at least two sub-jects within the subject area of the Faculty of Arts(one studied for at least three semesters [mellomfag/and the other for at least two semesters [ grunnfag/).The remaining three semesters of study are com-prised of elective subjects.

The combinations of examinations listed onpage 37 make up the minimum requirements for acand. mag. degree. All combinations comprise the ex.phit plus study representing 70 vekttall. The exami-nations may be taken in any order, although the ex.phil. is normally taken first.

Samfunnsvitenskaplig Fakultet(Faculty of Social Sciences)

The cand. mag. degree offered by universityfaculties of social sciences follows the same basicstructure as cand. mag. degrees offered by facultiesof arts. It represents completion of the ex. phil. plusstudy representing 70 vekttall, or four years offulltime study. Three subjects are studied, two ofwhich must be in the Faculty of Social Sciences.One social science subject must be studied for atleast three semesters, and the other for at least twosemesters. The third subject may be taken from anyfaculty.

To obtain the clef: - ofeand. mag. in the Facultyof Social Sciences, the student must complete oneof the following combinations of study blocks (pre-sented in Table 4.1, items 4, 6, and 7):1. ex. phil. + 2 mellomfag + 1 semesteremne2. ex. phil. + 2 grunnfag + 1 mellomfag3. ex. phi/. + 1 grunnfag + 1 mellomfag +

2 semesteremner

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Of the four universities, only the Faculty ofSocial Sciences of the University of Oslo also offersa basic degree program in economics, known as thedegree of examen oeconomiae (exam. oecon.). This de-gree includes the ex. phil. plus six semesters of study,or 60 vekttall, all completed in the economics depart-ment.

Holders of the exam. oecon. may further theireducation to the second-level professionally ori-ented degree of candidatus /candidate oeconomiae(candidate in economics) after completion of anadditional two years of economics study.

Matematisk-Natumitenskaplig Fakultet(Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences)

The faculties of mathematics and natural sci-ences at the four universities organize their cand.mag. degree program according to vekttall (credits)rather than by study blocks (e.g., grunnfag, mellom-fag).

The cand. mag. degree is earned through com-pletion of the ex. Phil., plus completion of coursestotalling at least 65 vekttall in approved combina-tions of subjects. Of the 65 vekttall, 20 must be inone subject and 30 in another subject. The remain-ing 15 may be in several different subjects.

Advanced University Degrees inArts and Sciences

Completion of advanced university degrees inarts and sciences represents the accumulation of ahigher, specialized body of knowledge beyond thelevel of the basic university degree. Advanced de-grees generally include coursework, examinations,supervised independent research, and a thesis.Completion of an advanced degree qualifies gradu-ates to apply to doctoral programs in Norway.

Advanced university degrees in arts and sci-ences are offered only by the faculties of arts, mathe-matics and natural sciences, and social sciences.These degrees are based on the cand. mag. degreeand may be earned as a result of extension of studyin the subject that was studied to at least the levelof mellomfag (three semesters of study) for the cand.mag. degree. Advanced study of 11/2 or two years,examinations, and independent research and a the-sis culminate in a hovedfag (main subject) examina-tion with the award of either a cand. philol., cand.scient., or cand. polit. degree.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Higher Education

The hovedfag in the Faculties of Arts and SocialSciences requires four semesters of advanced studyin the main subject (the same subject studied for themellomfagexamination in the cand. mag. degree) andrepresents the equivalent of 40 vekttall. It normallyincludes an examination and a hovedoppgave (thesis)based on supervised independent research, the ex-amination, and thesis, each worth the equivalent of20 vekttall.

The hovedfag in the Faculty of Mathematics andNatural Sciences requires three semesters of ad-vanced study in the main subject and represents theequivalent of 30 vekttall. It normally includes a 10-vekttall examination plus a 20-vekttall hovedoppgavebased on supervised independent research.

Advanced degrees of this type, and the facultiesthrough which they may be earned are listed below:1. Faculty of Arts candidatus /a philologiae (cand.

philol.).2. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

candidatus/a scientiarum (cand. scient.). The cand.scient. replaced the degree of candidatus realium(cand. real.), which was awarded through 1985.

3. Faculty of Social Sciencescandidatus /a mumpoliticarum (cand. polit.).More common in past years, faculties of arts and

social sciences also award the degree of magisterartium (mag. art.) in a limited number of subjectareas. This degree is considered in Norway to be atthe same level as the three degrees listed above, butis more specialized. It has a fixed curriculum, but noobligatory coursework. The main requirement is athesis equivalent to 40 vekttall that must be de-fended in two public lectures. Admission to a mag.art. program is based on a cand. mag. degree withminimum grades of 2.5 in the mellomfag and support-ing subjects, such as twogrunnfag. A minimum gradeof 2.5 must be achieved in the mag. art. thesis andpublic lectures.

Professionally Oriented Degrees

Embetsstudier, or professionally oriented de-grees, lead to qualification for a specific profession.Study is completed mainly in one departmentthroughout the student's university academic ca-reer. The degree of cand. mag. is seldom awarded atan intermediate step during the completion of thistype of degree program.

Embetsstudier programs offered and degrees be-ing awarded as of 1993 are listed in Table 4.2.

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Higher Education

Master's Degrees

A relatively new addition to Norway's highereducation system is the master's degree. Since thelater 1980s, the Ministry of Education, Research andChurch Affairs has authorized the NorwegianSchool of Management (Handelshoyskolen BI), theNorwegian School of Economics and Business Ad-ministration (Norges handelshoyskole), The Agri-cultural University of Norway (Norges landbruk-shogskole), and the four universities to award vari-ous master's degrees.

Master's degrees provide education with an in-ternational orientation. Instruction is in English forthe required one to two years of study. Admissiongenerally requires a bachelor's degree or equivalentfrom British or US educational systems for interna-tional students, or the cand. mag. degree for Norwe-gian students (in most cases) or its equivalent. Con-tent and structure of master's degrees vary; mostinclude coursework and a thesis.

The master's degrees listed in Table 4.3 arepresently authorized; several more are in the plan-ning stages.

Doctoral Degrees

The highest degree awarded by universities andspecialized university institutions is the degree ofdoctor. Two types of doctor degrees, referred to hereas "traditional" and "new," exist in Norway.

Traditional doctor degrees include the doctoragricolae (dr agric.) in agriculture, the doctorphiloso-phiae (dr. philos.) awarded in many fields, the doctortechnicae (dr. tech.) awarded primarily in engineering-related areas, and the doaormedicinaeveterinariae(drmed. vet.) in veterinary medicine. This type of doc-toral degree, earned after many years of indepen-dent research, culminates in a dissertation. Researchfor the dissertation is conducted outside of univer-sity enrollment. Few people pursue traditional doc-toral degrees today, though they are still offered.

The degree of licentiate (lic.) was offered from1953 on. However, only the University of Oslo stillawards this degree. Most institutions discontinuedthis degree in the 1970s. The lic. included one yearof coursework in a major subject and in a minorsubject, plus a thesis for another year. Those with alic. may apply to the university that awarded thedegree to request documentation stating the lic.

36

degree is at the level of the current doctorates beingissued.

The "new" doctoral degree programs were firstauthorized in 1975. Admission to doctoral study isbased on completion of an advanced university de-gree or a professionally oriented degree or otherfaculty-approved educational qualifications, plus adescription of the project that includes a plan fortraining, a time schedule, a funding plan, and aproposal for supervision by one or more professors.

Since 1991 training for a doctoral degree is ex-pected to require a three-year period of researchtraining culminating in the submission of a disserta-tion. Of this period, at least one semester is devotedto organized coursework. Doctoral programs operat-ing from 1975 to 1990 required 21/2 years of researchtraining, including coursework.

The dissertation must reflect independent sci-entific work at a high academic level that contrib-utes new knowledge to the subject and is suitablefor publication as part of the academic literature inthe subject. No work will be accepted that has beenused to complete the thesis requirements in anypreviously earned degrees, unless the previous workis a minor part of a dissertation that consists ofseveral connected works. Dissertations may be writ-ten in Danish, English, French, German, Norwe-gian, or Swedish.

Doctoral degrees of this type and the fields inwhich they are awarded are listed in Table 4.4.

The general structure of university studies, ex-cluding master's degrees, is presented in Chart 4.1.

THE UNIVERSITIES

The four universities in Norway are public in-stitutions that enjoy a large degree of autonomy.Each university is governed by a Senate chaired byan elected Rector who acts as spokesperson for theinstitution. The Council of the Senate is the Sen-ate's advisory body in questions of major universitypolicy.

The faculties are an intermediate level betweenthe Senate and the departments. They carry outuniversity policy and planning in teaching and re-search. In most cases, they are made up of depart-ments which offer instruction in various fields.

Profiles of the four universities follow Vari-ations in translations and Norwegian spelling areinstitution-specific.

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Higfier Education

Table 4.1. Different Study Combinations Leading to University and. Mag. in theFaculty of Arts

Sem. 1 Sem. 2 Sem. 3 Sem. 4 Sem. 5 Sem. 6 Sem. 7 Sem. 8

1. ex. phit mellomfag storfag

2. ex. phil. grunnfag storfag semesteremne

3. ex. phil. storfag grunnfag Isakt-sem.lhalv-saw.

4. ex. phil. mellomfag mellomfag semesteremne

5. ex. phit mellomfag mellomfag 4a/v.-Nothialv-semr.

6. ex. phil. grunnfag grunnfag mellomfag

7. ex. phit grunnfag mellomfag semesteremne semesteremne

Table 4.2. Professionally Oriented Degree Programs

FieldAgriculture

Architecture

Dentistry

Economics

Education

Engineering

Law

Medicine

Music

Pharmacy

Physical Education and

Psychology

Sociology

Theology

Veterinary Medicine

Names of Degrees

Candidatusla agriculturae (Cand. agric.)

Sivilingenior (Siv. ing.) in architecture

Sivilarkitekt (Siv. ark.)

Candidatus/a odontologiae (Cand. odont.)

Candidatus/a oeconomiae (Cand. oecon.)

Sivilokonom (Siv. ok.)

Candidatusla paedagogiae (Cond. paed.)*

Candidatusla paedagogiae specials (Cand. paed. spec)*

Sivilingenior (Siv. jag)*

Candidatusla juris (Cond. juris)*

Candidatus/a medicinae (Cand. med.)*

Candidatus/a musicae (Cand. musicae)

Candidatusla pharmaciae (Cand. pharm.)*

Sport Idrettskandidat

Candidatus psychologiae (Cand. psycho!.)*

Candidatus /a sociologiae (Cand. soda)*

Candidatusla theologiae (Cand. theol)*

Candidatus/a medicinae veterinariae (Cand. med. vet.)

Length

5 years

5 years

5 years

*5 years

2 years"

4 years

6 V2 years

5 years@

4 V2 - 5 years

5 V2 - 6 years

6 or 6 V2 years

2 years#

5 years

2 years#

5 - 7 years

6 years

6 years

5 V 2 - 6 years

Note: The degrees with an asterisk are awarded by at least one of the four universities. The other degrees areawarded only by one of the specialized university-level institutions. The length of the degree programsincludes one semester of study for the ex. phit when it is a program requirement. Admission to the programmarked with a caret (A) is based on a 3 V 2-year examen oeconomiae degree. Admission to the program markedwith the @ symbol is based on 1 V2 to three years of previous tertiary-level education. Admission to thosemarked with a # symbol are based on a four-year candidatusla magisterii degree.

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Higher Education

Table 4.3. Master' s Degree Programs, 1993

Awarding InstitutionHandelshoyskolen BI(Norwegian School ofManagement)

Norges handelshoyskole(Norwegian School ofEconomics and BusinessAdministration)

Norges landbrukshogskole(The AgriculturalUniversity of Norway)

Universitetet i Bergen(University of Bergen)

Universitetet i Oslo(University of Oslo)

Universitetet i Tromso(University of Troms0)

Universitetet i Trondheim,Norges tekniske hogskole(University of TrondheimInstitute of Technology)

Name of Master's DegreeMaster of Business Administration (MBA)

Master of Science (MSc)

Duration11 months

1 or 2 years

Master of International Business (MiB) 1 V 2 years

Master of Science (MSc) in Management of Natural 2 yearsResources and Sustainable Agriculture

Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Fish Resources andFishery Management

Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in History

Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Histopathology

Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in the Medicine ofDeveloping Countries

Master of Science (MSc) in Dentistry

Master of Science (MSc) in Health Promotion

Master of Arts (MA) in Society, Science and Technology

Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in Special Education

Master of Science (MSc) in Dentistry

Master of Public Health (Kandidat i folkehelsevitenskap)

Master of Science (MSc) in Marine Technology

Master of Science (MSc) in Petroleum Exploration

Master of Science (MSc) in Hydropower Development

2 years

2 years

2 years

2 years

2 years

2 years

1-1 V2 years

2 years

2 years

1 year

1 or 2 yearsdepending onpreviouseducation

One additional university operated in Norwayuntil 1992: Maharishi International University wasaffiliated with, but not officially part of, MaharishiInternational University located in Fairfield, Iowa(United States). The institution in Iowa is a region-ally accredited academic institution in the UnitedStates, but the institution in Norway was neverrecognized by educational authorities in Norwayand closed in 1992.

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Universitetet i Bergen (University of Bergen),Langesgate 1, 5020 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 21 21 13;Fax: +47 55 32 04 45.

The University of Bergen is the second largestuniversity in Norway. It was founded in 1946 as thecountry's second university, but its history datesback to 1825 with the founding of the Bergen Mu-seum, now part of the university. The university's

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Hipier Education

Table 4.4. Doctoral Degree Programs, 1993: "New" Type

Name of Credential

Doctor artium (dr. art.)

Doctor ingenior (dr. ing.)

Doctorjuris (dr. juds)

Doctor medidnae (dr. med.)

Doctor odontologiae (dr. odont.)

Doctor oeconomiae (dr. oecon.)

Doctor psychologiae (dr. psycho!.)

Doctor rerun: politicarum (dr. pofit.)

Doctor sdenfiarum (dr. scent.)

Doctor theologiae (dr. theol.)

Fields in Which AwardedArts

Engineering and Architecture

Law (known at some institutions as dr. legis. through 1993)

Medicine

Dental Medicine

Business Administration, Economics, or Management

Psychology

Social Sciences

Mathematics, Agriculture, and Natural Sciences

Theology

seven faculties plus the Institutt for praktisk-peda-gogikk (Institute of Teacher Training) offer instruc-tion in over 80 subjects. The university today isconcentrating resources in marine sciences, sustain-able development, ecology, and internationalhealth. It also operates one of the largest universityclinics in Scandinavia with its connection to a 1400-bed regional hospital and emphasis on medical re-search.

The University of Bergen Office of Interna-tional Relations coordinates approximately 30 fac-ulty and student international exchange agreementsat such institutions as Memorial University of New-foundland (Canada); Rutgers State University, Uni-versity of California-Los Angeles, University ofMinnesota, University of California-Berkeley, Uni-versity of Oregon, University of Washington-Seattle(United States); Universidad de Costa Rica (CostaRica); University of Khartoum (Sudan); Universityof Dar es Salaam (Tanzania); Universite de Caen(France); Christian Albrechts Universitat zu Kiel(Germany); University of York (England); and Trib-huvan University (Nepal).

Research, development, and advanced educa-tion may be completed through attached researchcenters and through a number of more independentnational and regional research centers with links tothe university: Center for Development Studies,Center for International Health, International Cen-ter for Monitoring Fetal Defects, Bergen High

Technology Center, Nansen Environmental andRemote Sensing Center, Norwegian ComputingCenter for the Humanities, Norwegian Social Sci-ence Data Services, Norwegian Research Center inOrganization and Management, Bergen ScientificCenter IBM, Christian Michelsen Institute, and theNorwegian Term Bank (national center for languageand terminology).

Academic staff (1992): 1158

Enrollment (1992): 14,900; 5% foreign

Faculties, departments and degrees awarded:

Det historisk-filosofiske fakultet (Faculty ofArts)Departments: Engelsk (English), Etno-folk-loristisk (Ethno-Folklore Studies), Filosofisk(Philosophy), Germanistisk (Germanic), His-torisk (History), Historisk Museum (HistoryMuseum), Fonetikk og lingvistikk (Phoneticsand Linguistics), Kristensdomskunnskap(Christian Religion Studies), Masse-kommuni-kasjon (Mass Communication), Religionsvit-skap (Religious Sciences), Klassisk (Classics),Kunsthistorisk (Art History), Litteraturvit-skapleg (Literature Sciences), Nordisk (Nor-dic), Romansk (Romance), Russisk (Russian),Teatervitskapleg (Theater Sciences)

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Nigher Education

Chart 4.1. General Structure of University Degrees

DOCTORAL DEGREES3 years

ADVANCED DEGREES INARTS AND SCIENCES

1.5 - 2 years

cand. philot

cand. polit

cand. scient

mag. art.

BASIC DEGREES INARTS AND SCIENCES

3.5 - 4 years

cand. mag.

40

PROFESSIONALLYORIENTED DEGREES

4 - 7 years

cand. agric.

cand. furls

cand. med.

rand. med. vet.

cand. musicae

cand. oecon.

cand. odont

cand. paed.

cand. paed. spec.

cand. pharm.

cand. psychol.

cand. socioL

cand. theot

idrettskandidat

siv. ark.

siv. ing.

siv. 0k.

56

Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla philologiae; doaor artium; doctor philoso-phiae, Master of Philosophy in History

Det juridiske fakultet (Faculty of Law)Departments: Offentleg rett (Public Law), Pri-vatt (Civil Law)Degrees awarded: candidatus/a juris; doctorju-ds, doctor philosophiae

Det matematisk-naturvitskaplege fakultet(Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences)Departments: Botanisk (Botanical), Fysisk(Physics), Fiskeri- og marinbiologi (Fisheriesand Marine Biology), Geofysisk (Geophysics),Geologisk, avd. A, avd. B (Geological, DivisionA and B), Faste jords fysikk (Solid Earth Phys-ics), Informatikk (Informatics), Mikrobiologi ogplantefysiologi (Microbiology and Plant Physi-ology), Kjemisk (Chemistry), Matematisk(Mathematics), Zoologisk laboratorium (Zoo-logical Laboratory), Zoologisk museum (Zoo-logical Museum)Degrees awarded: candidatus/a magisterii; can -

didatus /a scientiarum; sivilingenior; doctor scien-tiarum; doctor philosophiae; Master of Science inEnvironmental Engineering (being planned);Master of Science in Solid Earth Physics (beingplanned)

Det medisinske fakultet (Faculty of Medicine)Departments: 30 in various medical fieldsDegrees awarded: candidatusla medicine, can-didatusla sanitatus (being planned); doctormedici-nae, Master of Philosophy in Histopathology;Master of Philosophy in the Medicine of Devel-oping Countries

Det odontologiske fakultet (Faculty of Den-tistry)Departments: 14 in various fields of dentistryDegrees awarded: tannpleiereksamen (dentalhygienist examination); candidatusla odontolo-giae; licentiate odontologiae (last awarded in 1992);doctor odontologiae; doctor philosophiae, Master ofScience (Dentistry)

Det samfunnsvitskaplege fakultet (Faculty ofSocial Sciences)Departments: Administrasjon og organisajons-vitskap (Administration and Organization),

Higher Education

Geografi (Geography), Informasjonsvitskap(Information Science), Massekommunikasjon(Mass Communication), Samanliknande poli-tikk (Comparative Politics), Sosialantropologi(Social Anthropology), Okonomi (Economics),Sosiologisk (Sociology)Degrees awarded: candidatus /a magisterii; can-didatusla rerum politicarum; doctor rerum politi-carum; Master of Philosophy in Public Admini-stration (planned); doctor philosophiae, Master ofPhilosophy in Social Anthropology (beingplanned); Diploma in Social Anthropology

Det psykologiske fakultet (Faculty of Psychol-ogy)Departments: 5 in various areasDegrees awarded: candidatus/a psychologiae;doctor psychologiae, doctor philosophiae, Master ofScience in Health Promotion

Institutt for praktisk-pedagogikk (Departmentof Teacher Training)Program offered: praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen(practical-pedagogical examination)

Universitetet i Oslo (University of Oslo),Postboks 1081 Blindern, 0317 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 850 50; Fax: +47 22 85 88 88.

Founded in 1811, the University of Oslo is theoldest Norwegian university. It was known as theRoyal Frederick University until 1939, and is thelargest university in the country. It consists of sevenfaculties and, since 1991, the Institutt forspesialpedagogikk (Institute of Special Education).The Nordisk hogskole for husholdsvitenskap (Nor-dic School of Nutritional and Textile Sciences),which includes two additional divisions in Sweden,is located at the University of Oslo. In addition, theuniversity includes a number of separate institu-tions and centers: 17 museums, 4 hospitals, a biologystation, field stations, and the Rosendal Barony es-tates.

The University of Oslo has traditionally empha-sized internationalization. Over the last five to tenyears, international activities have expanded consid-erably, and the university now takes an active partin most areas of international academic cooperationthrough participation in the ERASMUS andNORDPLUS networks (see Chapter VII for more

5 7 41

Higher Education

information), bilateral exchange agreements, andfaculty exchange and joint research projects. Theuniversity enjoys special relationships with theScandinavian studies departments of a number ofUS universities through the Scandinavian UrbanStudies Term and the International Summer School.The university is also engaged in an Eastern Euro-pean university network program with particularfocus on the Baltic states, and participates in devel-opment aid programs with universities all over theworld.

The university maintains a number of advancedresearch facilities which attract international re-searchers and graduate students. Advanced pro-grams in fields such as materials research, biotech-nology, Nordic medieval studies, Ibsen studies, de-velopment and environment, climate research, car-diology research, medical ethics with technologyand human values, etc. are offered.



Faculties, departments and degrees awarded:

Det historisk-filosofiske fakultet (Faculty ofArts)Departments: Arkeologi, kunsthistorie og nu-mismatikk (Archeology, Art History and Nu-mismatics), Britiske og amerikanske studier(British and American Studies), Filosofisk (Phi-losophy), Germanistisk (Germanistics), Klas-sisk og romansk (Classics and Romance), Kul-tur- og samfunnsfag (Culture and Social Stud-ies), Linguistiske fag (Linguistics), Medier ogkommunikasjon (Media and Communication),Musikk og teater (Music and Theater), Nordis-tikk og litteraturvitenskap (Nordic and Litera-ture Studies), Det norske institutt i Roma (TheNorwegian Institute in Rome), Osteuropeiskeog orietalske studier (Eastern European andOriental Studies)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla philologice; magister artium; Master ofArts in Society, Science and Technology; doctorartium, doctor philosophiae

Det juridiske fakultet (Faculty of Law)Degrees awarded: candidatusla juris, doctorju-Hs; doctor philosophiae

42

Dec matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet(Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences)Departments: Teoretisk astrofysikk (Theo-retical Astrophysics), Biologisk (Biology), Far-masoytisk (Pharmaceutics), Fysisk (Physics),Geophysikk (Geophysics), Geografisk (Geogra-phy), Geologi (Geology), Informatikk (Infor-matics or Computer Science), Kjemisk (Chem-istry), Matematisk (Mathematics)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla pharmaciae; candidatusla scientiarum;sivilingenifir;doctorscientiarum;doaorphilosophiae

Det medisinske fakultet (Faculty of Medicine)Degrees awarded: candidatusla medicine; doc-tor medicine, doctor philosophiae

Det odontologiske fakultet (Faculty of Den-tistry)Degrees awarded: candidatusla odontologiae,Master of Science in Dentistry; doctor odontolo-giae, doctor philosophiae

Det samfunnsvitenskapelige fakultet (Facultyof Social Sciences)Departments: Pedagogisk forskningsinstitutt(Educational Research Institute), Psykologisk(Psychology), Institutt og museum for antro-pologi (Department and Museum of Anthropol-ogy), Sosialokonomisk (Economics), Sosiologi(Sociology)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; ex-

amen oeconomiae; candidatusla oeconomiae; candi-

datusla paedagogiae; candidatusla psychologiae;candidatusla sociologiae; candidatusla rerum politi-carum; magister artium; doctor rerum politicarum;doctor psychologiae; doctor philosophiae

Det teologiske fakultet (Faculty of Theology)Degrees awarded: candidatusla theologiae, doc-tor theologiae, doctor philosophiae

Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Institute ofSpecial Education)Degrees awarded: candidatusla pedagogiaespesialis; Master of Philosophy in Special Edu-cation

Universitetet i Tromso (University of Tromso),Breivika 9037 Tromso; Tel: +47 77 64 40 00; Fax:+47 77 64 49 00.

58

The university was founded in 1968 and offi-cially opened in 1972. It is Norway's youngest andsmallest university, and the world's northern-mostuniversity. It was created to strengthen educationoffered to those living in the north of Norway andprovides the region with highly qualified profes-sionals. Because of its small size, the university doesnot strive to offer education in all fields; rather itoffers new and experimental ways of teaching andlearning and close relationships between studentsand teachers.

Many of the university's research units devoteresources to questions of importance to the northernregion, and to the arctic region in particular. Re-search units include the Roald Amundsen Center ofArctic Research, Center for Sarni Studies, and theCenter for Environment and Development Studiesof Tromso.

The University of Tromso has faculty and stu-dent exchange agreements with the TechnischeUniversitat Hamburg-Harburg (Germany);Uniwersytet im Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu(Poland); and Bowman Grey School of Medicine ofWake Forest University, University of Wisconsin-Madison (United States); etc.

Even though the term "faculty" may be used inthe name of the university's academic units, thefaculty model is not used at the University ofTromso. Departments (institutes), schools, and fac-ulties are equal units, except for the NorwegianCollege of Fishery Science which is a semi-autono-mous unit founded in 1972. It was integrated intothe University of Tromso in 1988 and is consideredthe major national center for fisheries research andeducation.

Academic staff (1992): 500 plus 100 part-timeteaching faculty

Enrollment (1992): 5,409 students; 5% foreign.Students from northern Norway receive specialpreference for admission to certain studies, such aslaw, medicine, and psychology.

Faculties, departments, and degrees awarded:

Avdeling for praktisk-pedagogisk utdanning(Department of Practical Teacher Training)Programs offered: praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen(practical-pedagogical examination); praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen for yrkesfagleerere (practical-

Nigher Education

pedagogical examination for vocational subjectteachers)

Fagomradet medisin (Faculty of Medicine)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla scientiarum; sivilingenior; candidatus/amedicine; kandidat ifolkehelsevitenskap (Master ofPublic Health); kandidat i sykepleievitenskap(Candidate in Nursing Science); Diploma inHealth Economics; doctor philosophiae; doctormedicine; doctor scientiarum

Institutt for biologi og geologi (Department ofBiology and Geology)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla scientiarum; sivilingenifir; doctor philoso-phiae; doctor scientiarum

Institutt for matematiske realfag (Departmentof Mathematical Sciences)Degrees awarded: candidatus/a magisterii; can-didatusla scientiarum; sivilingenifir; doctor scien-tiarum; doctor philosophiae

Institutt for rettvitenskap (School of Law)Degrees awarded: candidatusla juris; doctorju-ris (doaor legis discontinued in 1993); doaor phi-losophiae

Institutt for samfunnsvitenskap (Departmentof Social Sciences)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla philologiae; candidatusla rerum politi-carum; candidatusla psychologiae; doctor atrium;doctor philosophiae; doctor psychologiae; doctor tr-rum politicarum

Institutt for sprak og litteratur (School of Lan-guages and Literature)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla philologiae; doctor artium; doctorphiloso-phiae

Norges fiskerihogskole (Norwegian College ofFishery Science)Degrees awarded: candidatus /a magisterii; can -

didatus/a rerum politicarum; candidatus/a scien-tiarum; doctor philosophiae; doctor rerum politi-carum; doctor scientiarum. In addition, a uniquefive-year fakerikandidat (fishery science candi-date) credential is awarded. The first three years

59 43

Higher Education

of this program concentrate on physical andnatural sciences, the fourth year on the chosenarea of specialization, and the fifth year consistsof research and thesis preparation.

Tromso Museum, Institutt for museumsvirk-somhet (Department for Museum Operations)

Universitetet i Trondheim (University ofTrondheim), 7034 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 8000; Fax: +47 73 59 80 90.

Established in 1968, the university acts as acoordinating body for four separate academic andscientific units: the Museum, the College of Artsand Science, the Norwegian Institute of Technol-ogy, and the Faculty of Medicine. Each institutionfunctions as a separate administrative unit, awardingits own degrees and managing separate budgets.Students apply to the separate units rather than tothe university as a whole. Except for the Museum,the three units are described separately, below.

Den allmennvitenskapelige hogskolen/AVH(College of Arts and Sciences); University Center,7055 Dragvoll, Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 65 00;Fax: +47 73 59 66 28.

AVH was founded in 1922. It is comprised of theFaculties of Arts, Mathematics and Natural Sci-ences, and Social Sciences which are further dividedinto 26 departments plus the Institute of TeacherTraining. AVH does not officially use the termsgrunnfag, mellomfag, etc. It uses vekttall, except forsome advanced degree programs.


Enrollment (1992): 7,087; foreign 3.5%

Faculties, departments, and degrees awarded:

Det historisk-filosofiske fakultet (Faculty ofArts)Departments: Engelsk (English), Filosofisk(Philosophy), Germanistisk (Germanic), His-torisk (History), Anvendt sprakvitenskap (Ap-plied Linguistics), Drama, film og teater(Drama, Film and Theater), Lingvistisk (Lin-guistics), Musikkvitenskapelig (Music Stud-ies), Nordisk (Nordic), Religionsvitenskapelig

44

(Religious Studies), Romansk (Romance Lan-guages), Sosialantropologisk (Social Anthropol-ogy)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla philologiae; magister artium (discontin-ued for new students as of 1992); doctor artium;doctor philosophiae

Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet(Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,also known as the Faculty of Science)Departments: Botanisk (Botany), Fysisk(Physics), Informatikk (Informatics or Com-puter Science), Matematikk og statistikk(Mathematics and Statistics), Kjemisk (Chem-istry), Zoologisk (Zoology)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla scientiarum; doctor scientiarum; doctorphilosophiae

Det samfunnsvitenskapelige fakultet (Facultyof Social Sciences)Departments: Geografisk (Geography),Idrettshogskolen (Physical Education College),Okonomi (Economics), Sosiologi og sam-funnskunnskap (Sociology), Sosialt arbeid (So-cial Work), Pedagogisk (Pedagogical), Psykolo-gisk (Psychology)Degrees awarded: candidatusla magisterii; can-didatusla socionomiae (discontinued 1993); candi-datusla rerum politicarum; doctor rerum politi-carum; doctor philosophiae

Pedagogisk seminar (Institute of TeacherTraining)Program offered: praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen(practical-pedagogical examination)

Norges tekniske hogskole/NTH (NorwegianInstitute of Technology); 7034 Trondheim; Tel:+47 73 59 40 00; Fax: +47 73 59 52 37.

Founded in 1910, NTH was incorporated intothe University of Trondheim in 1968. It is the largestacademic unit of the University with nine facultiesoffering instruction in 48 departments. In 1950NTH founded a research institution, SINTEF(Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research),with which exchanges of specialist staff are made,and laboratories and equipment are shared.

60

NTH has established close international rela-tionships with the Katholieke Universiteit te Leu-ven (Belgium); Ecole des Mines; Ecole Superieuredu Petro le (France); Universitat Karlsruhe (Ger-many); Technische Universiteit Delft (Nether-lands); Georgia Institute of Technology; Massachu-setts Institute of Technology; University of Califor-nia-Santa Barbara; University of Washington(United States).



Faculties: Berg-, petroleums- og metallurgifag (Ap-plied Earth Sciences and Metallurgy); Arkitektur(Architecture); Kjemi og kjemisk teknologi (Chem-istry and Chemical Technology); Bygningsingenior-fag (Civil Engineering); Okonomi og arbeidslivs-vitenskap (Economics and Industrial Manage-ment); Electro- og datateknikk (Electrical Engi-neering and Computer Science); Mann teknikk(Marine Technology); Maskinteknikk (MechanicalEngineering); Fysikk og matematikk (Physics andMathematics)

Degrees awarded: sivilarkitekt; sivilingenior, Di-ploma in various fields (1 year program for studentsfrom developing countries; admission requires abachelor's degree or equivalent); Master of Sciencein Marine Technology; Petroleum Exploration; Hy-dropower Development (1 year for above diplomaholders, 2 years for students with a bachelor's degreeor equivalent); Master of Science in TechnologyManagement (first students expected in 1994; 1V 2years offered in cooperation with Norges handel-shoyskole; admission based on sivilingenior degree);doctor technicae; doctor ingenifir

Det medisinske fakultet (Faculty of Medicine);Medisinsk teknisk senter 7005 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 88 59; Fax: +47 73 59 88 65.

The Faculty of Medicine was established in1975. Between 1975 and 1993, it offered clinicalmedical education to students who completed pre-clinical studies at other universities. Since 1993 ithas offered complete preclinical and clinical studiesin a program requiring a minimum of 5V2 years.The faculty admits 60 new students per year into

Higher Education

the integrated medical program which uses theProblem-Based Learning teaching method.


Enrollment (1992): 160

Degrees awarded: candidatusla medicinae; doctormedicine; doctor philosophiae

The College Sector

The college sector included until August 1994 over100 institutions that offer education in a variety offields. As of that date, there will be only 26 mergedinstitutions. It is differentiated from the universitysector in that the vast majority of colleges do nothave authority to award degrees higher than thebasic degree of candidatusla magisterii (cand. mag.).

College-sector institutions offer programs onesemester to four years in length. They offergrunnut-donning (basic education) in vocation-specific fields,and award academic credentials referred to as eitherthe hogskolekandidat (college candidate) or as creden-tials of a specific profession (e.g., allmenakerrr [gen-eral subjects teacher], ingenior [engineer], or syke-pleier [nurse]).

In addition, they offer single subject programsrequiring study for one to three semesters. Some ofthese programs are videreutdanning (further educa-tion) in the same field or field related to the programin which the basic education was completed. Others,such as grunnfag (foundation course) or mellomfag(intermediate course), may be used in combinationwith other educational programs to fulfill the re-quirements for a regional cand. mag. degree.

Many college-sector institutions provide in-struction for advanced degrees. Since most collegesare not authorized to award degrees higher than thecan!. mag., cooperating university-sector institutionsoversee the instruction and award the actual ad-vanced degrees.

ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS

Admission to colleges and universities requiresthe same qualifications: successful completion ofthree years of upper secondary school study in speci-fied subjects. See "The University Sector," earlier,for details on the numerical methods used to selectstudents for admission.

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Htkher Education

GRADING AT COLLEGES

Most colleges use the same grading system asthe universities: 1.0 as the best passing grade, 4.0 asthe minimum passing grade, and 4.1 to 6.0 as failure.

Some colleges require a minimum grade aver-age of 3.5 for graduation. At least one college (0k-onomisk College) requires an average of 3.5 forstudents to proceed beyond the first year of educa-tion. The following US equivalent grading scale issuggested for college sector institutions. The gradeof 4.1 to 6.0 will not appear on the transcript.

CollegeGrading

1.0-2.0

2.1-2.5

2.6-3.0

3.1-3.5

3.6-4.0

4.1-6.0


A

B

B-/C+

C

D

F

CREDENTIALS AWARDED BY COLLEGES

Only colleges award the degree of hfigskokkan-didat (college candidate) and the regional cond. mag.degree. A few colleges, particularly in fine arts,award institution-specific degrees or certificates. Inaddition, some award the degrees of sivilokonom(business economist) and sivilingenifir (civilian engi-neer). Most colleges offer supplementary academicprograms which usually do not lead to a specificdegree. These are often termed pdbyggingsstudium(supplementary studies) or videreutdanning (furthereducation).

Hogskolekandidat (College Candidate)

Unified programs concentrating in one field ofstudy, such as economics and business administra-tion, lead to the hogskolekandidat (college candidate).These programs prepare students for direct en-trance into the labor market or for further academicstudies at colleges or universities.

The hogskolekandidat degree represents comple-tion of two years of study, or 40 vekttall, unless thedegree clearly states it is from a three-year, or 60-vekttall, program. Students completing a three-yearprogram will have two hogskolekandidat degrees: one

46

awarded after the second year, and one awardedafter the third year. Sample document 4.3 is ahfigskolekandidat from a two-year program of study;4.4. is from a three-year program of study. Terminol-ogy for the three-year programs varies widely. (Seesample document 4.4 which states that the programis an etarigpaygingsstudium [one-year supplemen-tary study] leading to a hogskolekandidat med 3 tirsOkonomiskladministrativ hOgskoleutdanning [collegecandidate with 3 years of economic/administrativecollege education]).

Credentials for a Specific Profession

Three types of colleges are multi-field: thehogskole (college), the hogskolesenter (college center),and the distriktshogskole (regional colleges). Thehogskolesenter and distriktshogskok are described be-low. Other colleges offer programs only in specificprofessional fields, such as sosialhogskolen (socialwork colleges). These programs and their institu-tions are discussed in Chapter V.

Table 4.5 lists the profession-specific qualifica-tions awarded by the three types of multi-field,college-sector institutions and the number of yearsof fulltime study required to earn them. Thehogskolene (colleges), new institutions to be fullyformed by,1994, are discussed earlier in this chapterunder "Overview of Higher Education."

Candidatus /Candidata Magisterii (Cond. Mag.)Degree Awarded by Regionale Hogskoler (Re-gional Colleges)

Between 1981 and 1991, most colleges wereauthorized to award the degree of regional cand.mag. The various colleges of arts and performingarts, military colleges, and the Okonomisk Col-lege do not award this degree. This credentialis considered equivalent to university-awardedcand. mag. degrees. Only public colleges mayaward the regional cand. mag. The regulationsfor this procedure and the institutions author-ized to award the regional cand. mag. are pro-vided earlier in "Overview of Higher Educa-tion."

The regional cand. mag. represents comple-tion of four years (80 vekttall) of higher educa-tion with one subject being studied for a mini-mum of three semesters (mellomfag), and an-other subject being studied for a minimum oftwo semesters (grunnfag), plus three additionalsemesters of study in elective subjects. Over-

62

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64

Higher Education

lapping subjects will receive a reduction in theamount of vekttall which may apply to the de-gree, as will study programs with substantialamounts of practical study, such as nursing orphysical therapy.

Students pursuing a regional cand. mag. de-gree are not required to take the one-semesterintroductory program leading to the examen phi-losophicum (philosophical examination), or ex.phil., as is required for students pursuing a uni-versity-awarded cand. mag. degree. A few col-leges offer programs leading to the ex. phitwhich may be used in partial satisfaction of therequirements for college- or university-awardedcand. mag. degrees.

Many college-sector institutions offer pro-grams in the arts, sciences, and social scienceswhich may be used to satisfy requirements ofboth university-awarded and regional cand. mag.degrees. One-year programs corresponding togrunnfag (foundation studies) and three-semes-ter programs corresponding to mellomfag (inter-mediate studies) may be completed at colleges.

One example of how the regional cand. mag.degree may be earned is as follows: a studentcompletes a two-year hfigskolekandidat (collegecandidate) program in economics and adminis-trative studies which satisfies the mellomfag re-quirement and two years of the four-year re-quirement, then completes two 1-year programsin unrelated fields, such as history and geogra-phy. These two additional years of study satisfythe grunnfag and the two final years of the four-year requirement.

The regional cand. mag. degree is awardedby the college the student attended for at leastone year of education. Sample document 4.1 isthe standardized form for the regional cand. mag.degree used by all regional colleges awardingthis degree. (University sector institutions haveseparate forms; see sample document 42.)

The regional cand. mag. is filled out in hand-writing and signed by the rektor (president) ofthe college. Each college decides who elsecountersigns the diploma. The diploma is notvalid without the stamp of the college in thespace provided above the signatures. On page 3of the form, a slanted line runs from left to rightacross the lines that are not filled with text.Pabyggingstudium (Supplementary Study) andVidereutdanning (Further Education) Programs

48

A variety of supplementary study(pdbyggingsstudium) and further education(videreutdanning) programs usually lead to for-mal examinations for additional qualification ina field related to the previous educational pro-gram completed. Because these programs usu-ally do not represent study in a new academicarea, they do not usually satisfy the cand. mag.degree requirement of one year of study in asubject other than the subject studied for threesemesters.Sivilokonom (Business Economist) and Sivilin-

genior (Civilian Engineer)Some colleges are authorized to award de-

grees which have until recently been awardedonly by universities. Agder distriktshogskole(Agder Regional College) and Hogskolesen-teret i Nordland (Nordland College) award thedegree of sivilokonom; Hogskolesenteret i Ro-galand (Rogaland College), Narvik in-geniorhogskole (Narvik Engineering College),and Telemark ingeniorhogskole award the de-gree of sivilingenifir. These programs are dis-cussed in Chapter V.

Advanced Degree Programs

Some colleges offer instruction which leads touniversity-prepared examinations and university-awarded advanced degrees. For example, Opplanddistriktshogskole (Oppland Regional College) pro-vides hovedfag (main subject) studies in educationand special education. These programs require acond. mag. degree for admission, and lead to thedegree of candidatus serum POlitiCarliM awarded bythe University of Oslo in the area of education andby the University of Trondheim in the area of specialeducation.

THE HOGSKOLESENTER(COLLEGE CENTER)

Within the college system in 1993, four mul-tidisciplinary institutions or college centers existed,which consisted of a consolidation of several smallerinstitutions located within an area. These institu-tions were formed in the late 1980s and early 1990s,and will be further consolidated with other institu-tions by 1994 as part of the "Network Norway"reorganization (see earlier discussion in "Overviewof Higher Education").

Hiefier Education

Table 4.5. Profession-Specific Qualifications Awarded by College Sector Institutions WithYears of Study Required

Qualification Years of Study Requiredallmennlarer (general subjects teacher) 4; 3 through 1992

audiograf (audiographer) 2

barnevernspedagog (child welfare worker) 3

bibliotekar (librarian) 3

bioingenior (bioengineer) 3

datahogskokkandidat (data college candidate) 2

designkandidat (design candidate) 1 1/2 following 3-year hogskolekandidat

eldreomsorg (geriatric nurse) 1 following sykepleier

ergoterapeut (occupational therapist) 3

faglarer (specialized subject teacher) varies

fysioterapeut (physiotherapist) 3

forskolekerer (preschool teacher) 3

ingenior (engineer) 2 and 3

jordmor (midwife) 1 following sykepleier

kommunalkandidat (local government adminstration 3candidate)

kun4agkandidat (art candidate) 1 1/2 following 3-year hogskolekandidat

neeringsmiddelteknolog (food technologist) 3

ortopediingenior (orthopedic engineer) 3

psykiatrisk sykepleier (psychiatric nurse) 1 following sykepleier

radiograf (radiographer) 3

reseptar (prescriptionist) 2 1/2

sosionom (social worker) 3

spesiallarer (special education teacher) 1 for previously qualified teachers

sykepleier (nurse) 3

sykepleier (advanced training nurse) 1 following sykepleier

tolk (sign language interpreter) 1

vernepleier (social educator) 3

yrkeslarer (vocational subject teacher) 1; 1/2 through 1992

6649

Hioier Education

The profiles of Bislet hogskolesenter (BisletCollege), Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (NordlandCollege), Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (RogalandCollege), and Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (VestfoldCollege) are based on information available in 1993.With the further reorganizations of 1994, changes inthese four institutions are expected.

Bislet Flogskolesenter (Bislet College), Piles-tredet 52, 0167 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 45 40 00; Fax+47 22 45 40 05.Bislet College was founded in October 1991when the Ergoterapihogskolen (College of Oc-cupational Therapy) and the Fysioterapi-hogskole i Oslo (Oslo College of Physiotherapy)were moved to Pilestredet 56. In 1994 the insti-tution will be renamed Hogskolen i Oslo (OsloCollege) and will incorporate 13 additional in-stitutions. See Appendix B. Since August 1992,Bislet College has settled at its present addressand has merged the original institutions withthe following:

Bioingeniorhogskolen-Rikshospitalet(College of Bioengineering of UniversityHospital)Ulleval bioingeniorhogskole (UllevAl Col-lege of Bioengineering)Mensendieck-skolen i Oslo hoyskole forfysioterapi (Oslo Mensendieck College forPhysiotherapy)Oslo Ixrerhogskole (Oslo College of Edu-cation)Radiografhogskolen-Rikshospitalet (Col-lege of Radiography of University Hospital)Ulleval radioingeniorhogskole (UllevAlCollege of Radiography)Sagene Imrerhogskole (Sagene College ofEducation)Statens hogskole i ortopediteknikk (Nor-wegian College of Orthotics and Prosthet-ics)

Detailed information about each institute, alsoreferred to as department, of Bislet College andthe programs each offers may be obtained di-reedy from the institute. Provided below aretheir telephone numbers:

Institute of Teacher Education: +47 22 4523 00Institute of Medical Laboratory Technol-ogy (bioengineering): +47 22 45 41 40Institute of Physical Therapy and Prosthet-ics/Orthotics: +47 22 45 42 10

50

Mensendieck Therapy Institute: +47 22 4541 10Institute of Radiography +47 22 45 41 30

Programs and their length in years are:allmennelarer (general subject teacher) 4bioingenior (bioengineer, also known asmedical laboratory technologist). -3agoterapeut (occupational therapist)-3fysioterapeut (physiotherapist)-3 plus oneyear practical workMensendieckutdanning (Mensendieck physi-cal therapy education)-3ortopediingenior (orthopedic engineer)-3radiograf (radiographer)-3

Further Education (Videreutdanning): Variousone- and two-semester programs within thefields of teacher education and health care edu-cation are available.Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland Col-lege), Postboks 6003, 8002 Bodo; Tel: +47 75 5172 00; Fax: +47 75 51 74 57.Established in 1969 as Nordland dis-triktshogskole (Nordland Regional College), itbecame the Hogskolesenter in Nordland in1985. In 1994 the institution will be renamedthe Hogskolen i Bodo (Bodo College) and willabsorb Nordland sykepleierhogskole (Nord-land College of Nursing) and Bod0Ixrerhogskole (Bodo College of Education).Academic units which were formerly known asthe Institutt for okonomisk/administrative fag(School of Business Administration) and theSivilokonomutdanningen i Bodo-SiB (BodoGraduate School of Business) were consoli-dated into the Business College of NorthernNorway in January 1993. This College has onlyan English name.Academic staff (1992): 110Enrollment (1992): 1650 FT; 400 PTPrograms: Those offered by the college ordepartment follow with the length in yearsnoted in parentheses. One-year programs gen-erally represent grunnfag (foundation course)studies; two-year and three-year programs gen-erally result in a hogskokkandidat degree, exceptwhere noted in italics:

Business College of Northern Norwayaccountingbased on economics and ad-ministrative studies (1)business administration teacher trainingbased on economics and administrative

67

studies, offered in conjunction with BodoCollege of Education (1)business economics (1)economics and administrative studies (2)economics and planning--based on eco-nomics and administrative studies (1)electronic data processing, and economics(3)first-year study for The Agricultural Uni-versity of Norway (1)information technologybased on eco-nomics and administrative studies (1)business economist degree (sivilokonom)--based on two years of previous education ineconomics and administrative studies. Theinstitution translates this credential as Mas-ter of Science in Business. (2)

O Institutt for Fiskeri og Akvakultur (Depart-ment of Fisheries and Aquaculture)aquaculture (3, or 2 years following fisheriesand aquaculture foundation)biologysupplementary education basedon 1-year program in biology and chemistry(1)biology and chemistry (1)export marketing of fish productsbasedon 2 years of previous education (1)fisheries and aquaculture foundation year(1)fisheries technology (3, or 2 years followingfisheries and aquaculture foundation)fisheries economics (3, or 2 years followingfisheries and aquaculture foundation)natural sciences (1)

O Institutt for Samfunnsvitenskap (Depart-ment of Social Sciences)child social work (barnevernspedagog) (3)health and social administration (1)health and social politics hovedfag (leads toa candidates rerum politicarum awarded byUniversity of Tromso, although courseworkis completed at Nordland College) (2)history (1)historybased on 1 year of previous educa-tion in history (V2)journalism (2)management for municipal employees (1)media, part-time program offered in con-junction with Bodo College of Education(1)organization and administration (2)

Hs her Education

personnel management and development(1)public politics and administration (1)social work (sosionom) (3)social security administration (1)social security administration-advancedcourse (1)welfare sociology (1)

Flogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col-lege); Postboks 2557, 4004 Stavanger; Tel: +4751 87 41 00; Fax: +47 51 87 43 00.Founded in 1969 as the Distriktshogskolen iRogaland (Regional College in Rogaland), inJanuary 1986 it merged with Stavanger Engi-neering College. The institution translates itsname as Rogaland University. In 1994 the insti-tution's name will change to Hogskolen iStavanger (Stavanger College) and will absorbsix additional institutions. See Appendix B.

Rogaland Research Academy, the result ofa cooperative arrangement between the Acad-emy and Rogaland College, organizes doctoralprograms in areas of applied engineering, butdoes not have authorization to award Norwegiandoctoral degrees. The Academy has an arrange-ment with Aalborg University in Denmark toaward a Danish Doctor of Philosophy degreeupon completion of academic work at RogalandResearch Academy. The degree is issued inEnglish under Danish law. The names of bothinstitutions appear on the degree. RogalandCollege is in the process ofestablishing a similarprogram with Robert Gordon University in Ab-erdeen, Scotland.Academic staff (1992): 140Enrollment (1992): 2,990 FT; 651 PT (44.6%female; 118 foreign students)Programs: Those offered, with the length inyears noted in parentheses, follow. One-yearprograms generally represent grunnfag (founda-tion course) studies; two- and three-year pro-grams generally result in a hogskokkandidat de-gree, except where noted in italics:O Department of Humanities

Norwegian (1)Norwegianbased on 1 year of previouseducation in Norwegian (V2)English (1)Englishbased on 1 year of previous edu-cation in English (V2)French (1)

6851

Higher Education

Frenchbased on 1 year of previous edu-cation in French (V2)German (1)history (1)historybased on 1 year of previous educa-tion in History (V2)

O Department of Culture and Social Sciences(Other programs, in addition to those listedbelow, are awaiting approval.)cultural analysisbased on 2 years of pre-vious education (1)culture and media (2)culture administrationbased on 1 year ofprevious education in social sciences (1)examen philosophicum (V 2)journalism (2)environmental workbased on 1 year ofprevious education in social sciences (1)organization and managementbased on 3years of previous education (1). (The insti-tution is seeking approval of this program tocount toward 1 year of a hovedfag program,and also to expand it to a 2-year completehovedfag program. [See Chapter IV, "Struc-ture of Degree Programs. "])personnel administrationbased on 1 yearof previous education in society (1)social sciences (1)television productionbased on 2 years ofprevious education in journalism or cultureand media (1)

0 College of Engineering and Natural Sci-encesPrograms leading to the tide of ingenior in-clude: building and construction engineer-ing (3, or 2 years for graduates of a tekniskfagskole); electroengineering and data proc-essing (3); mechanical engineering and ma-terials technology (3); media engineering(3); petroleum engineering (3).One-year programs for additional compe-tence in the following subjects are open tothose with the title of ingeniorwho have notpreviously specialized in these areas in theiringenior programs: land use planning, medi-cal engineering, petroleum engineering,safety administration, climate technology,and mathematics.Sivilingenie (civilian engineer) for gradu-ates of an ingenifir program. First offered in1977; the school gained parliamentary ap-

52

proval to award the degree in 1987 for pro-grams in petroleum engineering, offshoreengineering, and data processing. Begin-ning in 1993, English is the language ofinstruction (2).Candidatus technicae (candidate in technol-ogy), offered 1982-1987; not governmen-tally authorized. The program requires1V2 years for graduates of a 3-year ingeniOrprogram. Previous graduates of this pro-gram may return to Rogaland College for 1additional semester of study and convertthe card. tech. to a sivilingenifir degree.

0 Economics and Administrative Areaaccounting and auditingbased on eco-nomics and administrative studies (1)business economics (1)contract administrationadditional com-petence for graduates of an ingenior program

(1)economics and administrative studies (2)economics and informaticsbased on eco-nomics and administrative studies (1)innovationbased on economics and ad-ministrative studies (1)personnel administrationadditional com-petence for graduates of an ingenior program(1)production managementbased on eco-nomics and administrative studies (1)safety administrationadditional compe-tence for graduates of an ingenior program (1)

Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (Vestfold Col-lege), PO Box 500, 3193, Horten; Tel: +47 33 3826 00; Fax: +47 33 38 29 71.Vestfold College was founded in August 1991.Former institutions which have been consoli-dated into this institution are Tonsberg mari-time hogskole (Tonsberg Maritime College)and Horten ingeniorhogskole (Horten Collegeof Engineering). The institution will be re-named Hogskolen i Vestfold (Vestfold College)in 1994 and will absorb Eik lxrerhogskole andVestfold sykepleierhogskole. See Appendix B.Academic staff (1992): approximately 100Enrollment (1992): 787Programs: Those offered, with the length inyears in parentheses, follow. One-year programsgenerally represent grunnfag (foundationcourse) studies; 2-year programs result in ahogskolekandidat degree, except where noted:

69

O Programs leading to the ingenior title are:mechanical engineering (3)mechanical engineeringfor graduates ofteknisk fagskok (2)electronics engineering (3)electronics engineeringfor graduates ofteknisk fagskole (2)power (3)powerfor graduates of teknisk fagskok (2)

O Additional Programsadministration and management-advancedcourse (1)aspirant course in nautical studies (1)aspirant course in technical marine opera-tion (1)economics (2)fire protection and safety administration-advanced course (1)maintenance and safety technology-ad-vanced education (1)nautical studies (2)organizational development (V2-year pro-gram completed part-time over 1 year)personnel management for the private andpublic sectors (V 2-year program completedpart-time over 1 year)school administration (V2-year programcompleted part-time over 1 year)sociology (1)technical marine operation (2)technology and industrial development-ad-vanced education (1)

DISTRIKTSHOGSKOLENE(REGIONAL COLLEGES)

Regional colleges were established as a part ofthe Norwegian system of higher education in 1%9as alternatives to universities and university-levelinstitutions which offered only long programs ofstudy. They are multi-field, public colleges in Nor-way's regional college system that also includes col-leges for basic studies in engineering, nursing andhealth professions, social work, teacher training, etc.

As part of the reorganization of the college sec-tor, these institutions are presently evolving. By1994 each will become part of a larger institutionwithin a locality which represents a consolidation ofseveral institutions. Two institutions profiled in theprevious hogskolesenter (college center) section(Hogskolesenteret i Nordland and Hogskolesen-

Higher Education

teret i Rogaland) are still classified as regional col-leges, although they have already undergone somereorganization.

The distriktshogskoler offer programs lastingfrom one semester to four years in both profession-specific programs and programs in the humanities,social sciences, and sciences. Regional colleges wereauthorized to award the degree of regional candi-datusla magisterii in 1981 (see "Overview of HigherEducation").

The formal admission requirements to regionalcolleges are the same as the admission requirementsto universities and other college sector institutions:completion of the college and university matricula-tion requirements. Admission to regional colleges iscompetitive, especially in some fields. Certain pro-grams impose selective admission requirements inaddition to the normal matriculation requirements.

The Okonomisk College (Economics College,also translated as Oslo College of Business and Eco-nomics) is often grouped with distriktshfigskokne, butit differs in the following ways: it is under municipalrather than regional jurisdiction; it is the only publicinstitution in Norway that offers both secondary andtertiary-level programs; and it does not have theauthority to award the regional candidatusla magis-terii degree.

Sixteen institutions in Norway are presentlyclassified as distriktshogskokr (regional colleges).Most of them have a particular niche and offerprograms unique to their institution, as well as nu-merous others offered by several of the other re-gional colleges. For example, Oppland dis-triktshogskole specializes in film and television edu-cation, and travel and tourism education. When the1994 Olympic Winter Games were being conductedin its home, Lillehammer, the college was the post-game user of the large Radio and Television Centerthat made it one of the leading institutions for dis-tance teaching and allowed it to concentrate ondeveloping part-time and decentralized programsneeded in a country with Norway's geographicalcharacteristics.

The regional colleges as of 1992 are listed below.The Hogskolesenteret i Nordland and theHogskolesenteret i Rogaland are not listed, al-though they are presently classified as regional col-leges. These institutions are described in the pre-vious section. Below the listings for Agder dis-triktshogskole and Okonomisk College are the pro-grams which were offered there in 1992. This pro-

70 53

Higher Education

vides examples of the types and variety of programsoffered by regional colleges.

Agder distriktshogskole (Agder Regional Col-lege); 4604 Kristiansand S; Tel: +47 53 74 27 9500; Fax: +47 53 74 27 95 01. To become part ofHogskolen i Agder in 1994.One-year programs generally representgrunnfag(foundation course) studies; 2-year and 3-yearprograms generally result in a hogskolekandidatdegree, except where noted in italics in whichcase the other credentials awarded are noted.

analytical chemistry (2)auditing-builds upon economics-adminis-trative studies (1)chemical economics (3)data processing-supplementary education(2)developing countries (1)economics-administrative studies (2)economist-builds upon economics-admin-istrative studies (2)English (1, 1 V2, or 3)examen philosophicum (V 2)French (1)health and social administration (1)history (1)informatics and mathematical methods (3)management for government employees-advanced administrative education (part-time study over one year)mathematics (1)Norwegian (1-2)phonetics and language knowledge pre-liminary test (noncredit)public administration (2)public administration and economics-sup-plementary education (2)scientific studies in mathematics, electronicdata processing, and chemistry (1-4)social work (sosionom) (3)systems and data processing (2)televised-advanced administrative educa-tion (2)social security-advanced administrativeeducation (1)social security-supplementary education(1)

Agder ingenior- og distriktshogskole (AdgerEngineering and Regional College); Postboks94, 4801 Grimstad; Tel: +47 37 04 18 11; Fax:

54

+47 37 04 17 11. To become part of Hogskoleni Agder in 1994.Finnmark distriktshogskole (Finnmark Re-gional College); Follumsvei, 9500 Alta; Tel: +4784 37 600; Fax: +47 84 34 438. To become partof Hogskolen i Finmark in 1994.Hogskolen i Harstad (Regional College ofHarstad); Postboks 2130, Kanebogen; Tel: +4777 07 02 33; Fax: +47 77 07 43 05.Hedmark distriktshogskole (Hedmark Re-gional College); Postboks 104, 2450 Rena; Tel:+47 62 44 08 00; Fax: +47 62 44 08 07. Tobecome part of Hogskolen i Hedmark in 1994.Operates three campuses located in Blmstad,Evenstad, and Rena.More og Romsdal distriktshogskole (Moreand Romsdal Regional College); Postboks 308,Molde; Tel: +47 71 25 10 77; Fax: +47 71 21 5151. To become part of Hogskolen i Molde in1994.More og Romsdal distriktshogskole (Moreand Romsdal Regional College); Postboks 188,6101 Volda; Tel: +47 70 07 70 66; Fax: +47 7021 51 51. To become part of Hogskolen i Voldain 1994.Nord-Trondelag distriktshogskole (Nord-Trondelag Regional College); Postboks 145,7701 Steinkjer; Tel: +47 74 16 66 11; Fax: +4774 75 23 72. To become part of Hogskolen iNord-Trondelag in 1994.Okonomisk College (Oslo College of Businessand Economics); Postboks 2474 Solli, 0201 Oslo2; Tel: +47 22 43 46 21.Founded in 1970 as a branch of the Oslo han-

delsgymnasium (Oslo Business Upper Secon-dary School), it is the only public institutionoffering both tertiary-level and upper secondaryschool (videregdende skole) programs. In additionto offering the upper secondary programs in theGeneral Area of Study and the Commercial andClerical Area of Study (see Chapter III), thehandelsgymnasium offers one year of fulltimeprograms to upper secondary school graduatesin the areas of accounting, business administra-tion, management information systems, inter-national marketing with French or German, andexecutive secretarial. These programs are con-sidered to be secondary study, and are not rec-ognized for transfer credit into tertiary-levelprograms in Norway.

accountancy (2)

71

accountancy and auditing (3)administration (2)Bachelor of International Business (3)economics (2)

Opp land distriktshogskole (Opp land Re-gional College); Postboks 1004, 2601 Lilleham-mer; Tel: +47 61 28 80 00; Fax: +47 61 26 07 50.Known as Hogskolen in Lille hammer in 1994.Sogn og Fjordane distriktshogskole (Sognand Fjordane Regional College); Postboks 39,5801 Sogndal; Tel: +47 57 67 6100; Fax + 47 57676 100. To become part of Hogskolen i Sogn ogFjordane in 1994.

Higher Education

Telemark distriktshogskole (Telemark Re-gional College); 3800 Bo i Telemark; Tel: +4735 95 25 00. To become part of Hogskole iTelemark in 1994.Trondheim okonomiske hogskole (Trond-heim Economics College); 7005 Trondheim;Tel: +47 73 93 04 00; Fax: +47 73 94 42 90. Tobecome part of Hogskolen i Sor-Trondelag in1994.

Ostfold distriktshogskole (Ostfold RegionalCollege); 1757 Halden; Tel: +47 69 18 54 00;Fax: +47 99 18 63 41. To become part ofHogskole i Ostfold in 1994.

7255

Chapter V

EDUCATION BY FIELDS OF STUDY

NneeeTe...k,. e e vn.envtmoOtleve weeeenOnnen.

The procedures for earning credentials in the gen-eral areas of arts, sciences, and social sciences arediscussed in Chapter IV, "The University Sector."The following are specifics of selected professionalfields.

Agriculture

Professional degree programs in agriculture are of-fered only by the Norges landbrukshogskole (Agri-cultural University of Norway; also known as theNorwegian College of Agricultural Science); Post-boks 3, 1432 As; Tel: +47 64 94 75 00; Fax: +47 6494 75 05. The institution was founded in 1859 as aneducational institution and reorganized in 1897 as aresearch and educational institution.


Enrollment (1992): 1,600 (50% female); 341 newstudents. Of entering students 96% complete theirstudies.

The College awards the degree of candidatuslaagriculturae (cand. agric.) and the degree of sivilin-genifir (civilian engineer) in cartography and engi-neering. Both degrees require five years of studyand 100 vekttall. The first two years of study arecomprised of mainly basic subjects. Years 3 and 4consist of applied subjects in the student's chosenarea of specialization. Year 5 focuses on the thesisproject. The College also offers the following pro-grams:1. Candidatus magisterii (cand. mag.): 70 vekttall pro-

gram. Authorization to award this degree wasgranted in 1990.

2. Praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen (practical-pedagogi-cal examination): Through spring 1992, this wasa one-semester program to train secondaryschool agriculture teachers (see "Education[Teacher Training] later in this chapter). Sincefall 1992, the program requires one year of study.

56

I AA' wou..

3. Master of Science in Management of NaturalResources and Sustainable Agriculture: Two-year program. First year (20 vekttall) is com-pleted at the institution; research and thesis aredone in the home country. English is the lan-guage of instruction. Of 25-30 students admit-ted annually, four to five are Norwegians. Ad-mission is based on a bachelor's degree for for-eign students or a cand. mag. for Norwegianstudents.

4. Doctor scientiarum (dr. scient.) and doctor agricolae(dr. agric.). The dr. scient. degree consists ofexaminations, a thesis, and a public lecture com-pleted over three years. The dr. agric. is a tradi-tional doctoral degree based on independentresearch leading to a dissertation.

This institution uses the 1.0 to 6.0 scale with 4.0as the minimum passing grade for individualcourses. However, an overall grade average of 3.25is required for graduation. Based on this informationand on data covering a five-year period of recentfinal overall grade averages received by Norgeslandbrukshogskole students, the following scale isrecommended:

Norges landbrukshogskoleGrading1.00-1.99

2.00-2.392.40-3.25

3.26-4.004.01-6.00


A

B

C

DF

Students complete the five-year cand. agric. pro-grams in one of the following areas of specialization:agricultural economics and general agriculture, ani-mal science, food science, forestry, horticulture,landscape architecture, land-use planning and landtenure, natural resource conservation and manage-ment, and soil and crop science.

73

Architecture

The study of architecture may be undertaken atthree institutions: The Bergen School of Architec-ture, also known as the Bergen College of Architec-ture (Bergen arkitektskole), Postboks 2650, 5026Bergen, Tel: +47 05 31 46 920; the Oslo School ofArchitecture, also known as the Oslo College ofArchitecture (Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo), Postboks6768, St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo, Tel: +47 22 20 8316;Fax: +47 22 11 1970; and the Norwegian Institute ofTechnology (see the University of Trondheim inChapter IV for a complete description). All programsin architecture lead to the degree of sivilarkitekt orsiv. ark. (architect).

The Bergen School of Architecture offers a five-year program divided into two parts: Part 1 is com-prised of three years of obligatory coursework withan examination after the third year. Entrance intoPart 2 requires success on the Part 1 examination.Part 2 is composed of two years of additional studythat includes a thesis project.

The Oslo School of Architecture offers a 5V2-year program comprised of four foundation semes-ters, plus six specialized semesters, plus a one se-mester final project.

The Faculty of Architecture of the NorwegianInstitute of Technology offers a five-year program.A final project is normally completed during thetenth semester.

Graduates of sivilarkitekt programs are eligibleto apply for advanced programs in architecture lead-ing to the degree of dr ingenior (doctor engineer).Doctoral programs are offered by both the OsloSchool of Architecture and the Norwegian Instituteof Technology.

Business and Economics

The subjects of business and economics may bestudied at the upper secondary school level in thecommercial and clerical subjects area and in thegeneral studies area (see Chapter III), and at thecollege and university levels in both public andprivate institutions. Tertiary credentials range fromshort programs of one year in length to a doctoraldegree in the field.

The programs in business and economics aredescribed below. Several of the credentials awardedare translated as "master's" degrees by the awarding

Education by Fields of Study

institutions. These translations are not the officialnames of the degrees and should not be confusedwith the actual master's degrees (see Table 4.3).Following these descriptions is information on thepublic institution that offers education in the area ofbusiness: Norges handelshoyskole (NorwegianSchool of Economics and Business Administration),a university-level public institution located in Ber-gen; and information on the private business col-leges that offer recognized academic programs, inparticular the Handelshoyskolen BI (NorwegianSchool of Management), Oslo. The programs de-scribed have received recognition from the Ministryof Education, Research and Church Affairs, or theNKU for purposes of transfer credit (see Chapter IV,"Tertiary-Level Credentials").1. Bednftsokonomeksamen (Business Economics

Examination): This examination is adminis-tered upon completion of a one-year, 20-vethallintroductory program in okonomiskladministra-tivt studium (economics and administrativestudy). The program generally includes course-work in accounting, mathematics, finance, eco-nomics, marketing, computer science, and or-ganizational theory. Students completing theone-year program, and those planning to com-plete a two- or three-year program in businessand economics are awarded this credential afterthe first year of study. This examination is of-fered by a number of distriktshogskokr, the Nor-ges handelshoyskole through its extension de-partment, and the Handelshoyskolen BI.

2. Foretaksokonom (Enterprise Economics) pro-gram: A one-year, 20-vekttall program for gradu-ates of the bedriftsokonom program offered byNorges handelshoyskole.

3. Eiendomsmegler (Real Estate Broker): A one-year, 20-vekttall program begun in 1990, itbuilds on the bedriftsokonom. Following comple-tion of the program and two years of approvedpractical experience, graduates may apply for areal estate broker's authorization from theBanking, Insurance, and Securities Commis-sion. The title granted is the Statsautorisert(Authorized) Real Estate Broker. This programis offered by the Handelshoyskolen BI.

4. Markedskandidat (Market Candidate): This two-year, 40-vekttaprogram in marketing is offeredby the Norges markedshoyskole, which is partof the Handelshoyskolen BI. The tide has beenreplaced by the hoyskolekandidat.

7 4 57

Education by Fiekk of Study

5. Diplomeksportokonom (Diploma in Export Mar-keting): This 3 V2-year program is offered bythe Norges markedshoyskole which is part ofthe Handelshoyskolen BI. One and one-halfyears are spent at a cooperating institution inEngland, Germany, France or Spain. Totalvekttall is 60 for the program with Germany and70 vekttall for the others.

6. Hogskokkandidat (College Candidate) in None-miskladministrativt fag (Economics and Admin-istrative Subject): This is a two-year, 40 -vekttallprogram. When it builds on the bedriftsok-onomeksamen, as is usually the case, the collegecandidate program represents one additionalyear of study. Studies in general business andeconomics are required, as well as elective stud-ies in a variety of business-related fields such asaccounting and auditing, data processing andsystems, marketing, organization and admini-stration, and tourism. This degree is awarded bynumerous distriktshOgskoler, the Handelshoysk-olen BI, and by Norges markedshoyskole invarious fields of marketing.

7. Hogskokkandidat (College Candidate) from aThree-Year Program of Study: A third year inbusiness and economics is available at somedistriktshogskoler. It is based upon completion ofa two-year hogskokkandidat program and repre-sents specialized study in a particular field. Stu-dents may concentrate in areas such as account-ing, administration and management, auditing,economics, electronic data processing and eco-nomics, and public administration and econom-ics. The third year of study may be referred toas ettdrig pdbyggingsstudium (one-year supple-mentary study) or similar wording. Terminologyon the hogskokkandidat will attest to the fact thatit represents completion of a three-year program.

8. DiplomOkonom (Diploma in Business Admini-stration). This is a one-year, 20-vekttall programin business administration for foretaksokonomgraduates of the Norges handelshoyskole kurs-virksomhet (Extension Department). It is alsoawarded by the Handelshoyskolen BI in a one-year, 20-vekttall program which builds on thebedriftsokonom and the hogskokkandidat, and istranslated as Bachelor of Management. In thisfinal year students may specialize in logistics,accounting and taxes, personnel management,marketing, economics, or European Union pol-icy and economics.

58

9. Diplommarkedsokonom (Diploma in Marketing):This one-year, 20-vekttall program is based onthe markedskandidat program or the equivalent.As of 1994, the diploma will include the speciali-zation in marketing, public relations or marketcommunication. It is offered by the Norgesmarkedshoyskolen which is part of the Handel-shoyskolen BI.

10. Pdbyggningsstudium (Supplementary Studies):These programs are offered by a number ofdistriktshogskoler which generally require one-year, 20-vekttall of study in a number of busi-ness-related areas including business econom-ics analysis, economic administration, informat-ics and economics, information processing, in-ternational economics, management and organ-izational development for insurance personnel,marketing and internationalization, materialsadministration, organization and management,personnel management and administration,personnel management and competence devel-opment, and tourism.

Admission requirements to supplementarystudies vary from related work experience toone or two years of previous tertiary-level study.The credential awarded, whether it is a vitnemdl(certificate) or hogskokkandidat (college candi-date), is dependent upon the combination ofprograms and the total years completed.

11. Revisor (Auditor/Accountant Program, LowerLevel): This three-year, 60-vekttall programmay include the bedrIftsokonom and thehogskokkandidat. The program is divided intotwo parts. Part I (40 vekttall) includes introduc-tory study in economics, business administra-tion, management, and auditing. Part II consistsof 20 additional vekttall in fiscal law, general law,and auditing.

Following completion of the program plustwo years of practical experience in auditing andcompletion of a professional examinationknown as the revisoreksamen (auditor examina-tion), graduates will receive the title of registirrtrevisor (registered auditor). The program is of-fered by numerous distriktshogskolen and at theHandelshoyskolen BI.

12. Hoyere revisorstudium (Chartered AccountantProgram, Higher Level): Completion of thisthree-semester program in accounting, audit-ing, law, and tax law and two years of relatedwork experience qualifies students to apply to

75

the Ministry of Trade as a statsautorisert revisor(authorized accountant).

Admission may be gained through gradu-ation from a professional degree program ineconomics (sivilokonom or candidatus /a oe-conomiae) or law (candidatus /a juris); or gradu-ation from a hogskolekandidat (college candidate)program and passage of an examination forqualification as a revisor (accountant program,lower level). It is offered by the Norges handel-shoyskole.

13. Sivilokonom (Business Economist): This profes-sionally oriented degree in the area of businessand economics is awarded by two dis--triktshogsko len e (regional colleges), a specializeduniversity-level institution (Norges handel-shoyskole), and a private, university-level col-lege (Handelshoyskolen BI). It represents com-pletion of four years of tertiary-level study withall or most subjects in or related to business oreconomics. The four institutions awarding thisdegree structure the programs differently.Distriktshogskokne Programs: Agder dis-triktshogskole (Agder Regional College) andthe Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (NordlandCollege) have recently been authorized toaward the degree. In 1994, these becameHogskolen i Agder (Agder College) andHogskolen i Bodo (Bodo College), respectively.Both admit graduates of the two-yearhfigskolekandidat in business and economics, orthose with equivalent education, into a two-yearsupplementary program leading to the sivilok-onom. The Hogskolesenteret i Nordland offersits sivilokonom program through its BusinessCollege of Northern Norway, formed in January1993 as a consolidation of its Institutt for okono-misk-administrative fag (School of Business Ad-ministration) and Sivilokonomutdanningen iBodo (Bodo Graduate School of Business) units.The Hogskolesenteret i Nordland translates itssivilokonom degree as Master of Science in Busi-ness.The Norges handelshoyskole/NHH (Norwe-gian School of Economics and Business Ad-ministration) Program: Part one of the two-partprogram includes 82 NHH credits completedover three years in accounting, business admini-stration, computer sciences, economics, fi-nance, information system management, mar-keting, mathematics, operations research, or-

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ganization management, statistics, strategy, andsupplementary courses (C languages [English,French, German, Japanese and Spanish], law,mathematics, computer science, economic his-tory and economic geography). The school re-fers to completion of the first part as completionof a Bachelor of Business Administration degreeprogram. A Norwegian degree is not awardedafter the third year. Students do not concludetheir education after part one, but continuethrough part two of the program.

The second part requires completion of 26NHH credits or one additional year of study thatincludes courses in a chosen specialization, sup-plementary courses, and a thesis. Students mayspecialize in accounting, economics, economicsin developing countries, finance and financialeconomics, information systems, internationali-zation and the international economy, manage-rial economics, marketing management, organi-zation management, or strategic analysis. Com-pletion of part two results in the sivilokonomdegree, translated by NHH as Master of Sciencein Business.Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School ofManagement) Sivilokonom Program: This is afour-year, 80-vekttall program. The institutiontranslates it as Master of Business and Econom-ics since 1993, and as Master of Managementthrough 1992. Government authorization toaward the sivilfikonom was granted to this privateinstitution in 1985. Prior to 1985, the credentialgranted for this program was known as thedip/omokonom, a different program than thedip/omokonom (diploma in business administra-tion) program offered by this institution since1985. Those holding the dip/omokonom awardedfrom 1972 to 1985 may apply to the Handel-shoyskolen BIs to have a sivilfikonom degreeissued in its place.

The program was divided into two 2-yearparts. Part I includes mandatory courses total-ling 40 vekttall. Part II includes 20 vekttall ofmandatory courses, 12 vekttall of electivecourses, and an 8-vekttall thesis. Part II studentsmay specialize in one of the following areas:accounting, applied organizational and opera-tions development; finance; international busi-ness administration; management and effi-ciency; marketing; shipping management, so-cial economics; and tax planning and economic

7 6 59

Education by Fiehic of Study

management. The program was changed in1993 to one 3-year and one 1-year part. In thelast part students specialize in areas listedabove, plus logistics, entrepreneurship, man-agement information systems, business strategyor organization psychology.

After completing the third year, studentsmay elect to complete the fourth year or transferinto the Master of Science program describedbelow.

14. Sivilmarkedsforer (Marketing): The one-year, 20vekaall program, which builds on the diplom-markeekokonom, is offered by the Norgesmarkedshoyskole which is part of the Handel-shoyskolen BI. The school refers to this creden-tial as the Master of Science in Marketing.

15. Handelsokonom (Business Administration): Afour-year program offered by the former Oslohandelshoyskole (Oslo Business School). Theschool refers to the degree as the Bachelor ofBusiness Administration (BBA)-Honors. Aftercompletion of the third year, students may ap-ply for admission to the Master of BusinessAdministration program (see below).

16. Pedagogisk Utdanning (Teachers' Training Pro-gram): Through spring 1992, this program, of-fered by Norges handelshoyskole, representedone semester of study for graduates of thesivilfikonom program. Beginning in fall 1993, stu-dents may complete the requirements for thisprogram during the sivilokonom program, ex-tending the program to a total of 4V2 years.

Completion of the teachers' training pro-gram qualifies the graduate as an adjunkt (ad-junct) in business. Also, in cooperation withBodo Imrerhogskole (Bodo College of Educa-tion), the Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nord-land College) offers a teacher training programin business economics. Teacher qualificationsare discussed later in this chapter.

17. Candidatus/candidata magisterii (cand. mag.) in anOkonomick-administrativ studieretning (Econom-ics-Administrative Area of Study) Program: TheUniversity of Bergen offers a cand. mag. degreeprogram specifically in an economics-adminis-trative study program through its Faculty ofSocial Sciences. It is a four-year first-level de-gree which includes the ex. phil., one semesterof study in information science, two semestersin administration and organization science, twosemesters in social economics, and two semes-

60

ters of elective study. The cand. mag. is dis-cussed in detail in Chapter IV.

18. Candidatus /a rerum polificarum (cand. pofit.) Pro-gram: The universities of Bergen, Oslo, andTrondheim offer the cand. pofit. in economicsthrough their faculties of social sciences. Be-cause of the historical development of the studyof economics in northern Norway, the Univer-sity of Tromso offers a cand. polit. degree pro-gram in economics through its Norges fiskeri-hogskole (Norwegian College of Fishery Sci-ence). The cand. pofit. degree is discussed inChapter IV.

19. Examen oeconomiae (exam. oecon.) and candi-datus/a oeconomiae (cand. oecon.) Programs: TheDepartment of Economics of the Faculty ofSocial Sciences of the University of Oslo offersa professionally oriented degree program in eco-nomics which leads to cand. oecon.

The curriculum is divided into three divi-sions. Division I includes the ex. phil, threesemesters of study in economics, plus one se-mester of study in mathematics, statistics, anddata processing, for a total of five semesters ofstudy. Division II includes two semesters ofstudy in economics, specifically microeconom-ics, macroeconomics, and empirical methods.Students choosing to conclude their universitystudies after division II are eligible for the de-gree of examen oeconomiae. Division III requiresfour additional semesters of study and includesadvanced coursework in micro- and macroeco-nomics, electives, and a thesis.

20. Master of International Business/MiB Program:Offered by the Norges handelshoyskole/NHH,it is taught entirely in English. It admitted itsfirst students in 1986. The program focuses onapplied international business and prepares stu-dents for international experience.

Until 1993 the MiB program required twoyears of study including 30 NHH credits incompulsory subjects, 6 credits of electives, 3credits for a summer internship or an additionalelective, plus a 9-credit thesis. Beginning in1993, the program has been restructured into athree-semester program: 27 NHH credits incompulsory subjects, 6 credits of electives, and6 credits for the thesis.

Admission for foreign students is based ona bachelor's degree or the equivalent. Norwe-gian students must have a cand. mag. degree,

77

sivilokonom, or the equivalent for admission. Inaddition to academic background, GMATscores, letters of recommendation, and workexperience, etc. are considered for admission.

21. Master of Science Program: Offered by theHandelshoyskolen BI, this program is taughtentirely in English. It utilizes an academic cal-endar comprised of fall, winter, and spring quar-ters (September to June).

The master's requires two years of study forthose who have completed either the diplom-okonom (representing a total of three years oftertiary study) or three years of the sivilokonomprogram. It requires one year of study for sivilfik-onom graduates or those with approved previouseducation in related areas. This program waslaunched in 1990 with the specialization in en-ergy management.

Additional specializations have been addedin decision support systems, environmentalmanagement, Euromanagement, financial eco-nomics, and international marketing. The pro-gram uses a 4-point, A through F grading scale.An overall grade average of 3.0 (B) is requiredfor graduation.

22. Master of Business Administration/MBA Pro-gram: This is an 11-month program, offered byHandelshoyskolen BI, which follows an aca-demic calendar of four quarters. The program istaught in Norwegian and English. Admissioncalls for GMAT scores, a four-year tertiary-leveldegree program, and at least three years of workexperience.

A part-time version of the MBA is offeredto employees of company affiliates of the insti-tution and may be completed in 2V2 years. Atthe end of two years of study in the part-timeMBA program, a "Special Diploma" indicatingcoursework completed is issued to students notplanning to complete the entire program. TheMBA program uses the same grading scale asthe Master of Science program noted above.23. Doaor.oeconomiae (dr. oecon.) and ABD Program:The ABD (All But Dissertation) program is thetwo-year coursework component for a doctor oe-conomiae (doctorate in economics) degree. Stu-dents may specialize in either management,business administration, economic history, eco-nomic geography, or economics.

The normal courseload is 10 courses com-pleted in three semesters: six in the field of


specialization, and four supplementary courses.During the fourth semester, students write aresearch paper which serves as a dissertationproposal.

Students "graduate" from the ABD pro-gram, but receive no tide. Admission is basedon the sivilokonom degree or the equivalent.The coursework for the ABD program is in-cluded in the doctor oeconomiae program. It ex-pands the research paper begun in the ABDprogram to the scope of a doctoral dissertationwhich requires two additional years for prepara-tion. NHH is the only institution awarding thisdegree.A diagram of tertiary-level credentials in busi-

ness and economics and the institutions whichaward these credentials is provided in Chart 5.1.

INSTITUTIONS OFFERING BUSINESSAND ECONOMICS PROGRAMS

Norges Handelshoyskole/NHH (NorwegianSchool of Economics and Business Administra-tion); Helleveien 30, 5035 Bergen-Sandviken; Tel:+47 55 95 92 00; Fax: +47 55 95 95 65.

This specialized university-level institution of-fers education primarily in business and economics.NHH offers public education through its MainSchool, and privately funded education throughthree foundations. The four (described below) arecollectively known as the NHH-Group.

NHH is engaged in many international ex-change agreements and has been selected as theNorwegian academic institution in the Communityof European Management Schools/CEMS. In theUnited States, NMI has exchange agreements withthe University of California, Northwestern Univer-sity, Cornell University, Vanderbilt University, theUniversity of North Carolina-Chapel Hill; Collegeof William and Mary, Queen's University, OttawaUniversity in Canada, and the University of BritishColumbia. More than 35% of the students enrolledin the fourth year of the sivilokonom program spenda semester abroad.

The Main School is comprised of 14 depart-ments. Its use of credit and grading systemsdiffers from other public institutions. TheNHH credit system specifies 13 or 14 credits persemester as fulltime enrollment. Grading is on9-point scale with 9 as the best possible grade.

78 61

Education by Fields. ofStudy

Chart 5.1. Business and Economics Higher Education Institutions Offering Business andEconomics Programs

62

Years of Education

1

I

2

Elendoms-megler

<XX

3 4

Diplom-eksportokonom

J

Hoyererevisorstudiurn

H

Cand. mag.

EFGH

5 6 7 8

Dr. oecon.

H

Master of Science

MBA

MiBH

Exam. oecon.

E

Cand. pout.

EFGH

Cand. oecon.

E

9

Dr. polit.

EFGH

A. Distriktshogskolene (numerous) F. Universitetet i TromsoB. Agder Distriktshogskoler G. Universitetet i TrondheimC. Hogskolesenteret i Nordland H. Norges HandelshoyskoleD. Universitetet i Bergen I. Handelshoyskolen BIE. Universitetet i Oslo J. Norges Markedshoyskolen

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Grades of 8 and 9 are rarely awarded. Approxi-mately 5% of the students receive an averagegrade of 7 through 9 and 25% the average gradeof 6 or better. A good average pass is in the 4.5to 5.0 range. The lowest passing grade is a 2 andis considered below satisfactory. The followinginterpretation of the NHH grading scale is sug-gested:

NHHGrading

6-9

4-5

3

2

0, 1


A

B

C

DF

In addition to the above programs, the schoolalso offers one-year, 20-vekttall programs inEnglish, French, and German. Admission to theFrench and German programs is based on com-pletion of upper secondary school. Admission tothe English program requires previous comple-tion of one year of tertiary study in English. TheMain School is also responsible for administer-ing the government examination for authorizedtranslators (translatoreksamen).The Extension Department (NHH Kursvirk-somhet/NHHK) is a private foundation of theNHH Group. The Main School (NHH) decideswhether or not programs offered through theNHHK receive recognition for transfer into de-gree programs offered by public institutions.In addition to various short, noncredit adulteducation courses offered by NHHK, two 2-year part-time noncredit programs for practicingexecutives are offered: Program for Interna-tional Development Education/PRIDE whichrequires the sivilokonom, candidatus /a oe-conomiae, candidate la sosiologiae, or the equiva-lent for admission; and the Finansanalytiker stu-dietlAFA-studiet (Program for Authorized Finan-cial Analysts).

Executive Education Programs (Adminis-trativt forskningsfond/AFF) are offered viamodularized leadership programs funded bytuition from businesses. These noncredit pro-grams for practicing executives usually include

Education by Fields- o f Stu*

three weeks of intensive study for five or sixperiods over 12 months.Contract Research (Stiftelsen for samfunns- ognwringslivsforskning/SNF) is a nonteachingprivately funded division of the NHH-Group.Research is conducted in six SNF centers by theNHH teaching staff.

Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School ofManagement), PO Box 580, 301 Sandvika; Tel:+47 22 57 05 00; Fax +47 22 47 05 70.

This is Norway's largest private institution of-fering education in business. In June 1992, the in-stitution merged with Norges markedshoyskole(Norwegian School of Marketing). In January 1993,Oslo handelshoyskole (Oslo Business School), for-merly known as Handelsakademiet i Oslo (BusinessAcademy in Oslo), merged with these two institu-tions. The Norwegian School of Marketing of theNorwegian School of Management will continue tokeep its name and logo, and offer separate programs.The Oslo Business School has ceased to exist, andits programs have been phased out. The NorwegianSchool of Management operates the following divi-sions.

The faculty and teaching staff located at themain campus in Sandvika comprises four depart-ments: Business Economics; Business Organizationand Management; Strategy, Business History andForeign Languages; Marketing and Logistics. Fac-ulty and teaching staff at all the other units areattached to these departments.

The Graduate School in Sandvika offers thefollowing programs: sivilokonom (Master ofBusiness and Economics); Master of Science,fulltime and part-time MBA and dr. polit. pro-gram in cooperation with the University of Oslo,plus the three-year Registered Auditor program(undergraduate level).The Regional Business Colleges (BI hoysko-lene). These colleges are located in Bergen,Buskerud (Drammen), Gjovik, Kristiansand,More (Alesund), Oslo, Ostfold (Sarpsborg),Rana, Skedsmo, Stavanger, Telemark (Pros-grunn), Trondheim, and Vestfold (Sandefjord).The programs offered include the one-year, 20-vekttall bartftsokonom (business candidate), thetwo-year, 40-vekttall hoyskolelandidat (collegecandidate) and the three-year, 60-vekttalldiplomokonom (diploma in business administra-

63


tion), diplomokonom reiseliv (diploma in tourismmanagement), the two-year, 40-vekttall eien-domsmegler (Real Estate Broker), and variousone-, two,-, and three-year programs describedunder Norges markedshoyskole. In addition,the Regional Business Colleges offer variousexecutive programs and programs in continuingeducation. Since 1990 a Distance Education(Fjernundervisning) program has offered one-and two-year programs where students use ahome-based personal computer to communi-cate with their teachers.Norges markedshoyskole (The NorwegianSchool of Marketing), originally a reklameskolen(advertising school), has also been known as theMarkedsforingsskolen (Marketing School) andthe Institutt for markedsforing (Institute forMarketing). The school merged with Handel-shoyskolen BI (The Norwegian School of Man-agement) in 1992. The school offers a four-yearsivilmarkedsforer program (Master of Science inMarketing); a 3 I/ 2-year diplommarkarforerpro-gram (Diploma in Marketing) with specializa-tion in various fields of marketing; a two-year,40-vekttall hoyskolekandidat (college candidate)in various fields of marketing; and various one-year, 20-vekttall grunnfag and one-semester, 10-vekttall mellomfag supplement specializations inmarketing. The one-, two-, and three-year pro-grams are offered through BI hoyskolene (Re-gional Business Colleges).The Center for Executive Education coordi-nates credential and noncredential educationalactivities for business professionals, including aMaster of Management program, managementprograms, and especially designed course andin-company management training.The Research Center is primarily responsiblefor stimulating externally financed research pro-jects and coordinating them with the expertiseof the Norwegian School of Management fac-ulty and staff.

This private college uses separate individualand overall grading scales for its sivilrikonom (econo-mist) degree program.

Individual subjects are graded as follows:

1.0 to 1.5 = Outstanding1.6 to 2.5 = Very Good

64

2.6 to 3.2 - Good3.3 to 4.0 = Fair4.1 to 6.0 = Fail

Overall grade averages are defined below:

1.00 to 1.75 =

1.76 to 2.50 =

2.51 to 3.25 -3.26 to 4.25 -

OutstandingVery GoodGoodNot Passed

On the basis of the above two Norwegian Schoolof Management grading scales, the following USequivalent grading scale is suggested:

1.00 to 1.751.76 to 2.502.51 to 3.253.26 to 4.004.01 to 6.00

A (rarely given)B

C

DF

The Norwegian School of Management uses aUS-style grading system for its Master of Scienceand Master of Business Administration degree pro-grams. An overall grade of 3.0 is required for gradu-ation:

A = 4.0 C+ = 2.3

A- = 3.7 C = 2.0B+ = 3.3 C- 1.7

B - 3.0 F = Fail (below 1.7)B- = 2.7

Oslo handelshoyskole (Oslo Business School)was founded in 1%7 and merged with Handel-shoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of Management)on January 1, 1993. It was a private institution withan enrollment of 1,300 students in 1992. It offeredthe following programs: bedriftsokonom; handels0k-onom; Master of Business Administration; and MBAfor Executives, a noncredit program. Students whowere already enrolled in the Oslo Business Schoolmaster's programs at the time of the 1992 merger willbe allowed to complete these programs.

Other private institutions offering education inthe field of business and economics which receivefull or partial NKU recognition for purposes of trans-fer credit are listed below.

81

Bankakademiet (Bank Academy)Institutet for hogre marknadsutbildning (IHMBusiness School)marketing economics pro-gram only.NKI datahogskolen (NKI Data College; seelisting under engineering)NKI fjernundervisningen (NKI Distance Edu-cation; see Chapter VII)NKS (Norsk korrespondanseskole [NorwegianCorrespondence School])hogskole, Oslo(NKS College, Oslo; see Chapter VII)Norges hoyskole for informasjonsteknologi/NHI (Norwegian College for InformationTechnology)Rogaland markedshoyskole (Rogaland Market-ing College)Skatteetatskolen i Oslo og Bergen (TaxationSchool in Oslo and Bergen)Varehandelens hoyskole (Commodity TradingCollege)

Education(Teacher Training)

Teacher training is under the jurisdiction of theMinistry of Education, Research and Church Affairsand receives advice from the National Council forTeacher Education. Teachers at all levels are nowtrained in tertiary-level institutions: colleges of edu-cation, universities, specialized university-level in-stitutions; the National College for Teachers of Vo-cational Subjects (Statens yrkespedagogiskehogskole). Table 5.1 summarizes teacher trainingrequirements.

The University of Oslo offers a professionallyoriented degree in pedagogy, the candidatusla paeda-gogiae (cand. paed.). The universities and specializeduniversity-level institutions offer a special two-se-mester practical pedagogical seminar for holders ofuniversity degrees who have not studied educationduring their university program.

The admission requirement for all teacher train-ing programs, except training for teachers of voca-tional subjects, is completion of upper secondaryschool with general university matriculation re-quirements. Most applicants for the programs lead-ing to qualification as a general subjects teacher havecompleted upper secondary education in the all-menne fag (general studies area ). Additional specialrequirements are listed under each type of teachertraining.

Education by Fields o f Stu*

COLLEGE OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS

Teacher training for primary and secondaryschools is regulated by the Teacher Training Act of1973 and its subsequent amendments. The Act tookeffect in 1975, and raised the former two-year train-ing programs to tertiary-level programs of at leastthree years in length offered at larerhogskokr (col-lege of edtication), also known as pedagogiskehogskoler (pedagogical colleges). Prior to this timethe programs did not require completion of uppersecondary school for admission.

Legislation divides teachers into the followingcategories: fotskolelawr (preschool teachers), all-menrdar (general subjects teachers), and faglarere(specialized subjects teachers). It also specifiesthree titles for teachers at all levels: larer (teacher),adjunkt (adjunct), and lektor (lecturer). See "Teach-ing Ranks" later.

In addition to the basic teacher training course,the colleges also offer half-year and full-year coursesin special subjects and two-year courses in somefields, such as drama and music, and special educa-tion. Table 5.2 lists all colleges of education withtheir names, addresses, and specializations. Thosethat provide instruction for the advanced degree ineducation are noted.

Preschool Teachers

Preschool teachers (forskoldarere) for childrenfrom infancy to age 7 are trained in one of twocolleges which offer programs specifically for pre-school teaching, or in one of the 16 colleges offeringpreschool teacher education in addition to otherprograms. The three-year program comprises studyin educational theory and practice for 11/4 years;subject studies with methodology and didactics for11/4 years; and one semester of indepth study in atleast one subject, such as child language and culture,music, special education, social studies and publicadministration, drama, and the role of play in childdevelopment. Students spend 20-24 weeks in prac-tical training.

Upon graduation, students are issued a fullteaching license by the college which entitles themto teach in any preschool. Holders of this credentialmay complete one year of additional study to qualifyas an ailment; larer (general subjects teacher). Theymay also undertake further studies in social work orhealth-related fields.

2 65


Table 5.1. Summary of Teacher Training Requirements

Regulations of Teacher Training Laws of 1973 and1987 in regard to qualifications: All programs shallinclude at least a half year of the study of pedagogy.

In regard to specific qualifications:

Forskolelarer (Preschool teacher): Three yearsof teacher training at a college of education.Allmennkerer (General Subject Teacher, basicschool): Four years of training at a college ofeducation (formerly three years).Fagiterer (Specialized Subject Teacher):

Dans (Dance): A three-year program at Dennorske ballethoyskole (Norwegian Collegeof Ballet) in the ballet, dance, or movementteacher program, or from Statens ballett-hogskole (National College of Ballet andDance) in the ballet teacher program.Drama (Drama): Three-year program at theStatens teaterhogskole (National Collegeof Dramatic Art) in the Actor or Scene Di-rector branch.Forming (Arts and Crafts): Three-year pro-gram at a college of education. The 1973 lawalso requires specialized teacher training ata handicraft school, two years' specializedteacher training plus two years of relevantvocational practice, previous 1 1/2 years ofspecialized teacher training, a vocationalcertificate and two years of relevant voca-tional practice.Morsmdl (Mother tongue): One year oftraining at a college of education together

with two years of higher education in for-eign language and culture.Handels-og Kontoitag (Business and Ac-counting): Three-year program at theStatens lmrerhogskole i handels-og kontor-fag (National College for Teachers of Com-mercial Subjects) or previous training at acollege of education, or two years' econom-ics/administrative training at a college, withone year of subject and pedagogical supple-mentary course from a college of education.Krappsoving (Physical Education): Three-year program at Norges idretthogskole(Norwegian University of Physical Educa-tion and Sport); or one-year program at Nor-ges idrettshogskole combined with coursesin biology, chemistry, crafts, domestic sci-ence, English, history, geography, German,mass communication, media and informa-tion science, mathematics, music, Norwe-gian, physics, religious studies, science, orsocial studies taken at a university or col-lege.Musikk (Music): Three-year program at theNorges musikkhogskole (Norwegian StateAcademy of Music) or a music conservatory;three-year program at the Statens opera-hogskole (National Opera College); three-year program in children's music from Bar-ratt Dues musikkinstitutt (Barrat DuesConservatory of Music) or from Ostlandetsmusikkonservatorium (East NorwegianConservatory of Music).

General Subjects Teachers

General subjects teachers (allmennlarere) for ba-sic school (grunnskole) education complete theirtraining in one of 20 pedagogical colleges. Through1992, the program required three years of study.This was lengthened to four years for students en-tering the program in 1992 or later.

The new program consists of a total of 80 vekttallin two main areas: core subjects and optional sub-jects (one year of study equalling 20 vekttall). Coresubjects, with the number of vekttall in parenthesesare mathematics (5), religion and ethics (5), natural

66

science, environmental and social subjects (10),Norwegian (10), educational theory and practice(20), and aesthetic subjects (10). The optional sub-jects, consisting of 20 vekttall, may be in subjects orsubject areas which are offered in the grunnskole(grades 1 to 9) and may be studied at one of thepedagogical colleges or at another type of tertiary-level institution. Practical training of 16-18 weeks isincluded.

Graduates receive a certificate of generalteacher training (vitnemeil om allmennkertrutdanning)and a full teaching license issued by the college,which entitles them to teach in all levels of the

83

nine-year basic school. A "Teacher's Certificate"will be issued in English upon request. Graduatesmay qualify as forskoklarer (preschool teachers) bycompleting one additional year of study.

Specialized Subjects Teachers

The highest ranking specialized subject teach-ers (fagleerere), or lektots (instructors) are those whohave completed a minimum of six years of tertiary-level education. (Complete information on teachingranks is provided at the end of this section.) Severalcolleges of education provide teacher education atthis level in fields which are not offered at universi-ties. The two-year programs of study, for which acand. mag. degree or the equivalent is required foradmission, lead to a hovedfag (main subject examina-tion) and the degree ofhovedfagskandidat (main sub-ject candidate). Diplomas may be issued using theterminology "eksamen i hovedfag (examination in amain subject)." Colleges of education offeringhovedfag examinations are noted in Table 5.2.

Graduates of these college-based hovedfagskan-didat programs do not in all cases qualify for admis-sion to Norwegian doctoral programs. Some of theprograms do not meet the required theoretical andacademic standards set down in the regulations foruniversity doctoral degree admission, and universitydoctoral programs are in some cases not within therelevant fields of study.

In some cases, the colleges of education offeringhovedfag programs may have arangements withneighboring universities, which will issue either acond. philol., cand. polit., or cand. scient. degree (seeChapter IV) rather than a hovedfagskandidat.

Specialized subjects teachers are trained in col-leges, at universities or university-level specializedinstitutions, and at the Statens yrkespedagogiskehogskole (National College for Teachers of Voca-tional Subjects). In addition to the general univer-sity matriculation requirements, prospectivefagleerer students must have completed at least oneyear of study at the secondary level in their intendedspecialization. Students who wish to qualify forteaching in upper secondary school and in the col-lege sector must have two years of study in special-ized subjects in upper secondary education.

The three types offagleerere are: 1) those whoteach arts and crafts, economics, home economics,and a combination of music and physical educationin grades 1 through 9; 2) those who teach humani-


ties, natural sciences, music, dance, and physicaleducation in the upper secondary schools and col-lege sector institutions; and 3) those who teach vo-cational subjects in grades 1 through 12.1. Training for special subjects teachers of grades

1 through 9 is offered at the colleges of educa-tion. The structure of the three-year teachers'college programs includes one year of study ineducational theory and practice and two years ofsubject studies with didactics and methodology.

Upon graduation, students receive a vit-nemell om faglaterutdanning (certificate of spe-cialized subjects) and a full teaching license,issued by the college. Those qualified to teachin the upper secondary schools and college lev-els in the areas of music, dance, and physicaleducation must be educated in a university-level institution (see below).

2. Training for teachers of humanities and naturalsciences in the upper secondary schools andcollege sector institutions is provided at theuniversities. Training for upper secondaryschool and college sector teachers in music,dance, and physical education is given at terti-ary-level institutions specializing in such train-ing (e.g., National Academy of Music). (See"Teacher Training Programs Offered at OtherColleges and Universities," below.)

To qualify for this level of teaching, stu-dents normally complete a candidatuslatetii degree, followed by a program of educa-tional theory and practice. Until the spring se-mester of 1992, this supplemental program re-quired one semester of study. Students enteringin the fall of 1992 and later complete a full yearcourse. Details of training in fine arts, sports,etc. is provided below.

3. Training for teachers of vocational or technicalsubjects is offered at the Statens yrkespeda-gogiske hogskole (National College for Teach-ers of Vocational Subjects) following substantialpractical experience in the vocational field.Those wishing to train to be teachers of voca-tional subjects have completed their own voca-tional training in upper secondary schools, attertiary-level institutions of different types, orin an apprenticeship program.

Vocational teachers undertake a period ofteacher training at the National College forTeachers of Vocational Subjects. Until thespring semester of 1992, the program required

84 67

Education by Fie 1dr of Study

Table 5.2. Colleges of Education, 1993

As of 1993, most will be combined into larger units. See Appendix B. Key: Institutions have been coded toindicate the programs they offer: K preschool teacher training; G general studies teacher training; SSspecialized subject training (with subjects listed); H advanced level hovedfag(main subject) studies. Trainingfor teachers of music is done in the music conservatories, for drama at the Statens teaterhogskole and for danceat the Statens balletthogskole. See appropriate sections.

Alta kererhogskole (Alta College Of Education).Postboks 1200, 9501 Alta. Tel: +47 784 34 044. Fax:+47 784 37 670. Programs: K, G, S in nutrition,health and environment.

Barnevernsakademiet i Oslo, pedagogisk hog-skole (Oslo Academy of Child Welfare, College ofEducation). Postboks 24, Manglerud, 0612 Oslo.Tel: +47 22 27 78 60. Fax: +47 22 26 41 79.Programs: K, H in children's pedagogy.

Bergen leererhogskole (Bergen College ofEducation). Landassvingen 15, 5030 Landas. Tel:+47 55 29 16 00. Programs: K, G, SS in sciencewith informatics and mathematics, H in musicpedagogy and in social studies (in conjunction withthe History Institute of the University of Bergen).

Bislet hogskolesenter (Bislet College). Pilestre-det 52, 0167 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 45 40 00. Fax: +4722 45 40 05. Established 1992, incorporating Oslolazrerhogskole and Sagene lwrerhogskole. Pro-gram: G.

Bodo kererhogskole (Bodo College of Educa-tion). Ronvik, 8000 Bodo. Tel: +47755 81 560. Fax:+47 755 83 560. K, G, SS in economics and ad-ministration (in conjunction with Hogskolesen-teret i Nordland).

Dronning Mauds Minne, hogskole for for-skolekererutdanning (Queen Maud's MemorialFoundation College of Education for PreschoolTeachers).Th. Owesensgate 18, 7044 Trondheim.Tel: +47 73 51 24 77. Fax +47 73 51 24 87. Pro-grams: K, H in preschool pedagogy (in conjunctionwith University of Trondheim).

Eik kererhogskole (Eik College of Education).3109 Lofts-Eik. Tel: +47 333 68 022. Fax: +47 333

69 330. Programs: K, G.

Elverum Ifererhogskole (Elverum College ofEducation). 2400 Elverum. Tel: +47 624 11 655.Programs: G, SS in physical education and sports.

Halden la rerhogskole (Halden College of Edu-cation). 1750 Halden. Tel: +47 943 84 444. Pro-grams: K, G, SS in economics and administration(in conjunction with Ostfold distriktshogskole).

Hamar hererhogskole (Hamar College of Edu-cation). 2300 Hamar. Tel: +47 625 22 040. Pro-grams: K, G. .

Hogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College). 7600Levanger. Tel: +47 740 91 211. Fax: +47 740 81712. Programs: K, G, H in physical education.

Kristiansand kererhogskole (Kristiansand Col-lege of Education). KongsgArd and 20, 4631 Kris-tiansand. Tel: +47 380 91 980. Fax: +47 380 91 987.Programs: K, G, SS in science with informaticsand mathematics.

Nesna lsererhogskole (Nesna College of Educa-tion). 8700 Nesna. Tel: +47 750 56 102. Fax: +47750 56 103. Programs: K, G.

Oslo kererhogskole (Oslo College of Education).Incorporated into Bislet College in 1992. Program:G.

Rudolf Steinerhogskolen (Rudolf Steiner Col-lege). Sporveisgata 35, 0354 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 5669 61. The only private college of education offer-ing a two-year program in elementary schoolteacher training and a kindergarten teacher train-ing program, both based on the Steiner educationtheories. The school operates on a three-term,

68

85

Education by Fields. of Stu*

37-week calendar from August to June. Thecourses do not qualify graduates to teach in theNorwegian public schools. The institution wasfounded in 1981 and enrolls 65 students. Programs:K, G.

Sagene ltererhogskole (Sagene College of Edu-cation). Incorporated into Bislet College in 1992.Program: G.

Sarni allaskuvla/samisk hogskole (Sarni Col-lege). Postboks 10, 9520 Kautokeino. Tel: +47 7848 68 88. Fax: +47 78 48 68 78. Programs: K, G.

Sogndal kererhogskole (Sogndal College ofEducation). Postboks 211, 5801 Sogndal. Tel: +47576 71 311. Programs: K, G.

Stabekk hogskole (Stabekk College). Ringsta-bekkveien 105, 1340 Bekkestua. Tel:+ 47 22 12 0720. Programs: SS, H in nutrition, health and envi-ronmental studies.

Statens kererhogskole i forming Blaker (Na-tional College for Teachers of Arts and Crafts).1925 Blaker. Tel: +47 63 82 83 88. Program: SS indrawing and handicraft.

Statens kererhogskole i forming Oslo (NationalCollege for Teachers of Arts and Crafts). CortAdelersgate 33, 0254 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 55 82 00.Fax: +47 22 55 82 35. Programs: SS in arts andcrafts for primary school, lower and uppersecondary school, folk high school and art colleges.Offers specialization of one-year, 20 vekttall unitsin design and decorative textile; design and sewingof clothes; design and weaving of textiles; drawing,design and color; drawing, design, color and textile;tapestry weaving, design and color; H in arts andcrafts and in Sarni arts and crafts.

Statens liererhogskole i handels- og kontorfag(National College for Teachers of CommercialSubjects). Stubbveien 3, 3500 Honefoss. Tel: +47

321 25 100. Fax: +47 321 20 980. Programs: SS ineconomics and administrative subjects and train-ing for adjunkt title; H in economics and adminis-trative branches.

Statens yrkespedagogiske hogskole (NationalCollege for Teachers of Vocational Subjects).Postboks 2803, Toyen, 0608 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 6745 85. Fax: +47 22 67 96 22. Programs: SS forteachers of vocational subjects; H in vocationalpedagogy. This is the only institution of its type inthe Nordic countries.

Stavanger kererhogskole (Stavanger College ofEducation). Postboks 2521 Ullandhaug, 4004Stavanger. Tel: +47 51 55 86 00. Programs: K, G,H in special education.

Stord kererhogskole (Stord College of Educa-tion). 5414 Rommetveit. Tel: +47 534 10 288. Fax:+47 53 410 477. Programs: K, G, H in pedagogicinformation science (in conjunction with Univer-sity of Bergen).

Telemark kererhogskole (Telemark College ofEducation). 3670 Notodden. Tel: +47 350 10 200.Fax: +47 350 14 230; Programs: K, G, SS in artsand crafts, and in science with informatics ormathematics; H in arts and crafts.

Tromso lcererhogskole (Tromso College of Edu-cation). Mellomveien 110, 9000 Tromso. Tel: +47776 57 600. Fax: +47 776 88 118. Programs: K, G.

Trondheim leererhogskole (Trondheim Collegeof Education). Breidablikkveien 39, 7021 Trond-heim. Tel: +47 73 51 12 66. Fax: +47 73 96 46 64.Programs: G, H in special education (in conjunc-tion with the University of Trondheim).

Volda lEererhogskole (Volda College of Educa-tion). 6100 Volda. Tel: +47 700 77 242. Fax: +47700 78 835. Programs: K, G, H in special educa-tion.

one semester of study. Since the fall semesterof 1992, it has been extended to a full-yearperiod. Applicants must hold a fagbrev (voca-tional certificate) in a technical profession,

skilled trade or craft, and have two to four years'experience in their field.

The vocational study of this group of teach-ers covers most of the following occupations and

8 6 69


professions: technical and vocational profes-sions and skilled trades, agricultural professions,and different professions associated with hospi-tal treatment and health care.

Special Education Teachers

Teachers of special education (spesiallarere)must have training as preschool teachers, generalsubject teachers, or specialized subject teachers.Special education teacher training is offered at sev-eral teachers' colleges and at the Institutt forspesialpedagogikk (Institute of Special Education)of the University of Oslo. Teachers' colleges offerprograms corresponding to part I, and in some casespart II offered by the Institute of Special Education(see "Teacher Training Programs Offered at OtherColleges and Universities," below).

Continuing Education: In-Serviceand Further Education

Primary and lower secondary school teachershave a built-in system of study and planning daysone week per year, spread throughout the schoolyear. Pupils attend classes for 37 weeks; teachers arerequired to attend for 38 weeks. There is no require-ment for additional continuing education.

Most pedagogical colleges offer special trainingcourses of half-year or full-year duration in variousfields for individuals wishing to advance to a higherteaching rank. Certificates of study for half or fullyear (vitnemdl om halveirs- og drsenheter) courses areissued.

Teachers who wish to qualify for the adjunktlevel (see "Teaching Ranks" below) follow a one-year special course at a college of education. Uponcompletion they are issued a vitnemell om adjunktut-donning (certificate for adjunct education).

TEACHER TRAINING PROGRAMSOFFERED AT OTHER COLLEGES ANDUNIVERSITIES

Training for specialized subject teachers(faglarere) in fine arts and physical education is pro-vided at tertiary-level institutions offering educa-tion in these fields. Music pedagogical training isoffered at the Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian

70

State Academy of Music), in the music conservato-ries, and at the Statens operahogskole (NationalCollege of Operatic Art). The program of studyrequires three years.

Training for teachers of sports and physical edu-cation is offered at the Norges idrettshogskole (Nor-wegian University of Physical Education and Sport),the Flogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College), andthe Elverum lxrerhogskole (Elverum College ofEducation).

The University of Oslo Faculty of Social Sci-ences awards the degree of candidatusla paedagogiae(cand. paed.) upon completion of a professional pro-gram of study. The program, 6V2 years in lengthsince the the 1992-93 academic year and seven yearspreviously, is structured as follows: one semester ofstudy for the cc. phil., and a one-year grunnfag inpedagogy and in another subject. This sequence isfollowed by part I in education consisting of oneyear of pedagogic theory, and part H in educationconsisting of three additional years of study in edu-cation theory, practice, and for the thesis.

Those with the degree of candidatusla paeda-gogiae may continue university studies for a doctorscientiarum (dr scient.) in the field of education.

The Practical-Pedagogical Examination

Universities and some specialized university-level institutions offer the practical-pedagogical ex-amination (the praktisk-pedagogisk eksamen). This isavailable to students pursuing a degree program orto those holding a degree at the level of cand. mag.or the equivalent who wish to be general subjectsteachers (allmennlarere) or teachers of specializedsubjects with the rank of adjunkt (see below). Thepractical-pedagogical examination for those wishingto be a teacher of vocational subjects (yrkeslarer) isalso offered at some universities or specialized uni-versity-level institutions. See information above onthe training of teachers of vocational subjects foradmission requirements to this type of teacher train-ing program.

Through the spring semester of 1992, the prac-tical-pedagogical seminar required one semester ofstudy. Since the fall of 1992, the program requiresone year. Subjects included in the teacher trainingprogram are theory of education, including peda-gogical theory and subject didactics; and schoolpractice, including teaching, guidance, planning,and cooperation.

87

The Norwegian Institute for SpecialEducation

The Statens spesiallmrerhogskole (NorwegianInstitute for Special Education) became part of theUniversity of Oslo in January 1991. It changed itsname to the Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Insti-tute of Special Education) of the University of Oslofrom the middle of 1992. The Institute operates asequential four-part program. Each part results in avitnemdl (certificate) from the respective part (e.g.,vitnemdl fra 2. avdeling (certificate from Part II).

Admission to Part I requires either 1) ex. phil.,plus a minimum of one year of college or universitystudy; 2) qualification as an allmennlarer (generalsubjects teacher), foskokkerer (preschool teacher),or a faglarer (special subjects teacher); or 3) comple-tion of a three-year health or social work program ata college. Part I requires one year of study in specialeducation with a broad orientation.

Part II requires one year of study in a chosenarea of specialization and includes teaching practice.Subject areas available are listed below:A-Line: audiopedagogikk (deaf and hard of hear-

ing)D-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education)

with emphasis on spesijikke larevanskerog datateknologi (specific learning pro-grams and data technology)

E-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education)with emphasis on generelle larevansker(general learning problems)

F-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education)with emphasis onbsiskfunksjonshemning(physical functioning)

L-Line: logopedi (speech therapy)M-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education)

with emphasis on multihandikap (multi-ple handicaps)

S-Line: synspedagogikk og mobilitet (sight educa-tion and mobility)

T-Line: spesialpedagogikk (special education)with emphasis on sosia le ogemosjelk van-sker (social and emotional problems)

Part III includes 11/2 years of study in socialscience methods and special education research.The first semester consists of coursework, and thesecond and third semesters consist of a researchproject with thesis. These studies result in the Uni-versity of Oslo hovedfagseksamen i spesialpedagogikk(main subject examination in special education).


This examination is at the same level as all otheruniversity-administered hovedfag (main subject) ex-aminations which require for admission a cand. mag.degree (see Chapter IV).

Part IV represents one year of study in counsel-ling, communication, and educational innovationand qualifies graduates for leadership positions inthe field of counselling. Completion leads to thecandidatusla paedagogiae specialis (cand. paed. spec.)

TEACHING RANKS

The three teaching ranks established by theMinistry are unrelated to the type of school in whichthe teacher is employed. Teachers may move fromone rank to the next by additional study or qualifydirectly by their preparatory academic program for aspecific rank. The ranks and their titles are as fol-lows:

Later The teacher must have completed three-year pedagogical training in a pedagogical col-lege or have completed the formerly half-year,now one year, post-university degree programof pedagogical training.Adjunkt: The teacher must have completedeither four years of study or have obtained thecond. mag. with at least two teaching subjectsand supervised practice teaching. Holders ofthe 'tear title may become an adjunkt by com-pleting one year of approved additional study ata college or university. The colleges of educa-tion will issue a vitnemdl om adjunktutdanning(certificate of adjunct education).Lektor: The teacher must have completed aminimum of six years of higher education andobtained an advanced degree, such as rand.paed. or cand. philol with at least two teachingsubjects and supervised practice teaching. Anadjunkt may earn the title of lektor (instructor) bycompleting a university hovedfag (main subject)program of at least two years' duration or itsequivalent. A larer may earn the lektor title bycompleting advanced education at the hovedfaglevel.

Engineering

Three distinct programs lead to three different lev-els of qualifications in engineering: Programs whichlead to the degree of ingenior (engineer) upon com-pletion of two- and three-year programs following

88 71

Education by Fields of Stu*

upper secondary school, 4V2- and 5-year programswhich lead to the degree of sivilingenior (civilianengineer'), and doctoral programs in engineeringwhich are open to graduates of the sivilingenior pro-grams. The degree of ingenior is awarded only by aningeniorhogskole (engineering college) within the col-lege system. Chart 5.2 is a diagram of technical andengineering education.

THE PROFESSIONAL DEGREE INENGINEERING

Most students wishing to complete a profes-sional degree in engineering (sivilingenifir) do so atthe University of Trondheim's Norges tekniskehogskole/NTH (Norwegian Institute of Technol-ogy). NTH offers 4V2-year, 90 veinal! programs inthe faculties of applied earth science and metallurgy,chemistry and chemical technology, civil engineer-ing, economics and industrial management, electri-cal engineering and computer science, marine tech-nology, mechanical engineering, and physics andmathematics. See sample document 5.1.

The NTH engineering programs emphasizefundamental subjects in the first and second years,and specialized subjects in the third and fourthyears. The final semester is used to work on anindependent final paper. The curriculum is pres-ently under review with the possibility of extendingthe program to five years. The siv. ing. programsoffered by the University of Tromso are structuredin a similar manner. See sample document 5.2.

Academic documentation is issued in Norwe-gian and in English. NTH weights courses with anhourly weighting system, that is, one lecture hourper week for one semester represents a weighting oftwo hours, and one hour of laboratory work per weekfor one semester represents a weighting of one hour.

Grade reports list hourly units for requiredlecture subjects, but not for laboratory courses orelective courses. Ninety-six hours are consideredequivalent to 20 vekttall as defined by the otheruniversities. Normally, 48 hours per semester repre-sents fulltime study.

Thesis work also represents 48 hours. All NTHgraduates must have had 18 weeks of noncredit,

approved practical training (praksisforskrifter). Thisrequirement is not included in the academic year,and may be completed at any time. Table 5.3 pro-vides a sample curriculum for a NTH sivilingeniorprogram in mechanical engineering.

Using data indicating the numbers of graduat-ing students who achieved specific overall gradeaverages in 1990, the following US equivalent grad-ing scale is suggested:

Suggested US% of Students Equivalent

1.0-1.9 17% A

2.0-2.7 65% B

2.8-3.6 18% C

3.7-4.0 0% D4.1-6.0

The Faculties of Mathematics and Natural Sci-ences of the Universities of Bergen and Oslo offerprofessional degrees leading to the degree of candi-datusla scientiarum (cand. scient.) with qualification asa sivilingenifir(siv. ing.). If this qualification is earned,it will be noted on the cand. scient. diploma. It is alsopossible to earn the actual degree ofsiv. ing. at eitherof these universities, but it is very rarely done. In thecase of both the cand. scient. degree and the siv. ing.,students will earn the basic degree of cand. mag.degree from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natu-ral Sciences after approximately 3V 2 years of study,then complete an additional 1 V2 years of study. Forfurther information on the requirements for thedegree of cand. scient., see Chapter IV.

Three institutions in the college sector haverecently been authorized to award the siv. Mg. TheHogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland CollegeCenter) has been authorized to award siv. ing. de-grees since 1987 (although they have actually beenawarding unauthorized siv. ing. degrees since 1981);Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik Engineering Col-lege) since 1990; and Telemark ingeniorhogskole(Telemark Engineering College) since 1987. Theseinstitutions offer two-year programs for studentsholding the three-year degree of ingenifir. Those

1 The term sivilingeniOr (siv. ing.) is more correctly translated as "engineer." It does not imply "civil engineering" as thisterm is used to signify professional education in all fields of engineering. In this publication,siv. ing. is translated as "civilianengineer" in order to differentiate it from the qualification of ingenifir.

72 89


Chart 5.2. Technical and Engineering Education

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92


Table 5.3. Mechanical Engineering Curriculum Offered at Norges Tekniske Hogskole,Heating and Refrigeration Option

Year 1 Chemistry 6Experimental Methodology 2Statics 8Mathematics I: Calculus Part A 16Programming 16

Introduction to Machinery 7

Materials & Processes, Basic Course 18

Strength of Materials 8Mathematics I: Calculus Part B 16

Subtotal 97

Year 2 Dynamics 10Physics 10

Mathematics II: Advanced Calculus 10Introduction to Organization, Work Science, & Environmental

Protection 8Creative Problem Solving 3Machine Elements 16

Engineering Thermodynamics I 10Fluid Mechanics 10

Statistics 10Economics, an Introduction 8

Subtotal 95

Year 3 Basic Electrical Engineering 8Production Engineering 10

Engineering Fluid Mechanics 10Numerical Methods 7

Control Engineering 12

Principles of Dimensioning 7

Materials Technology for Heat and Refrigeration Engineering 7

Thermal Engineering Laboratories 3Engineering Thermodynamics II 13

Heat & Mass Transfer 12

Choose one of the 7 vekttacourses in either Block A or BBlock A: Managerial Economics & Accounting; Operations

Research; Technology, Risks, & Values; Physical & ChemicalFactors of the Work Environment

Block B: History of Technology, Basic Course; Macroeconomics;Management & Organization Theory; Environmental Science &Management; Psychology

Subtotal 96

Year 4 7 Elective Subjects 63Project 33

Subtotal 96

Year 5 Thesis 48Total 432

93 75

Education by Fields of Stuuy

students who had earned the now defunct two-year,40-vekttall ing. title at an engineering collegethrough 1988 require an additional three to 31/2years of study for the siv. ing.

DOCTORAL DEGREES IN ENGINEERING

Doctoral degrees in engineering include thedoctor ingenior (Doctor in Engineering) and doctorscientiarum (Doctor of Science), as well as the tradi-tional research-based degrees of doctor philosophiae(Doctor of Philosophy) and doctor technicae (Doctorof Technology). Only the Norges tekniske hogskole(Norwegian Institute of Technology) awards doc-toral degrees in engineering.

Admission to the doutor ingenior (dr ing.) and thedoctorscientiarum (dr scient.) programs requires quali-fication as a sivilingenior. The programs require aminimum of one year of coursework plus two yearsof research with submission of a dissertation.

The traditional degrees ofdoctorphilosophiae(drphilos.) and doctor technicae (dr tech.) do not require aprevious educational qualification. The award ofthese degrees is based upon a dissertation com-pleted after many years of independent researchoutside university enrollment.

THE DEGREE OF INGENIOR (ENGINEER)

Eighteen institutions of higher educationwithin the college system award the degree of in-genior (ing.). In 1992 approximately 10,000 studentswere enrolled in ingenior programs, most at the 11ingeniorhogskoler (engineering colleges). The engi-neering colleges were authorized to award the cand.mag. degree in February 1981 (see Chapter IV). Seesample document 5.3. The 18 institutions awardingthe degree of ingenior are listed in Table 5.4.

Three ways to gain admission to an ingeniorprogram are:1. Completion of the general college and univer-

sity matriculation requirements (a three-yearupper secondary school program including Nor-wegian, English, a second foreign language orsocial sciences, three years of mathematics, andtwo years of physics).

2. Two years of related work experience followedby completion of a two-year technical uppersecondary school program at a teknisk fagskole(technical school).

76

3. Completion of a one-year, secondary-level, pre-paratory program for engineering education(forkurs for ingenioutdanning) that includes in-tensive study in mathematics, physics, Norwe-gian, English, and social sciences. The institu-tions offering the forkurs are indicated in Table5.4 by the designation FK. Completion of aforkurs does not lead to exemptions from anysubjects in a tertiary-level engineering program.Since 1988 engineering colleges have offered

three-year, 60 vekttall programs. Students may spe-cialize in a variety of fields within the areas ofchemi-cal, civil, computer, electronics, power, and me-chanical engineering. In addition, an interdiscipli-nary program combining engineering and businessadministration is available at some institutions.

From 1983 to 1987, both two- and three-yearingenior programs were offered for upper secondaryschool graduates. Since 1988 all ingeniorprograms forupper secondary school graduates require threeyears of fulltime study. In addition to three-yearprograms, the following institutions offer two-year,40 vekttall ingenior programs to graduates of tekniskefagskolen (technical schools): Agder Engineering andRegional College (civil, mechanical), KongsbergEngineering College (mechanical), More andRomsdal Engineering College (marine, mechani-cal), Oslo Engineering College (mechanical), Ro-galand College Center (civil), Telemark Engineer-ing College (power), Trondheim Engineering Col-lege (electronics, mechanical), and Vestfold CollegeCenter (electronics, power, and mechanical).

The Engineering Education Council, whichacts as an advisory body to the Ministry of Educa-tion, Research and Church Affairs provides the in-stitutions with a general framework for the curriculaof the two- and three-year engineering programs(see Table 5.5).

OPPORTUNITIES FOR FURTHEREDUCATION FOR THE INGENI0R

Graduates of ingenior programs may further theireducation by completing additional study in an un-related or supplementary subject area to earn theregional candidatus /a magisterii degree; or by com-pleting additional education in their field of engi-neering to earn the advanced level degree of condi-datusla scientiaruut or the professional degree ofsivil-ingenior. In addition, the European Federation ofNational Engineering Associations/FEANI in

94

Education by Fields of Stu*

Document 5.3. Ingeniiir (Engineer) Degree Awarded by Trondheim Engineering College

"Group I" of the European register has specifiedthat those holding the degree of ingenior are entitledto use the designation of European Engineering(eur. ing.) after a minimum of four years of approvedengineering experience.

Regional Cand. Mag. Degree. In 1981 the engi-neering colleges were authorized to award theregional cand. mag. degree (see Chapter IV).The three-year ingenior program accounts forthree of the four years of required coursework;the remaining year of study must be in oneunrelated subject, such as economics and busi-ness administration, or in another engineeringfield. Those students who have completed atwo-year engineering program are credited withtwo years of study toward the regional cand. mag.degree. The additional year or two of study maybe completed in a supplementary program at anengineering college, another institution withinthe college system, or by completing a grunnfagprogram at a university.The Cand. Scient. Degree. Students wishing tocomplete the cand. scient. at one of the fouruniversities in Bergen, Oslo, Tromso, or Trond-heim, or at the Agricultural University of Nor-way are given credit for studies completed in theMg. program. Three additional years of study arerequired to earn the degree of cand. scient.

The Siv. Ing. Degree. Graduates of three-yearing. programs may continue their education inthe same field by completing the degree of siv.ing. Two additional years of study are requiredby Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col-lege), Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik Engi-neering College), and Telemark in-geniorhogskole (Telemark Engineering Col-lege). Two and one-half years of additionalstudy are required by the Norges tekniskehogskole (Norwegian Institute of Technology)of the University of Trondheim, and the Uni-versity of Tromso. The Universities of Bergenand Oslo, and the College of Arts and Scienceof the University of Trondheim require threeyears of additional study for the siv. ing.

OTHER PROGRAMS FOR ENGINEERS

Some ingeniorhogskoler (engineering colleges)offer postsecondary-level programs in addition toMg. programs, many in business. Some programs arebased on completion of upper secondary school;others require graduation from an ing. program (seeTable 5.6).

The Norsk rikskringkasting (Norwegian Broad-casting System) conducts a two-year program lead-

95 77

Education by Fieh* of Study

Table 5.4. Institutions Awarding the Degree of Ingeni0r, 1993

FK indicates that the institution offers a firkurs (preparatory program). See Appendix B for newcombined institutions.

Agder ingenior -og distriktshogskole (AdgerEngineering and Regional College). Postboks94, 4890 Grimstad. Tel: +47 37 09 21 00. (Forprograms other than in engineering, see thelisting in the regional colleges section.)Bergen ingeniorhogskole (Bergen College ofEngineering). Lars Hillesgt. 34, 5000 Bergen.Tel: +47 55 57 35 00. FKGjovik ingeniorhogskole (Gjovik College ofEngineering). Postboks 191, 2801 Gjovik. Tel:+47 61 17 35 48. FKHterens ingeniorhogskole (Army College ofEngineering). Hvalsmoen, 3500 Honefoss. Tel:+47 32 12 30 22.Hogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College).Kirkegt. 1, 7600 Levanger. Tel: +47 74 01 25 00.Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col-lege Center). Postboks 2557, Ullandhaug, 4004Stavanger. Tel: +47 51 87 41 00.Horten ingeniorhogskole (Horten College ofEngineering). Now part of Hogskolesenteret iVestfold (Vestfold College Center). Postboks500, 3191 Horten. Tel: +47 33 08 26 00.Kongsberg ingeniorhogskole (KongsbergCollege of Engineering). Postboks 235, 3601Kongsberg. Tel: +47 32 86 95 00.More og Romsdal ingeniorhogskole (Moreand Romsdal College of Engineering). Fogde-garden, 6000 Alesund. Tel: +47 7013 7430. FK

Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik College ofEngineering). Noks 385, 8501 Narvik. Tel: +4776 94 41 30. FKNM ingeniorhogskolen (NKI College of En-gineering). Hans Burums vei 30, 1340 Bekkes-tua. Tel: +47 67 58 88 00. Fax: +47 67 53 05 00.FKOslo ingeniorhogskole (Oslo College of Engi-neering). Con Adelersgt. 30, 0254 Oslo. Tel:+47 22 55 30 00. Fax: +47 22 56 11 22. FKOstfold ingeniorhogskole (Ostfold College ofEngineering). Postboks 10, Valaskjold, 1701,Sarpsborg. Tel: +47 69 14 20 11. FKSogn og Fjordane ingeniorhogskole (Sognand Fjordane College of Engineering). Post-boks 523, 6801 Porde. Tel: +47 35 55 50 80.Statens sikkerhetshogskole (National Col-lege of Safety Engineering). Skaregt. 103, 5500Haugesund. Tel: +47 52 72 12 00. FKTelemark ingeniorhogskole (Telemark Col-lege of Engineering). Kjolnes, 3900 Porsgrunn.Tel: +47 35 57 50 00.Tromso maritime hogskole (Tromso Mari-time College). Postboks 79, 9001 Tromso. Tel:+47 776 80 250. FKTrondheim ingeniorhogskole (TrondheimCollege of Engineering). Gunnerusgt. 1, 7005Trondheim. Tel: +47 73 89 62 00. Fax: +47 7389 62 25. FK

ing to the title of programingenior (program engi-neer). The program is transferrable to a sand. mag.degree program.

The NM ingeniorhogskolen (NKI College ofEngineering) is the only private institution offer-ing programs leading to the degree of ingenior. NKIwas founded in Sweden in 1910 as the Norenskorrespondens institut (NKI) with a branch officeestablished in Norway in 1959 (the Swedish estab-lishment is no longer in existence). NKI's firstengineering courses were offered in 1964. NKIpresently has 19 study locations which offer stu-

78

dents correspondence instruction: Bergen,Bxrum, Bodo, Drammen, Gol, Gravdal, Hamar,Harstad, Haugesund, Krisiansand S, KristiansundN, Lakselv, Mo i Rana, Molde, Sortland,Stavanger, Tonsberg, Tromso, and Trondheim. Itoperates three study centers in Trondheim, Ber-gen, and Bxrum. Courses are offered on-site at thestudy centers.

Programs: Distance and correspondence programsare available for the forkurs (preparatory course) de-signed to prepare students for admission to and forthe first year of the ing. program. The second and

96

Table 5.5. General Framework of Engineering Programs


Leading to the Degree of Ingenior

Three-Year Engineering ProgramSubjects # Vekttall

Mathematics and Basic SciencesMathematics II 4Mathematics 112 2

Statistics 2

Physics, Chemistry, and Environmental Science 4Computer Programming 2

Social Sciences 6-8Departmental Core SubjectsFundamental Courses in Engineering 16

Departmental Special SubjectsEngineering Courses and Design 10-14

Major Project 4-6Electives 4-8

Total (minimum) vekttall 60

Two-Year Engineering ProgramSubjects # Vekttall

Mathematics and Basic SciencesMathematics II 4Mathematics 112 2

Statistics 2

Physics, Chemistry, and Environmental Science 4Computer Programming 2

Social Sciences 4-6Engineering Subjects 16-18

Major Project 4-6

Total (minimum) vekttall 40

Source: Studieplan 92/93. Trondheim ingeniorhogskole.Functions and a variable; differential and integral calculus with applications; parameters and polarcoordinates; series; complex numbers; functions and multiple variables; differentiation; numericalmethods.

2 Matrices, determinants, series; linear equations; valuation and vector properties; systems and lineardifferential equations; introduction to linear transformations; fourier series; partial differential equations;numerical solutions and differential equations.

third years of the ing. program are taken at one of thethree study centers in Trondheim, Bergen, orBxrum. The three-year ingenior programs are inelectronics, computer technology, electric powertechnology, control technology, technical cybernet-ics, machine technology, automotive technology,

energy and air conditioning technology, construc-tion technology, plant technology, aquaculturetechnology, environment and planning technologyand combined technology/business managementstudies. Graduates of the NKI ingenior program havethe same status and are accorded the same opportu-

97 79


Table 5.6. Other Programs Offered by Engineering Colleges, 1993

IngenifirhOgskokAgder ingenior- ogd istr iktshogskole

Bergeningeniorhogskole

Gjovikingeniorhogskole

Kongsbergingeniorhogskole

More og RomsdalingeniorhogskoleNarvikingeniorhogskole

NKIingeniorhogskoleOslo ingeniorhogskole

Ostfoldingeniorhogskole

Statenssikkerhetshogskole

Telemarkingeniorhogskole

Tromso maritimehogskole

Trondheimingeniorhogskole

Programdatateknikk (computer science)tekuisk eksport (technical export)

tlkonomi (economics)bedriftslkonomi (business economics)

transport-okonomitransport-rikonomi IIorkonstruksjon ogprnssessteknikk (toolconstruction & process engineering)bioingenior (bioengineer)landmdling (surveying)

Geografiske informasjons-systemer(surveying information system)skogbruksfag (forestry)medieteknikk (ptvgramingenitir) [mediatechnology (program engineer)]bedriftsOktmomi (business economics)

Okonomisklaa'ministrativ(economics/administrative)

ENOK (energy management)

datateknikk (computer science)

produksjonsteknikk (productiontechnology)0konomi og kdelse (economics &management)bedriftsokonomi (business economics)

internasjonal handd og markedsforing(international business & marketing)bioingeniir (bioengineering)

produktravikling (product development)prnsessautomatisering (process automation)redningsOneste-utdanning (rescue serviceeducation)brans,- og skadevern (fire & damageprotectionmiljriteknologi (environmental technology)

prvsessautomaiseting (process automation)prvsessteknikk (process engineering)damfag (computer science)bedriftsokonomi (business economics)skipmaskineri (ship machinery)nautikk (navigation)EDB (electronic data processing)material-, sveise- og lotro4onsengineering(material, welding & corrosionengineering)bioingeniIr (bioengineering)

Admission Req.degree of ingeniordegree of ingeniordegree of ingeniorupper secondary school

bedriftsokonomi

transport-Okonomi Idegree of ingenior

upper secondary schoolupper secondary school

degree of ingenior

upper secondary schoolupper secondary school

upper secondary schoolupper secondary schoolbedrillsokonomidegree of ingenior

degree of ingenior

degree of ingenior

degree of ingenior

upper secondary school

degree of ingmior


degree of ingeniordegree of ingeniorupper secondary school

degree of ingenior

degree of ingenior

degree of ingeniordegree of ingeniorupper secondary schoolupper secondary schoolupper secondary schoolupper secondary schooldegree of ingeniordegree of ingenior


YieldsYears aneLMag

1 Yes1 Yes1 Yes1 No

1 No1 No1 Yes

3 NoV2 No

1 Yes

3 No2 No

1 No2 No1 No1 Yes

1 Yes

1 Yes

1 Yes

1 No

1 Yes

1 No

1 Yes1 Yes1 No

1 Yes

1 Yes

1 Yes1 Yes1 No1 No1 No1 No1 Yes1 Yes

1 No

80 98

nities for further education as graduates of any of theother institutions offering ing. programs.

NKI also operates the Datahogskolen (DataCollege). The two credentials it awards receive fullrecognition by the Norwegian universities and col-leges for purposes of further study. They are thedatahogskolekandidat (data college candidate); a two-year, 40-vekaall program in administrative data proc-essing; and the diplomkandidat (diploma candidate)which represents one additional year of study (20vekttall) in administrative data processing.

NKI also offers courses via correspondence andtelevision through its Senter for fjernundervisning(Center for Distance Education). These programsare discussed in Chapter VI.

Maritime Education

Two colleges are included in the category ofinstitutions of maritime education: More andRomsdal College of Fishery Technology andTromso Maritime College. These institutions arepart of the college system and were authorized toaward the regional cand. mag. degree in June 1991.

In addition, maritime education is conducted atthe Tonsberg maritime (Tonsberg Maritime Col-lege), a part of Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (VestfoldCollege Center). The former Haugesund maritimehogskole (Haugesund Maritime College) has beenamalgamated into a new institution: the Statenssikkerhetshogskole (National College of Safety En-gineering).

The University of Tromso awards thefiskerikan-didat (fisheries candidate), a unique five-year pro-fessionally oriented degree in fishery sciences. Theprogram for this degree is described in the Univer-sity of Tromso institutional profile.

More og Romsdal fiskeriteknisk hogskole(More and Romsdal College of Fishery Technol-ogy); Sjornannsvn. 27, 6008 Alesund. Tel: +47 70125 228; Fax: +47 701 22 248.

Founded in 1907 as the Navigasjonsskole forfiskere (Navigation School for Fishermen), this in-stitution was reorganized several times through1983, at which time it earned college status underthe name Alesund maritime skole (Alesund Mari-time School). Its present name was adopted in 1988.


Programs: Biotechnology, export marketing, fishfarming, and food technology (three years); marineengines, nautical studies (two years); administrationand management, biology (one year); preparatorycourse (one semester).

Tromso maritime hogskole (Tromso MaritimeCollege); Sommerfeldsgt. 74/76, 9000 Tromso.Tel: +47 83 80 250; Fax: +47 83 806 31. Thisinstitution is Norway's only remaining maritimecollege.

Programs: A videregdende skole (upper secondaryschool), connected to Tromso Maritime College,offers secondary-level education in shifartsfag (mari-time subjects). Advanced course II in the uppersecondary program (year 12 of formal education)provides a one-year preparatory (forkurs) course forstudents wishing to enter engineering or maritimestudies in the maritime college. The forkurs subjectsinclude Norwegian, English, mathematics, physics,and chemistry. An advanced course III (year 13) isalso offered in the upper secondary program. It is anacademic program designed mainly for experiencedsea captains.

Tertiary-level programs: a two-year nauticalstudies program with a one-year supplementary pro-gram in ship administration; and a two-year shipmachinery program with a one-year supplementaryprogram in ship machinery. For new students begin-ning in 1993, the two-year plus one-year sequencewill be combined into unified three-year programswhich lead to the ingenior. Additional programs arebusiness economics (one year); transportation (twoyears); automation engineering, and fish farmingtechnology (three years each and both leading to theingenior). Through 1992 a one-year program in elec-tronic data processing was offered. Beginning in1993, this program will be extended to three yearsand result in the ingenuir.

Safety Engineering

Statens sikkerhetshogskole (National College ofSafety Engineering); Skaregaten 103-107, 5500Haugesund. Tel: +47 52 72 12 00; Fax: +47 52 7159 06. The only college of its kind in Norway, thisinstitution is part of the college system. In March1991 it was authorized to award the regional cand.mag. degree.

99 81


Programs: The institution offers three-year pro-grams in environmental engineering leading to theingenuiror maritime ingenifir (maritime engineer) withspecialization in either brann- og sikkerhets- teknikk(fire and safety engineering) orprosessteknologi (proc-ess technology).

Additional programs offered at this institutionare a two-year program in business and economicsleading to the hogskolekandidat (college candidate);one-year supplementary (pdbygging) programs in firetechnology and safety technology; and several one-year foundation programs (grunnfag) in cooperationwith the University of Bergen.

Fine Arts Education

ART AND DESIGN

Tertiary-level study in art may be undertaken atone of two colleges for art and design (Statens hAnd-verks- og kunstindustriskole and the Statenshogskole for kunsthindverk og design) located inOslo and Bergen, respectively, or at one of threeacademies of fine arts (kunstakadems) located in Oslo,Bergen, and Trondheim. The colleges for art anddesign award the credential of hogskokkandidat (col-lege candidate) upon completion of a three-yearprogram. Since June 1989, they have been author-ized to award the regional cand. mag. degree. Theacademies of fine arts offer four-year and five-yearprograms that do not result in formal credentials.

Numerous private art schools in Norway offerprograms not governmentally recognized. In Oslo,for example, Esmod moteskolen (Esmod FashionSchool) offers a two-year program in fashion;Westerdals reklameskole (Westerdals AdvertisingSchool) offers a two-year program in advertising; andthe Skolen for grafisk design (School for GraphicDesign) offers a two-year (formerly one year) pro-gram. Additionally, private drawing schools through-out Norway offer noncredit half-year to two-yearprograms to prospective applicants to the colleges ofart and design and the art academies.

Colleges of Art and Design

Statens handverks- og kunstindustriskole(National College of Art and Design);Ullevalsveien 5, 0165 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 20 12 35;

82

Fax: +47 22 11 14 96. Founded in 1818, this is thesecond oldest institution in Norway.

Academic staff (1992-93): 10

Enrollment (1992-93): 356

Special admission requirements: All applicantsmust submit a portfolio; top applicants are invitedfor a three-day interview. Admission to the des-ignkandidat and kunsffagkandidat programs requiresa minimum grade average of 2.7 in the hogskokkan-didat program.

Departments: Ceramics, Drawing, Form, Etchingand Lithography, Graphic Design and Illustration,Industrial Design, Fashion Design, Metal, Furni-ture and Interior Design, Painting, Textiles, Theoryand History.

Degrees awarded: In addition to awarding thehogskolekandidat and the cand. mag. degrees, thisinstitution also awards a diplom (diploma) upon com-pletion of a 4V2-year program in the Department ofIndustrial Design; and a designkandidat (design can-didate) and kunstfagkandidat (art candidate) uponcompletion of a 1 V2-year program following thehogskolekandidat.

Statens hogskole for kunstlandverk og design(College of Art, Crafts and Design); Stromgate 1,5015 Bergen. Tel: +47 55 31 22 14; Fax: +47 55 3267 56.

Departments: Ceramics, Graphic Design, InteriorDesign, Photography, Textiles.

Credentials awarded: Hogskolekandidat, cand.mag., designkandidat, and kunsffagkandidat. The lattertwo credentials are described under the entry forStatens handverks- og kunstindustriskole, above.

Academies of Fine Arts

Statens kunstakademi (National Academy ofFine Arts); St. Olaysgate 32, 0166 Oslo; Tel: +4722 20 01 50. Established 1909.

Departments: Painting, Printmaking andSculpture.

100

Academic staff (1992): 10.5 plus numerous short-term guest instructors

Enrollment (1990): 105 (55 painting, 20 printing,20 sculpture, 10 advanced study)

Admission requirements: No formal academic ad-mission requirements, although most have com-pleted upper secondary school. Portfolio submissionis required; approximately 15% are invited for aninterview and practical examination. Twenty-fivenew students are admitted each year.

Grades, credentials awarded: No course grades,diplomas, or certificates are awarded for the four-year programs. Instead, students are issued a letterstating the period of attendance and area of study.A fifth year of further study is available to selectedstudents who have completed four years of study atone of the three art academies.

Kunstakademiet i Trondheim (TrondheimAcademy of Fine Arts); Innherredsveien 18, 7014Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 50 91 00; Fax: +47 73 5265 44. Founded 1946.

Enrollment (1991-92): 65 FT

Departments: Intermedia, painting (2 depart-ments), printmaking (3), Sculpture (4).

Credentials awarded: See Statens kunstakademi,above.

Vestlandets kunstakademi (National Academyof Fine Arts); C. Sundtsgate 53, 5004 Bergen; Tel:+47 55 90 25 60; Fax: +47 55 90 25 70.

Enrollment (1991-92): Approximately 65 FT

Credentials awarded: See Statens kunstakademi,above.

BALLET AND DANCE

Training for ballet and dance is offered both inthe upper secondary crafts and esthetics line and attwo college sector institutions for professional train-ing: the Statens balletthogskole (National Collegeof Ballet and Dance) and Den norske balletthOy-skole (Norweigan College of Ballet). The Nord-

Education by Fields o f Study

norsk balletthogskole (North Norway College ofBallet) was consolidated with Bodo lxrerhogskole(Bodo College of Education) in approximately 1990.

Statens balletthogskole (National College ofBallet and Dance); Tjuvholmen, 0250 Oslo. Tel:+47 22 83 25 81; Fax: +47 22 83 70 19. Founded in1979, this public institution provides professionalwork-oriented education for dancers, teachers andchoreographers.

Enrollment (1991): 41. Up to 15 students are ac-cepted annually

Admissions requirements and grading: Appli-cants to the dance teachers and choreographerscourse must have completed the general college anduniversity matriculation requirements and pass anentrance examination. Aptitude in the particulararea is required. Admission to the dancers courserequires completion of grunnskole (grade 9).

Grading: bestdtt /ikke bestdtt (pass/fail) basis

Programs: Three courses of study lead to a vitnemdlfor (name of candidate) etter... full* tstudium (certifi-cate for completion of the full program) in either thedanselinjen (dance line), pedagoglinjen (dance teach-ers' line), or koreograflinjen (choreographers' line).All classes are obligatory and must be passed beforethe diploma is awarded. No part-time students areaccepted. Each curriculum is designed to give thestudents the widest possible platform for their fu-ture career and include both practical and theoreti-cal subjects. Performances are included throughoutthe studies.

Dance Line: Concentrations in classical ballet,modern ballet and jazz dance are offered. Afterthe first year, students choose which of thesethree will be the main, the second, and the thirdsubjects. Each year includes 1300 to 1400 classhours.Dance Teachers' Line: The program aims togive students the theoretical and practicalknowledge necessary to teach the main dancingtechniques at all levels, together with a subject-package in dance and movement devised forteaching in schools. This subject-package con-sists of playdance for children aged 4-7 years,children's dance for those aged 7-12 years, con-

10i 83

Education by Fields. of Study

temporary partner work, international folkdance, and jazz dance. Subjects in teaching andmethods are an integral part of the course. Prac-tice teaching is carried out in preschools, pri-mary schools and in the college's own classes.

The course qualifies students to teach inschools as a faglarer (specialized subjectteacher). Completion of the program satisfiesthe mellomfag (intermediate subject) require-ment should graduates wish to pursue a cand.mag. degree. After the first year, students choosea main subject and two secondary subjects fromthe three main dance categories: classical ballet,modern ballet and jazz dance. Each year ofstudy includes 1350 to 1450 hours.Choreographers' Line: Students are admit-ted to the choreography program once everythree years. The program trains choreographersfor a variety of work forms. Practical experienceis an integral part of the program. After the firstyear students choose which of the three danceconcentrations will be their main subject. In thethird year, further courses in dance are not re-quired. Each year of study includes 1350 to 1400hours.

Den Norske balletthoyskole (NorwegianCollege of Ballet); Sorbyhaugen 33, 0377 Oslo.Tel: +47 22 14 09 28. This private institution wasfounded in 1966 and offers professional study inballet, dance, and movement for teachers anddancers.

Enrollment (1991): 27

Admission requirements: Completion of uppersecondary school, plus a good knowledge of danceor other physical background such as sports, gym-nastics, or ballroom dance.

Credentials awarded: Dansediplom (Dance di-ploma) and qualification as a faglarer (specializedsubject teacher). The program requires three yearsof study and is open to fulltime students only.

MUSIC

In addition to the music degree programs at theUniversity of Oslo and the University of Trondheim,professional degrees in music are offered by theNorges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State Acad-

84

emy of Music) and the Statens operahogskole (Na-tional College for Operatic Art). Music studies arealso offered at a number of music conservatoriesthroughout Norway.

Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian StateAcademy of Music); Postboks 5190 Majorstua0302, Oslo. Tel: +47 22 46 40 55; Fax: +47 22 46 7074. The Academy is one of the specializeduniversity-level institutions. It was established in1973 from the private Music Conservatory of Osloin existence for over a hundred years.

Enrollment (1992): 300 students, plus a limitednumber of part-time special students (known ashospitanter)

Admission requirements: Either completion ofupper secondary school general studies area or mu-sic branch of crafts and esthetics studies; or satisfac-tory performance on an entrance examination test-ing theory of music and aural ability and a practi-cal/oral examination on an instrument, plus specifictests for each individual major, e.g., voice, violin,cello.

Departments: Wind, brass and percussion instru-ments; strings; piano, harpsichord, guitar, accordionand recorder; voice; composition; church music; andmusic education. Students enroll in academic pro-grams in one of two areas: church music, composi-tion and music pedagogy; or vocal or instrumentstudies.

Credentials awarded:

kandidatseksamena four-year degree, dividedinto two sections, intended primarily for thosepreparing for vocal or instrument performancecareers;candidatusla magisterii (cand. mag.)a four-yeardegree, divided into two sections, intended pri-marily for those teaching music theory, teachingmusic in upper secondary school (general musicor instrumental or vocal instruction), or leadingensembles and amateur groups.diplomeksamena two-year program beyond thekandidatseksamen in either musical composition,performance, choral or orchestral conducting,candidatus /a musicae (cand. musicae)a two-yearprogram beyond the cand. mag. in ensemble

102

performance, accompaniment and chambermusic, music education, liturgy/hymnology, ororganology; andpraktisk-pedagogisk eksamen (practical teachingexamination)a one-year fulltime program inpractical pedagogy. Students who have com-pleted the card. mag. in music education are notrequired to take this program to qualify as amusic teacher.Students enrolled in university programs may

pursue a hovedfag (main subject) at the Norges mu-sikkhogskole as part of their university degree pro-gram.

The Norges musikkhogskole issues transcriptsin English on request. The English versions give thefollowing US equivalences:Kandidateksamen (US) Bachelor of MusicCand. mag. (US) Bachelor of Arts in

Music/Music EducationDiplomeksamen (US) Master in MusicCand. musicae (US) Master of Arts

Statens operahogskole (National College ofOperatic Art); Tjuvhol men, bygning B, 0250 Oslo.Tel: +47 22 83 23 77; Fax: +47 22 83 70 19. TheStatens operahogskole trains singers in opera orother forms of music theater.

Admission requirements: In addition to the stand-ard matriculation requirements, applicants take afour-day admission examination consisting ofoper-atic singing, piano proficiency, listening, improvisa-tion, history of music and repertoire knowledge. Apersonal interview is also required. Generally 10students are admitted every three years.

Program: The three-year program results in a vit-nem& (certificate). Courses are obligatory: the firstyear emphasizes theoretical subjects (history of mu-sic theater, dramaturgy and analysis, Italian, andtheory of music); second- and third-year courses aremore practically oriented and culminate in a musicaland dramatic production.

Musikkonservatoriene (Music Conservatories)

Six public music conservatories, listed below,offer two-year and three-year programs in a varietyof music fields, e.g., church music, instrument orvocal training, music history, and music pedagogy.These institutions are part of the college system,


and as of June 1991 were authorized to award theregional cand. mag. degree.

Agder musikkonservatorium (Agder MusicConservatory); 0. Strandgate 17A, 4610Kristiansand. Tel: +47 380 24 330.

Bergen musikkonservatorium (Bergen MusicConservatory); Lars Hillesgate 3, 5015 Bergen.Tel: +47 55 32 49 50. In addition to two- and three-year programs, a one-year program leading to theskolemusikklarereksamen (school music teacher ex-amination) is offered.

Nordnorsk musikkonservatorium (North Nor-wegian Conservatory of Music); Krognesveien 33,9000 Tromso. Tel: +47 776 56 622.

Ostlandets musikkonservatorium (East Nor-wegian Conservatory of Music). Two branches: 1)Vetlandsveien 45, 0685 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 26 67 40;and 2) Avd. Buskerud, Postboks 1942 BSS, 3002Drammen. Tel: +47 33 83 11 35.

Rogaland musikkonservatorium (RogalandConservatory of Music); Bjergsted, 4007Stavanger.

Trondelag musikkonservatorium (TrondelagConservatory of Music); Postboks 654, 7001Trondheim. Tel: +47 73 96 60 66; Fax: +47 73 5155 38. Three-year programs in organ and churchmusic, and in music pedagogy training are offered.

Private Institutions Offering Music Education

A number of private institutions offer educa-tional programs of various lengths in music fields.The institutions listed below offer programs thathave been evaluated by the NKU (Nasjonalt Koor-dinerende Utvalg [National Coordinating Commis-sion]). For purposes of transfer into university card.mag. degree programs, completion of their programsresult in two to three semesters of transfer credit.

Barrat Dues musikkinstitutt (Barrat DuesConservatory of Music); Lyder Sagensgate 2, 0358Oslo. Tel: +47 22 46 58 78. A special three-yearcourse of training for music kindergarten teachersqualifies graduates for work in kindergartens andprimary grades 1 to 6.

10385


Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole i Oslo (Nor-wegian Lutheran Inner Mission Society's School);Box 6830 St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo. Offers pro-grams in music teacher training, with specializa-tion in church music.

Kristiansand kommunale musikkskole(Kristiansand County Music School); Kristiansand.Courses for skolemusikkleerereksamen (school musicteacher examination) and musikkpedagogisk eksamen(music pedagogy examination) are offered.

Musikkonservatoriet i Oslo (Oslo Music Con-servatory). Offers a four-year course in orchestraconducting.

Musikkonservatoriet i Tromso A/S (MusicConservatory of Tromso, Ltd.)

Eurytmiskolen i Moss (Eurythmics School inMoss); Ostsynet 11, 1500 Moss. Tel: +47 69 27 0554. The Eurytmiskolen i Moss is a private institu-tion whose programs are presently being reviewedby the National Coordinating Commission (seeChapter IV). It offers a four-year postsecondary-level program in dancing, drama, and music.

THEATER

Statens teaterhogskole (National College of Dra-matic Art); Postboks 1509, Vika 0117 Oslo. Tel:+47 22 83 00 10; Fax: +47 22 83 83 58. Training intheater and drama is offered at the upper secon-dary level in the crafts and aesthetics branch. On amore advanced level, it is offered at the Statensteaterhogskole. The National College is the onlypublic professional theater training institution inNorway.

Programs: Two programs are offered: acting anddirecting. Both require three years of study and leadto a certificate for completion of the Statensteaterhogskole skuespillerlinjen (National College ofDramatic Art acting line) or a Statens teaterhogskoleinstruktorfinjen (National College of Dramatic Artdirecting line). A third program, theater directing, isin the planning stage.

Eight to ten students are admitted annually tothe acting program, and two to three to the directingprogram. Applicants to the acting program must

86

complete an entrance examination, be 17 years ofage, and have completed the nine-year grunnskole(basic school). Completion of upper secondaryschool is not required, but is considered an advan-tage. Applicants to the directing program must be 20years of age and have completed the normal collegeand university matriculation requirements.

Both programs include 50 obligatory 45-minuteclass periods a week for 38 weeks. In addition,students are expected to attend performances andseminars on weekends and see all student perform-ances. There is no final examination, but rathercontinuous evaluation. At the end of each semester,a student is given an overall evaluation. Credit to-ward a cand. mag. degree is not given at present.

Health Professions

ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

A variety of health-related subjects may be studiedat the upper secondary level in social studies andhealth subjects (sosial- og helsefag). See page 20.

Education in the allied health sciences is of-fered by a number of tertiary-level institutions col-lectively referred to as statlige heisefaghogskoler (na-tional health colleges), and by a few other institu-tions.

Admission is based on the standard college anduniversity matriculation requirements. Since June1991, the national health colleges have been author-ized to award the regional candidatusla magisteriidegree. The programs are summarized below; theprofiles of the institutions which offer each programfollow.

Table 5.7 lists institutions offering allied healthsciences programs. The educational programs inaudiography, bioengineering, occupational therapy,physical and Mensendieck therapy, prosthetics andorthotics, and radiography satisfy the academic por-tion of the professional licensure requirements inthe respective fields. The academic portions arefollowed by periods of practical training which, to-gether with the academic studies, lead to licensurein the various fields.

Audiography

Audiografutdanning ( audiography education) isoffered in a two-year, 40-vekttall program at theTrondheim helsefaghogskole (Trondheim College

1O

of Health Care Education) and results in the title ofaudiograf (audiographer).

The program consists of 70% theoretical studiesand 30% practical studies. The subject areas includeaudiology, biological and medical subjects, socialsciences, and technical subjects.

Bioengineering(Medical Laboratory Technology)

Bioengineering, or medical laboratory technol-ogy, is offered in three-year, 60-vekttall programsleading to the vitnemdl om 3-drigbioingenifirutdanning(certificate for 3-year bioengineer education).Through the mid-1980s, this field was known asfysiokjemikerlinjen (physiochemistry).

Table 5.7 lists institutions offering bioengineer-ing programs. As with other ingenior (engineer) pro-grams, opportunities for transfer into university pro-grams in engineering fields exist. Completion of theprogram results in qualification as a bioingenifir (bio-engineer).

Program: First year subjects and the number ofvekttall awarded are as follows: general and physicalchemistry (4), biochemistry and organic chemistry(6), statistics/mathematics (1), physics (2), electronicdata processing (2), anatomy and physiology (2),hematology (2V2), and social and administrativestudies (V 2). Second year: statistics and mathematics(2), social and administrative studies (V2), tech-niques of measurements and instruments (2), im-munology (3), pathology (2), transfusion medicine(2), microbiology (2), clinical chemistry (5), x-rayphysics and nuclear medicine (1V 2). Thini year: he-matology (/2), pathology (3), principles of analysisand automation (2), clinical chemistry (6), x-rayphysics and nuclear medicine (V 2), microbiology(3), transfusion medicine (2), project research (3).

Interpreter's Education for theHearing Impaired

Tolkeutdanning (interpreter's education) is a one-year, 20-vekttall program leading to qualification as atolk or chivetolk (sign-language interpreter). The con-tents of the program are as follows: knowledge ofgroup operation; introduction to linguistics; sign lan-guage; Norwegian, interpreter education and the-ory; interpreter methodology; and vocational rolesand techniques. The program also includes six

Education by Fields. of Stu*

weeks of practical training. The program is offeredby the Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Institute forSpecial Education) of the University of Oslo, pre-viously known as the Statens spesiallxrerhogskole(Norwegian Institute for Special Education).

Occupational Therapy

Completion of the program in occupationaltherapy (ergoteraps) requires three years, 60 vekttall,of study, and leads to the vitnemdl om 3-eing er-goteraputdanning (certificate for 3-year occupationaltherapy education). Graduates of this program re-ceive the tide of ergoterapeut (occupational thera-pist).

The program is conducted on a trimester basis:September to January, January to April, and April toJuly. One trimester each academic year is spent inpractical training for a total of 20 vekttall of practicaltraining for the entire program. The complete pro-gram is comprised of the following subjects, with theassociated vekttall noted in parentheses: Introduc-tion to the field (2); basic theory of occupationaltherapy (2); people, activity, society (9); patient ex-amination and assessment (10); development oftherapeutical treatment programs (30); and indepthstudies (7).

Table 5.7 lists institutions offering occupationaltherapy programs.

Physical Therapy andMensendieck Physical Therapy

The three-year, 60-vekttall program in physicaltherapy leads to the vitnemdl om 3-dri g hsioterapeu-tutdanning (certificate for 3-year physiotherapisteducation), and the title of fysioterapeut (physio-therapist). The program includes 6 vekttall in socialscience and health; 15 in man and health; 36 inphysiotherapy theory and practice; and 3 in physio-therapy in daily health, plus social service. An addi-tional one-year period of practical training results inprofessional licensure.

Table 5.7 lists institutions offering physicaltherapy programs.

Bislet College also offers a three-year programin Mensendieckutdanning (Mensendicck physicaltherapy education), an alternate philosophy ofphysical therapy, through the former Mcnsendieck-skolen i Oslo (Mensendieck School of Oslo). The

105 87

Education by Fields ofStudy

Table 5.7. Institutions Offering Education in the Allied Health Sciences, 1993

Key: Institutions are marked with the letters A, B, E, F, MF, 0, R and T to indicate programs offered. A =Audiography (Audiografi); B = Bioengineer (Bioingenior); E ffi Occupational Therapy (Ergoteraps); F= PhysicalTherapy (Fysioterapi); MF = Mensendieck Physical Therapy (Mensendiecksykegymnastikk); 0 = Orthotics andProsthetics (Ortopediteknikk); R = Radiography (Radiograms; and T = Tolkeutdanning (Interpreter's Educationfor the Hearing Impaired). Several of the institutions also offer programs in nursing, social care work for thehandicapped or geriatric, or social work. See Appendix B for new combined institutions.

Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Col-lege of Social Work and Health Care Education);Haugevein 28, 5005 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 90 00 30;Fax: +47 55 90 00 11. Formed around 1992 as themerger of Bergen jordmorhogskole and Bergenvernepleierhogskole. Program: E.

Bioingeniorhogskole, Rikshospitalet, Oslo.Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter.

Bislet hogskolesenter (see Chapter IV, "TheCollege Sector"). Programs: B E F MF 0 R.

Haukeland helsefaghogskole (HaukelandCollege of Health Care Education); Hauke-landsbakken 45, 5009 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 29 8090; Fax: +47 55 29 15 85. Formed around 1992 withthe merger of Radiografhogskolen Bergen,Haukeland sjukepleierhogskole. Program: R.

Fysioterapihogskolen i Bergen (Bergen Collegeof Physiotherapy); Mollendalsveien 6, 5009Bergen; Tel: +47 55 29 80 85; Fax: +47 55 29 83 64.Program: F.

Fysioterapihogskolen i Oslo. Now part of Bislethogskolesenter.

Medisinsk-teknisk senter (Medical-TechnicalCenter) of Trondheim ingeniorhogskole (Trond-heim Engineering College); Olav Kyrres gt. 3,7005 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 59 87 30; Fax: +4773 59 87 31. Program: B.

Mensendieck-skolen i Oslo hoyskole for fysio-terapi, Oslo. Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter.

Ostfold ingeniorhogskole (Ostfold EngineeringCollege) Bioengineering Department; Postboks1192, Valaskjold, 1701 Sarpsborg; Tel: +47 69 1420 11; Fax: +47 69 14 28 02. Program: B.

Radiografhogskolen, Bergen. Now part ofHaukeland helsefagskole.

Radiografhogskolen, Rikshospitalet, Oslo.Now part of Bislet hogskolesenter.

Institutt for spesialpedagogikk (Institute forSpecial Education) of the University of Oslo, pre-viously known as the Spesiallmrerhogskolen (Nor-wegian Institute for Special Education); Boks 55,1347 Hosle; Tel: +47 67 14 84 90; Fax: +47 67 1489 13. Program: T.

Statens hogskole i ortopediteknikk Now part ofBislet hogskolesenter.

Tromso helsefaghogskole (Tromso College ofHealth Care Education); AsgArdsveien 9 A, 9005Tromso; Tel: +47 77 64 58; Fax: +47 77 64 58 12.Programs: B E F R.

Trondheim helsefaghogskole (Trondheim Col-lege of Health Care Education); Ulstadlokkvn. 15,7005 Trondheim; Tel: +47 73 51 62 30; Fax: +4773 53 43 77. Programs: A E F.

Ulleval bioingeniorhogskole, Oslo. Now part ofBislet hogskolesenter.

Ulleval radiografhogskole, Oslo. Now part ofBislet hogskolesenter.

program leads to qualification as a Mensendieck- Advanced education in physical therapy -hassykegymnaster (Mensendieck physical therapist). been available in a hovedfag (main subject) program

88 106

at the University of Bergen Faculty of Medicinesince 1991. Academic requirements are either a can -didatus /a magisterii degree or completion of a three-year physical therapy program plus the ex. phi'. Thehovedfag in physiotherapy is a two-year, 10-vekttallprogram in general physical therapy, 10 in specialphysical therapy, and 20 for a thesis. Graduates areawarded the degree of candidatus /a scientiarum. Plansto implement a doctoral program in physiotherapyare currently being explored by the University ofBergen.

Prosthetics and Orthotics

The three-year, 60-vekttall program in prosthet-ics and orthotics is taught only at Bislet hogskole-senter and leads to the vitnemdl om 3-drig ortopediin-geniorutdanning (certificate for 3-year orthopedicsengineering education). Graduates of this programuse the tide of ortopediingenior (orthopedics engi-neer). The program was modeled after that offeredby New York University. Students may elect one oftwo specialties: prostheses and orthotics; or orthope-dic footwear. Coursework includes general andtechnical subjects (mechanics, mechanical technol-ogy, electrotechnology, chemistry, and communica-tion); medical studies (anatomy, physiology, ortho-pedic surgery, biomechanics, and psychology); or-thopedic technology; and clinical orthopedic tech-nology for prosthetics and orthotics or orthopedicfootwear.

Radiography

The program in radiography is comprised ofthree years of study, 60 vekttall, and leads to thevitnemdl om 3-drig radiografutdanning (certificate for3-year radiography education). Graduates of thisprogram use the tide of radiograf (radiographer).The program includes 13 vekttall in radiography, 15in preclinical and clinical studies, 5 in science sub-jects, 5 in social sciences, 5 in supervised studies ina clinical department, 101/2 in supervised x-raytechnology, 1V2 in the radiation department, 2 intheory of radiography, and 3 in practical radiography.Twenty vekttall (1600 hours) of the total program isin practical studies.

Radiography is taught at the following institu-tions: Haukeland helsefaghogskole (Haukeland


College of Health Care Education); Bislet hogskole-senter (Bislet College); and Tromso helse-faghogskole (Tromso College of Health Care Edu-cation). Graduates of either the three-year radiogra-phy program or nursing program are eligible for the1 Arvidereutdanning i strelleterapi (1 year further edu-cation in x-ray therapy) program offered at Bislethogskolesenter.

DENTAL HYGIENE AND DENTISTRY

Dental Hygiene

A two-year postsecondary program in dentalhygiene leads to the title tannpleier (dental hygien-ist). From 1924 to 1970, the program required oneyear of study. Qualification as a tannpleier results inone year of transferrable credit in a cand. mag. de-gree, should graduates wish to pursue further edu-cation. Programs are offered by the Faculties ofDentistry of the Universities of Bergen and Oslo.

The programs give students an understandingof the basic sciences for health service and thenecessary operative skills. For example, the firstyear of the program at the University of Bergen isdevoted mainly to structured coursework, and thesecond year to individual research and completionof a written report. Treatment of patients begins inthe first semester and continues throughout theprogram. Near the end of the second year, studentscomplete four weeks of practical experience.

The curriculum (with lectures and clinic hours,noted respectively, in parentheses) includes generalanatomy (32/-), tooth morphology anatomy (18/-),cariology and endodontics (30/-), chemistry (20/-),biochemistry (30/-), community dentistry (45/160),dental health education (50/25), dental radiology(15/39), dental technology and materials (16/-), den-tistry for special groups (20/50), microbiology andhygiene (36/17), oral surgery and oral medicine(14/6), orthodontics (12/20), pathology, general andoral (14/6), pedodontics (28/40), periodontology(25/0), pharmacology (26/-), physiology (15/-), nutri-tion (20/-), preventive dentistry (75/750), prosthet-ics (10/15), general dental rehabilitation (25/50),geriodontology (18/-), and psychology (24/-), for atotal of 634 forty-five minute lectures and 1172 clinichours.

The Faculty of Dentistry of the University ofOslo also offers a one-year program for dental assis-

107 89


tants in the tannlegesekretarskolen (dental assistantschool). Completion of this program does not leadto any transfer credit in a university degree program.Admission is based upon completion of a minimumof grade 9. Applicants must be at least 18 years ofage. A similar program is also offered at the vide-regnende skole (upper secondary school) with the ex-pectation that it will be discontinued at the Univer-sity of Oslo.

The current curriculum (with lectures in paren-theses) includes oral anatomy (14), general anatomy(16), oral pathology (18), nutrition/chemistry (18),pharmacology (14), dental materials (30), radiology(18), microbiology/hygiene (20), dental instruments(24), secretarial duties (10), bookkeeping (24), en-dodontics (12), periodontology (10), pedodon-tics/prophylactic (10), and oral surgery (10), for atotal of 248 forty-five minute lectures.

Dentistry

The degree of candidatus /a odontologiae (candodont.) (candidate in dentistry) may be undertakenat the Faculties of Dentistry of the Universities ofBergen and Oslo. Both institutions offer professionaldentistry training according to the following struc-ture: Preclinical courses are studied for two years;paraclinical subjects for 1V2 additional years; andclinical subjects for a further 11/2 years.

Both faculties award the degree of Master ofScience. This program includes four semesters ofstudy and is taught entirely in English. Vekttall (cred-its) are not used. Admission requires completion ofa professional degree in dentistry from a recognizeduniversity. The aim of these master's degree pro-grams is to qualify candidates for a career in a clinicalspecialization, teaching, research, or as an employeein oral health service administration. In 1992 theMaster of Science (Dentistry) degree replaced theformer degree of licentiate odontologiae (licentiate indentistry).

Both faculties offer three- to five-year diplomaprograms of clinical specialization leading to the titleof spesialist (specialist) in orthodontics, pediatricdentistry, periodontics, oral surgery, or oral medi-cine. The recognition of the specialization is recom-mended by the Faculty of Dentistry and approvedby the Health Directorate in an official letter. Thedoctor odontologiae (doctor in dentistry) degree is athree-year advanced academic degree open tograduates of the cand. odont. program.

90

MEDICINE

Professional Degree

The study of medicine requires six years ofacademic training and leads to the professional de-gree of candidatusla medicine (cand. med). Each of thefour universities awards this degree. The title ofMedical Doctor is awarded by the Ministry ofHealth and Social Welfare upon completion of 1 V 2years of compulsory internship (turnustjeneste).

Medical education at the University of Bergenis organized in two parts for a total of 28 examina-tions: 21/2 years of preclinical training plus 3V2 orfour years of clinical training. The thirteenth semes-ter is optional and culminates in a final paper.

The grading scale used in the Faculty of Medi-cine at the University of Bergen differs from thatused at other faculties. The grading scale with itssuggested US equivalent is: laudabilis cum litteriscommendatiis (11.00-12.00) = (US grade of) A; laud-abilis (9.00-10.99) = (US) A-/B+; haud illaudabilis(7.00-8.99) = (US) B-/C+; non contemnendus (6.00-6.99) = (US) C or (0.00-5.99) = (US) E

The University of Trondheim Faculty of Medi-cine offered only the clinical portion of medicaleducation from 1975 to 1992 to students who hadcompleted the preclinical portion elsewhere. Sincethe fall of 1993, the complete preclinical/clinicalprogram has been offered in a 5V2-year program.The faculty admits 60 new students per year intothe integrated medical program, which uses theProblem-Based Learning teaching method.

The Fagomradet medisin (School of Medicine)of the University of Tromso offers a three-stageprogram, in effect since 1990. An examination aftereach stage is graded on a pass or fail basis. Whenmedicine was first offered at this university in 1973,a four-stage curriculum was used. In 1990 approxi-mately 2000 applicants vied for 60 student spaces(50% are reserved for residents of northern Norway).

Advanced Programs in Medicine,Health Administration, andOccupational Health

Advanced clinical specialization in a medicalfield is under the auspices of the Ministry of Healthand Social Welfare. Universities cooperate by offer-ing lectures, but these are not university courses.

103

Some clinical specializations require licensure ex-aminations.

Doctoral degree programs in medical subjectsresult in the degree of doctor.medidnae (dr. med.) andare defined as three-year programs. For further in-formation on doctoral degrees, see Chapter IV.

A few advanced programs are offered by facul-ties of medicine in cooperation with other universityfaculties. For example, the University of Oslo's Fac-ulty of Medicine, in cooperation with the Faculty ofSocial Sciences, offers a one-year fulltime programfor physicians and other professional health careworkers in health care administration who hold theminimum of a cand. mag. degree. In addition, theFaculty of Medicine in association with three otherfaculties offers a one-year program in occupationalhealth for qualified health personnel and those withother related training and professional experiencewho also hold the minimum of a cand. mag. degree.The University of Bergen offers a two-year Masterof Philosophy program in the Medicine of Develop-ing Countries. See also "Public Health," later in thischapter.

NURSING

Basic nursing training and specialization train-ing is offered in sykepleierhogskokr (nursing colleges).Advanced level work leading to positions in admini-stration and management, nursing education, andnursing research is offered at three universities at aninstitute or department of nursing science (syke-pleievitenskap).

Study for the qualification vernepleier (socialeducator) may be completed at a few nursing col-leges as well as at vernepleierhogskole (social educatorcolleges). This is not a nursing qualification and ismore appropriately classified as a field related tosocial work and is thus described later under "Soci-ology, Social Work, and Social Educator Education."

Nursing College Programs

Basic training for nurses is offered in syke-pleierhogskoler (nursing colleges) in a standardizedtertiary-level program. Admission is based on thestandard college and university matriculation re-quirements. Earlier nursing programs were shorterand included more practical work. (Table 5.8 listsnursing colleges, with specialties offered.)

Education by Fields o f Study

Nursing training is under the auspices of theNational Council for Health and Social Work Edu-cation, an advisory body to the Ministry of Educa-tion, Research and Church Affairs. Completion ofthe program leads to the credential of sykepleier(nurse in bokmdl Norwegian) or sjukepleiar (nurse innynorsk Norwegian), a professional title givingauthorization to practice under the regulations of theMinistry of Social Welfare. Nursing colleges wereauthorized to award the regional candidatusla magis-terii degree in June 1991.

Training for the vocation of nurse requires threeyears (60 vekttall) of fulltime study. A few institu-tions permit the program to be completed on apart-time basis, usually over a four-year period. Ap-proximately two-thirds of the program is devoted tothe general background of nursing history, philoso-phy and basic ethics, basic concepts and theory ofnursing, and the nursing sphere of responsibility.One-sixth of the coursework is devoted to the studyof psychology, sociology and social anthropology,health care politics, administration and legislation,and economics. Another sixth is devoted to micro-biology, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry,pathophysiology, study of disease including diagno-sis and handling of symptoms, and pharmacology.Half of the total study period is in theoretical studyand half in practical training.

The many one-year (20 vekttall) specializationcourses open to graduate nurses include an ad-vanced training course in general nursing (sykepleier),in midwifery (jordmor), in psychiatric nursing(psykiatrisk sykepleier), and in geriatric nursing(eldreomsorg) education. Half-year courses (10vekttall) are offered in nursing administration andmanagement (sykepleieadministrasjon), and in publichealth and preventive medicine (helseforebygende ogforebyggende arbeid).

University Education in Nursing

Three universities offer advanced and doctoraldegrees in nursing administration and leadership,nursing education and nursing research.

Institutt for sykepleievitenskap (Institute forNursing Science), University of Oslo, wasestablished in 1985 when the Norgessykepleierhoyskole (Norwegian Nurses College)was transferred to the University of Oslo.

109 91

Education by Fields ofStu*

Table 5.8. Nursing Colleges With Specialties Offered, 1993

Key: All institutions listed offer the basic 3-year training as a nurse (sykepleier), unless otherwise noted.Institutions are coded as follows: * 1-year supplementary training; M = training as a midwife (iotzlmor); and P =training as a psychiatric nurse (psykiatrisk syktpleier); G = geriatric nurse (eldmomsolg); V= training in social education.Five other institutions offer this specialized training. Information on this training program and the five institutionsis provided later in this chapter in the section on Sociology, Social Work, and Social Education. and Geriatrics. SeeAppendix B for new combined institutions.

Aker sykepleierhogskole (Aker College of Nurs-ing); Trondheimsveien 235, 0514 Oslo. Tel: +47 2215 07 40; Fax: +47 22 15 69 50.

Arend al sykepleierhogskole (Arendal College ofNursing); Postboks 235, 4801 Arendal. Tel: +47370 23 2 41; Fax: +47 370 26 964. Program: P.

Bergen diakonissehjemmets sykepleier-hogskole (Bergen Deaconess' House College ofNursing); Haraldsplass, Ulriksdal 8, 5009 Bergen.Tel: +47 55 57 57 80; Fax: +47 55 57 58 00.

Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Healthand Social Work College); Haugeveien 28, 5005Bergen. Tel: +47 55 90 76 00. Programs: *, M, P,V. Does not offer basic nursing education.

Betanien sykepleierhogskole, Bergen(Betanien College of Nursing, Bergen);Vestlundveien. 19, 5033 Fyllingsdalen. Tel:+47 55 16 20 00; Fax: +47 55 16 65 01. Program: G.

Betanien sykepleierhogskole, Oslo (BetanienCollege of Nursing, Oslo); Akersbakken 35, 0172Oslo. 1. Tel: +47 22 60 20 62.

Diakonhjemmets hoyskolesenter (Deacon'sHouse College Center, also known as NorwegianLutheran Hospital and College, and DiaconiaCollege Center); Postboks 184, Vinderen, 0319Oslo. Tel: +47 22 45 19 45; Fax: +47 22 45 19 50.Programs: G, A.

Diakonissehusets sykepleierhogskole (Dea-coness' House College of Nursing); Lovisen-berggate 15, 0456 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 35 83 00; Fax:+47 22 37 49 34. Program: G.

Drammen sykepleierhogskole (Drammen Col-lege of Nursing); Postboks 1908, BSS, 3002 Dram-men. (Street address: Konggate 51, 3019 Dram-men). Tel: +47 32 83 86 30; Fax: +47 32 89 17 11.Program: P.

Finnmark sykepleiehogskole (Finnmark Col-lege of Nursing); Postboks 1216, 9601 Hammer-fest. Tel: +47 784 12 022; Fax: +47 784 92 626.Program: G.

Haugesund sykepleierhogskole (HaugesundCollege of Nursing); Postboks 363, 5501 Hauge-sund. Tel: +47 52 71 27 77; Fax: +47 52 71 57 87.

Haukeland helsefaghogskole (Haukeland Col-lege of Health Care Education); Haukelandsbak-ken 45, 5009 Bergen. Tel: +47 55 29 80 90; Fax:+47 55 29 15 85.

Haukeland sykepleierhogskole (Haukeland Col-lege of Nursing); Haukelandsbakken 45, 5009 Ber-gen. Now known as Haukeland helsefagskole. Seeentry above.

Hedmark sykepleierhogskole (Hedmark Col-lege of Nursing); Kirkeveien 47, 2400 Elverum.Tel: +47 624 10 066; Fax: +47 624 12 511. Program:P.

Hogskolen i Harstad sykepleierutdanningen(Harstad College, nursing program); Postboks2144, 9401 Harstad. Tel: +47 770 70 233; Fax: +47770 74 305. Program: V.

Innherred sykepleierhogskole (Innherred Col-lege of Nursing); 7600 Levanger. Tel: +47 74080022;Fax: +47 740 80 450.

92

Education by Kea of Stu*

Kristiansand sykepleierhogskole (KristiansandCollege of Nursing); Solbergveien 12-14, 4600Kristiansand. Tel: +47 380 26 990; Fax: +47 380 20880. Program: G.

Menighetssosterhjemmets sykepleierhogskole(Parish Sisters' Hospital, College of Nurses);Rosenborggate 8, 0356 Oslo. Tel: +47 22 69 38 90;Fax: +47 22 69 84 14.

Namdal sykepleierhogskole (Namdal College ofNursing); 7800 Namsos. Tel: +47 725 72 811; Fax:+47 725 71 330. Program: G.

Nord land sykepleierhogskole (Nord land Col-lege of Nursing); Leitevein 7, 8000 Bodo. Tel: +47755 24 512; Fax: +47 755 24 790. Programs: P, G.

Ostfold sykepleierhogskole (Ostfold College ofNursing); Postboks 1048 oss, 1601 Fredrikstad.Tel: +47 69 31 12 45; Fax: +47 69 31 37 06. Program:P.

Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Molde (Molde Collegeof Nursing) (formerly Nasjonalforeningens ogMore og Romsdals Sykepleieskole);Glomstuveien 33, 6400 Molde. Tel: +47 712 51944; Fax: 712 15 850. Programs: P, G.

Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Alesund (Alesund Col-lege of Nursing); Asestranda 6017. Tel: +47 701 41900. Fax: 701 45 576.

Sogn og Fjordane sjukepleiarhogskolen (Sognand Fjordane College of Nursing); 6800 Forde.Tel: +47 578 22 011; Fax: +47 578 29 430. Program:P.

Statens sykepleierhogskole (National College ofNursing); Bjerregaardsgate 21, 0172 Oslo. Tel: +4722 60 79 10; Fax: +47 22 69 86 13.

Stavanger sykepleierhogskole (Stavanger Col-lege of Nursing); Madlaveien 13, 4008 Stavanger.Tel: +47 51 53 30 95; Fax: +47 51 53 30 95. Pro-grams: *, P ,G.

Stord sjukepleiarhogskule (Stord College ofNursing); Postboks 297, 5400 Stord. Tel: +47 53411 322; Fax: +47 534 12 159.

Sykepleierhogskolen i Lorenskog (LorenskogCollege of Nursing); Postboks 3, 1474 Nordby-hagen (Street address: Nordbyhageveien 30). Tel:+47 67 90 17 50; Fax: +47 67 97 24 41. Programs: *,M.

Sykepleierhogskolen i Oppland (OpplandCollege of Nursing) (formerly Nasjonalforeningenog Oppland fylkes sykepleierhogskole); LudvigSkattumsgate 30/32, 2800 Gjovik. Tel: +47 611 74064; Fax: +47 611 72 189. Program: G.

Sykepleierhogskolen i Star-Trondelag (So-Trondelag College of Nursing); Hikon Jarlsgate12, 7013 Trondheim. Tel: +47 73 52 91 45; Fax:+47 73 52 81 35. Programs: *, P, G.

Telemark sjukepleierhogskule (Telemark Col-lege of Nursing); Postboks 1408, 3701 Skien. Tel:+47 35 52 55 83; Fax: +47 35 53 06 95. Programs:P, G.

Tromso helsefaghogskole (Tromso College ofHealth Care Education); M.H.-bygget, Breivika,9005 Tromso. Tel: +47 776 45 800; Fax: +47 776 45812. Programs: M, P, G.

Ulleval sykepleierhogskole (UllevAl College ofNursing); Postboks 86, Ulleval sykehus, 0407 Oslo.Tel: +47 22 60 70 25; Fax: +47 22 96 19 50. Program:P.

Ullevill sykepleierhogskole spesialutdanning ipsykiatrisk sykepleie (Ulleval College ofPsychiatric Nursing); Dikemark, 1385 Solberg.Tel: +47 22 90 87 95. Program: P.

Vestfold sykepleierhoyskole (Vestfold Collegeof Nursing) (formerly Rode Kors Sykepleieskole[Red Cross Nursing School]); Kong Halvdansgate14, 3100 Tonsberg. Tel: +47 333 17 010; Fax: +47333 17 374.

111 93


Admission: Graduation from a three-year nursingcollege, and one year of experience as a nurse.

Program: Three years of fulltime study includingthe examen philosophicum lead to the candidatuslasykepleiervaenskap (candidate in nursing science).The program is divided into 45 vekttall of course-work and 15 vekttall for a thesis. Graduates can sitthe professional examination in nursing science andteaching (embetseksamen i sykepleievitenskap med peda-gogikk) which qualifies the holder for the teachingrank of lektor.

In 1990 the Institute began offering a few of itscourses via satellite to studios in seven locationsthroughout Norway. The Institute offers doctoralstudies in nursing, leading to the degree of doctorrerum polaicarum (dr. pout.), authorized in 1992.

Institutt for sykepleievitenskap (Institute ofNursing Science), University of Bergen, was estab-lished in 1982 as a department of nursing science.Initially it offered education in a one-year basicstudies (grunnfag) program and a one-semester in-termediate studies (mellomfag) program. Now theInstitute conducts its instruction and administersits examinations through the Faculty of Medicine,although the Faculty of Social Science awards theactual degrees.

Programs: Candidatusla magisterii (cand. mag.) is aone-year advanced nursing science program offeredto graduates of a three-year nursing college programwith at least one year of experience as a nurse;candidatusla mum politicarum (cand. pout.) is a two-year advanced nursing science program offeredsince 1986 to graduates of the cand. mag. degree innursing science, or equivalent; doctor rerum politi-carum (dr. pout.). Since 1987, a doctoral program innursing science has been offered. The Faculty ofMedicine has requested approval from the Ministryof Education, Research and Church Affairs to re-place the dr. pout. with a new degree, the candi-datus/a sanitatus (cand. san.). This degree would re-place the cand. polit. degree for graduates in nursingscience and other health-related fields.

Avdeling for sykepleievitenskap (Departmentfor Nursing Science), University of Troms0.

94

Admission: Graduation from a three-year nursingcollege plus one year of work experience as nursefor admission.

Program: The seven-semester program, dividedinto two levels, leads to a Kandidat i sykepleievaenskap(Candidate in nursing science).

Level 1 (semesters 1 to 3): The first two semes-ters of the program are devoted to nursing science,methods of scientific research and theory, ethics,and administrative and pedagogical theory. The ex-amen philosophicum must be completed during thisfirst year. The third semester is devoted to clinicalpractice. Exemption from Level 1 may be grantedto students who have completed a one-semesterteacher training program for nurses and one year ofprevious advanced nursing study.

Level 2 (semesters 4 to 7): The fourth and fifthsemesters concentrate on nursing science (10vekttall), ethics and research in the health service (5vekttall) and health administration and health edu-cation (5 vekttall). The final two semesters are spentpreparing a thesis (20 vekttall).

NUTRITION AND FOOD TECHNOLOGY

Nutrition

The Nordisk husholdshogskole (Nordic Col-lege of Nutrition), previously known as the Nordiskhogskole for husholdsvitenskap (Nordic School ofNutritional and Textile Sciences), includes divi-sions both in Sweden and Norway. The Swedishdivisions are the Department of Textile Sciencelocated at Chalmers University of Technology andthe Institute for Clinical Nutrition at SahlgrenskaHospital. The Norwegian division is located at theUniversity of Oslo.

The Institutes of Nutrition at the University ofOslo include the Department of Nutrition of theNordisk husholdshogskole, the Institute for Nutri-tion Research of the Faculty of Medicine, and theSection for Dietary Research of the Faculty of Medi-cine. The Department of Nutrition offers a candi-datus/a magisterii (cand. mag.) degree in general nu-trition according to the regulations of the Faculty ofMathematics and Natural Sciences: the examen phi-losophicum plus courses totalling at least 65 vekttall (atotal of 31/2 years of study). Graduates of the pro-gram may elect to include the title of ernaringsfisi-

112

olog (nutritionist) on their cond mag. diploma if theyearned at least 30 vekttall in nutrition subjects.

A degree in clinical nutrition (dietetics) is of-fered at the Department of Clinical Nutrition lo-cated at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.This program requires 1V2 years of study for thosewho have completed the first five semesters of thegeneral nutrition program at the Department ofNutrition of the University of Oslo. Graduates of theclinical nutrition program may earn the Universityof Oslo cand. mag. degree provided they have com-pleted the examen philosophicum.

Graduates of the cand. mag. degree program ingeneral nutrition may continue their education innutrition for the candidatus /a scientiarum (cand.scient.). This program requires completion of 1V2years of additional study (30 vekttall) of which 10vekttall are in coursework and 20 for research andthesis. Two main disciplines are available: generalnutrition, and social and international nutrition.

Graduates of the cand. scient. program are eligi-ble for admission to the doctor scientiarum (dr scient.)program. This program requires research and a dis-sertation completed over a period of three years.The program includes 20 vekttall of coursework.

Food Technology

Statens nceringsmiddeltekniske hogskole(The Norwegian State College of Food Technol-ogy); Tungaveien 32, 7004 Trondheim. Tel: +47 0791 96 25; Fax: +47 07 90 20 44. The Statensnwringsmiddeltekniske hogskole provides educa-tion in food technology. In 1992 it had an academicstaff of 19 and an enrollment of 232. In June 1991,this institution was authorized to award the degreeof regional cand. mag.

The credential of vitnemdl fra Statensnaringsmiddeltekniske hogskole (certificate from theNorwegian State College of Food Technology) withthe title of Naringsmiddelteknolog (Food Technolo-gist) is awarded by this institution. The ^urriculumfor students starting in 1992 is a th ;-year, 60vekttall program, that includes six months of practi-cal training in industry, and a research project. Allstudents follow a preestablished curriculum. Stu-dents who enrolled from 1987 through 1991 fol-lowed a 60 vekttall program, which included a yearof practical training. Prior to 1987 the vekttall systemwas not in use and earlier records will indicate onlyhours of study.


The food technology curriculum requires thefollowing courses (vekttall are noted in parentheses):

First yeargeneral chemistry (2), organicchemistry (2), mathematics (3), applied physics (2),microbiology I (1), food technology chemistry (2),food technology chemistry (2), business manage-ment I (2), food technology I (4), mechanical educa-tion I (1), electronic data processing (1) for a total of20 vekttall.

Second yearpractice with report (10), nutri-tion (2), biochemistry with biotechnology (2), statis-tics with sensory analysis (2), mechanical education(2), administration and leadership (2) for a total of 20

Third yearnutrition technology II with foodtechnology machines (6), business planning andproject exam (3), microbiology II (2), hygiene (2),business management II (2), research project (3),and elective (2) for a total of 20 vekttall.

The College also offers a one-year fulltime pre-liminary course (forkurs) for 25 students per yearwho wish to enter the food technologist program buthave not completed the secondary-level prereq-uisite subjects in chemistry, physics, mathematics,and biology.

PHARMACY AND PRESCRIPTIONISTEDUCATION

Pharmacy

The professional degree ofcandidatusla pharma-ciae (cand. pharm.) is offered by the School of Phar-macy of the University of Oslo. The five-year phar-macy degree program is divided into first and secondstages: Stage one is an eight-semester basic programemphasizing botany, chemistry, and mathematics.Stage two constitutes one year of specialized theo-retical study and practical work. Students may spe-cialize in one of the following subjects: microbiol-ogy, pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutics,pharmacodynamics, or pharmacognosy.

Prescriptionist Education

Statens reseptarhogskole (Norwegian School ofPrescriptionists); Sven Oftedalsvei 8, 0950 Oslo;Tel: +47 22 25 78 50.

The Statens reseptarhogskole offers a five-se-mester program leading to the qualification of trsep-

113 95


tar (prescriptionist). Admission is based on comple-tion of standard college and university matriculationrequirements. The program includes 10 months ofretail pharmacy work under the supervision of theschool and a practicing pharmacist. Graduates arequalified to prepare and dispense drugs, but are notentitled to a pharmacy owner's license, a qualifica-tion reserved for university-educated pharmacists.The Statens reseptarhogskole was authorized toaward the regional cand. mag in June 1991.

The prescriptionist curriculum, with theoreticaland practical hours, respectively, noted in parenthe-ses includes: general chemistry (80 theoretical/80practical), organic chemistry with biochemistry(90/60), galenical pharmacy (dispensing) (80/170),Latin nomenclature (15/0), pharmacy legislation(60/0), pharmacology (130/0), microbiology (30/30),physiology with anatomy (40/0), elementary pathol-ogy (20/0), social pharmacy (70/0) for a total of515/340 theoretical/practical hours, respectively.

PUBLIC HEALTH

Two universities offer master's programs in pub-lic health. These programs are intended primarilyfor foreign students, although Norwegian studentsmay enroll. Instruction is in English. Completion ofthe programs does not lead to transfer credit in otheruniversity degree programs, nor does it qualify can-didates for admission to doctoral study in Norway.Admission requires a wndidatusla magisterii or itsequivalent for Norwegian students, or a bachelor'sdegree or equivalent for foreign students.

The Faculty of Psychology of the University ofBergen offers a two-year program leading to a Masterof Science in Preventive Health, also known as aMaster of Science in Health Promotion.

The University of Tromso has offered a kandidat

ifolkehelsevitenskap (candidate in public health, trans-lated by the school as Master of Public Health)program since 1987. It is a two-semester, 20 vekttallprogram. The first semester consists of courseworkin areas such as epidemiology and health promotion.Those with the degree of candidatus /a medicinae areeligible to complete the program after the first se-mester and are also awarded the kandidat i folkehel-

sevitenskap. The second semester requires more in-depth study and includes a research paper.

The University of Tromso also offers a six-month noncredit program via distance learning thatleads to a Diploma in Health Economics. The pro-

96

gram is also taught in English and is primarily forforeign students. See also the section on medicine(above) pertaining to "Advanced Programs in Medi-cine, Health Administration, and OccupationalHealth."

VETERINARY MEDICINE

The Norges veterinferhogskole (NorwegianCollege of Veterinary Medicine); Ullevalsveien 72,0454 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 % 45 00; Fax: +47 22 56 5704; a specialized university-level institution, awardsthe degree of candidatusla medicinae veterinariae

(cand. med. vet.). The program combines study in thebasic sciences and clinical veterinary medicine over11 semesters.

First semester: Medical Nomenclature, Statis-tics and Epidemiology, Introduction to VeterinaryMedicine, Chemistry, and Anatomy;

Second semester: Chemistry, Biochemistry,Animal Genetics, and Anatomy;

Third semester: Animal Genetics, Biochemis-try Anatomy, Physiology, and Mammalian Diseases;

Fourth semester: Anatomy, Physiology, andMammalian Diseases;

Fifth semester: General Pathology, AnimalNutrition and Hygiene, Parasitology, Microbiologyand Immunology, Pharmacology and Toxicology,Nutrition and Health, Large Animal Diseases, andSmall Animal Diseases;

Sixth semester: Pathology, Aquaculture andFish Diseases, Bird and Game Diseases, Parasitol-ogy, Microbiology and Immunology, Pharmacologyand Toxicology, Nutrition and Health, Large AnimalDiseases, and Small Animal Diseases;

Seventh semester: Mammalian Diseases, Re-production and Obstetrics, Microbiology and Im-munology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pathol-ogy, Bird and Game Disease, Nutrition and Health,Large Animal Diseases, Small Animal Diseases, andClinical Laboratory Diagnostics;

Eighth semester: Meat Inspection, Pathology,Bird and Game Di._ase, Nutrition and Health,Large Animal Diseases, Small Animal Diseases, Re-production and Obstetrics, Clinical Laboratory Di-agnostics, Preventive Health Work, and ForensicMedicine and Law;

Ninth semester: Aquaculture and Fish Dis-eases, Nutrition and Health, Meat Inspection,Large Animal Diseases, Small Animal Diseases, Re-production and Obstetrics;

114

Tenth semester: Aquaculture and Fish Dis-eases, Meat Inspection, Large Animal Diseases,Small Diseases, Reproduction and Obstetrics, andPreventive Health Work;

Eleventh semester Forensic Medicine andLaw, Experimental Animal Science, Other Dis-eases, Aquaculture and Fish Diseases, Large AnimalDiseases, and Small Animal Diseases.

The degree of doctor scientiarum may beawarded upon completion of three years of studybeyond the degree of cand. med. vet. Also available isthe traditional doctoral degree of doctor medicineveterinariae.

The institution uses a grading scale differentfrom other university-level institutions. The per-centages in parentheses indicate approximate gradedistribution:

Utmerket godt

(excellent)

Meget godt

(very good)

Godt

(good)

Noenkinde godt

(fair)

VeterinaryMedicine Gradingand Approximate

Distribution

11.00-12.00

(1%)

9.00-10.99

(52%)

7.00-8.99

(48%)

6.00-6.99

(0%)

SuggestedUS

EquivalentA

A-/B+

B/B-/C+

C

Hotel and RestaurantManagement and Training

Education in the fields of hotel, restaurant, andtourism management and training is provided bytwo college-sector institutions: the Norwegian Col-lege of Hotel Management and Stabekk College.

Norsk hotellhogskole (Norwegian College ofHotel Management); Postboks 2534 Ullandhaug,4004 Stavanger, Tel: +47 51 55 70 11; Fax: +47 51 8721 14. Norsk hotellhogskole was established in 1912as the Norsk hotellfagskole (Norwegian Hotel Vo-cational School). It became the Norsk hotell-hogskole in 1983. It is the only institution of hoteland tourism management exclusively in Scandina-via. The institution enrolled 478 students and em-ployed 21 instructors and a large number of guestlecturers. It operates hotel administration, and tour-ism administration divisions.


In addition to completion of the standard col-lege and university matriculation requirements, theinstitution requires that applicants have two years ofrelevant work experience and have completed afive-week intensive bransjeteoretisk forkurs (prelimi-nary course in hotel and restaurant theory). Holdersof a secondary-level fagbrev (vocational qualifica-tion) as cook or waiter who have two years' workexperience can enroll in a special one-year course inkjokken-og restaurantledelse (food and beverage man-agement). They can qualify for admission to theregular hogskolekandidat program provided theymeet the general admission requirements. As of1993, this course no longer qualifies students foradmission, but is still offered as a noncredit coursefor professionals in the field.

In addition to the regional cand. mag. which theinstitution was authorized to award in June 1991, theCollege awards the following credentials:1. Hogskokkandidat i hotelladministrasjon (College

Candidate in Hotel Administration): two-year,40-vekttall program.

2. Hogskokkandidat i reiselivsadaministrasjon (Col-lege Candidate in Tourism Administration):two-year 40-vekttall program.

3. Hogskokkandidat (College Candidate) in ServiceManagement: one additional year (20 vekttall) ofstudy. Admission is very selective; only 50 stu-dents enroll annually.

4. Master of Science, awarded upon completion ofmasterstudium i internasjonal hotel!- og reiselivsad-ministrasjon (master's study in international ho-tel and tourism administration). This program isjointly offered with Cornell University andFlorida International University (UnitedStates). Students must hold the hogskolekandidatin Service Management for admission to theprogram. Students follow a one-year specialcourse at Cornell University and then completean additional year of coursework and thesis atthe Norwegian College of Hotel Management.

Stabekk hogskole (Stabekk College); Ringsta-bekkveien 105, 1340 Bekkestua; Tel: +47 67 12 0720; Fax: +47 67 58 13 96. Stabekk hogskole wasformed in the late 1980s as a result of the mergingof Stabekk husstellwrerhogskole (Stabekk HomeEconomics Teachers' College), Statens skole forhusokonomer (National School for Home Eco-nomics) and Statens skole for kostholdsokonomer(National School for Institutional Nutrition). The

97


College offers academic programs in accommoda-tion management and institutional catering man-agement. It also has authority to award the regionalcand. mag. degree.

Academic programs completed at Stabekkhogskole receive full academic recognition for pur-poses of transfer to candidatusla magisterii programs.The programs offered are:1. Husokonom (Accommodation Manager): two-

year, 40- vekttall program that qualifies graduatesto work in the housekeeping sector in hotels.The program includes coursework in environ-mental upkeep, economics and administration,and integrated subjects.

2. Kostokonom (Institutional Catering Manager):two-year, 40-vekttall program that qualifiesgraduates to be cooks in institutional settings.The program includes coursework in environ-mental upkeep, economics and administration,and integrated subjects.

3. Faglarer (specialized subject teacher) program:Instruction for a hovedfag (main subject) exami-nation is offered in nutrition, health, and envi-ronmental subjects leading to the degree ofhovedsfagskandidat (main subject candidate).The document awarded may also use the termi-nology eksamen i hovedfag (examination in a mainsubject). It qualifies the specialized subjectteacher with the teaching rank of kitor (instruc-tor).

Journalism

The professional training of journalists is offered bythe Norsk journalisthogskole (Norwegian Schoolof Journalism, also known as the Norwegian Collegeof Journalism); Postboks 8167 Dep, 0034 Oslo; Tel:+47 22-50 08 00; Fax: +47 22-73 03 60. The schoolwas founded in 1%5. In 1992 it had a teaching staffof 13 and enrolled 135 students.

The School was authorized to award the re-gional cand. mag. degree in February 1981. Admis-sion requires completion of the standard college anduniversity matriculation requirements, but theschool prefers to admit older students who have hadsome higher education or work experience.

The two-year program leads to the credential offageksamen i journalistikk (subject examination injournalism). The name of this credential is expectedto change to hogskolekandidat i journalistikk (college

98

candidate in journalism) once a vekttall (credit) sys-tem is instituted. This program may be extended tothree years in the near future. Through at least 1992,the two-year journalism program included five ex-aminations: journalism I and II, social sciences, Nor-wegian, and newspaper science. The School alsooffers a one-semester program in foreign affairs re-porting.

Two-year journalism programs are also offeredat More og Romsdal distriktshogskole, Volde andHogskolesenteret i Nordland.

Law

Professional legal studies are offered by the Ju-ridiske fakultet (Faculty of Law) at the universitiesin Bergen, Oslo, and Tromso. The juridisk embetsek-samen (law professional program) results in the can-didatusla juris (cond. juris) degree.

The program offered by the Faculty of Law atthe University of Oslo consists of five parts, eachrequiring one year of study and terminating in anexamination. In addition, the examen philosophicum(one-half year) must be passed prior to taking thefirst part examination in law. The curriculum is asfollows: Part OneIntroduction to Jurisprudence;Constitutional Law; Family Law, Matrimonial Prop-erty and Inheritance; Law of Torts; and Social Secu-rity Law. Part TwoLaw of Contracts; Law of Com-merce Transactions; Economics; and Law of Salesand Purchases. Part ThreeSurvey of the Norwe-gian Legal System; Law of Surety; Law of Property,Mortgages, Bankruptcy and Execution; Legal His-tory; and a special elective subject. Part FourAd-ministrative Law; Sociology of Law; Sources of Law;Tax Law; and Resource and Environmental Law.Part FiveCriminal Law; Civil Procedure; Crimi-nal Procedure; Constitutional Protection of the In-dividual and International Human Rights; and aspecial elective subject or a thesis.

The University of Tromso opened its Faculty ofLaw in 1987 with a six-year program. The Universityof Bergen has also offered a six-year program forentering students since 1984. The six-year programconsists of four parts: 1) examen philosophicum plus agrunnfag in the general introduction to public andprivate law (3 semesters total); 2) private law (2semesters); 3) additional study in private law (3semesters); and 4) public, criminal, and interna-tional law, including specialized study in an optionalsubject (4 semesters). Students entering the Faculty

1 I 6'

of Law at the University of Bergen in 1972 under-took a 5V2-year program consisting of three parts;students entering in 1977 undertook a 5V2-yearprogram of ay.phil. and grunnfag plus two parts inlegal studies.

Grading in the Faculties of Law at the Univer-sities of Bergen and Tromso differs from that ofother university faculties. The following scale isused; note that the upper part of the scale is seldomused. The grade of Stdr til Laudabilis is earned byless than 1% of graduates, and Kan fd Laudabilis- isobtained by approximately 5% of graduates. Theaverage grade is approximately 2.80 to 2.85.

Laudabilis

Stdr til Laudabilis

Kan fd Laudabilis

Kan vel fdLaudabilis

Haud Hlaudabilis

Stdr til HaudHlaudabilis

Grading at the SuggestedFaculty of Law,Universities of US

Bergen and Tromso Equivalent

1.00 - 2.15

2.16 - 2.35

2.36 - 2.55

2.56 - 2.75

2.76 - 2.95

2.96 - 3.15

3.16 - 6.00

A

A

A

B

B

C

F

The grading system used in the Faculty of Lawof the University of Oslo is 2.00 to 2.75, Laudabilis(approximately 20% of the students obtain thisgrade); and 2.76 to 3.1 (;,1/aud

The doctoral degree in law is the doctor juris.(see Chapter IV). To practice as an advokat (barris-ter) in the private sector, those with the degree ofcand. juris must first complete two years of approvedlegal practice. There is no formal examination uponcompletion of the two years. Approved legal practicemay be in employment as an articled clerk, deputyjudge, assistant to a chief constable, or universityinstructor. Those employed in the legal professionin the public sector, such as in central government,public agencies, public prosecution, or police serv-ices, must complete additional approved practice tobecome qualified jurister (lawyers).

Library Science

Education in the field of library science is offeredby one public college, the Statens bibliotek- og

Education by Fkkis of Study

informasjonshogskole (Norwegian School of Li-brary and Information Science; D=lenenggt. 26,0567 Oslo: Tel: +47 22 35 73 90; Fax: +47 22 35 1260. It was established in 1940 as the Statens bib-liotekskole (Norwegian Library Science School)and was known as Statens bibliotekhogskole (Nor-wegian Library Science College) from 1980 to 1990.It was authorized to award the cand. mag. degree inFebruary 1981. In 1992 the academic staff num-bered 22, and enrollment 430. The institution doesnot presently use the vekttall system.

The institution offers the following programs:1. Bibliotekar (Librarian). The first year of basic

study (grunnfag) includes five weeks of practicaltraining and leads to an examination in libraryand information science. This portion of theprogram may be completed via correspondenceover two years and requires a half-year of libraryexperience. The examination must be com-pleted at the institution. The second and thirdyears are comprised of additional courseworkleading to the bibliotekar examination.

2. Diplombibliotekar i informasjonskunnskap ogEDB(Diploma in Library Science and ElectronicData Processing). Offered since 1984, this two-year program requires for admission either thebibliotekar, or a cand. mag. which includes threesemesters of study in library science.

3. A joint doctoral degree program offered in asso-ciation with the University of Oslo, leads to thedoaor rerum politicarum or the doctor philosophiaeawarded by the University of Oslo.

4. One-semester fulltime advanced programs forholders of the bibliotekar lead to a vitnemdl (cer-tificate).

Military and Police Education

MILITARY EDUCATION

Grading at the military academies differs from thatused at other tertiary-level institutions. A gradingscale of 1 to 6 is used, with 6 as the highest grade and1 as failing.

Luftkrigsskolen (Air Force Academy); Head-quarters Defense Command Norway/Air Staff Edu-cational Division, Oslo mil/Huseby, 0016 Oslo). TheLuftforsvaret (Royal Norwegian Air Force) con-ducts a number of training programs through theacademy. The Air Force bases its educational sys-tem on a life-long learning concept, where the offi-

99


cers start their career with basic officer training.After at least one year of service, the officers canapply to Part I training. After two years of Part Itraining, officers serve at least one year at a militaryunit before they apply to the Part II training whichconsists of an additional two-year period. For quali-fication to the rank of major, the officers completeStaff School Level I; for qualification to lieutenantcolonel they complete Staff School Level II.

Basic Officer Training: Admission to basic offi-cer training is based upon completion of the stand-ard college and university matriculation require-ments. The program begins with one year of intro-ductory education that includes six months each ofofficer training and study in a chosen technical track.Upon completion of this portion, graduates attainthe rank of sergeant. After one year of on-the-job-training, the rank of second lieutenant is earned.

Three options are available for those wishing tocontinue their military education: Officer CandidateSchool, Officer Candidate Flying School, and Tech-nical Officer Candidate School.

The Officer Candidate School (Befalsskole)program educates personnel for air defense, aircontrol, and administration. The program con-sists of one year each of academic study andon-the-job training. Those who wish to con-tinue their military education may apply to theAir Force Academy to pursue one year each ofgeneral education and study in a chosen militaryspecialization, such as administration, antiair-craft, or logistics, to earn the certificate ofLuftkrigsskolen, 1. avdeling (Air Force Academy,Part I) or may complete a hogskokkandidat (col-lege candidate) degree program at a civiliancollege and then return to the Air Force Acad-emy for one year of general education to earnthe Luftkrigsskolen, 1. avdeling certificate. Theone year of general education of theLuftkrigsskolen, 1. avdeling consists of 20 vekttall:sports (2 vekttall), defense (4), administration(2), education and leadership (3), language (3),science (3), and social science (3).Officer Candidate Flying School (Flygeskole)program is designed to educate pilots and navi-gators, and is directly linked to Luftkrigsskolen, 1.avdeling. The program begins with one year ofeducation that includes six months each of offi-cer training and flying training (academic and 50hours of flying). Upon completion of this por-tion, graduates reach the rank of sergeant. The

100

one-year general education portion of the AirForce Academy, Part I program is completed atthe Air Force Academy. Flying training may beundertaken at cooperating air force bases in theUnited States. Training requires approximatelyone year. Graduates of this three-year programearn the Luftkrigsskolen, I. avdeling certificate.The Technical Officer Candidate School(Tekniske skolesenter) program educates per-sonnel for the technical field. Training consistsof one year of technical education, and sixmonths each of officer training and specializa-tion training in a chosen technical track. Uponcompletion of the two years, graduates reach therank of sergeant. After one year of on-the-job-training, the rank of second lieutenant is earned.Three options are then available for those con-

tinuing in the military: 1) A one-year general educa-tion (Luftkrigsskolen, I. avdeling) program; 2) a three-year program at a civilian engineering college (in-geniorhogskok) which leads to the qualification ofingenior (engineer); and is followed by one year ofgeneral education at the Air Force Academy; or 3) acivilian engineer (sivilingeniftr) program completedat a university, followed by one year of generaleducation at the Air Force Academy.

Students completing Part I, through one of theoptions above are eligible to apply to Luftkrigsskolen,2. avdeling (Air Force Academy, Part II). Part IIconsist of two years of additional training in militaryeducation and advanced academic fields such asadministration or sciences. Many of the courses inPart II are taken at the nearby University of Trond-heim. Air Force Academy students who wish totransfer their education to a university degree pro-gram may be awarded up to one year of credit (20vekttall) for the Luftkrigsskolen, I. avdeling and up toone year of credit (20 vekttall) for the Luftkrigsskolen,2. avdeling, according to the National CoordinatingCommission.

Staff School Level I (Stabsskolen 1. avdeling)normally requires for admission completion ofLuftkrigsskolen, 2. avdeling, followed by four to sixyears of job experience. Level I consists of modular-ized education. The first module gives the studentsa joint platform in air operations and doctrines; thesecond module in administration and logistics train-ing; and the third in leadership and resources man-agement training. The three modules require ap-proximately six months and lead to the rank ofmajor.

113

The Staff School Level II (Stabsskolen 2.avdeling) lasts for one year and must be preceded byStaff School Level I. Level II provides education inleadership and management training with the aimof training an officer in management. Completionleads to the rank of lieutenant colonel.

The theren (Norwegian Army; HeadquartersDefense Command/Army Staff Educational Divi-sion; Oslo mil/Huseby, 0016 Oslo). The Hwren op-erates two hatrns krigsskokn (army academies) inKristiansund and Oslo. Admission is based uponcompletion of standard college and university ma-triculation requirements, and, like the Air ForceAcademy, follows a two-part training program afterbasic officer training (see above).

Harens Krigsskole 1. avdeling (Army Academy,Part I) is comprised of a one-year program of generaland military education. Harens Krigsskole 2. avdeling(Army Academy, Part II) represents two additionalyears of general and military education and is fol-lowed by a period of weapons training. The NKU(Nasjonalt Koordinerende Utvalg [National Coordi-nating Commission]) recommends that the three-year Army Academy training program be granted upto 30 vekttall (three semesters) should its graduateswish to transfer this training to a civilian universitydegree program.

Associated with the army is the Harens in-geniorhogskole (Army Engineering College) lo-cated in Honefoss. This institution offers civil engi-neering programs with the options of military tech-nical civil engineering and military technical con-struction engineering which lead to the qualificationof ingenior (engineer). Students may elect to com-plete the program according to one of three alterna-tive structures: 1) three-year engineering programfor qualified officers; 2) three and one-half yearprogram which includes both engineering educationand officer training, or 3) a three-year engineeringprogram without officer training for civilian stu-dents. The Army Academy also provides advancedmilitary training at a Staff School.

The Sjokrigsskolen (Naval Academy; Head-quarters Defense Command Norway/Naval StaffEducation Division); Oslo mil/Huseby, 0016 Oslo.Operated by the Sjoforsvaret (Royal NorwegianNavy), it enrolls 135 students. There is a teachingstaff of 25 fulltime civilian professors, and four tofive fulltime military instructors.

Entrance into the Naval Academy is based uponthe standard college and university matriculation

Education by Fklds of Stu*

requirements, physical tests, and a psychologicalinterview. Only 7.5% of applicants are admitted.

Training programs are available in threebranches: operative, administrative, and technical.Following basic officer training, the academic pro-grams are structured into two parts: Sjokrigsskolen 1.avdeling (Naval Academy, Part I) and Sjokrigsskolea2. avdeling (Naval Academy, Part II). There are slightvariations in how the parts may be completed,though the most common structure is as follows:The first part is comprised of one year each of officertraining and military service. Following completionof the first part, two years of obligatory service arerequired. Of the 20% who apply to the Sjokrigsskolen2. avdeling, 15% are admitted. Completion of thesecond part requires two additional years of study atthe Naval Academy, followed by another two yearsof obligatory service.

The Naval Academy uses a vekaall system. PartI includes 45 or 46 vekttall, and part II includes 49vekttall. The NKU recommends that up to 30 vekttall(three semesters of study) for Part I and up to 20vekttall (two semesters of study) for Part II may betransferred to civilian university degree programs(see Chapter IV).

The Naval Academy operates a Staff Schoolmuch like the one operated by the Air Force Acad-emy. Applicants must have completed Sjokrigsskolen2. avdeling to be eligible for admission.

POLICE EDUCATION

Education to serve in the police force is pro-vided at one institution in Norway, thePolithogskolen (Police Academy); Slemdalsveien5, Postboks 5027, Majorstua, 0301 Oslo. Tel: +47 2246 18 60; Fax: +47 22 69 77 40. Established in 1919,the Academy operates under the Ministry of Justice.Training, which began as a three-month course atthe Public Police Academy, has increased over theyears. The program, reorganized in 1981, became atwo-year program with two parts: grunnkurs I (foun-dation course I) which included seven weeks oftheoretical instruction at the school and five weeksof practical instruction at an associated police camp,followed by one year of practical experience at apolice station or sheriff's office. Grunnkurs II re-quired 31 additional weeks of training. In 1992 theprogram was extended to three years. In that year,350 students were enrolled in grunnkuts II of the

119 101


previous program; 250 starting in the new three-yearprogram. The last class to graduate from the two-year program completed study in spring 1993.

Admission for the three-year program begin-ning in 1992 requires Norwegian citizenship, com-pletion of the standard college and university ma-triculation requirements, a spotless civil record, aphysical examination, one year of obligatory militaryservice (males only), and sufficient maturity to serveas a police officer. Admission is very competitive. In1992, 4742 applications were submitted for 250places.

The Police Academy follows the grading scaleused by other institutions of higher education: 1.0 to6.0, with 1.0 the highest and 4.0 the minimum pass-ing grade. Practical training is graded on a bestdttlikkebestekt (pass/fail) basis.

The following programs are offered:Hogskokkandidat i politi (police studies): Three-year, 60 vekttall program, that includes practicaland theoretical training, with five major compo-nents. The first students will graduate in 1995.1) Police studies (15 vekttall)police educationand trade techniques, preventive police service,traffic service, sports (including arrest tech-nique, life saving and first aid), report and in-quiry training, criminal techniques, and specialpolice training subjects (rescue service, weap-ons, overtaking, etc.; 2) Law studies (10 vekttall)penalty law, special law, penalty process, traf-fic law, administrative law, and special areassuch as public law and private law; 3) Socialstudies and language (10 vekttall} -- psychologyand psychiatry, criminology, criminal politicsand criminal care, sociology, state and commu-nal knowledge, English; 4) Electives (5 vekttall);5) Practical training (20 vekttall)service in ahealth and social institution, in child welfare,outpatient contact, criminal care, alcoholic insti-tutions, or with refugees and asylum seekers.Vitnemdl (Certificate): 10 vekttall, one semesterfulltime, or equivalent in further police spe-cialty training, e.g., investigation, prosecution,patrolling, management.Numerous short courses of several weeks' dura-tion in subjects related to police duties thatyield certificates of completion. These may beoffered at the Polithogskolen in Oslo or in localmunicipalities.As of 1993 there was no provision for transfer

credit into colleges or universities.

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Physical Education and Sport

A number of colleges and universities offer pro-grams in physical education and sport, but the Nor-ges idrettshogskole (Norwegian University of Sportand Physical Education, also known as NorwegianUniversity of Physical Education and Sport); Post-boks 40, Kringsja, 0807 Oslo 8. Tel: +47 22 23 46 85is the only institution in Norway to award the pro-fessionally oriented degree of idreaskandidat (sportscandidate). Founded in 1948 as the Statens gym-nastikk skolen (National Gymnastics School), it be-came a specialized university-level institution in1%8. In 1992 it had an academic staff of 60 andenrolled 450 students. In addition to the standardcollege and university matriculation requirements,admission is based on physical tests. At present, theinstitution does not use the vekttall system.

The idrettskandidat program begins with a one-year basic program (grunnfag) in sports. During thesecond year, students choose one of two tracks:physical education or the coach/trainer track in aspecific sport. The third year is comprised of furtherspecialized study in either physical education for thehandicapped, outdoor education, culture and sportsadministration, health education and sports biology,or gymnastics and dance. Upon completion of thethird year, either the fagkerer (specialized subjectteacher) qualification in physical education isawarded, or students earn a qualification as a trener(coach/trainer). The only other institution awardingthe faglarer in physical education is Elverum Col-lege of Education. The fourth year of the idreaskan-didat program must be completed at another insti-tution in the college or university system and leadsto the candidatusla magisterii. Two additional years ofstudy leading to a hovedfag (main subject) examina-tion complete the idrettskandidat program.

The institution plans to issue a different creden-tial to foreign students not able to gain competencyin certain sports, such as skiing. This credential willnot lead to eligibility to teach physical education inNorway.

The Norwegian University of Sport and Physi-cal Education was authorized to award the degree ofdoctor scientiarum (dr scient.) in 1986.

Psychology

Professional education in psychology leading to thedegree of candidatusla psychologiae (rand. psycho!.)

1 ')

may be completed in the Faculty of Social Sciencesof the University of Oslo, the Faculty of Psychologyof the University of Bergen, and the Institute ofSocial Sciences of the University of Tromso.

Education in psychology at the Universities ofOslo and Bergen requires the examen philosophicumplus one year of study leading to the examination forthe psychology grunnfag. A grade of 2.5 is requiredon this examination for students to qualify for en-trance into a two-part professional program. Due tothe high demand of students wishing to completestudy in psychology, there is a waiting period ofthree semesters to three years during which stu-dents may elect to complete additional education inanother subject. Part I is comprised of 2 Vz years (50vekttall) of comprehensive theoretical study. Part IIis comprised of theoretical and practical/clinicalwork, plus a thesis. At the University of Oslo, PartII requires three years of study, or 60 vekttall; at theUniversity of Bergen, Part II requires 2V2 years ofstudy, or 55 vekttall.

The University of Tromso's professional degreeprogram in psychology requires five years of study.The first four years are devoted to major psychologi-cal topics; the fifth year includes clinical practice andcompletion of a thesis.

The degree of doctor psychologiae (dr psycho!.)requires three years of study for those holding thedegree of cand. psycho!.

The degree of cond. psycho/. is a prerequisite forlicensure as a clinical psychologist.

Sociology; Social Work, Child Welfare,and Local Government Administration;and Social Education

University education in sociology is presently of-fered by the Universities of Oslo and Trondheimand results in a professionally oriented degree. Col-lege-sector education is offered by Colleges of So-cial Work in the fields of social work and childwelfare, and in Colleges for Social Education. Sev-eral distriktshsgskoler (regional colleges) also providecollege education in the fields of social work, childwelfare, and social education.

SOCIOLOGY

University education in sociology resulted inthe professionally oriented degree of candidatuslasociologiae (cand. sociol.) awarded by the Faculty of


Social Sciences of the University of Oslo. Admissionto this professional degree has been discontinued.The nonprofessional degree of candidatusla trrumpoliticarum (cand. pout.) in sociology is awarded bythe Universities of Trondheim and Oslo.

The cand. sociol. of the University of Oslo was a12-semester program separated into two divisions.To be admitted to the second division, studentscompleted the ex. phi!., achieved a grade average of2.7 on study leading to the mellomfag (three semes-ters of study) in sociology, plus two semesters ofstudy in another subject. Division two requiredthree years to complete, and, in addition to theoreti-cal study, a field placement and a thesis. Studentsseeking this type of degree now are admitted tohavedfag studies leading to the candidatusla rrrumpoliticarum (cand. pout.).

Students entering the Institute for Social Workof the College of Arts and Science of the Universityof Trondheim in the fall of 1993, could take a newprogram in sociology leading to the degree of cand.pofit. The program includes 2V2 years of profes-sional study in sociology and a thesis. Admission isbased upon completion of a three-year program insocial work or child welfare (see below), plus twoyears of work experience in the field, plus one year(20 vekttall) of additional university or college studyresulting in the cand. mag. degree. This study mustinclude 5 vekttall each in research methods andsocial work. The Norges kommunal-og sosial-hogskole (Norwegian State College of Local Gov-ernment Administration and Social Work), listed inTable 5.10, has been offering instruction for theabove program as a pilot project for students enter-ing in 1992 to 1994. Because college sector institu-tions are not authorized to award degrees higherthan the cand. mag., the University of Trondheimissues the cand. pout.

The University of Trondheim offered a programfor students entering between 1974 and 1991 whichled to the degree of candidatusla socionomiae (cand.socion.). Admission required completion of a 2V2-year advanced program for social workers. Appli-cants to this program must have graduated fromeither the three-year program in social work or inchild welfare offered by a college of social work.

SOCIAL WORK AND CHILD WELFARE

The three years of basic training in the areas ofsocial work and child welfare (social work for chil-

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dren) are conducted at college-sector institutionscalled sosialhogskoler (social work colleges), and at afew of the distriktshogskoler (regional colleges). Theinstitutions offering social work and child welfareprograms are listed in Table 5.9.

The National Council for Health and SocialWork Education, an advisory body to the Ministryof Education, Research and Church Affairs, has pro-vided the following curricular guidelines for thethree-year, 60-vekttall program leading to the vit-nemdl om sosionomeksamen (diploma in social work).The number of vekttall required for each subject isin parentheses: Social science (10), psychology andsocial medicine (8), social politics and laws (10),theory of social work (18), and practical fieldwork inoutside institutions (14) for a total of 60 vekttall.

Child welfare workers work with children,youth, and families who have social problems or arein danger of developing such problems. Their goalis to increase the security and standard of living forchildren and youth. The three-year program leadingto the vitnemdl om barnevernspedagogeksamen (di-ploma in child welfare) educates students aboutchildren and their families within the social context,and helps create an understanding of social andpsychological problems and ways to alleviate theseproblems. The National Council for Health andSocial Work Education has directed that the three-year, 60-vekttall program leading to the vitnemdl ombarnevernspedagogeksamen must include education inthe following subjects areas (vekttall are noted inparentheses): Social science (10), psychology (10),education (10), components chosen by the individ-ual school (10), creative subjects in physical trainingand sports, music, art, craft, and drama (5), theory insocial and residential pedagogy (7), field placementsin social and psychiatric institutions, youth clubs,and welfare offices (8) for a total of 60 vekttall.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION

The Norges kommunal-og sosialhogskole (Nor-wegian State College of Local Government Admini-stration and Social Work) is the only institution inNorway to offer a three-year, 60-vekttall program inpublic administration leading to the vitnemdl omKommunalkandidateksamen (Diploma of Local Gov-ernment Administration Candidate). The first twoyears of the program are comprised of basic study ineconomics, law, and social sciences, and a 3-vekttallpractice period lasting 2V2 months that is corn-

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pleted during the second year. The third year in-cludes advanced studies directed towards the tasksand positions in local and county government.

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS OFFERED BYSOCIAL WORK COLLEGES

In addition to the three-year programs, socialwork colleges and the Norges kommunal-og sosial-hogskole were authorized to award the cand. mag. inFebruary 1981.

Diakonhjemmets hogskolesenter, sosialhog-skolen (Diaconia College, Diaconia College Cen-ter), part of the Norwegian Lutheran Hospital andCollege, is a private institution founded in 1890.Prior to 1990, the Diaconia College Center con-sisted of three independent schools: the School ofNursing, the School of Social Work, and the Schoolof Theology.

Programs: Since the 1970s, the college has offeredfour-year programs in nursing and social work. Thefirst three years comprise nationally approved pro-grams in social work and nursing; the fourth year isdevoted entirely to theology. Additional one-yearprograms of further education are offered in admini-stration and management, group dynamics andmethods in social and health work, theory and meth-ods in professional supervision, family therapy, andcaring for elderly people.

Norges kommunal-og sosialhogskole (Norwe-gian State College of Local Government Admini-stration and Social Work) offers one-year furthereducation programs in economics/administration,and health and social administration. One-semes-ter programs are offered in gerontology, manage-ment for local government employees, and pro-gram production for video/TV. A variety of non-credit short courses, referred to as etterutdanning,are also offered.

Sosialhogskolen, Stavanger (Social Work Col-lege, Stavanger) conducts four programs of videre-utdanning (further education): 1) A barnevern (childwelfare) program, consisting of 20 vekttall that iscompleted on a part-time basis over two years;admission is based on three years of previous re-lated education and two years of work experience;2) a ledelse og administrajon (management and ad-

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Education by Fickle of Study

Table 5.9. Institutions Offering Education in Child Welfare, Local GovernmentAdministration, Social Education, and Social Work, 1993

Key: Institutions are marked with the letters B, K, S, and V to indicate programs offered. B = Child Welfare(Barnevernspedagog); K - Local Government Administration (Kommunal); S - Social Work (Sosionom), and V

Social Education (Vernepleier). See Appendix B for new combined institutions.

Agder distriktshogskole (see Chapter IV). Pro-gram: S.

Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Col-lege of Social Work and Health Care Education);Haugeveien 28, 5005 Bergen; Tel: +47 55 90 00 30;Fax: +47 55 90 00 11. Programs: S, V.

Bergen vernepleierhogskole (Bergen College ofWelfare Nursing); now part of Bergen helse- ogsosialhogskole.

Diakonhjemmets hogskolesenter, sosial-hogskolen (Diaconia College Center, School of So-cial Work). Postboks 184 Videren, 0319 Oslo; Tel:+47 22 45 19 45; Fax: +47 22 45 19 50. Privateinstitution. Program: S.

Finnmark distriktshogskole (see Chapter IV).Programs: B, S.

Hogskolen i Harstad (see Chapter IV). Program:V.

Hogskolesenteret i Nord land (see Chapter IV).Programs: B, S.

Wire og Romsdal distriktshogskole (seeChapter IV). Programs: B, S.

Norges kommunal- og sosialhogskole(Norwegian State College of Local GovernmentAdministration and Social Work, also translated asNorwegian State College of Public Administrationand Social Work); Tjernveien 12, 0957 Oslo; Tel:+47 22 16 43 10; Fax: +47 22 16 36 16. Programs:B, K, S and public administration.

Oppland distriktshogskole (see Chapter IV).Programs: B, S, V.

Oslo og Akerhus vernepleierhogskole (Osloand Akerhus Social Education College). Postboks372, 1301 Sandvika; Tel: +47 22 13 90 40. Program:V.

Ostfold vernepleierhogskole (Ostfold SocialEducation College); Postboks 1189 GamleFredrikstad, 1601 Fredrikstad; Tel: +47 69 32 2089; Fax: +47 69 32 47 80. Program: V.

Rogaland vernepleierhogskole (Rogaland SocialEducation College); Nxrlandsheimen, 4350Nxrbo; Tel: +47 51 43 50 99; Fax: +47 51 43 52 62.Program: V.

Sogn og Fjordane distriktshogskole (seeChapter IV). Program: S.

Sosialhogskolen, Stavanger (College of SocialWork, Stavanger); 4008 Stavanger; Tel: +47 51 5210 80; Fax: +47 51 52 64 95. Programs: B, S.

Sosialhogskolen, Trondheim (College of SocialWork, Trondheim); Lade Gaard, 7040 Trondheim.Tel: +47 73 92 05 66; Fax: +47 73 92 25 52. Pro-grams: B, S.

Trondheim helsefaghogskole (TrondheimCollege of Health Care Education);Ulstadlokkveien 15, 7042 Trondheim. Tel: +47 7351 62 30; Fax: +47 73 53 43 77. Program: V.

ministration) program for health and social workpersonnel consisting of 20 vekttall completed on apart-time basis over two years; admission is based

on three years of previous related education andtwo years of work experience; 3) a konsultasjons- ogveiledningsmetodikk (consultation and counselling

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methods) program of 10 vekttall; and 4) a forskningog formidling (research and writing) program of 10vekttall.

SOCIAL EDUCATION

The profession of vernepleier (social educator)involves administrative and social work for elderlypatients or residents of rest homes and those withmental or physical disabilities. Education for thetraining of vernepleier is offered in several types ofinstitutions: vernepleierhfigskoler (social educator col-leges), sositrAfigskoler (social work colleges), and dir-triktshogskokr (regional colleges). Social educatorcolleges were authorized to award the regional cand.mag. degree in February 1981. Table 5.9 lists theinstitutions offering this education.

The three-year, 60-vekttall program for qualifi-cation as a vernepleier includes psychology, pedagogy,social science, law as related to special services,medicine as necessary to the field and backgroundon handicaps, and supervised practical experiencerepresenting 50% of the program, of which two-thirds must be in clinical work. The coursework ispresented in theme units, such as responsibility androle of a vernepleier in an institution, cooperationwith health workers, evaluating and dealing withethical dilemmas, current theories in the field, theindividual in society, behavioral theory, living con-ditions of the handicapped, types of handicaps, re-habilitation, personnel administration, and a re-search project.

Admission to the program requires completionof the standard college and university matriculationrequirements. It is also open to adults over age 23who have had at least five years of related workexperience.

Courses of further education, such as personnelmanagement in the health and social sector, areopen to graduates of the vernepkier program. Theseare usually one-semester, 10 vekttall programs appli-cable to a cand. mag. degree.

Theology/Religious Studies

The Lutheran Church is the state church of Nor-way. Almost all institutions offering training for theministry or teaching religious education are con-nected to the Lutheran denomination. Three insti-tutions offer studies in theology as preparation forordination as a Lutheran pastor: The Faculty of

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Theology of the University of Oslo; Det teologiskemenighetsfakultet (Free Faculty of Theology inOslo); and the Misjonshogskolen (Mission College),Stavanger. Departments of religious studies of theUniversities of Bergen, and Trondheim also offeruniversity programs in Kristendomskunnskap (Chris-tian Religion) which can be taken as degree studiesor as part of another degree program at a university.The study of Christian religion is primarily for train-ing teachers for schools and the Lutheran Church.A number of private institutions also offer biblestudies and missionary training courses.

Det teologiske fakultet (the Faculty of Theol-ogy) of the University of Oslo (Box 1023, Blindern,0315 Oslo).

Programs: Offers two main fields of study: Chris-tian religion and theology (pastoral training). Allstudents must complete the examen philosophicumbefore proceeding to their main studies. Many stu-dents complete a grunnfag or mellomfag in the Fac-ulty of Theology as part of their program in anotherfaculty. The following programs are offered:grunnfag, cand. philol., cand. theol., and the practicaltheology seminar.

A grunnfag (introductory course) comprisingstudy of non-Christian religions, philosophy, Bibli-cal studies, church history, the Christian churchesand denominations, dogmatics and ethics is re-quired of all students, regardless of which of the twoFaculty of Theology degrees they are planning topursue. Upon completion, students select either thecand. philot or the cand. theol. program.

Candidatusla philologiae (cand. philol.) studies re-quire 2V2 years beyond completion of the four-yearcandidatus /a magisterii, awarded by Det historisk-filosofiske fakultet (Faculty of Arts) since the Fac-ulty of Theology of the University of Oslo is notauthorized to award this degree.

Students who wish to study for the cand. philol.degree in Christian religion must complete a mellom-fag (an intermediate course, requiring one semesterbeyond the grunnfag) and a hovedfag (an advancedcourse requiring a further five semesters in thisFaculty).

In the hovedfag program, half the time is spenton a thesis and the other half in study of the NewTestament and its context, Christian doctrine andthe phirophy of religion. The preliminary course

in Greek must also be passed during these studies.Students who hold the cand. philot in ChristianReligion may proceed in this faculty to the doctorartium (dr art.) or the doctor philosophiae (dr philos.)degrees.

Candidatusla theologiae (cand. theol.), the profes-sional program in theology which may be electedafter students have completed the one-year compul-sorygninnfag in religious studies, follows prescribedcoursework. There is no requirement to completeeither a mellomfag or hovedfag as in the cond. philol.program.

The program includes coursework in Greek, theNew Testament, Christian doctrine and philosophy'of religion, and preparation of a thesis. Students mustpass the preliminary examinations in Hebrew, Latinand Greek. The complete program requires 14 semes-ters, including the examen philosophicum and a two-se-mester program at Det praktisk-teologiske seminar(The Practical-Theology Seminar).

A professional state final examination, the teolo-gisk embetseksamen, is required for all who wish toenter the ministry of the State Church. Studentswho hold the cand. theol. may proceed to the doctortheologiae (dr theol.) or the doctor philosophiae (drphilos.)

The grading scale for the degree of candidatusphilologiae uses the standard university gradingscale. See page 32.

In order to be ordained as a Lutheran minister,students must complete two semesters of training atDet praktisk teologiskeseminar (The Practical The-ology Seminar), a self-standing institution under thedirect supervision of the Ministry of Education,Research and Church Affairs, associated with theFaculty of Theology of the University of Oslo. Thefirst semester is taken during the study period forthe cand. theol. The second semester must be takenfollowing graduation, and includes practical servicein congregations and institutions.

Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (The Norwe-gian Lutheran School of Theology, formerly trans-lated as The Free Faculty of Theology); Gydas vei4, 0363 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 46 79 00; Fax: +47 22 6918 90.

The Norwegian Lutheran School of Theology,also known as the Congregations' Theological Fac-ulty is an independent institution. It was established


in 1907 by a group of professors who broke off fromthe University of Oslo Faculty of Theology to trainpastors along the traditional lines of the Lutheranconfession rather than the newer academic approachbeing taken at the university. In 1913 the govern-ment authorized the institution to give practicaltheological examinations, and in 1926 to give theprofessional examination for the tide of Pastor. Until1990, 70%-80% of all Norwegian Lutheran pastorswere trained here. In the 1990s, their number hasdropped to about 60%, with 40% being trained inthe University of Oslo program.

Since 1972 the government has provided 60 %-70% of the institution's funding, with the balancecoming from the Lutheran congregations. In 1990the institution was authorized to award the doctoraldegree. Enrollment in 1992 was 630 (40% female).A little less than half were training for the ministry;the others were training to be teachers of Christianreligion.

Courses of study are offered in Christian relig-ion as a minor (grunnfag) or major (mellomfag) ormaster's (hovedfag). Theology and practical ministe-rial training, training in Christian education for par-ish work and the theologial doctorate degree. Theprograms offered are very similar to those of theFaculty of Theology at the University of Oslo. In thecand. theol. program, the main difference is in thetiming of the mandatory practical training. All stu-dents must complete the examen philosophicum at auniversity prior to beginning studies at the School.

In the Christian religion program leading to thecandidatusla philologiae (cand. phil01.), students canundertake a grimnfag i kristendomskunnskap (intro-ductory course in Christian religion), a mellomfag anda hovedfag. The mellomfag is interdisciplinary studyin the Christian religion area at a more advancedlevel. The work for the hovedfag includes course-work, a preliminary examination in Greek, and athesis.

The professional program in theology leading tothe cand. theol. requires 13 semesters of study. It isdivided into a five-semester elementary section thatincludes one semester in the Practical TheologySeminar which is connected to Det teologiske men-inghetsfakul tet, a seven-semester advanced section,and one additional semester of study in the PracticalTheology Seminar.

The elementary section begins with the ex. phil.undertaken usually at the University of Oslo, al-though the School offers separate lectures in biblical

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knowledge and the history of theology and philoso-phy concurrently. This is followed by two semestersof study which include a primary course in Christianreligion. The next semester involves study in recenttheology, and leads to advanced theological study indifferent theological branches and an introductionto practical theology. Service in a parish for six toeight weeks during the summer precedes the prac-tical theology undertaken in the fall, which corre-sponds to the first of the two required terms in thepractical theology seminar (formerly this study wasdone after obtaining the cand. theol. degree). Stu-dents serve a practice period in an institution, suchas a hospital, and take a group examination and anindividual oral test.

The seven-semester advanced section beginswith preliminary study in Greek and Hebrew. Stu-dents receive five hours a week of instruction inthese two languages. The balance of the study isdivided into two main parts: Old and New Testa-ment; and church history and systematic theology.The program culminates in the professional stateexamination (teologisk embetseksamen)for the candidati teologien, also known as the candidatusla theologiae(cand. theol.) degree and translated by the institutionas Master of Theology. Before ordination, the stu-dent must complete one additional semester oftraining at the practical theology seminar whichprovides the required practical training for ordina-tion in the Lutheran Church. Completion of studiesand successful passing of the professional examina-tion leads to a Vitnesbyrd (testimony) of fullfort ek-samen som er fastsatt for det praktisk-teologiske seminar(completion of the examination for appointment ofthe practical-theology seminar).

The School also offers a one-year special pro-gram for training as a catechist (one who is respon-sible for educational work in the congregation andteaching catechism classes). Applicants must havecompleted at least two years of higher education,including a grunnfag in Christian religion.

Misjonshagskolen (Missionary College); Mis-jonsveien 34, 4024 Stavanger; Tel: +47 51 73 10 00.

The Misjonshagskolen offers a 6 1/2-year pro-gram leading to a cand. theol. degree, which includesparish practice. The program follows a differentstudy plan than the two programs in Oslo and in-cludes, in addition to the ordinary theological sub-jects, courses in science of religion, mission science,

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mission theology, social anthropology and commoncultural history. A two-semester grunnfag in Chris-tian Studies is also offered. A two-semester study inChristianity and Mission, which gives preparatoryeducation for mission service and for working at thehome base of the mission, is offered for persons withprevious professional training.

DEPARTMENTS OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES,UNIVERSITIES OF BERGEN ANDTRONDHEIM

Departments of religious studies of Faculties ofArts of the Universities of Bergen and Trondheimalso offer studies in Christian religion in formats verysimilar to that of the Faculty of Theology of theUniversity of Oslo. Students may complete agrunnfag, a mellomfag and a hovedfag. The grunnfagand mellomfag in religious studies can comprise partof a candidatusla magisterii degree. Students whohave completed a hovedfag in Christian religion maycontinue studies for the doctor artium (dram.).

OTHER INSTITUTIONS OFFERINGRELIGIOUS STUDIES

A number of institutions offer bible studies,missionary training, and specialized training forservice in the field. Many of these are private insti-tutions. Admission requirements vary from comple-tion of upper secondary school, having attained theage of 18, to no specific requirements. The institu-tions are listed below by type.

Institutions Requiring Completion of UpperSecondary Studies

Ansgarskolen, Det norske misjonsforbund(Ansgar School, Mission Covenant Church ofNorway), Boks 6513 Hanes, 4602 Kristiansand.Three separate schools form the Ansgarskolen:Ansgar Teologiske Seminar, Ansgar bibelseminar,Ansgar bibelinstitutt. The Ansgar teologiskeseminar offers a four-year tertiary level programleading to service as a predicant or missionary. Theprogram is offered to students from all Christianreligions. This course is recognized by NKU fortwo years (40 vekttall) of transfer credit. It is alsorecognized as equivalent to a grunnfag in Christianstudies, unless the student has taken a similarprogram in Christian religion at the University of

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Oslo. The Ansgar bibelinstitutt offers a two-yearbible seminar course, which is not recognized fortransfer credit to a university program. The Ansgarbibelseminar offers a one-year missionary course.

Baptistenes teologiske seminar (Baptist Theo-logical Seminary; Michelets vei 62 1320, Stabekk).Training for service as a pastor or a missionary inthe Baptist Church is offered in a four-year, terti-ary-level program. Partial credit, up to two years(40 vekttall), will be given if students continue in auniversity program.

Diakonhjemmets teologisk-administrativehogskole (Theological-Administrative College ofthe Deacon Hospital); Oslo, also known as Diak-onhjemmets hogskolesenter. Boks 23, Vinderen,0319 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 45 19 45; Fax: +47 22 45 1950. The institution offers training as a deacon whowill normally work in congregations, Christian or-ganizations and within the health care and socialsector. The majority of deacons are nurses or socialworkers, with additional theological deaconal edu-cation.

Applicants must have completed training as anurse or social worker, with elective work in theo-logical and practical church education. (Three-yeartraining programs as a nurse or social worker areoffered at the Diakonhjemmets hogskolesenter andare described in the applicable section.) The pro-gram to become a deacon requires two semesters inadministrative training, two years of part-time studyin the care of the elderly, and one year of part-timestudy in family therapy. Completion of the programleads to vocational qualification as a Borne- ungdoms-arbeider i menighet (Congregational Children'sWorker) and is considered the equivalent of agrunnfag in Christianity.

Finnmark distriktshogskole (Finnmark Re-gional College; Seksjon for kristendomskunnskapog menighetsarbeid [section for Christian Religionstudies and congregational work]); Follumsvei,9500 Alta. A one-year program leading to qualifica-tion as a menighetssekretter (congregation secretary)is offered and is considered equivalent to agrunnfag in Christianity.

Fjellhaug skoler (Fjellhaug Schools); Sinsen-veien 15, 0130 Oslo. These private institutions,


operating under the aegis of the Norsk Lutherskmisjonssamband (Norwegian Lutheran Mission),offer the following: 1) a four-year training in mis-sionary education, recognized by NKU for up tothree semesters (30 vekttall) of transfer credit andas equivalent to a grunnfag in Christianity; 2) aone-year program in missionary education forthose who are already serving as missionaries; and3) a half-year and one-year bible study.

Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole (NorwegianLutheran Inner Mission Society's School); Boks6830 St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo. This privateinstitution offers one- and two-year programs inbible and service study, and in church singing andmusic, as well as a half-year course in bible study.The two-year course in music satisfies a grunnfagand mellomfag in music in a university program.Hovedfag study is also offered. Some of the studiesare offered in conjunction with the Norsklwrerakademi for kristendomskunnskap ogpedagogikk (Norwegian Academy for the Study ofReligion and Education).

Luthersk bibel- og menighetsseminar (Lu-theran Bible and Congregational Seminary); Jose-fines gate 3, 0351 Oslo. This private institutionoffers tertiary-level training for the pastorate of theEvangelical Lutheran Free Church (this is not thestate Lutheran Church.) A two-year course inChristian religion is offered, for which partial trans-fer credit as a mellomfag may be given in universityprograms. Several half- and one-year bible courses,and courses in children and youth work, evangel-ism, and mission service are offered.

Menighetsbibelskolen (Congregational BibleSchool; Sandefjord). The institution belongs to thePentecostalist congregation. Half- and full-yearcourses emphasizing knowledge of the Bible andcongregation practice are offered.

More og Romsdal distriktshogskole linje forkristendomskunnskap og menighetsarbeid(More and Romsdal Regional College, Section forChristian Religion Study and CongregationalWork); Boks 188, 6101 Volda. This regional collegeoffers three programs in various aspects of religiousservice: a four-year program cosponsored with theVolda Teachers' College which leads toqualification as a kateket (catechist) that consists of

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study in Christianity, congregational work,pedagogics and optional courses; a three-yearprogram in church-administration educationwhich qualifies graduates for the position ofkirlevetge (church verger); and a two-year programwhich qualifies graduates to be a menighetssekretar(congregation secretary). The college offers both agrunnfag and a mellomfag in Christianity.

Norsk diakonihoyskole (Norwegian DeaconCollege); Lovisenberg 11, 0456 Oslo. This privateinstitution offers a one-year tertiary-level trainingto become a deacon.

Norsk ltererakademi for kristendom-skunnskap og pedagogikk (Academy for theStudy of Religion and Education); Kirstendom-sseksjonen, Amalie Skrams vei 3, 5035 Bergen-Sandviken.

Programs offered include one-year and 11/2year courses in Christian religion and in pedagogicalstudies.

INSTITUTIONS WITH OPEN ADMISSION

The following institutions offer half-year totwo-year courses in Bible studies, missionary train-

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ing and related fields. No university transfer creditfor this work is recognized in Norway.1. Ansgar Bibelskole (Ansgar Bible School), Boks

6513 Hanes, 4602 Kristiansand.2. Bibelskolen Bildray (Bildoy Bible School), 5353

Straume Bibelskolen i Grimstad (Bible Schoolin Grimstad), Osterhus, 4890, Grimstad.

3. Bibelskolen i Trondheim (Bible School inTrondheim), Thonning Owesens gate 20, 7044,Trondheim.

4. Filadelfia Bibelskole (Filadelfia Bible School),Boks 6854 St. Olays plass, 0130 Oslo.

5. Fjellheim Bibelskole (Fjellheim Bible School),Boks 1180, 9001, Trondheim.

6. Fjelltun Bibelskole (Fjelltun Bible School),Gulaksveinen 4, 4017, Stavanger.

7. Lagets Bibel- og Evangeliseringssenter (LagersBible and Evangelism Center), Boks 324, 4501Mandal.

8. Frelsesarmeen Offisersskole (Salvation ArmyOfficers School), Brendsruptoppen 40, 1370;Asker. A two-year course for Salvation Armysoldiers is offered.

9. Smyma Bibelinstitutt (Smyrna Bible Institute),Boks 73, 3178, Vale.

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Chapter VI

CORRESPONDENCE ANI3 ADULTEDUCATION

Correspondence and Adult Education

Correspondence Education

Because of Norway's geography, opportunities forcompleting education via correspondence are muchin demand. Many college and university programsmay be completed or partially completed via corre-spondence.

Three organizations that offer educational pro-grams primarily through correspondence are de-scribed below.

NM ingeniorhogskole (NKI College of Engi-neering; Hans Burums vei 30, 1340 Bekkestua;Tel: +47 67 58 88 00; Fax: +47 67 53 05 00) offerspart of its three-year ingenifir programs via corre-spondence, as well as its secondary-levelforkurs(preparatory course). The affiliated Senter forfjernundervisning (Center for Distance Educa-tion) offers programs only via television andcorrespondence through the NKI fjernunder-visning (NKI Distance Education) department.

Educational programs comprising 10vekttall (the equivalent of one semester ofstudy) or 20 vekttall (the equivalent of two se-mesters of study) are available. The programslead to certificates (vitnemdl) and receive fullrecognition for purposes of transfer into degreeprograms at universities and colleges. The pro-grams are listed below, with their respectivevekttall value:

bedriftsokonomi (business economics), 10bednftsfikonomi (business economics), 20okonomi og ledelse (economics and manage-ment), 10ledelse og administrasjon for helse- og sosialsek-tom (management and administration forhealth and social sectors), 20ledelse for helse- og sosialsektoren (manage-ment for health and social sectors), 10administrasjon for helse- og sosialsektoren (ad-ministration for health and social sectors),10

...=-

NKS (Norsk korrespondanseskole/Nor-wegian Correspondence School) Founda-tion for Distance Education (Postboks 5853,Hegdehaugen, 0308 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 56 85 00;Fax: +47 22 56 85 37) was established in 1914 toprovide education accessible to people at workor home. It offers programs at all levels of edu-cation, primary through tertiary.

NKS Foundation established the NKShogskole (NKS College) in 1986. NKS Collegeoffers a number of programs in business that arefully recognized for purposes of transfer creditto university degree programs. Instruction isconducted via correspondence, telephone, andcomputer. Examinations are conducted inabout 60 locations all over Norway, and interna-tionally at the end of each semester.

The normal study load is 50% of fulltime,or completion of 10 vekttall per semester. Ex-cept for the first program that results in ahfigskolekandidat degree, the programs listed be-low lead to certificates (vitnemdl). The numberof vekttall required to complete each programare noted. Single subjects of 2 and 4 vekttall eachare also offered.

hogskolekandidat (college candidate) in 0k-onomi og ledelse (economics and manage-ment), 40bedriftsokonomi (business economics), 20ledelse i offentlig virksomhet (leadership train-ing in public operations), 20ledelse (management), 10okonomi (economics), 10markedsforing (marketing), 10grunnfag i markedsforing (foundation coursein marketing), 20

Adult Education

Adult education has a long tradition in Norway.The Norwegian Association of Adult Education was

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Correspondence and Adult Education

formed in 1932 as an umbrella organization to coor-dinate the various organizations offering adults edu-cation ranging from primary to upper secondaryprograms, short programs in the higher educationalsector, and vocational and company-based coopera-tive programs. According to labor market policy,vocational programs for adults are funded by thecentral government, and participants receive a salarywhile enrolled.

EDUCATION IN NORWEGIAN LANGUAGEAND CULTURE

Education in the Norwegian language and cul-ture is offered by municipalities to immigrants. Themunicipalities receive complete funding from thecentral government.

Folkehogskole (Folk High School)

Half-year, one-year, and shorter specialized pro-grams, usually in the areas of culture, language, orthe arts, may be undertaken by young adults aged17 or older at a residential folkehogskok (folk highschool). Approximately 80 institutions with no set

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curricula or examinations offer opportunities for per-sonal growth. Although they are partially state-funded, folk high schools are usually operated byprivate organizations and are not part of the formalsystem of education. Graduates receive a leavingcertificate that neither qualifies them for admissionto higher education nor leads to transfer credit ap-plicable to university or college degree programs.

Folkeuniversitet (People's University)

Folkeuniversitet (People's University) refers toinformal adult education conducted at a variety ofsites throughout Norway. Courses in art, languages,music, philosophy and similar subjects are availableto students 15 years of age or older. There are noformal admission requirements to folkeuniversitet,and courses are not applicable to any secondary oruniversity program.

Folkeuniversitet centers may offer instruction forupper secondary school, college, and university-ad-ministered examinations. Documentation will thusbe issued by the examining authority, i.e., the uppersecondary school, college, or university.

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";,

Chapter VII

ABROAD OPPORTUNITIESINTERNATIONALIZATION AND STUDY

Norway is fully committed to increasing interna-tionalization opportunities in academic programs. Ithas been involved in Nordic cooperation activitiesfor many years and is at present a full partner inERASMUS (European Community Action Schemefor the Mobility of University Students).

Nordic Cooperation

The Nordic Council was founded in 1952, and theNordic Council of Ministers was founded in 1971.Because of agreements made by these bodies, citi-zens of the five Nordic countries (Denmark, Fin-land, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) can travel freelybetween the countries without passport control,transport and communication is developed betweenthe countries, joint research is undertaken in manyfields, and a number of cooperative arrangements inthe education field exist. Examples of this coopera-tion include the relationship between the NordicInstitute for Studies in Urban and Regional Plan-ning, located in Stockholm; and the Nordic Schoolof Public Health in Gothenburg, Sweden. There arespecialized courses open to citizens of any of thecountries and Nordic students may enroll freely inuniversities within the Nordic area. Students withuniversity admission qualifications from upper sec-ondary schools in any one of the other Nordic coun-tries are eligible for admission to higher educationin any of the other Nordic countries, provided allrequirements are fulfilled.

There is also general recognition of academicqualifications for upper secondary school place-ment, and university and college credit transfer bythe educational institutions within the Nordic coun-tries. Each institution or college may decide theextent to which specific placement or credit is givenfor previous study in connection with further studiesin a specific subjects.

The Nordic Association of University Adminis-trators was formed in the mid 1970s to increase and

formalize cooperation between Nordic universityadministrators. Planning groups were set up to or-ganize specialist seminars in the different adminis-trative fields. In particular, the Planning Group onRecognition of Degrees and Credit Transfer wasformed to discuss and coordinate issues of impor-tance to student mobility between the Nordic coun-tries.

NORDPLUS (the Nordic Programme for theMobility of University Students and Teachers) wasdeveloped by the Nordic Council of Ministers. Be-gun in 1988, its goals are to promote wide-rangingand intensive cooperation between the universitiesand colleges of the Nordic countries to establish aNordic educational community, to substantially in-crease the number of university students carryingout an integrated and fully recognized period ofstudy in another Nordic country, and to encouragethe increased mobility of teaching staff. NORD-PLUS provides grants for fulltime studies on thebasic degree level for up to one full academic yearwith full credit given at the student's home univer-sity. The grants supplement the regular study grantsprovided in each country.

International Programs

One of the goals of the government of Norway inthe 1990s is to increase internationalization in theacademic sphere. Almost every postsecondary insti-tution in Norway has an active ERASMUS programand their number is increasing annually. One of theresults of this involvement is an increase in thenumber of courses and full programs offered inEnglish.

Norwegian students are encouraged to under-take part of their studies in another country. TheNorwegian Loan Fund currently finances approxi-mately 7500 students who are studying outside thecountry. Such students coming to the United Statesfor study can receive support from this fund. A tax

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International and Study Broad Opportunitites

agreement with the United States exempts Norwe-gian students studying in the US and receivingfunds from either the US or Norway from payingtaxes on these funds.

Norway also has a number of programs thatprovide training to students from developing coun-tries. In 1992 approximately 2000 students fromthese countries enrolled in Norwegian programs. Anexample of one such program is NORAGRIC,which was established in 1986 to make Norwegianexpertise in rural development available to develop-ing countries. The program includes joint researchprograms and projects and brings students fromdeveloping countries to Norway to study in TheAgricultural University of Norway and the Norwe-gian College of Veterinary Medicine.

Study Abroad Programs forUS Students

The programs cited below were available in 1993-94. New programs will probably be added in sub-sequent years. Graduate students interested instudying in Norway should write to the institutionsoffering appropriate programs and inquire as to theavailability of study in English. In many doctoralcourses, classes will be offered in English if there isstudent demand for it.

All four of the Norwegian universities offer in-struction in Norwegian as a foreign language. Stu-dents needing further information should write tothe universities directly.

Several US institutions offer opportunities forstudy in Scandinavia for their own students. Amongthe institutions offering such programs are the Uni-versity of Massachusetts at Amherst, the AmericanGraduate School of International Management, theUniversity of California, Washington State Univer-sity, and Pacific Lutheran University.

Other programs include the following.The Year Program at the University of Oslo isopen to students from the United States andCanada, who have completed one year of uni-versity-level Norwegian language study andhave finished the sophomore year in college orthe freshman year with a minimum 3.0 gradeaverage on a 4.0 scale. Students are placed inNorwegian language courses at the Universityof Oslo and in one additional course offered byan accompanying professor from the United

114

States or Canada. Students may attend for thefull year (mid-August to mid-June) or for onesemester only.

Information may be obtained from theNorth American Admissions Office of the Uni-versity of Oslo International Summer School,c/o St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN 55057;Tel: 507-646-3269; Fax: 507-646-3549.International Summer School, University ofOslo The six-week summer course is open tostudents and qualified professionals from allover the world (approximately 70 countries arerepresented). Courses are offered in two catego-ries: general and graduate. General courses areopen to undergraduate and graduate students inNorwegian Language (all levels), NorwegianArt, Norwegian History, Norwegian Literature,Nordic Folklore, Norwegian Culture and Soci-ety, Contemporary Problems in Governmentand Politics, International Relations and For-eign Policy, and Economics Policy and Plan-ning. Graduate courses are offered in SpecialEducation, Peace Research, Energy Planningand the Environment, Medical Care and HealthServices in Norway, and International Develop-ment Studies.

Information is available from the Interna-tional Summer School, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 3, Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway or from theOslo International Summer School, St. OlafCollege, 1520 Saint Olaf Avenue, Northfield,MN 55057-1098 (telephone and Fax above).The one-semester Scandinavian Urban StudiesTerm/SUST program, either fall or spring, isorganized by the Higher Education Consortiumfor Urban Affairs and is based in Oslo. Studentsexamine issues facing industrialized welfarestates and social democracies in Scandinavia.Courses include Urbanization and Develop-ment in Scandinavia, Scandinavia in the World,Scandinavian Art and Literature, and Norwe-gian Language. Study-travel visits include oneor more Scandinavian capitals and a destinationin the former USSR. The program is open tostudents who have completed the freshmanyear in good academic standing at an accreditedfour-year college in the United States. Instruc-tion is in English.

Information is available from the HigherEducation Consortium for Urban Af-fairs/HECUA, Hamline University, Mail #36,

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1536 Hewitt Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55104-1284;Tel: 612-646-8832; Fax: 612-659-9421.Folkehfigskole (Folk High School Programs):The85 folk high schools offer a wide range of pro-grams at different levels. Instruction is in Nor-wegian. Students participate in the regular pro-grams offered. No professional or vocationaltraining is offered and no formal academic cred-its are granted.

Further information can be obtained fromIKF - Informasjonskontor for kristen folke-hogskole, Grakamveien 10 A, 0386 Oslo; Tel:+47 22 49 19 40; Fax: +47 22 49 00 54; or fromIF - Informasjonskontoret for folkehogskolen,Karl Johansgate 12,0154 Oslo; Tel: +47 22 41 6675; Fax: +47 22 41 52 68.

International and Study Broad Opportunitites

One-week classes at Ole Bull Akademiet inVoss are offered in Norwegian folk music forstudents of music conservatories and other col-leges of music or music education. Institutionsschedule times with the Akademiet for the pro-gram. Instruction is in Norwegian, with Englishtranslation as needed.

For further information, contact Ole BullAkademiet, Voss Folkemuseum, 5710Skulestadmo, Norway, Tel: +47 55 51 14 74.Master's degree programs in a number of fields,including management of natural resources, in-ternational business, dentistry, and fishery biol-ogy, are offered in English by several Norwe-gian universities and specialized university-levelinstitutions. See individual institutional profiles.

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Chapter VIII

ADVICE FOR ADMISSIONS OFFICERS

Upper Secondary School

All certificates received from upper secondaryschool (videregdende skole) are labeled "vitnemdl fraden videregdende skolen (certificate from the uppersecondary school)." This certificate may be issuedupon successful or unsuccessful completion of eachyear of upper secondary education, or only uponcompletion of the third year of upper secondaryeducation. In the latter case, all subjects studied andgrades received for all three years will be listed onthe certificate. Care should be taken to assure thatrecords for all three years of education are included.See Chapter III for a full explanation.

The allmennefag (general studies) branch whichstudents may elect to undertake in the upper secon-dary school provides the most theoretical of pro-grams offered in the upper secondary schools. Itprepares students for university or college programs.The handels- og kontorfag (commercial and clericalsubjects) branch also prepares students for mostuniversity or college programs. In 1994 these twobranches were combined. Students enrolled in anyother branch of upper secondary education are freeto go beyond the recommended syllabus for theirprogram and study additional subjects of a univer-sity-preparatory or vocational nature. Therefore, ad-vanced university-preparatory subjects taken bystudents in any branch of upper secondary schoolmay be sufficient preparation for success on an Ad-vanced Placement (AP), College Level Examina-tion Program (CLEP), or other equivalent US insti-tutional examination.

Degrees and Diplomas

Except for videregdende skole (upper secondaryschool) documentation, the regional candidatuslamagisterii degree, and some teacher training creden-tials, Norwegian institutions do not issue degreesand diplomas according to standardized formats.Admissions officers are advised to carefully read the

116

documentation and look for signs of official issu-ance, such as original signatures, seals, and stamps.Credentials may be referred to as titles, such assosionom (social worker), or as certificates of exami-nations, such as a vitnemdl om barnevernspedagogek-samen (certificate of child welfare examination), oras certificates of education, such as vitnemdl om 3-drig ergoterapeutu &laming (certificate of 3-year occu-pational therapy education).

Grade Reports/Transcripts

Many Norwegian educational institutions can pro-vide official grade reports in English. Sample docu-ment 8.1 is an example from the University of Oslo.Degree programs which consist of single-subjectexaminations conducted after a large block of studywill issue grade reports like that pictured in sampledocument 8.1. Many degree programs conduct onlyone final examination to conclude coursework. Theexample lists the examen philosophicum (taken afterone semester of study), the history mellomfag (takenafter three semesters of study, and the social anthro-pology grunnfag (taken after two additional semes-ters of study). No additional statement of grades isavailable. Degree structure is fully explained inChapters N and V.

Another type of grade report issued by somecolleges and universities lists courses of smallerunits, usually referred to as vekttall. In most cases, 20vekttall represents one year of fulltime study. Indi-vidual institutions using other credit or unit systemshave been noted in the institutional profiles locatedthroughout this text.

Course content information can be suppliedthrough a studieplan, or syllabus, which would usu-ally be kept as archives at the institutions and canbe made available to current or former students.

Many Norwegian colleges conduct programs incooperation with. both Norwegian and foreign uni-versities. Within Norway, colleges commonly pro-vide instruction for university advanced-degree pro-

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grams, i.e., hovedfag (main subject) examinations;the examination, however, is conducted by the co-operating university which will also issue the docu-mentation for the program.

Some colleges cooperating with foreign institu-tions have arrangements to issue Norwegian creden-tials upon completion of the foreign study. For ex-ample, the Business College of Northern Norway ofHogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland College)cooperates with Pacific Lutheran University/PLUin Tacoma, Washington in the United States. PLUaccepts students with a two-year hogskolekandidat ineconomics and administrative studies from Nord-land College into the senior year of its bachelor'sdegree program. After receiving the bachelor's de-gree from PLU, students may complete one addi-tional year in the Nordland College Master of Busi-ness Administration program, and apply to the Nor-ges handelshoyskole/NHH (Norwegian School ofEconomics and Business Administration) for a cer-tificate of equivalency to the Norwegian sivilokonom(economist) degree. Students who have completeda three-year hogskolekandidat are accepted directlyinto the PLU Master of Business Administrationprogram.

Another example of this cooperation is found atHogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland College).

Advice for Admissions Off:cers

The Danish candidatus mercaturae (sand. merc.) de-gree is awarded upon completion of a joint programwith Aalborg University in Denmark. This degreeis based on four years of study at Rogaland College,plus a short period in Denmark. The degree isawarded by Aalborg University because Rogalanddoes not have the authority to award the comparableNorwegian degree of sivilokonom (economist).

Nasjonalt Koordinerende Utvalg/NKU(National Coordinating Commission)Recommendations

The NKU makes recommendations for the transferof credit from private institutions to public institu-tions. These recommendations are published twiceper year and are intended to be advisory in nature;public Norwegian institutions are free to determinewhat additional subjects students study to qualifyfor a particular credential.

If more information is needed about the contentof educational programs offered by private institu-tions for which sufficient information is not avail-able, the NKU may be contacted at Nasjonalt Koor-dinerende Utvalg for Godkjenning av Eksamener,Harald Harfagresgt. 17, 5020 Bergen; Telephone:+47 55 21 21 39.

o 9

Document 8.1.8.1. Certificate of Attendance, Official Transcript, Issued by the Faculty of Artsof the University of Oslo (English Version)

REST COPY AVAILABLE 133 117

Advice for Admissions Officers

Role of the National Council on theEvaluation of Foreign EducationalCredentials

The National Council on the Evaluation of ForeignEducational Credentials (the Council) is an interas-sociational group that provides guidelines for inter-preting foreign educational credentials for theplacement of holders of these credentials in USeducational institutions. Its main purpose is to re-view, modify, and approve placement recommenda-tions drafted for publications used by the US admis-sions community. The Council also helps establishpriorities, research guidelines, and review proce-dures for international admissions publications. TheCouncil participates in international meetings thatinvolve foreign educational credentials for the pur-pose of international exchanges of students andscholars. The membership of the Council reflectsthe diversity of US educational institutions forwhich recommendations are made. See page iv for

a listing of the Council member organizations andtheir representatives.

The placement recommendations approved bythe Council identify the level or stage of educationrepresented by an educational credential and thusthe appropriate placement of the holder of the cre-dential in US educational institutions. Council rec-ommendations are not directives, nor do they makejudgments about the quality of programs andschools. Quality indicators may be provided by theauthor in the text. The effective use of placementrecommendations depends on careful review of thesupporting text in the publication and considerationof individual institutional placement policies andpractices.

The Council suggests that institutions applythe same standards for a foreign applicant as for a USapplicant with a similar educational background.Recommendations reflect US philosophy and struc-ture of education and may differ from the practicesof the educational system being reviewed.

Guide to the Understanding ofPlacement Recommendations

SECONDARY

May be placed in grade ...This recommendation is used if freshman ad-

mission cannot be recommended, but specific sec-ondary school placement is suggested by the totalyears of primary and secondary school studies rep-resented by the credential.

May be placed in secondary school at a gradelevel based on the length and nature of the pro-gram followed.

This recommendation is used if freshman ad-mission cannot be recommended. The duration andnature of the program vary. Each educational historyshould be evaluated to determine the total years ofstudy represented by the credentials.

Primarily a vocational qualification.This statement is used for credentials awarded

for secondary nonacademic training programs inspecific job-related fields (e.g., apprenticeships).Admission does not usually require a specific back-ground.The credentials do not give access to highereducation.

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May be considered for freshman admission if avocational [technical, specialized] program isappropriate preparation.

This recommendation suggests the specializednature of the curriculum followed. The wordingfurther suggests that within the foreign educationalsystem the educational opportunities open to hold-ers of the credential in question may be limited tosome postsecondary, usually nonuniversity, options.

May be considered for freshman admission.This recommendation is for graduates of aca-

demic, university-preparatory secondary school pro-grams and other programs that can be considered forfreshman admission without reservations or qualifi-ers.

May be considered for freshman admission;may receive advanced placement or transfercredit based on AP, CLEP or equivalent USinstitutional examination.

This recommendation suggests that any ad-vanced placement or transfer credit awarded for thecredential should be validated by nationally stand-ardized examinations for which US institutions havealready established policies.

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UNDERGRADUATE

Primarily a vocational qualification; admissionand placement should be based on other creden-tials.

This recommendation is used for credentialsawarded for postsecondary nonacademic trainingprograms in specific job-related fields. The creden-tial does not give access to further study in the homecountry; admissions decisions should be based onother credentials.

A professional qualification; admission andplacement should be based on other credentials[qualifications].

This recommendation is used for specific stud-ies in professional fields. The credential, by itself,does not give access to further study in the homecountry.

May be considered for undergraduate [admis-sion with up to ... year(s) of] transfer credit,determined through a course-by-course analy-sis.

This recommendation sets the maximumamount of credit, depending on the length of study,for a university program. The phrasing "course-by-course analysis" asks the evaluator to look carefullyat course contents, such as course descriptions fromcatalogs, in order to determine the appropriatenessof transfer credit.

May be considered for up to year(s) of under-graduate transfer credit [determined through acourse-by-course analysis].

By using this statement, the Council suggeststhat undergraduate admission be based on other(usually prior) credentials, though the credentialmay yield some transfer credit.

May be considered for undergraduate admis-sion with transfer credit awarded on the samebasis as for students of ... [US hospital schoolsof nursing, US schools of art, US seminaries,US schools of music and performing arts, USschools of music].

This recommendation can be used for hospital-based nursing; art schools, music, or performing artsschools; and seminaries that are comparable to thesecategories of schools in the US for which specificadmissions policies are used.

Advice for Admissions Officen

Represents completion of undergraduateteacher education courses.

By utilizing this statement, the Council is pro-viding descriptive information only, not a placementrecommendation. Evaluators should follow thepractice employed at their institutions for similarundergraduate teacher education courses.

Represents the completion of a specialization in... [e.g., military science, nursing, graphic arts].

By utilizing this statement, the Council is pro-viding descriptive information only, not a placementrecommendation. Evaluators should follow thepractice employed at their institutions for similarundergraduate study.

GRADUATE OR ADVANCEDPROFESSIONAL ADMISSION

May be considered for graduate admission.This recommendation is used if the program of

study is considered to provide adequate preparationfor graduate study, without reservation or qualifiers.Normally such a program represents a total of 16years of education and gives access to graduate edu-cation within the foreign system. This recommen-dation may be used for programs requiring morethan 16 years of study if no graduate transfer creditis recommended.

May be considered for graduate admission in a[closely] related field if the specialized nature ofthe program followed is appropriate prepar-ation.

This recommendation is used for programs thatare generally comparable to US bachelor's degreesbut the curriculum is specialized in nature and pro-vides limited or no access to more advanced studyin the home country.

May be considered for graduate admission withgraduate transfer credit determined through acourse-by-course analysis of the ... [fifth, last]year of study; may be considered for admissionto a doctoral program.

This recommendation is used for first degreeswhich represent a level of academic achievementbeyond the US bachelor's degree and which meritconsideration for graduate admission with graduatetransfer credit. Only courses taken at the end of theprogram (at a more advanced level) should be con-

1 fl7

119

Advice for Admissions Officers

sidered for transfer credit. The phrase "may beconsidered for admission to a doctoral program" isused if the level of academic achievement is compa-rable to that of a US master's degree.

May be considered for graduate transfer credit[determined through a course-by-course analy-sis].

In this recommendation, the phrasing "course-by-course analysis" asks the evaluator to look care-fully at course contents, such as course descriptionsfrom catalogs, to determine the appropriateness ofgraduate transfer credit.

May be considered for graduate admission asare graduates of ... [US schools of art, USschools of music].

This recommendation is used for art and musiccredentials that are awarded for the completion ofprograms of sufficient intensity to be consideredcomparable to what is required for the completionof a degree program at an American art or musicschool. The evaluator is directed to look at thecredentials in terms of institutional policy for theadmission of graduates from analogous schools inthe United States.

May be considered comparable to a US mas-ter's degree.

This recommendation is used if the program ofstudy is considered comparable to that of a USmaster's program. This recommendation is usuallynot used for first degrees that may represent a levelof academic attainment comparable but different inprogram structure to that of a master's degree.

May be considered for admission to a doctoralprogram [with transfer credit determinedthrough a course-by-course analysis].

This recommendation is used for credentialsthat may lead to admission into graduate study,including doctoral programs. It does not precludeadmission into master's or other postbaccalaureatestudy.

120

May be considered comparable to an earnedUS doctorate.

This recommendation is used if the program ofstudy is considered comparable to a US doctoralprogram. There may be differences in the structureand requirements of the program, but the credentialrepresents advanced research and dissertation workof a sufficiently high level to recommend doctoralcomparability.

A first professional degree in ...[medicine, den-tistry, veterinary medicine, law]. May be consid-ered for graduate admission.

This statement is used to point out the firstprofessional degrees awarded in a particular field.No graduate transfer credit is awarded. While prepa-ration for the profession occurs at the graduate levelin the US, it usually occurs at the undergraduatelevel in many foreign educational systems.

Represents the completion of a specialization in... [medicine, dentistry, psychotherapy, veteri-nary medicine].

This statement is used for credentials awardedfor completion of a medical or dental specialization,following the first professional degree in the field.

A professional qualification. May be consideredfor academic placement on the basis of othercredentials/qualific ations.

This recommendation is used for credentialsthat represent advanced training, primarily nonaca-demic in nature, and that are not appropriate forplacement determination.

Represents advanced graduate achievement inthe field of specialization.

This statement is used for credentials that rep-resent advanced, specialized studies that do notyield academic credit.

/3g

Pla

cem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

ns

Nam

e of

Cre

dent

ial

Ent

ranc

eR

equi

rem

ent

Len

gth

ofG

ives

Acc

ess

inSt

udy

Nor

way

toPl

acem

ent R

ecom

men

datio

n

Com

puls

ory

and

Upp

er S

econ

dary

Edu

catio

n

1.V

itnem

dl f

ra g

runn

skok

n(C

ertif

icat

e fr

om b

asic

scho

ol)

(p. 3

)

Age

79

year

s

2.V

itnem

ell f

ra d

en v

ider

egde

nde

Vitn

emel

l fra

gru

nnsk

okn

1 or

2 y

ears

skol

en (

Cer

tific

ate

from

uppe

r se

cond

ary

scho

ol)

for

com

plet

ion

of a

gru

nnku

rs(b

asic

cou

rse)

(p.

6)

3.V

itnem

dl f

ra d

en v

ider

egde

nde

1-ye

ar g

runn

kurs

skol

en f

or c

ompl

etio

n of

avi

dere

gden

de k

urs

I (a

dvan

ced

cour

se I

) (p

. 9)

2-ye

ar g

runn

kurs

1 ye

ar

1 ye

ar

4.V

itnem

dl f

ra d

en v

ider

egde

nde

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

1 ye

arsk

olen

for

com

plet

ion

of a

vide

regd

ende

kur

s II

inal

lmen

ne f

ag (

gene

ral

subj

ects

) (p

. 9)

139

Vid

ereg

dend

e sk

okM

ay b

e pl

aced

in g

rade

10.

(Upp

er s

econ

dary

scho

ol)

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

(Adv

ance

d co

urse

I)

May

be

plac

ed in

sec

onda

ry s

choo

l at a

gra

dele

vel b

ased

on

the

leng

th a

nd n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

fol

low

ed.

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

IM

ay b

e pl

aced

in s

econ

dary

sch

ool a

t a g

rade

(Adv

ance

d co

urse

II)

leve

l bas

ed o

n th

e le

ngth

and

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

.

Ter

tiary

edu

catio

n

Ter

tiary

edu

catio

n

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on if

avo

catio

nal,

tech

nica

l or

spec

ializ

ed p

rogr

am is

appr

opri

ate

prep

arat

ion.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on;

may

rec

eive

adv

ance

d pl

acem

ent o

r tr

ansf

ercr

edit

base

d on

AP,

CL

EP

or e

quiv

alen

t US

inst

itutio

nal e

xam

inat

ion.

140

5.V

itnem

ell f

ra d

en v

ider

egde

nde

skol

en f

or c

ompl

etio

n of

avi

dere

gden

de k

urs

II in

fisk

erif

ag (

fish

ing

trad

esu

bjec

ts)

(p. 1

0)

6.V

itnem

dlfr

a de

n vi

dere

gden

desk

olen

for

com

plet

ion

of a

vide

regd

enck

kur

s II

in h

an&

ir-

og k

onto

rfag

(co

mm

erci

al a

ndcl

eric

al s

ubje

cts)

(p.

10)

7.V

itnen

uilf

ra d

en v

ider

egde

nde

skol

en in

htin

tiver

ks-

ogin

dust

ry:f

ag (

tech

nica

l and

indu

stri

al s

ubje

cts)

for

com

plet

ion

of (

pp. 1

0, 1

2-13

):

a.V

ider

egde

nde

kurs

H

b.V

ider

egde

nde

kurs

HI

8.V

itnem

dlfr

a de

n vi

dere

gden

desk

olen

for

com

plet

ion

of a

vide

rtgd

ende

kur

s H

in h

usili

ds-

og e

stet

iske

fag

(cr

afts

and

aest

hetic

sub

ject

s) f

rom

the

follo

win

g br

anch

es:

a.C

raft

s (p

. 13)

141

b.D

ance

and

bal

let (

pp. 1

4, 1

7)

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

1 ye

ar

Vid

engd

ende

kur

s I

1 ye

ar

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

1 ye

ar

Vid

engd

ende

kur

s H

1 ye

ar

Vid

engd

ende

kur

s I

1 ye

ar

Vid

engd

ende

kur

s I

1 ye

ar

Em

ploy

men

tPr

imar

ily a

voc

atio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion.

Ter

tiary

edu

catio

nM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

fre

shm

an a

dmis

sion

.

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Adv

ance

d ba

llet

stud

ies

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on if

asp

ecia

lized

pro

gram

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

142

c.D

ram

a (p

p. 1

4, 1

7)

d.M

usic

(pp

. 13-

14)

9.V

itnem

eil f

ra d

en v

ider

egde

nde

skol

en f

or c

ompl

etio

n of

avi

dere

gden

de k

urs

II in

hush

oldn

ings

fag

(hom

eec

onom

ics

subj

ects

) (p

p. 1

7-18

)

10.

Vitn

emei

l fra

den

vid

ereg

dend

esk

olen

for

com

plet

ion

of a

vide

regd

ende

kur

s II

inid

retts

fag

(phy

sica

l edu

catio

nsu

bjec

ts)

(p. 1

8)

11.

Vitn

emel

l fra

den

vid

ereg

dend

esk

olen

in la

ndbr

uks-

og

natu

rfag

(ag

ricu

ltura

l and

rura

l sub

ject

s) f

orco

mpl

etio

n of

(p.

18)

:

a.V

ider

egde

nde

kurs

H

b.V

ider

egde

nde

kurs

HI

12.

Vitn

emel

lfra

den

vid

ereg

dend

esk

olen

in s

jear

tsfa

g (m

ariti

me

subj

ects

) fo

r co

mpl

etio

n of

(p. 1

8):

143

Vid

engd

ende

kur

s I

1 ye

arA

dvan

ced

dram

ast

udie

sM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

fre

shm

an a

dmis

sion

if a

spec

ializ

ed p

rogr

am is

app

ropr

iate

pre

para

tion.

Vid

enge

knek

kur

s I

1 ye

arA

dvan

ced

mus

icst

udie

sM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

fre

shm

an a

dmis

sion

if a

spec

ializ

ed p

rogr

am is

app

ropr

iate

pre

para

tion.

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

1 ye

arE

mpl

oym

ent

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

1 ye

ar

Vid

engd

ende

kur

s I

1 ye

ar

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs 1

11

year

Ter

tiary

edu

catio

n

Ter

tiary

edu

catio

n

Ter

tiary

edu

catio

n

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on.

144

a.V

ider

egde

nde

kurs

b.V

ider

egde

nde

kurs

III

13.

Vitn

emdl

fra

den

vide

regd

ende

skol

en f

or c

ompl

etio

n of

avi

dere

gden

de k

urs

II in

sos

ial-

og h

else

fag

(soc

ial s

tudi

es a

ndhe

alth

stu

dies

) (p

p. 1

8-19

, 20)

14.

Vitn

eral

fra

den

larl

ings

kole

n(C

ertif

icat

e fr

om a

nap

pren

tices

hip

scho

ol)

with

asv

enne

brev

(tr

ade

cert

ific

ate)

orfa

gbre

v (c

raft

cer

tific

ate)

(p. 2

1)

15.

Vitn

enul

l fra

den

vid

ereg

dend

esk

olen

fro

m a

teka

k fa

gsko

le(t

echn

ical

sch

ool)

(p.

22)

Vid

engd

ende

kur

s I

1 ye

arE

mpl

oym

ent

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs1

year

Em

ploy

men

tPr

imar

ily a

voc

atio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion.

Vid

ereg

dend

e ku

rs I

1 ye

arE

mpl

oym

ent

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

Vitn

emdl

fra

gru

nn-

skol

en o

r V

itnem

dl f

rade

n vi

dere

gden

de s

kole

nfo

r co

mpl

etio

n of

agr

unt:k

w-3

., vi

deng

dend

eku

rs I

, or

vide

regd

ende

kurs

II

Vitn

emdl

fra

grun

nsko

len

and

wor

kex

peri

ence

or

craf

tsk

ills

2 to

5 y

ears

Em

ploy

men

tPr

imar

ily a

voc

atio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion.

2 to

3 y

ears

Em

ploy

men

t or

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on if

ate

rtia

ry e

duca

tion

tech

nica

l pro

gram

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

Uni

vers

ity a

nd C

olle

ge E

duca

tion

Not

e: "

Uni

vers

ity m

atri

cula

tion"

mea

ns th

at th

e re

quir

emen

ts f

or e

ntry

into

a u

nive

rsity

or

colle

ge, i

.e.,

Nor

weg

ian

natio

nal m

atri

cula

tion

requ

irem

ents

,ha

ve b

een

satis

fied

at t

he u

pper

sec

onda

ry le

vel.

Stud

ents

who

hav

e co

mpl

eted

som

e co

urse

wor

k fo

r an

y of

the

prog

ram

s lis

ted

belo

w m

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

unde

rgra

duat

e ad

mis

sion

with

up

to o

ne y

ear

of tr

ansf

er c

redi

t for

eac

h ye

ar c

ompl

eted

, det

erm

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

se a

naly

sis.

Whe

n th

e le

ngth

of a

pro

gram

is c

ited,

it r

efer

s to

the

stan

dard

leng

th o

f th

e pr

ogra

m w

hen

purs

ued

fullt

ime.

The

act

ual p

erio

d of

atte

ndan

ce m

ay v

ary.

16. E

xam

en p

hilo

soph

icum

phil.

)U

nive

rsity

(p. 3

3)m

atri

cula

tion

145

14 to

1 s

emes

ter

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

nM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

up

to 1

sem

este

r of

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

146

17.

Hog

skok

kant

fida

t or

Hoy

skok

kan-

Uni

vers

itydi

dat (

colle

ge c

andi

date

)m

atri

cula

tion

(pp.

46,

57)

18.

Can

dida

tus

/a m

agis

teri

i (ca

nd.

Uni

vers

itym

ag.)

(pp

. 32-

34)

mat

ricu

latio

n

19.

Can

dida

tus

/a m

agis

teri

i (ca

nd.

mag

.), a

war

ded

by a

col

lege

(als

o re

ferr

ed to

as

"reg

iona

lca

nd. m

ag."

) (p

p. 2

9, 4

6, 4

8)

20.

Can

dida

tusl

a ph

ilolo

giae

(ca

nd.

philo

l.), c

andi

datu

s /a

rer

uns

polit

icar

um (

cand

. pof

it.)

orca

ndid

atus

/a s

cien

fia

rum

(ca

nd.

scie

nt.)

(p.

35)

21.

Hov

edfa

gska

ndid

at (

mai

nsu

bjec

t can

dida

te),

als

okn

own

as E

ksam

en i

hove

dfag

(exa

min

atio

n in

a m

ain

subj

ect)

(pp

. 35,

67)

22.

Mag

iste

r ar

fium

(m

ag. a

rt.)

(p. 3

5)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

or 1

to 3

year

s of

pre

viou

sco

llege

or

univ

ersi

tyst

udy

Can

d. m

ag.

Can

d. m

ag.

Can

d. m

ag.

2 or

3 y

ears

31/2

or

4 ye

ars

Up

to a

tota

l of

4 ye

ars

whi

chm

ay b

e in

com

bina

tion

with

pre

viou

sco

llege

or

univ

ersi

ty s

tudy

114

or 2

yea

rs

2 ye

ars

2 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Can

d. p

hilo

l., c

and.

pofi

t., c

and.

sci

ent.,

or

mas

ter's

deg

ree

stud

ies

Can

d. p

hilo

l., c

and.

pofi

t., c

and.

sci

ent.,

or

mas

ter's

deg

ree

stud

ies

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

or

empl

oym

ent

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 o

r 3

year

s of

tran

sfer

cred

it de

term

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

sean

alys

is.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

riz

148

147

Iti

149

23.

Lic

entia

te (

lic.)

in m

any

fiel

dsG

radu

ate

univ

ersi

ty2

year

s(p

. 36)

degr

ee in

rel

ated

fie

ld

24.

Doc

tor

("ne

w"

type

): d

r. a

rt,

dr. i

ng.,

dr. j

uris

, dr.

legi

s., d

r.m

ed.,

dr. o

dont

., dr

. oec

on.,

dr.

psyc

ho!.

, dr.

pol

it., d

r. s

cien

t.,dr

. the

ol. (

p. 3

6)

Can

dida

tus

degr

ee in

rela

ted

fiel

d (e

xcep

tca

nd. m

ag.)

, or

mag

. art

.

3 ye

ars

25.

Doc

tor

("tr

aditi

onal

" ty

pe):

dr.

Inde

pend

ent r

esea

rch

Und

efin

edag

ric.

, dr.

med

. vet

., dr

. phi

los.

,dr

. tec

h. (

p. 3

6)

26.

Mas

ter's

deg

rees

, suc

h as

mas

ter

of a

rts,

mas

ter

ofbu

sine

ss a

dmin

istr

atio

n,m

aste

r of

inte

rnat

iona

lbu

sine

ss, m

aste

r of

philo

soph

y, m

aste

r of

scie

nce

(p. 3

6)

Agr

icul

ture

27.

Can

dida

tusl

a ag

ricu

ltura

e (c

and.

agri

c.)

(p. 5

6)

Can

d. m

ag. (

in m

ost

case

s) f

or N

orw

egia

nst

uden

ts, o

r ba

chel

or's

degr

ee o

r eq

uiva

lent

for

fore

ign

stud

ents

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

1 to

2 y

ears

5 ye

ars

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Plac

emen

t rec

omm

enda

tion

cite

d fr

om S

jogr

enan

d K

err

(Nor

way

: A G

uide

to th

e A

dmis

sion

and

Aca

dem

ic P

lace

men

t of

Nor

weg

ian

Stud

ents

inN

orth

Am

eric

an C

olle

ges

and

Uni

vers

ities

, The

Col

lege

Boa

rd, N

ew Y

ork,

198

5): "

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

."

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

an

earn

edU

S do

ctor

ate.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

an

earn

edU

S do

ctor

ate.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

150

28.

Mas

ter

of S

cien

ce in

Man

agem

ent o

f N

atur

alR

esou

rces

and

Sus

tain

able

Agr

icul

ture

(p.

56)

Can

d. m

ag. f

orN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

2 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

tM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

com

para

ble

to a

US

mas

ter's

deg

ree.

29.

Sivi

linge

nisi

r (C

ivili

an e

ngin

eer)

aw

arde

d by

the

Nor

ges

land

bruk

shog

skol

e. S

ee E

ngin

eeri

ng b

elow

.

Arc

hite

ctur

e

30.

Sivi

lark

itekt

(si

v. a

rk.)

(Arc

hite

ct)

(p. 5

7)U

nive

rsity

mat

ricu

latio

n5-

514

year

sD

octo

ral s

tudi

es

Bus

ines

s an

d E

cono

mic

s (S

ee E

ngin

eeri

ng b

elow

for

stu

dies

in d

ata

proc

essi

ng.)

31.

Bed

nfts

okon

omek

sam

en(B

usin

ess

econ

omic

s ex

am)

(p. 5

7)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

1 ye

ar

32. F

oret

akok

onom

(E

nter

pris

eB

edri

foko

nom

eksa

men

1 ye

arec

onom

ist)

(p.

57)

33.

Eie

ndom

smeg

ler

(Rea

l est

ate

Bed

rift

wko

nom

eksa

men

1 ye

arbr

oker

) (p

. 57)

34. M

arke

dska

ndid

at (

Mar

ket

Uni

vers

ityca

ndid

ate)

; Hos

kole

kand

idat

mat

ricu

latio

n(C

olle

ge c

andi

date

) (p

p. 5

7,63

)

2 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

A f

irst

pro

fess

iona

l deg

ree

in a

rchi

tect

ure;

may

be c

onsi

dere

d fo

r gr

adua

te a

dmis

sion

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

1 y

ear

of u

nder

grad

uate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

1")-

151

152

153

35. D

iplo

mm

arke

dsok

onom

(D

i-pl

oma

in m

arke

ting)

(p.

58)

Mar

keds

kand

idat

1 ye

arFu

rthe

r te

rtia

ryed

ucat

ion

36.

Dip

lom

eksp

orto

kono

m (

Dip

lom

aU

nive

rsity

314

year

sFu

rthe

r te

rtia

ryin

exp

ort m

arke

ting)

(p.

58)

dipl

omm

arke

dsfo

rr (

Dip

lom

ain

mar

ketin

g) (

p. 6

4)

mat

ricu

latio

ned

ucat

ion

37. D

iplo

mok

onom

(D

iplo

ma

inFo

reta

koko

nom

or

1 ye

arFu

rthe

r te

rtia

rybu

sine

ss a

dmin

istr

atio

n)(p

. 58)

(pp.

63-

64)

hogs

kokk

andi

dat

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

3 ye

ars

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

38.

Rev

isor

(A

udito

r/ A

ccou

ntan

t,lo

wer

leve

l) (

p. 5

8)U

nive

rsity

mat

ricu

latio

n3

year

sE

mpl

oym

ent o

rfu

rthe

r te

rtia

ryed

ucat

ion

39.

Hoy

err

revi

sors

tudi

um(C

hart

ered

acc

ount

ant,

high

er le

vel)

(pp

. 58-

59)

Hog

skok

kand

idat

,si

vilo

kono

m, a

vid.

won

., or

con

d. ju

ris

114

year

sE

mpl

oym

ent o

rfu

rthe

r te

rtia

ryed

ucat

ion

40.

Sivi

loko

nom

(B

usin

ess

Uni

vers

ity4

year

s fr

omD

octo

ral s

tudi

esec

onom

ist)

(pp

. 59-

60)

mat

ricu

latio

n or

hogs

kokk

andi

dat

univ

ersi

tym

atri

cula

tion

or2

year

s af

ter

hogs

kole

kand

idat

41.

Sivi

lmar

keds

forr

(M

arke

ting)

degr

ee (

p. 6

0)D

iplo

mm

arke

dsok

onom

1 ye

arE

mpl

oym

ent

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

3 y

ears

of

unde

rgra

duat

e tr

ansf

er c

redi

t det

erm

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

se a

naly

sis.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

Iti

28.

Mas

ter

of S

cien

ce in

Man

agem

ent o

f N

atur

alR

esou

rces

and

Sus

tain

able

Agr

icul

ture

(p.

56)

Can

d. m

ag. f

orN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

2 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

tM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

com

para

ble

to a

US

mas

ter's

deg

ree.

29.

Sivi

linge

nior

(C

ivili

an e

ngin

eer)

aw

arde

d by

the

Nor

ges

land

bruk

shog

skol

e. S

ee E

ngin

eeri

ng b

elow

.

Arc

hite

ctur

e

30.

Sivi

lark

itekt

(si

v. a

rk.)

(Arc

hite

ct)

(p. 5

7)U

nive

rsity

mat

ricu

latio

n5-

514

year

sD

octo

ral s

tudi

es

Bus

ines

s an

d E

cono

mic

s (S

ee E

ngin

eeri

ng b

elow

for

stu

dies

in d

ata

proc

essi

ng.)

31.

Bed

rrft

soko

nom

eksa

men

(Bus

ines

s ec

onom

ics

exam

)(p

. 57)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

1 ye

ar

32.

Fore

taks

okon

om (

Ent

erpr

ise

Bed

rift

roko

nom

eksa

men

1 ye

arec

onom

ist)

(p.

57)

33.

Eie

ndom

smeg

ler

(Rea

l est

ate

Bed

rift

soko

nom

eksa

men

1 ye

arbr

oker

) (p

. 57)

34. M

arke

dska

ndid

at (

Mar

ket

Uni

vers

ityca

ndid

ate)

; Hoy

skok

kand

idat

mat

ricu

latio

n(C

olle

ge c

andi

date

) (p

p. 5

7,63

)

155

2 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

A f

irst

pro

fess

iona

l deg

ree

in a

rchi

tect

ure;

may

be c

onsi

dere

d fo

r gr

adua

te a

dmis

sion

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

1 y

ear

of u

nder

grad

uate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

156

157

35. D

iplo

mm

arke

dsok

onom

(D

i-M

arke

dska

ndid

atpl

oma

in m

arke

ting)

(p.

58)

36.

Dip

lom

eksp

orok

onom

(D

iplo

ma

Uni

vers

ityin

exp

ort m

arke

ting)

(p.

58)

mat

ricu

latio

ndi

plom

mar

keds

fore

r (D

iplo

ma

in m

arke

ting)

(p.

64)

37. D

iplo

mok

onom

(D

iplo

ma

inbu

sine

ss a

dmin

istr

atio

n)(p

. 58)

(pp.

63-

64)

Fore

taks

okon

om o

rho

gsko

kkan

dida

t

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

38.

Rev

isor

(A

udito

r/ A

ccou

ntan

t,U

nive

rsity

low

er le

vel)

(p.

58)

mat

ricu

latio

n

39. M

om r

evis

orst

udiu

m(C

hart

ered

acc

ount

ant,

high

er le

vel)

(pp

. 58-

59)

40.

Sivi

loko

nom

(B

usin

ess

econ

omis

t) (

pp. 5

9-60

)

thig

skol

ekan

dida

t,si

vilo

kono

m, c

and.

oeco

n., o

r co

nd./u

ric

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

orho

gsko

leka

ndid

at

41.

Sivi

lmar

keds

feir

er (

Mar

ketin

g)D

iplo

mm

arke

dsok

onom

degr

ee (

p. 6

0)

1 ye

ar

314

year

s

1 ye

ar

3 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

114

year

s

4 ye

ars

from

univ

ersi

tym

atri

cula

tion

or2

year

s af

ter

hogs

kole

kand

idat

1 ye

ar

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Em

ploy

men

t or

furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Em

ploy

men

t or

furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

3 y

ears

of

unde

rgra

duat

e tr

ansf

er c

redi

t det

erm

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

se a

naly

sis.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

158

42.

Han

dels

okon

om (

Bus

ines

sU

nive

rsity

adm

inis

trat

ion)

(p.

60)

mat

ricu

latio

n

43. E

xam

en o

econ

omia

e (e

xam

.U

nive

rsity

oeco

n.)

(p. 6

0)m

atri

cula

tion

44.

Can

dida

tus

/a o

econ

omia

e (c

and.

Ex.

oec

on.

oeco

n.)

(p. 6

0)

45.

Mas

ter

of I

nter

natio

nal

Bus

ines

s (M

iB)

(pp.

60-

61)

46.

Mas

ter

of S

cien

ce (

p. 6

1)

47.

Mas

ter

of B

usin

ess

Adm

inis

trat

ion

(p. 6

1)

Can

d. m

ag. o

rsi

vilo

kono

m f

orN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

Can

d. m

ag. o

rsi

vilo

kono

m f

orN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

Can

d. m

ag. o

rsi

vilo

kono

m f

orN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

48. P

RID

E c

rede

ntia

l (p.

63)

Sivi

loko

nom

, can

d.so

siol

., or

equ

ival

ent

4 ye

ars

31/2

yea

rs

2 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

tM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

gra

duat

e ad

mis

sion

.

Can

d. o

econ

. stu

dies

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

2 ye

ars

thro

ugh

Em

ploy

men

t

1992

, 114

yea

rscu

rren

tly

1 ye

ar b

ased

on

Em

ploy

men

tsi

vilo

kono

m o

r 2

year

s ba

sed

ondi

plom

okon

om

11 m

onth

sE

mpl

oym

ent

2 ye

ars

part

-tim

e E

mpl

oym

ent

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

A p

rofe

ssio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion;

adm

issi

on a

ndpl

acem

ent s

houl

d be

bas

ed o

n ot

her

qual

ific

atio

ns.

160

159

Ic

(16

1

49.

Fina

nsan

alyt

iker

stu

diet

(Pro

gram

for

aut

hori

zed

fina

ncia

l ana

lyst

s) (

p. 6

3)

Edu

catio

n

50.

Fots

kole

kere

r (P

resc

hool

teac

her)

(p.

65)

51.

Allm

ennl

arer

(G

ener

alsu

bjec

ts te

ache

r) (

pp. 6

6-67

)

a.th

roug

h 19

92

b.si

nce

1993

52.

Fagf

rere

r (S

peci

aliz

ed s

ubje

ctte

ache

r) in

the

follo

win

gsu

bjec

ts (

pp. 6

6, 6

7, 6

9-70

)

Wor

k ex

peri

ence

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

a.D

ans

(dan

ce),

dra

ma

(dra

ma)

,U

nive

rsity

form

ing

(art

s an

d cr

afts

),m

atri

cula

tion

mor

smd/

(mot

her

tong

ue),

hand

els-

og

kont

otfa

g(b

usin

ess

and

acco

untin

g),

krop

povi

ng (

phys

ical

educ

atio

n), o

r m

usik

k (m

usic

)

2 ye

ars

part

-tim

e E

mpl

oym

ent

3 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

4 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

A p

rofe

ssio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion;

adm

issi

on a

ndpl

acem

ent s

houl

d be

bas

ed o

n ot

her

qual

ific

atio

ns.

Em

ploy

men

t or

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

allm

ennk

erer

stu

dies

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit,

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit,

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

162

42.

Han

dels

okon

om(B

usin

ess

adm

inis

trat

ion)

(p.

60)

43.

Exa

men

oec

onom

iae

(exa

m.

oeco

n.)(p

. 60)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

44.

Can

dida

tus

/a o

econ

omia

e (c

and.

Ex.

oec

on.

oeco

n.)

(p. 6

0)

45. M

aste

r of

Int

erna

tiona

lB

usin

ess

(MiB

) (p

p. 6

0-61

)

46. M

aste

r of

Sci

ence

(p.

61)

47.

Mas

ter

of B

usin

ess

Adm

inis

trat

ion

(p. 6

1)

48. P

RID

E c

rede

ntia

l (p.

63)

Can

d. m

ag.or

sivi

lfiko

nom

for

Nor

weg

ian

stud

ents

or b

ache

lor's

deg

ree

or e

quiv

alen

t for

fore

ign

stud

ents

Can

d. m

ag.or

sivi

loko

nom

for

Nor

weg

ian

stud

ents

or b

ache

lor's

deg

ree

or e

quiv

alen

t for

fore

ign

stud

ents

Can

d. m

ag.

orsi

vilfi

kono

mfo

rN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

Siv

iloko

nom

, can

d.so

siol

., or

equ

ival

ent

4 ye

ars

31, y

ears

2 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

tM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

gra

duat

e ad

mis

sion

.

Can

d. o

econ

.st

udie

s

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

2 ye

ars

thro

ugh

Em

ploy

men

t19

92, 1

14 y

ears

curr

ently

1 ye

ar b

ased

on

Em

ploy

men

tsi

vilo

kono

mor

2ye

ars

base

d on

dipl

omok

onom

11 m

onth

sE

mpl

oym

ent

2 ye

ars

part

-tim

e E

mpl

oym

ent

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

A p

rofe

ssio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion;

adm

issi

on a

ndpl

acem

ent s

houl

d be

bas

ed o

n ot

her

qual

ific

atio

ns.

164

163

Io

165

49.

Fina

nsan

alyt

iker

stu

diet

(Pro

gram

for

aut

hori

zed

fina

ncia

l ana

lyst

s) (

p. 6

3)

Edu

catio

n

50.

Fors

kole

kere

r (P

resc

hool

teac

her)

(p.

65)

51. A

llmen

nher

er (

Gen

eral

subj

ects

teac

her)

(pp

. 66-

67)

a.th

roug

h 19

92

b.si

nce

1993

52.

Fagk

erer

(Sp

ecia

lized

sub

ject

teac

her)

in th

e fo

llow

ing

subj

ects

(pp

. 66,

67,

69-

70)

Wor

k ex

peri

ence

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

a.D

ans

(dan

ce),

dra

ma

(dra

ma)

,U

nive

rsity

form

ing

(art

s an

d cr

afts

),m

atri

cula

tion

mor

smdl

(m

othe

r to

ngue

),ha

ndel

s- o

g ko

ntw

fag

(bus

ines

s an

d ac

coun

ting)

,kr

opps

fivi

ng (

phys

ical

educ

atio

n), o

r m

usik

k (m

usic

)

2 ye

ars

part

-tim

e E

mpl

oym

ent

3 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

4 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

A p

rofe

ssio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion;

adm

issi

on a

ndpl

acem

ent s

houl

d be

bas

ed o

n ot

her

qual

ific

atio

ns.

Em

ploy

men

t or

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

allm

ennk

erer

stu

dies

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit,

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit,

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

168

b.V

ocat

iona

l/tec

hnic

al s

ubje

cts

Fagb

rev

or s

venn

ebre

v1

year

as

of f

all

Em

ploy

men

tR

epre

sent

s co

mpl

etio

n of

und

ergr

adua

te(e

.g.,

engi

ne m

echa

nic)

and

2 to

4 y

ears

of

1992

,te

ache

r ed

ucat

ion

cour

ses.

wor

k ex

peri

ence

prev

ious

ly 1

sem

este

r

53.

Hov

edfa

gska

ndid

at (

Mai

nC

and.

mag

. or

subj

ect c

andi

date

), a

lso

equi

vale

ntkn

own

as e

ksam

en i

hove

dfag

(exa

min

atio

n in

a m

ain

subj

ect)

(p.

67)

54.

Can

dida

tusl

a pa

edag

ogia

e (c

and.

Uni

vers

itypa

ed.)

(p.

70)

mat

ricu

latio

n

55.

Can

dida

tusl

a pa

edag

ogia

esp

ecia

lis (

cand

. pae

d. s

pec.

)(P

. 71)

a.Pa

rt I

Ex.

phi

l. pl

us 1

yea

r of

colle

ge o

r un

iver

sity

stud

y, o

r qu

alif

icat

ion

as a

n al

lmen

nkzr

er o

rfo

rsko

lela

irr,

or

cred

entia

l fro

m a

3-

year

pro

gram

in th

ehe

alth

sci

ence

s or

soci

al w

ork

b.Pa

rt I

IPa

rt I

c.Pa

rt I

IIPa

rt I

I

167

2 ye

ars

614

or 7

year

s

1 ye

ar

1 ye

ar

11/2

year

s

Em

ploy

men

t or

doct

oral

stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

l

prog

ram

.

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

l.

prog

ram

.

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

l

prog

ram

.

168

Ptv

d.Pa

rt I

VPa

rt I

II

56.

Prak

tisi-

peda

gogi

sk e

ksam

enC

and.

mag

. or

(Pra

ctic

al-p

edag

ogic

al e

xam

)eq

uiva

lent

also

kno

wn

as p

edag

ogis

k ut

-da

nnin

g (t

each

ers'

trai

ning

prog

ram

) (p

p. 6

0, 7

0)

Eng

inee

ring

1 ye

ar

1 ye

ar a

s of

fal

l19

92,

prev

ious

ly 1

sem

este

r

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

Em

ploy

men

t with

teac

hing

ran

k of

adju

nkt

57.

Fork

urs

for

inge

nkir

ukla

nnin

g(P

repa

rato

ry c

ours

e fo

ren

gine

erin

g ed

ucat

ion)

(p. 7

6)

Vitn

emdl

fra

den

vide

regd

ende

sko

kn1

year

Inge

niur

pro

gram

58.

Dat

ahog

skok

kand

idat

(D

ata

Uni

vers

ity2

year

sFu

rthe

r te

rtia

ryco

llege

can

dida

te)

(p. 8

1)m

atri

cula

tion

educ

atio

n

59.

Dip

lom

kand

idat

(D

iplo

ma

cand

idat

e) (

p. 8

1)D

atah

ogsk

okka

ndid

at1

year

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

60.

Prog

ram

inge

nifi

r (P

rogr

amU

nive

rsity

2 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

engi

neer

) (p

p. 7

7-78

)m

atri

cula

tion

educ

atio

n

169

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

Rep

rese

nts

com

plet

ion

of u

nder

grad

uate

teac

her

educ

atio

n co

urse

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

170

b.V

ocat

iona

l/tec

hnic

al s

ubje

cts

Fagb

rev

or s

venn

ebre

v1

year

as

of f

all

Em

ploy

men

tR

epre

sent

s co

mpl

etio

n of

und

ergr

adua

te(e

.g.,

engi

ne m

echa

nic)

and

2 to

4 y

ears

of

1992

,te

ache

r ed

ucat

ion

cour

ses.

wor

k ex

peri

ence

prev

ious

ly 1

sem

este

r

53.

Hov

edfa

gska

ndid

at (

Mai

nC

and

mag

. or

subj

ect c

andi

date

), a

lso

equi

vale

ntkn

own

as e

ksam

en i

hove

dfag

(exa

min

atio

n in

a m

ain

subj

ect)

(p.

67)

54.

Can

dida

tusl

a pa

edag

ogia

e (c

and.

Uni

vers

itypa

ed.)

(p.

70)

mat

ricu

latio

n

55.

Can

dida

tusl

a pa

edag

ogia

esp

ecia

lis (

cand

pae

d. s

pec.

)(p

. 71)

a.Pa

rt I

Ex.

Phi

l. pl

us 1

yea

r of

colle

ge o

r un

iver

sity

stud

y, o

r qu

alif

icat

ion

as a

n al

lmen

nker

er o

rfo

rsko

kker

er, o

rcr

eden

tial f

rom

a 3

-ye

ar p

rogr

am in

the

heal

th s

cien

ces

orso

cial

wor

k

b.Pa

rt I

IPa

rt I

c.Pa

rt I

IIPa

rt I

I

171

2 ye

ars

61h

or 7

yea

rs

1 ye

ar

1 ye

ar

11/2

yea

rs

Em

ploy

men

t or

doct

oral

stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

l.

prog

ram

.

Part

II

Part

III

Part

IV

BE

ST

CO

PY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

172

d.Pa

rt I

VPa

rt I

II

56.

Prak

tkk-

peda

gogi

sk e

ksam

enC

ond.

mag

. or

(Pra

ctic

al-p

edag

ogic

al e

xam

)eq

uiva

lent

also

kno

wn

as p

edag

ogis

k ut

-da

nnin

g (t

each

ers'

trai

ning

prog

ram

) (p

p. 6

0, 7

0)

Eng

inee

ring

1 ye

ar

1 ye

ar a

s of

fal

l19

92,

prev

ious

ly 1

sem

este

r

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

Em

ploy

men

t with

teac

hing

ran

k of

adju

nkt

57.

Fork

urs

for

inge

niou

tdan

ning

(Pre

para

tory

cou

rse

for

engi

neer

ing

educ

atio

n)(p

. 76)

Vitn

erne

il fr

a de

nvi

dere

gden

de s

kokn

1 ye

arIn

geni

o. p

rogr

am

58.

Dat

ahei

gsko

leka

ndid

at (

Dat

aU

nive

rsity

2 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

colle

ge c

andi

date

) (p

. 81)

mat

ricu

latio

ned

ucat

ion

59. D

Olo

mka

ndid

at (

Dip

lom

aca

ndid

ate)

(p.

81)

Dat

ahri

gsko

kkan

dida

t1

year

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

60. P

rogr

amin

gen*

(Pr

ogra

mU

nive

rsity

2 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

engi

neer

) (p

p. 7

7-78

)m

atri

cula

tion

educ

atio

n

,,r-

17

Rep

rese

nts

com

plet

ion

of u

nder

grad

uate

teac

her

educ

atio

n co

urse

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or f

resh

man

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

BE

ST C

OPY

AV

AIL

AB

LE

1 74

61.

Inge

nior

(E

ngin

eer)

(p.

76)

a.fr

om 2

-yea

r pr

ogra

m

b.fr

om 3

-yea

r pr

ogra

m

Vitn

emdl

fra

den

vide

regi

k nd

e sk

okn

from

a te

knis

k fa

gsko

le(t

echn

ical

sch

ool)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

62.

Sivi

linge

nior

(si

v. in

g.)

(Civ

ilian

Uni

vers

ityen

gine

er)

(pp.

56,

72,

77)

mat

ricu

latio

n

63.

Can

dida

tusl

a te

chni

cae

(Dis

cont

inue

d in

198

7)(p

. 52)

Fine

Art

s

Art

and

Des

ign

64.

Hog

skol

ekan

dida

t (C

olle

geca

ndid

ate)

aw

arde

d by

Stat

ens

hAnd

verk

s-og

kuns

tindu

stri

skol

e or

Sta

tens

hogs

kole

for

kun

stha

ndve

rkog

des

ign

(p. 8

2)

175

Inge

nior

deg

ree

from

a3-

year

pro

gram

in th

esa

me

fiel

d

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

2 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

41/2

or

5 ye

ars

11/2

yea

rs

3 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Sivi

linge

nior

stu

dies

at

Hog

skol

esen

tere

t iR

ogal

and

Des

ignk

andi

dat o

rku

nsff

agka

ndid

atst

udie

s

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

toa

doct

oral

prog

ram

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1lit

year

s of

unde

rgra

duat

e tr

ansf

er c

redi

t det

erm

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

se a

naly

sis.

Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

sylla

bus

shou

ld b

e re

view

ed c

aref

ully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

edna

ture

of

this

pro

gram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

176

65.

Des

ignk

andi

dat (

Des

ign

cand

idat

e) (

p. 8

2)

66.

Kun

svra

gkan

dida

t (A

rtca

ndid

ate)

(p.

82)

67.

Com

plet

ion

of a

pro

gram

of

stud

y at

a k

unst

akad

emi (

art

acad

emy)

(pp

. 82,

83)

Bal

let a

nd D

ance

68. V

itnem

dl f

or e

tter

fullf

firt

stud

ium

ved

dan

selin

jen

(Cer

tific

ate

for

[nam

e of

pers

on]

afte

r co

mpl

etio

n of

the

full

prog

ram

in th

e da

nce

line)

(p.

83)

69.

Vitn

emdl

for

etk

rfu

llfor

tst

udiu

m (

Cer

tific

ate

for

[nam

e of

per

son]

aft

erco

mpl

etio

n of

the

full

prog

ram

) in

Ped

agog

linje

n(D

ance

teac

hers

' lin

e) o

rK

otro

graf

finf

tn(C

hore

ogra

pher

s' li

ne)

(pp.

83-

84)

Hog

skok

kand

idat

insa

me

area

of

stud

y

Hog

skol

ekan

dida

t in

sam

e ar

ea o

f st

udy

Port

folio

, int

ervi

ew,

and

prac

tical

exam

inat

ion

114

year

s

11,

year

s

4 or

41/

2 ye

ars

Vitn

emal

fra

gru

nnsk

ok3

year

san

d ex

amin

atio

n

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

3 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on a

sar

e gr

adua

tes

of U

S sc

hool

s of

art

.

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith tr

ansf

er c

redi

t aw

arde

d on

the

sam

e ba

sis

as f

or s

tude

nts

of U

S sc

hool

s of

perf

orm

ing

arts

.

173

61.

Inge

nim

- (E

ngin

eer)

(p.

76)

a.fr

om 2

-yea

r pr

ogra

m

b.fr

om 3

-yea

r pr

ogra

m

Vitn

emdl

fra

den

vide

regd

ende

sko

len

from

a te

knis

k fa

gsko

le(t

echn

ical

sch

ool)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

62.

Sivi

linge

niO

r (s

iv. i

ng.)

(C

ivili

anU

nive

rsity

engi

neer

) (p

p. 5

6, 7

2, 7

7)m

atri

cula

tion

63.

Can

dida

tusf

a te

chni

cae

(Dis

cont

inue

d in

198

7)(p

. 52)

Fine

Art

s

Art

and

Des

ign

64.

HO

gsko

leka

ndid

at (

Col

lege

cand

idat

e) a

war

ded

bySt

aten

s ha

ndve

rks-

ogku

nstin

dust

risk

ole

or S

tate

nsho

gsko

le f

or k

unst

hand

verk

og d

esig

n (p

. 82)

179

Inge

nim

- de

gree

fro

m a

3-ye

ar p

rogr

am in

the

sam

e fi

eld

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

2 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

41h

or 5

yea

rs

11h

year

s

3 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Sivi

linge

nior

stu

dies

at

Hog

skol

esen

tere

t iR

ogal

and

Des

ignk

andi

dat o

rku

nsff

agka

ndid

atst

udie

s

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

toa

doct

oral

prog

ram

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

11A

year

s of

unde

rgra

duat

e tr

ansf

er c

redi

t det

erm

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

se a

naly

sis.

Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

sylla

bus

shou

ld b

e re

view

ed c

aref

ully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

this

pro

gram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

180

65.

Des

ignk

andi

dat (

Des

ign

cand

idat

e) (

p. 8

2)

66.

Kun

sffa

gkan

dida

t (A

rtca

ndid

ate)

(p.

82)

67.

Com

plet

ion

of a

pro

gram

of

stud

y at

a k

unst

akad

emi (

art

acad

emy)

(pp

. 82,

83)

Bal

let a

nd D

ance

68. V

itnem

dl f

or e

tter

fullf

firt

stud

ium

ved

dan

selin

jen

(Cer

tific

ate

for

[nam

e of

pers

on]

afte

r co

mpl

etio

n of

the

full

prog

ram

in th

e da

nce

line)

(p.

83)

69.

Vitn

emd

I fo

r et

ter

fullf

ort

stud

ium

(C

ertif

icat

e fo

r[n

ame

of p

erso

n] a

fter

com

plet

ion

of th

e fu

llpr

ogra

m)

in P

edag

oglin

jen

(Dan

ce te

ache

rs' l

ine)

or

Kor

eogr

aflin

jen

(Cho

reog

raph

ers'

line

)(p

p. 8

3-84

)

-s1

Hog

skol

ekan

dida

t in

sam

e ar

ea o

f st

udy

Hog

skok

kand

idat

insa

me

area

of

stud

y

Port

folio

, int

ervi

ew,

and

prac

tical

exam

inat

ion

114

year

s

114

year

s

4 or

41/

2 ye

ars

Vitn

emdl

fra

gru

nnsk

ok3

year

san

d ex

amin

atio

n

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

3 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on in

are

late

d fi

eld

if th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

epr

ogra

m f

ollo

wed

is a

ppro

pria

te p

repa

ratio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on a

sar

e gr

adua

tes

of U

S sc

hool

s of

art

.

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith tr

ansf

er c

redi

t aw

arde

d on

the

sam

e ba

sis

as f

or s

tude

nts

of U

S sc

hool

s of

perf

orm

ing

arts

.

12

Iw

70.

71.

72.

Mus

ic

Vitn

emel

l(C

ertif

icat

e) f

rom

am

usik

kons

erva

tori

um o

r th

eU

nive

rsity

mat

ricu

latio

n2

or 3

yea

rsE

mpl

oym

ent

Stat

ens

Ope

raho

gsko

le(p

. 85)

Kan

dida

kksa

men

(C

andi

date

exam

inat

ion)

(pp

. 84,

85)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

4 ye

ars

Dip

lom

eksa

men

stu

dies

Dip

lom

eksa

men

(D

iplo

ma

exam

inat

ion)

(pp

. 84,

85)

Kan

dida

teks

amen

2 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

t

73.

Can

dida

tus

/a m

usic

ae (

cand

.C

and.

mag

.m

usic

ae)

(pp.

84-

85)

The

ater

74.

Cer

tific

ate

for

com

plet

ion

ofth

e St

aten

s te

ater

hogs

kole

skue

spill

erlin

jen

(Nat

iona

lC

olle

ge o

f D

ram

atic

Art

actin

g lin

e) (

p. 8

6)

75.

Cer

tific

ate

for

com

plet

ion

ofth

e St

aten

s te

ater

hogs

kole

inst

rukt

orlin

jen

(Nat

iona

lC

olle

ge o

f D

ram

atic

Art

dire

ctin

g lin

e) (

p. 8

6)

183

2 ye

ars

Vitn

emdl

fra

gru

nnsk

ok,

3 ye

ars

exam

inat

ion,

and

min

imum

age

of

17

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

and

min

imum

age

of

20

3 ye

ars

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith tr

ansf

er c

redi

t aw

arde

d on

the

sam

e ba

sis

as f

or s

tude

nts

of U

S sc

hool

s of

mus

ic.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on a

sar

e gr

adua

tes

of U

S sc

hool

s of

mus

ic.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on a

sar

e gr

adua

tes

of U

S sc

hool

s of

mus

ic; m

ay b

eco

nsid

ered

for

gra

duat

e tr

ansf

er c

redi

tde

term

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

sean

alys

is.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith tr

ansf

er c

redi

t aw

arde

d on

the

sam

e ba

sis

as f

or s

tude

nts

of U

S sc

hool

s of

perf

orm

ing

arts

.

184

IHea

lthPr

ofes

sion

stix

"

Alli

ed H

ealth

Sci

ence

s

76.

Tol

l or

D'v

etol

k (S

ign-

lang

uage

Uni

vers

ityin

terp

rete

r) (

p. 8

7)m

atri

cula

tion

77. A

udio

graf

(Aud

iogr

aphe

r)U

nive

rsity

(pp.

86-

87)

mat

ricu

latio

n

78.

Bio

inge

nior

(B

ioen

gine

er, a

lso

Uni

vers

itykn

own

as m

edic

al la

bora

tory

mat

ricu

latio

nte

chno

logi

st);

Erg

oter

apeu

t(O

ccup

atio

nal t

hera

pist

);Fy

siot

erap

eut (

Phys

ical

ther

apis

t); M

ense

ndie

cksy

ke-

gym

nast

er (

Men

send

ieck

phys

ical

ther

apis

t);

Ort

oped

iinge

nuir

(O

rtho

pedi

csen

gine

er);

Rad

iogr

af (

Rad

io-

grap

her)

(pp

. 87-

£9)

Den

tistr

y an

d D

enta

l Hyg

iene

79.

Tan

nleg

esek

reke

rsko

len

(Den

tal

Vitn

emdl

fra

assi

stan

t sch

ool)

cre

dent

ial

(pp.

89-

90)

185

grun

nsko

/en

and

age

18

1 ye

ar

2 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

1 ye

ar

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

1 y

ear

of tr

ansf

er c

redi

tde

term

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

sean

alys

is. B

ecau

se o

f th

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

ofth

e pr

ogra

m, t

he s

ylla

bus

shou

ld b

e re

view

edca

refu

lly.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n.

1

Iw

80.

Tan

nple

ser

(Den

tal h

ygie

nist

)U

nive

rsity

2 ye

ars

(p. 8

9)m

atri

cula

tion

81.

82.

83.

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Can

dida

tusl

a od

onto

logi

ae (

cand

.od

ont.)

(p.

90)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

5 ye

ars

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Mas

ter

of S

cien

ce in

den

tistr

y(p

. 90)

Prof

essi

onal

deg

ree

inde

ntis

try

2 ye

ars

Em

ploy

men

t

Spes

ialis

t (Sp

ecia

list)

in v

ario

usde

ntis

try

fiel

ds (

p. 9

0)C

and.

odo

nt.

3 to

5 y

ears

Em

ploy

men

t

84.

Doc

tor

odon

tolo

giae

(dr

. odo

nt.)

See

pla

cem

ent r

ecom

men

datio

n 24

.

Med

icin

e

85.

Can

dida

tus

/a m

edic

ine

(can

d.m

ed.)

(p.

90)

86.

Mas

ter

of P

hilo

soph

y in

hist

opat

holo

gy o

r M

aste

r of

Philo

soph

y in

the

med

icin

eof

dev

elop

ing

coun

trie

s(p

. 91)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Can

d. m

ag. d

egre

e fo

rN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

6 or

61/

2 ye

ars

2 ye

ars

87.

Doc

tor

med

icin

ae (

dr. m

ed.)

See

pla

cem

ent r

ecom

men

datio

n 24

.

187

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

A f

irst

pro

fess

iona

l deg

ree

in d

entis

try;

may

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

Rep

rese

nts

com

plet

ion

of a

spe

cial

izat

ion

inde

ntis

try.

A f

irst

pro

fess

iona

l deg

ree

in m

edic

ine;

may

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

188

iw oo

Nur

sing

88.

Syke

plei

er o

r sj

ukep

kiar

(nu

rse)

(p. 9

1)

89.

Nur

sing

spe

cial

izat

ion

inel

dreo

mso

tg (

geri

atri

c ca

re),

jord

mor

(m

idw

ifer

y), o

rps

ykia

tris

k sy

kepl

eier

(psy

chia

tric

nur

sing

) (p

. 91)

90. N

ursi

ng s

peci

aliz

atio

n in

hefi

efor

ebyf

fent

k og

fore

bygg

ende

arb

eid

(pub

liche

alth

and

pre

vent

ive

med

icin

e),

syke

plei

eadm

inis

tras

jon

(nur

sing

adm

inis

trat

ion

and

man

agem

ent)

(p.

91)

91.

Can

dida

tus

/a m

agis

teri

i (ca

rd.

mag

.) in

nur

sing

sci

ence

(p. 9

4)

92.

Can

dida

tusl

a re

rum

pol

itica

rum

(con

d. p

ofit.

) in

nur

sing

scie

nce

(p. 9

4)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Syke

plei

er

Syke

plei

er

Syke

plei

er p

lus

1 ye

arof

wor

k ex

peri

ence

as

a nu

rse

3 ye

ars

1 ye

ar

1 se

mes

ter

1 ye

ar

Can

d. m

ag. i

n nu

rsin

g2

year

ssc

ienc

e

Nur

sing

spe

cial

izat

ion

(see

pla

cem

ent

reco

mm

enda

tion

#89

belo

w f

or

spec

ializ

atio

ns)

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 y

ear

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s. B

ecau

se o

fth

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

e pr

ogra

m, t

hesy

llabu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

car

eful

ly.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 s

emes

ter

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s. B

ecau

se o

fth

e sp

ecia

lized

nat

ure

of th

e pr

ogra

m, t

hesy

llabu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

car

eful

ly.

Can

d. p

ofit.

in n

ursi

ngM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

gra

duat

e ad

mis

sion

.sc

ienc

e

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

l

prog

ram

.

130

93.

Can

dida

tusl

a i

syke

plei

ervi

tens

kap

or k

andi

dat

i syk

epki

evite

nska

p (C

andi

date

in n

ursi

ng s

cien

ce)

(p. 9

4)

Syke

pkie

r an

d 1

year

of

wor

k ex

peri

ence

as

anu

rse

3 or

31A

yea

rs

Nut

ritio

n an

d Fo

od T

echn

olog

y

94.

Fork

urs

(Pre

para

tory

cou

rse)

offe

red

by th

e St

aten

snw

ring

smid

delte

knis

keho

gsko

le (

p. 9

5)

Vitn

emdl

fra

den

vide

regd

ende

sko

k

1 ye

ar

95.

Vitn

emdl

fra

sta

tens

nari

ngsm

idde

ltekn

iske

hfi

gsko

leU

nive

rsity

mat

ricu

latio

n3

year

s

(Cer

tific

ate

from

The

Nor

weg

ian

Stat

e C

olle

ge o

fFo

od T

echn

olog

y) (

p. 9

5)

%.

Ern

eeri

ngsb

siol

og (

Nut

ritio

nist

title

) (p

p. 9

4-95

)U

nive

rsity

mat

ricu

latio

n31

A y

ears

Phar

mac

y an

d Pr

escr

iptio

nist

Edu

catio

n

97.

Res

epta

r (P

resc

ript

ioni

st)

(pp.

95-

%)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

2IA

yea

rs

98.

Can

dida

tusl

a ph

arm

acia

e (c

and.

phar

m.)

(p.

95)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

5 ye

ars

191

Em

bets

eksa

men

iM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

adm

issi

on to

a d

octo

ral

syke

pkie

vite

nska

p m

edpr

ogra

m.

peda

gogi

kk(p

rofe

ssio

nal

exam

inat

ion

innu

rsin

g sc

ienc

e an

dte

achi

ng)

and

doct

oral

stud

ies

Stud

y fo

r th

e vi

tnem

dlM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

fre

shm

an a

dmis

sion

.fr

a st

aten

s na

ring

s-m

idde

ltekn

iske

hog

skok

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

nM

ay b

e co

nsid

ered

for

und

ergr

adua

tead

mis

sion

with

up

to 3

yea

rs o

f tr

ansf

er c

redi

tde

term

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

sean

alys

is.

Can

d. s

ilent

. stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

214

yea

rs o

f tr

ansf

ercr

edit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

. Bec

ause

of

the

spec

ializ

ed n

atur

e of

the

prog

ram

, the

syl

labu

s sh

ould

be

revi

ewed

care

fully

.

A f

irst

pro

fess

iona

l deg

ree

in p

harm

acy,

may

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

192

lZ'

Publ

ic H

ealth

99.

Dip

lom

a in

Hea

lth E

cono

mic

s V

aria

ble

6 m

onth

s(p

. 96)

100.

Kan

dida

t i f

olke

helu

vite

nska

p(C

andi

date

in P

ublic

Hea

lth,

also

kno

wn

as M

aste

r of

Publ

ic H

ealth

) (p

. 96)

101.

Mas

ter

of S

cien

ce in

Hea

lthPr

omot

ion,

als

o kn

own

asM

aste

r of

Sci

ence

inPr

even

tive

Hea

lth (

p. 9

6)

Vet

erin

ary

Med

icin

e

102.

Can

dida

tus

/a m

edic

ine

vete

rina

riae

(co

nd. m

ed. v

et)

(pp.

96-

97)

a.C

and.

mag

. deg

ree

1 ye

arfo

r N

orw

egia

nst

uden

ts o

rba

chel

or's

degr

ee o

req

uiva

lent

for

fore

ign

stud

ents

b.C

ond.

med

.1

sem

este

r

Can

d. m

ag. d

egre

e fo

r2

year

sN

orw

egia

n st

uden

tsor

bac

helo

r's d

egre

eor

equ

ival

ent f

orfo

reig

n st

uden

ts

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

514

to 6

year

s

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n; a

dmis

sion

and

plac

emen

t sho

uld

be b

ased

on

othe

rcr

eden

tials

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed c

ompa

rabl

e to

a U

Sm

aste

r's d

egre

e.

A f

irst

pro

fess

iona

l deg

ree

in v

eter

inar

ym

edic

ine;

may

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

103.

Doc

tor

scie

ntia

rum

(dr

. sci

ent.)

and

doc

tor

med

kina

e ve

teri

nari

ae (

dr. m

ed. v

et.)

See

plac

emen

t rec

omm

enda

tions

24

and

25.

193

194

Hot

el a

nd R

esta

uran

t Man

agem

ent a

nd T

rain

ing

104.

Kjii

kken

-og

Irst

aura

ntkd

else

(Foo

d an

d be

vera

gem

anag

emen

t) c

rede

ntia

l(P

. 97)

105.

Hog

skok

kand

idat

(C

olle

geca

ndid

ate)

inho

tella

dmin

istr

asjo

n (h

otel

adm

inis

trat

ion)

or

reir

eliv

sada

min

istr

asjo

n(t

ouri

sm a

dmin

istr

atio

n)(p

. 97)

106.

Hog

skok

kand

idat

(C

olle

geca

ndid

ate)

in s

ervi

cem

anag

emen

t (p.

97)

107.

Mas

ter

of S

cien

ce in

in&

rnas

jona

l hot

el!-

og

reir

eliv

radm

inis

tras

jon

(int

erna

tiona

l hot

el a

ndto

uris

m a

dmin

istr

atio

n)(p

. 97)

108.

Hus

tikon

om (

Acc

omm

odat

ion

man

ager

) (p

. 98)

195

Fagb

irr)

(cr

aft

cert

ific

ate)

as

cook

or

wai

ter

and

2 ye

ars

ofw

ork

expe

rien

ce

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion,

2 y

ears

of r

elev

ant w

ork

expe

rien

ce, a

ndco

mpl

etio

n of

the

5-w

eek

bran

sjet

eore

tisk

fork

ury

(pre

limin

ary

cour

se in

hot

el a

ndre

stau

rant

theo

ry)

thig

skok

kand

idat

inho

tel a

dmin

istr

atio

nor

tour

ism

adm

inis

trat

ion

Iffi

gsko

kkan

dida

t in

serv

ice

man

agem

ent

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

1 ye

ar

2 ye

ars

1 ye

ar

1 ye

ar p

rogr

amat

Cor

nell

Uni

vers

ity o

rFl

orid

aIn

tern

atio

nal

Uni

vers

ity (

US)

plus

1 y

ear

atN

orsk

hote

llhog

skol

e

2 ye

ars

Furt

her

educ

atio

n an

dPr

imar

ily a

voc

atio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion.

empl

oym

ent

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or 1

yea

r of

und

ergr

adua

tetr

ansf

er c

redi

t det

erm

ined

thro

ugh

a co

urse

-by-

cour

se a

naly

sis.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

196

iN10

9. K

osto

kono

m (

Inst

itutio

nal

Uni

vers

ityca

teri

ng m

anag

er)

(p. 9

8)m

atri

cula

tion

Jour

nalis

m

110.

Fag

eksa

men

ijou

rnal

istik

k(S

ubje

ct e

xam

inat

ion

injo

urna

lism

) (p

. 98)

Law

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

111.

Can

dida

tusl

a ju

ris

(san

d. ju

ris)

Uni

vers

ity(p

p. 9

8-99

)m

atri

cula

tion

Lib

rary

Sci

ence

112.

Bib

liote

kar

(Lib

rari

an)

(p. 9

9)U

nive

rsity

mat

ricu

latio

n

113.

Dip

lom

bibl

iote

kar

iin

form

asjo

nsku

nnsk

ap o

g E

DB

(Dip

lom

a in

libr

ary

scie

nce

and

elec

tron

ic d

ata

proc

essi

ng)

(p. 9

9)

2 ye

ars

2 ye

ars

514

to 6

yea

rs

3 ye

ars

Bib

liote

kar

cred

entia

l2

year

sor

con

d. m

ag.

114.

Vitn

emel

l (C

ertif

icat

e) f

orB

iblio

teka

r cr

eden

tial

adva

nced

libr

ary

stud

y (p

. 99)

1 se

mes

ter

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Stud

ies

for

Dip

lom

-bi

blio

teka

r i i

nfor

ma-

sjon

skun

nska

p og

ED

B(s

ee p

lace

men

t rec

om-

men

datio

n #1

13)

Em

ploy

men

t

Em

ploy

men

t

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

2 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

A f

irst

pro

fess

iona

l deg

ree

in la

w; m

ay b

eco

nsid

ered

for

gra

duat

e ad

mis

sion

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or g

radu

ate

adm

issi

on.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

p to

1 s

emes

ter

ofun

derg

radu

ate

tran

sfer

cre

dit d

eter

min

edth

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

ana

lysi

s.

197

198

Mili

tary

and

Pol

ice

Edu

catio

n

115.

Bas

ic o

ffic

er tr

aini

ng (

Air

Uni

vers

ityFo

rce,

Arm

y, N

avy)

(p.

100

)m

atri

cula

tion

2 ye

ars

116.

Luf

tkri

gssk

olen

, 1. a

vdel

ing

(Air

Bas

ic o

ffic

er tr

aini

ng2

year

sFo

rce

Aca

dem

y, P

art I

)(p

. 100

)

117.

Luf

tkri

gssk

olen

, 2. a

vdel

ing

(Air

Luf

tkri

gssk

olen

, 1.

Forc

e A

cade

my,

Par

t II)

avde

ling

(p. 1

00)

118.

Hav

ens

Kri

gssk

ole

1. a

vdel

ing

(Arm

y A

cade

my,

Par

t I)

(p. 1

01)

2 ye

ars

Bas

ic o

ffic

er tr

aini

ng1

year

119.

Hav

ens

Kri

gssk

ole

2. a

vdel

ing

Ham

s K

rigs

skok

, I.

2 ye

ars

(Arm

y A

cade

my,

Par

t II)

avde

ling

(p. 1

01)

120.

Sjo

kngs

skok

n I.

avd

elin

g(N

aval

Aca

dem

y, P

art I

)(p

. 101

)

Bas

ic o

ffic

er tr

aini

ng2

year

s

121.

Sjo

kngs

skol

en 2

. avd

elin

gSj

Okr

igss

kokn

1.

(Nav

al A

cade

my,

Par

t II)

avde

ling

(p. 1

01)

122.

Cer

tific

ate

from

adv

ance

dst

aff

scho

ol in

one

of

the

mili

tary

bra

nche

s (p

. 101

)

199

2 ye

ars

Luf

tkng

ssko

kn, 2

.V

aria

ble

avde

ling;

Ham

sK

ngss

kok

2. a

vdel

ing;

Sjiik

rigs

skok

n 2.

avde

ling

Furt

her

mili

tary

educ

atio

nA

pro

fess

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n; a

dmis

sion

and

plac

emen

t sho

uld

be b

ased

on

othe

rcr

eden

tials

.

Luf

tkri

gssk

olen

, 2.

Rep

rese

nts

com

plet

ion

of a

spe

cial

izat

ion

inav

delin

gm

ilita

ry s

cien

ce.

Em

ploy

men

tR

epre

sent

s co

mpl

etio

n of

a s

peci

aliz

atio

n in

mili

tary

sci

ence

.

Hav

ens

Kng

ssko

k, 2

.R

epre

sent

s co

mpl

etio

n of

a s

peci

aliz

atio

n in

avde

ling

(Arm

ym

ilita

ry s

cien

ce.

Aca

dem

y, P

art I

I)

Em

ploy

men

t

SjO

krig

ssko

kn 2

.av

delin

g

Em

ploy

men

t

Adv

ance

men

t in

mili

tary

ran

k

Rep

rese

nts

com

plet

ion

of a

spe

cial

izat

ion

inm

ilita

ry s

cien

ce.

Rep

rese

nts

com

plet

ion

of a

spe

cial

izat

ion

inm

ilita

ry s

cien

ce.

Rep

rese

nts

com

plet

ion

of a

spe

cial

izat

ion

inm

ilita

ry s

cien

ce.

A p

rofe

ssio

nal q

ualif

icat

ion;

adm

issi

on a

ndpl

acem

ent s

houl

d be

bas

ed o

n ot

her

cred

entia

ls.

200

123.

Hog

skok

kand

idat

r p

oliti

Aft

er 1

992,

uni

vers

ity3

year

s; 2

yea

rsE

mpl

oym

ent

(pol

ice

stud

ies)

(p.

102

)

Phys

ical

Edu

catio

n an

d Sp

ort

124.

Fag

Icer

rr (

Spec

ializ

ed s

ubje

ctte

ache

r) in

phy

sica

led

ucat

ion

or tr

ener

(coa

ch/tr

aine

r) q

ualif

icat

ion

(p. 1

02)

125.

ldre

ttska

ndid

at (

Spor

tsca

ndid

ate)

(p.

102

)

mat

ricu

latio

nun

til 1

992

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Psyc

holo

gy

126.

Can

dida

tusl

a ps

ycho

logi

aeU

nive

rsity

(car

d. p

sych

o!)

(pp.

102

-103

)m

atri

cula

tion

3 ye

ars

6 ye

ars

(or

2ye

ars

follo

win

gca

ndm

ag.)

5 to

7 y

ears

Soci

olog

y, S

ocia

l Wor

k, a

nd S

ocia

l Edu

catio

n C

ertif

icat

es (

Vitn

emdI

)

127.

Bar

neve

rnsp

edag

og (

Chi

ldw

elfa

re w

orke

r) (

p. 1

04)

128.

Kom

mun

alka

ndtd

atek

sam

en(L

ocal

gov

ernm

ent

adm

inis

trat

ion

cand

idat

e) (

p.10

4)

201

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

3 ye

ars

3 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Furt

her

tert

iary

educ

atio

n an

dem

ploy

men

t

Prim

arily

a v

ocat

iona

l qua

lific

atio

n; a

dmis

sion

and

plac

emen

t sho

uld

be b

ased

on

othe

rcr

eden

tials

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

202

129.

Sos

iono

m (

Soci

al w

orke

r)U

nive

rsity

3 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

(p. 1

04)

mat

ricu

latio

ned

ucat

ion

and

empl

oym

ent

130.

Ver

nepl

eier

(So

cial

edu

cato

r)U

nive

rsity

3 ye

ars

Furt

her

tert

iary

(p. 1

06)

mat

ricu

latio

ned

ucat

ion

and

empl

oym

ent

131.

Can

dida

tus

/a s

ocio

nom

iae

(can

d. s

ocio

n.)

(p. 1

03)

Sosi

onom

or

barn

ever

mpe

dago

gcr

eden

tial

214

year

sD

octo

ral s

tudi

es

132.

Can

dida

tus

/a s

ocio

logi

ae (

cand

.so

ciol

.) (

p. 1

03)

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

6 ye

ars

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

Tea

cher

Tra

inin

g (S

tr E

duca

tion)

The

olog

y

133.

Can

dida

msl

a th

eolo

giae

(ca

nd.

theo

l.) (

p. 1

07)

203

Uni

vers

itym

atri

cula

tion

6 ye

ars

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or u

nder

grad

uate

adm

issi

on w

ith u

p to

3 y

ears

of

tran

sfer

cre

dit

dete

rmin

ed th

roug

h a

cour

se-b

y-co

urse

anal

ysis

.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

Doc

tora

l stu

dies

May

be

cons

ider

ed f

or a

dmis

sion

to a

doc

tora

lpr

ogra

m.

204

endix A

Trades in Which Apprenticeships AreOffered and the Length of Each Program

Alevakultur og fiskeindustri (aquacultureand fishing)

Akvakultur,fagoperatfir, (aquaculture,skilled worker) 36 months

Fiskeindustri, fagoperatfir (fishingindustry, skilled worker) 136 months

Anleggsgartner (landscape gardening) 5600 hours

Anleggsmaskinfag (constructionmachine trades)

Anleggsmaskinffirer (constructionmachine operator) 3 years

Anleggsmaskinreparatfir (constructionmachine mechanic) 3 years

Baker og konditor (baker and pastrychef)

Baker (baker) 3 years

Konditor (pastrycook) 3 years

Bilfagene (motor trades)

Reparatfir av ktte kj fortify (automechanic, light vehicles) 4 years

Reparator av tunge kjortfoy (automechanic, heavy vehicles) 4 years

Bilskadereparator (motor mechanic) 4 years

Reservedelsfaget for bil (body repair) 3 years

Billakkerer (body painter) 3 years

Dekkmparator (vehicle tire repair) 2 years

Vulkanisor (vulcanization) 2 years

Reparatfir av motorsykkel (motorcycle mechanic) 36 months

Blomsterdekoratfir (flower arranging) 3 years

Buntmaker (furrier) 4 years

Bygg-og anleggsfagene (construction andbuilding trades)

Armering (reinforcement) 5600 hours

Betongarbeid (concrete molding) 5600 hours

Fors-kaling (form work) 5600 hours

Grunnarbeid og ankggsteknisk arbeid(foundation and construction work) 5600 hours

146

BEST COPY AVAILABLE

Tunnel- og jellarbeid (tunneling androck blasting)

Byggtapetserer (paperhanging)

B firsemaker (gunsmith)

Duodji/Samisk husflid (Duodji, Sarnihandicrafts)

Tekstilsom (textile sewing), veving(weaving), skinnsom (leathersewing), skinnarbeid (skin work),trrarbeid (woodwork), hornarbeid(bone work), metallarbeid (metalwork)

Ekktrofagene (electrical trades)

Ekktrisitetsverksmontor.gr. A or.gr. B(electricity distribution, Group A orGroup B)

Svakstromsmont0r (electrician,communications)

Signalmonor (signals electrician)

Heismontfir (elevator installation)

Ekktroreparator (electrician, repairs)

Ekktromotor- ogtransformatorreparator (repair ofelectric motors and transformers)

Ekktromontor gr.1 (low-voltageelectrician)

Telefonsentralmontfir (telephoneswitchboard assembler)

Togelektriker (railway electrician)

Energitekniker (electric powertechnician)

Elektrokjemisk og ekktrometallutgiskindustri, fagopera tor (electrochemicaland electrometal industry skilledoperator)

Ekktronikk og datafag (electronicstrades)

Produksjonselektroniker (productionelectronics)

Serviceelektroniker (serviceelectronics)

205

5600 hours

48 months

4 years

3 years

4 years

4 years

4 years

4 years

3 years

4 years

4 years

4 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

4 years

Radio Itv irparatfir (radio andtelevision repair)

Radiomontfirlkommunikasjon (radiooperator/communication)

Radio service- ogtestmontorlkommunikasjon (radioservice and test operator)

Telemontfir (telecommunicationsfitter)

Feier (chimney sweep)

Flyfagene (aircraft and avionics)

Flyteknicke fag (aircraft trades)

Flysystemmekaniker (aircraftmechanic, systems)

Flykomponentmekaniker (aircraftmechanic, components)

Flymotormekaniker (aircraftmechanic, engines)

Flystrukturmekaniker (aircraftmechanic, airframes)

Flyinterifir- og utstyrsmekaniker(aircraft mechanic, interior andequipment)

Avionikkfag (avionics trades)

Systemavioniker (avionicsmechanic, systems)

Komponentavioniker (avionicsmechanic, components)

Instrumentavioniker (avionicsmechanic, instruments)

Radioavioniker (avionicsmechanic, radio)

Elektromekanisk irparator (groundequipment mechanic)

Fotograffagene (photography)

Reklamefotograf (advertisingphotographer)

Portretffotograf (portraitphotographer)

Frisolagene (hairdressing)

Damefrisor (women's hairdresser)

Herrefrisor (men's hairdresser)

Dame- og herrefth fir (men's andwomen's hairdresser)

Parykkmaker (wig maker )

Glassfagene (glass making)

4 years

4 years

4 years

48 months

3 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

5 years

4 years

3 years

3 years

3V2 years

3V2 years

4 years

3 years

Appendix A

Glassfaget (glasswork) 5600 hours

Glassliper- og speilbelegger (glassgrinding and silvering) 3 years

Blyglassmester (master glazier in leadglass) 3 years

Glasshdndverketfagene (glass handicrafts)

Glassformer (glassblowing andpressing) 7400 hours

Viderefoirdler (decorative processing) 7400 hours

Grafiske fag (printing and relatedtrades)

Bokbind (bookbinding) 3 years

Trykk (printing) 3V2 years

Typografi (typesetting) 3V2 years

Repromontasje (assembling,plate-making) 3V2 years

Reproteknikk (reproductionoperators, camera and scanner) 3V2 years

Gravoifagene (engraving)

Solvgravfir (silver engraving) 4 years

Salgravor (steel engraving) 4 years

Gullsmedfagene (goldsmiths)

Gullarbeitkr og fatter (jeweller andstone setter) 3 years

Hammerarbeider og korpusmontfir(hammering and assembly) 3 years

Filigransarbeider (filigree work) 3 years

Sfilvtrykker (silver printer) 3 years

Sfilvsise/fir (silver spinner) 3 years

Solvemalior (silver enameler) 3 years

Industriell trehusproduksjon(prefabricated wooden houses)

Komponent- og elementproduksjon(precut component and elementproduction) 5600 hours

Seksjonproduksjon (sectionproduction) 5600 hours

Industritekstilfagene (industrial fibres,yarns, and fabrics)

Garnframstilling/spinning(yarn-making and spinning) 36 months

Veving (weaving) 36 months

Trikotasje (knitwear) 36 months

Faiging, trykking og etterbehandling(dyeing, printing, and finishing) 36 months

206 147

Appendix A

Fiskeredskap (industrial textiles foruse in fishing)

Industrirom (industrial sewing)

Grade (pattern grading)

Instrumentmaketfagene (instrumentmaking)

Matematisk /geodetisk instrumentmaker(mathematical/geodetic instruments)

Nautisk instrumentmaker (nauticalinstruments)

Isolator (insulation)

fern- og stegframstilling (iron and steelproduction)

Keramisk former (ceramic craftsman)

Kjemisk prosessindustri, fogoperator(chemical processing industry,skilled worker)

Kjemisk rensing (dry cleaning)

Kjemisk teknisk industri, driftsoperator(manufacture or products fromchemicals, skilled worker)

Kjok- og draktsyer (dressmaker)

Kjotffag (butcher's trades)

Slakter (butcher)

Polsemaker (sausage maker)

Butikkslakter (shop butcher)

Kobber- og blikkslager (copper andtinsmiths)

Kokk og setvitor (cooking and waiting)

Kokk (chef)

Servitor (waiter)

Kokk institusjonshushold (institutionalchef)

Kostymemaker (theatricalcostume-maker)

Kurvmaker (basket maker)

Maler (house painter)

Mekaniske og ekktrotekake fag iindustrien (mechanical and electricalengineering industry)

Automatiker (automation mechanic)

Automatiseringsmekaniker(automation assembly)

148

36 months

36 months

36 months

4 V2years

4V2 years

7400 hours

3 years

3 years

3 years

5600 hours

3 years

36 months

3 years

3 years

36 months

7400 hours

3 years

36 months

36 months

3 years

4 years

4 years

48 months

4 years

4 years

Automatiseringsmontor(instrumentation and controltechnician)

Industrimekaniker (industrialmechanic)

Finmekaniker (precision mechanic

Motormekaniker (engine mechanic)

Landbruksmaskinmekaniker(agricultural mechanic)

Anleggsmaskinmekaniker (constructionmachine mechanic)

VerktOymaker (toolmaker/presstoolmaker)

Maskinarbeider (machinery)

Maskinarbeiderldreier (machinery,turner)

Maskinarbeider /freser (machinery,miller)

Maskinarbeiderlsliper (machinery,grinder)

Platearbeider (sheet metal welder)

Sveiser (welder)

Smed(slack smith industry)

Vikler for motorer og generatoar(winding, motors, and generators)

Vikkr for krafttransformatottr(winding, power transformers)

VikkrImontor for transformatorer ogspokr for regukring, styling og mdling(winding/installation of transformersand regulating, controlling, andmeasuring coils)

Monte for krafttransformatotrr(installation of power transformers)

Industrirorlegger (industrialplumbing)

Formerlkjernemaker (molder andcore-maker)

Modellsnekker (wood pattern making)

Snekker (carpenter in industry)

Instrumentmekaniker (instrumenttechnician)

Tavkmontor (panel and switchboardassembler)

Plastmekaniker (plastics engineering,mechanic)

207

4 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3V2 years

3V2 years

3V2 years

3V2 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

4 years

3 years

3 years

Trebdtbygger (wooden boat building) 3 years

Kuldemontor (refrigerationtechnician) 4 years

Aluminiumskonstruksjon (aluminumconstruction work) 3 years

Kabelbyggere (cable manufacture,skilled worker):

Framstilling av ledere (manufactureof conductors) 36 months

Framstilling av isolasjonsmateriale(manufacture of insulationmaterials) 36 months

Isokring av leder (insulation ofconductors) 36 months

Bygging av label (cablemanufacture) 36 months

Kontrollfag (quality inspection)

Dimensjonskontroll (measurementcontrol) 3 years

NDT-kontroll, radiograf (NDTcontrol, radiography) 3 years

NDT-kontroll, ultralyd (NDTcontrol, ultrasonic) 3 years

NDT-kontroll, magnetpulverlpenetrant (NDT control, magneticparticle/liquid penetrant) 3 years

Karosserimaker (vehicle bodybuilder) 3 years

Metallforming (metal forming)

Valseverkproduksjon (rolled products) 36 months

Prersverkprauksjon (extrusions) ) 36 months

Modist (millinery) 4 years

Muter og gipsmaker (bricklaying andplastering)

Murer (bricklayer) 7000 hours

Verksted-gipsmaker (workshopplasterer) 4 years

Gipspusser (plaster finishing) 4 years

Stukkmarmor-gipsmaker (stuccoplasterer) 4 years

Natingsmiddelindustrien, fagoperator(food processing industry, skilledworker) 3 years

Overflatebehandlingsfagene (surfaceprotection trades)

Varmeforsinker (hot dip galvanizer) 3 years

Galvaniror (electrolytic coatingapplicator)

Maskin- of industrimaler (blastcleaner and industrial painter)

TermiSk sproyter (thermo-metalsprayer)

Plasfformer (plastic molding)

Portefoljemaker (briefcase making)

Rorlegger, bygning (plumber)

Seilmaker (sail maker)

Skipsmekaniker (ship's mechanic)

Skomaker- og ortopedifagene(shoemaking and orthopaedic trades

Skomaker (shoemaker)

Protesemontor (prosthesis fitter)

Ortopeditekniker (orthopaedictechnician)

Protesemontor (prostheses)

Ortopedindtler (orthopedic stitchery)

Ortopedisyer (orthopedic sewing)

Skrrdderfagene (tailoring)

Dameskredder (women's tailoring)

Herrrskredder (men's tailoring)

Smedfagene (smiths)

Hovslager (farrier)

Vognsmed (carriagesmith)

Skipssmed(blacksmith, ship's fitting)

Bygningssmed (blacksmith)

Lirsmed (locksmith)

Snekker (carpenter)

Snekker- og mobeltapetsetfagene(carpentry, cabinetmaking andupholstering)

Snekker (joiner)

Industrunekker (industrial joiner)

Industritapetserer (industrialpaperhanger)

Mribeltapetserer (furnitureupholsterer)

Dreier /tredreier (turner, wood turner)

Treskjeenr (woodcarving)

Salmakerfagene (sail makers' trades)

Reiseeffektmakerarbeid (luggage)

208

Appendix A

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

4 years

7400 hours

3 years

3 years

2 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

3 years

4 years

4 years

4 years

4 years

7000 hours

5600 hours

5600 hours

5600 hours

5600 hours

4 years

4 years

4 years

149

Appendix A

Sektomakerarbeid (harness Treksffagene (timber production andmaking) 4 years sale)

Vogn- of bilsalmakerarbeid (car andcarriage seating)

Otgelbygger (organ building)

4 years

7400 hours

Skur- og hovellastproduksjon,fagoperatfir (timber production,skilled operator) 5600 hours

Spon-jiberplate, fagoperaor (fiberboard,skilled operator) 36 months

Torking og energiproduksjon,fagoperator (kiln drying and energyproduction, skilled operator) 5600 hoursSteinfagene (stone mason)Verktoyhold, fagoperator (tools in theBruddvirksomhet (breakage work) 5600 hours sawmill industry, skilled operator) 5600 hours

Montering (installation) 5600 hours Drlast og byggvaier, fagekspeditorBearbeiding (preparation)

Skiferindustri (slate industry)

5600 hours

5600 hours

(timber and building materials,skilled salesman) 5600 hours

Stillasbygger (scaffolding) 3 years Tflmfer (carpentry) 7400 hours

Taksidermist (taxidermist) 48 months Urmaker (watchmaking) 3 years

Taktekker (roofer) 36 months Yrkessjafor lunge kjortfiy (driver, buses,trailers, trucks) 36 monthsTanntekniker (dental technician) 4V2 years

Treforedlingsindustrien, fagoperator(pulp and paper industry, skilledoperator) 36 months

Source: Council for Apprenticeship Training for Working Life. Fagoppltering i Arbeidslivip: Veien Fram tilFagbrev og Svennebrev (Apprenticeship Training for Working Life:: The Road Ahead to a Vocational Certificate andJourneyman's Certificate). August 1991.

150 20S

Appendix B

Institutions in the Formal System ofHigher Education

University Sector

Universities1. Universitetet i Bergen (University of Bergen)2. Universitetet i Oslo (University of Oslo)3. Universitetet i Tromso (University of Tromso)4. Universitetet i Trondheim (University of

Trondheim)

Specialized University-Level Institutions1 Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo (Oslo School of Archi-

tecture)2. Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School of

Management)-private3. Norges handelshoyskole (Norwegian School of

Economics and Business Administration)4. Norges idrettshogskole (Norwegian University

of Physical Education and Sport)5. Norges landbrukshogskole (The Agricultural

University of Norway)6. Norges musikkhogskole (Norwegian State

Academy of Music)7. Norges veterinxrhOgskole (Norwegian College

of Veterinary Medicine)8. Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (Free Fac-

ulty of Theology)-private

College Sector

Public Colleges According to 1994Reorganization(New hogskolen are numbered; the colleges consolidated toform them are listed immediately below.)1. Hogskolen i Agder (Agder College)

Agder distriktshogskole (Agder Regional Col-lege)Agder ingenior- og distriktshogskole (AgderEngineering and Regional College)Agder musikkonservatorium (Agder MusicConservatory)Arendal sykepleierhogskole (Arendal Collegeof Nursing)Kristiansand Ixrerhogskole (KristiansandCollege of Education)Kristiansand sykepleierhogskole (Kristian-sand College of Nursing)

2. Hogskolen i Akershus (Akershus College)

Oslo og Akershus vemepleierhogskole (Osloand Akershus Social Educator College)Stabekk hogskole (Stabekk College)Statens Ixrerhogskole i forming (NationalCollege for Teachers of Arts and Crafts),BlakerSykepleierhogskolen i Lorenskog (Loren-skog College of Nursing)

3. Hogskolen i Alesund (Alesund College)More og Romsdal fiskeritekniske hogskole(More and Romsdal Fishery Technology Col-lege)More og Romsdal ingeniorhogskole (Moreand Romsdal Engineering College)Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Alesund (AlesundCollege of Nursing)

4. Hogkolen i Bergen (Bergen College)Bergen helse- og sosialhogskole (Bergen Col-lege of Social Work and Health Care Educa-tion)Bergen ingeniorhogskole (Bergen Engineer-ing College)Bergen lxrerhogskole (Bergen College ofEducation)Bergen musikkonservatorium (Bergen MusicConservatory)Fysioterapihogskolen i Bergen (BergenPhysiotherapy College)Haukeland helsefaghogskole (HaukelandCollege of Health Care Education)

5. Hogskolen i Bodo (Bodo College)Bodo lmrerhogskole (Bodo College of Educa-tion)Hogskolesenteret i Nordland (Nordland Col-lege)Nordland sykepleierhogskole (Nordland Col-lege of Nursing)

6. Hogskolen i Buskerud (Buskerud College)Drammen sykepleierhogskole (DrammenCollege of Nursing)Kongsberg ingeniorhogskole (Kongsberg En-gineering College)Statens lwrerhogskole i handels- og kontorfag(National College for Teachers of Commer-cial Subjects)

7. Hogskolen i Finnmark (Finnmark College)Alta Ixrerhogskole (Alta College of Educa-

210 151

Appendix B

Lion)Finnmark distriktshogskole (Finnmark Re-gional College)Finnmark sykepleierhogskole (FinnmarkCollege of Nursing)

8. Hogskolen i Gjovik (Gjovik College)Gjovik ingeniorhogskole (Gjovik Engineer-ing College)Sykepleierhogskolen i Opp land (Opp landCollege of Nursing)

9. Hogskolen i Harstad (Harstad College)Hogskolen i Harstad (Harstad College)

10. Hogskolen i Hedmark (Hedmark College)Elverum Igererhogskole (Elverum College ofEducation)Hamar laererhogskole (Hamar College ofEducation)Hedmark distriktshogskole (Hedmark Re-gional College)Hedmark sykepleierhogskole (Hedmark Col-lege of Nursing)

11. Hogskolen i Lillehammer (Lillehammer Col-lege)

Opp land distriktshogskole (Opp land Re-gional College)

12. Hogskolen i Molde (Molde College)MOre og Romsdal distriktshogskole, Molde(More and Romsdal Regional College,Molde)Sjukepleiarhogskolen i Molde (Molde Col-lege of Nursing)

13. HOgskolen i Narvik (Narvik College)Avdeling Narvik av Nord land syke-pleierhogskole (Narvik Department of Nord-land College of Nursing)Narvik ingeniorhogskole (Narvik Engineer-ing College)

14. Hogskolen i Nesna (Nesna College)Nesna laererhogskole (Nesna College of Edu-cation)

15. Hogskolen i Nord-Trondelag (North Tronde-lag College)

Hogskolen i Levanger (Levanger College)Innherred sykepleierhogskole (InnherredCollege of Nursing)Namdal sykepleierhogskole (Namdal Col-lege of Nursing)Nord-Ton de lag d is triktsh ogs kole (North -Trondelag Regional College)

16. Hogskolen i Oslo (Oslo College)Aker sykepleierhogskole (Aker College ofNursing)Barnevernsakademiet i Oslo (Oslo Academyof Child Welfare)

152

Bislet hogskolesenter (Bislet College)Norges kommunal- og sosialhogskole (Nor-wegian State College of Local GovernmentAdministration and Social Work)Norsk journalisthogskole (Norwegian Schoolof Journalism)Oslo ingeniorhogskole (Oslo EngineeringCollege)Ostlandets musikkonservatorium (East Nor-wegian Conservatory of Music)Statens bibliotek- og informasjonshogskole(Norwegian School of Library and Informa-tion Science)Statens lxrerhogskole i forming (NationalCollege for Teachers of Arts and Crafts), OsloStatens reseptarhogskole (Norwegian Schoolof Prescriptionists)Statens sykepleierhogskole (National Col-lege of Nursing)Statens yrkespedagogiske hogskole (NationalCollege for Teachers of Vocational Subjects)Ulleval sykepleierhogskole (Ulleval Collegeof Nursing)

17. Hogskolen i Ostfold (Ostfold College)Halden lmrerhogskole (Halden College ofEducation)Ostfold distriktshogskole (Ostfold RegionalCollege)Ostfold ingeniorhogskole (Ostfold Engineer-ing College)Ostfold sykepleierhogskole (Ostfold Collegeof Nursing)Ostfold vemepleierhogskole (Ostfold SocialEducator College)

18. Hogskolen i Sogn og Fjordane (Sogn i FjordaneCollege)

Sogn og Fjordane sjukepleiarhogskule (Sognand Fjordane College of Nursing)Sogn og Fjordane distriktshogskole (Sogn andFjordane Regional College)Sogn og Fjordane ingeniorhogskole (Sognand Fjordane Engineering College)Sogndal lxrerhogskole (Sogndal College ofEducation)

19. Hogskolen i Sor-Trondelag (South TrvmdelagCollege)

Sosialhogskolen, Trondheim (Social WorkCollege, Trondheim)Statens nwringsmiddeltekniske hogskole(Norwegian State College of Food Technol-ogy)Sykepleierhogskolen i Sor-Trondelag (Sor-Trondelag College of Nursing)Trondheim helsefaghogskole (Trondheim

211

College of Health Care Education)Trondheim ingeniorhogskole (TrondheimEngineering College)Trondheim lzrerhogskole (Trondheim Col-lege of Education)Trondheim okonomiske hogskole (Trond-heim Economic College)Trondelag musikkonservatorium (TrondelagMusic Conservatory)

20. Hogskolen i Stavanger (Stavanger College)Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland (Rogaland Col-lege Center)Norsk hotellhogskole (Norwegian College ofHotel Management)Rogaland musikkonservatorium (RogalandMusic Conservatory)Sosialhogskolen, Stavanger (Social Work Col-lege, Stavanger)Stavanger Imrerhogskole (Stavanger Collegeof Education)Stavanger sykepleierhogskole (StavangerCollege of Nursing)

21. Hogskolen i Stord/Haugesund (Stord/Hauge-sund College)

Haugesund sykepleierhogskole (HaugesundCollege of Nursing)Statens sikkerhetshogskole (National Col-lege of Safety Engineering)Stord lxrarhogskole (Stord College of Educa-tion)Stord sjukepleiarhogskule (Stord College ofNursing)

22. Hogskole i Telemark (Telemark College)Telemark distriktshogskole (Telemark Re-gional College)Telemark ingeniorhogskole (Telemark Engi-neering College)Telemark lwrerhogskole (Telemark Collegeof Education)Telemark sjukepleierhogskule (TelemarkCollege of Nursing)

23. Hogskolen i Tromso (Tromso College)Nordnorsk musikkonservatorium (NorthNorwegian Conservatory of Music)Tromso helsefaghogskole (Tromso College ofHealth Care Education)Tromso Imrerhogskole (Tromso College ofEducation)Tromso maritime hogskole (Tromso MaritimeCollege)

24. Hogskolen i Vestfold (Vestfold College)Eik Ixrerhogskole (Eik College of Educa-tion)Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold (Vestfold Col-

Appendix B

lege)Vestfold sykepleierhoyskole (Vestfold Col-lege of Nursing)

25. Hogskolen i Volda (Volda College)More og Romsdal distriktshogskole, Volda(More and Romsdal Regional College, Volda)Volda Ixrarhogskole (Volda College of Educa-tion

26 Sarni Allaskuvla or Samisk Hogskole (Sarni Col-lege)

Samisk hogskole (Sarni College)

Institutions OfferingEducation in At and Design

1. Kunstakademiet i Trondheim (TrondheimAcademy of Fine Arts)

2. Statens kunstakademi (National Academy ofFine Arts), Oslo

3. Statens balletthogskole (National College ofBallet and Dance)

4. Statens handverks- og kunstindustriskole (Na-tional College of Art and Design)

5. Statens hogskole for kunsthindverk og design(Bergen College of Art, Crafts and Design)

6. Statens operahogskole (National College of Op-eratic Art)

7. Statens teaterhogskole (National College ofDramatic Art)

8. Vestlandets kunstakademi (National Academyof Fine Arts), Bergen

Municipal College

1. Okonomisk College (Economics College), Oslo

Private Institutions withGovernment-Funded ProgramsRecognized by the NationalCoordinating Commission

1. Barrat Dues musikkinstitutt ( Barrat Dues Con-servatory of Music)

2. Betanien sykepleierhogskole, Bergen (Be-tanian College of Nursing, Bergen)

3. Betanien sykepleierhogskole, Oslo (BetanianCollege of Nursing, Oslo)

4. Den norske balletthoyskole (Norwegian Col-lege of Ballet)

5. Det teologiske menighetsfakultet (Free Fac-ulty of Theology in Oslo)

6. Diakonhjemmets hoyskolesenter (Deacons'House College Center)

7. Diakonissehjemmets sykepleierhogskole, Ber-

153

212

Appendix B

gen (Deaconess' House College of Nursing,Bergen)

8. Diakonissehusets sykepleierhogskole (Dea-coness' House College of Nursing)

9. Dronning Mauds Minne, hogskole forfOrskolxrerutdanning (Queen Maud's Memo-rial Foundation College of Education for Pre-school Teachers)

10. Eurytmiskolen i Moss (Eurhythmics School inMoss)

11. Handelshoyskolen BI (Norwegian School ofManagement; also considered a specialized uni-versity-level institution)

12. Menighetssosterhjemmets sykepleierhogskole(Parish Sisters' Hospital College of Nurses)

13. Misjonshogskolen (Mission College)14. NKI datahogskolen (NKI Data College)15. NKI ingeniorhogskolen (NKI Engineering

College)16. Norsk diakonihoyskole (Norwegian Deacon

College)17. Norsk lwrerakademi (Norwegian Teachers'

Academy)18. Rogaland vemepleierhogskole (Rogaland So-

cial Educator College)19. Rudolf Steinerhoyskolen (Rudolf Steiner Col-

lege)20. Varehandelens hoyskole (Commodity Trading

College)

Other Public/Private Institutions withNKU Fully/Partially RecognizedPrograms Not Government-Funded

1. Ansgarskolen (Ansgar School)2. Bankakademiet (Bank Academy)3. Baptistenes teologiske seminar (Baptist Theo-

logical Seminary)4. Bergen arkitektskole (Bergen College of Archi-

tecture)5. Bergen handelsgymnasium (Bergen Business

School)6. Diakonhjemmets teologisk-administrative

hogskole (Theological-Administrative Collegeof the Deacon Hospital)

7. Goethe-Institutt Luneburg (Goethe InstituteLuneburg)

8. Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole i Oslo(Home Missions' Bible School)

9. Institutet for hogre marknadsutbildning (IHM

154

Business School)10. Lwrerutdanningsrldet (Teachers' Education

Council)11. Luthersk bibel- og menighetsseminar (Lu-

theran Bible and Congregational Seminary)12. Metodistkirken (Methodist Church)13. Misjonshogskolen i Stavanger (Mission College

in Stavanger)14. NKI fjernundervisningen (NKI Distance Edu-

cation)15. NKS hogskole, Oslo (NKS College, Oslo)16. Norges eksportskole (Norwegian Export

School)17. Norges handelshoyskoles kursvirksomhet

(Norwegian School of Economics and BusinessAdministration Extension Department)

18. Norges hoyskole for informasjonsteknologi(Norwegian College for Information Technol-ogy)

19. Norges sykepleierhoyskole (Norwegian Col-lege of Nursing)

20. Norsk diakonihoyskole (Norwegian DeaconCollege)

21. Norsk informatikk institutt (Norwegian Infor-matics Institute)

22. Norske kirkes menighetshogskole (NorwegianCongregational Church College)

23. Norsk Luthersk misjonssamband (NorwegianLutheran Mission Society)

24. Norsk lwrerakademi for kristendomskunn-skap og pedagogikk (Norwegian Teachers'Academy for Christian Studies and Pedagogy)

25. Norsk rikskringkasting (Norwegian Broadcast-ing System)

26. Postverket (Postal Service)27. Regionsykehuset i Trondheim (Trondheim

Regional Hospital)-lab technician program28. Riksarkivet (National Archives)29. Rogaland markedshoyskole (Rogaland Market-

ing College)30. Saksbehandlerhoyskolen (Court Proceedings

College)31. Skatteetatskolen i Oslo og Bergen (Taxation

School in Oslo and Bergen)32. Statens institutt for folkehelse (National Insti-

tute for Public Health)33. Statens skole for husokonomer (National

School for Home Economics)34. Statens skole for kostholdsokonomer (National

School for Meals Economics)

213

Norwegian-English Glossary

Alphabetization is without regard to diacritical marks, e.g., x, 0, A. In the Norwegian alphabet, these lettersare at the end of the alphabet.

adjunctadjunktutdanningallmenne fagallmennkererallmenavitenskapeligapotekteknikerdrarbeidarbeidslivsvitenskapdrsenhet

audiografiavdeling

barnehagerbarnepkierbarneskole

barnevernbarnevernsakademietbarnevernspedagogbedriftsfikonom

befalsskokbestdtt

bibliotekarbioingenior

day

bokmdlbyggfag

bygningsingenifirfag

dagerdansdatafagdatahfigskokkandidatdatateknikkdelfag

deltattdeltiddesignkandidatdiplomeksportokonomdiplommarkedfikonomdiplomokonomdisputasdistrithhfigskokdfivetolk

EDBeiendomsmegkr

adjunctadjunct education

general studiesgeneral subject teacher

arts and sciencespharmacy technician

yearwork/occupation

industrial managementone-year or full-year

audiographydepartment

care centers or kindergartensnursery assistant

primary schoolchild welfare

preschool teachers collegechild welfare workerbusiness economics

officer candidate schoolpassed

librarianbioengineer or medicallaboratory technologist

"book" Norwegianbuilding and commercial trades

civil engineering

daysdance

computer sciencedata college candidate

computer sciencepartial subjects

participatedpart-time

design candidatediploma in export marketing

diploma in market economicsdiploma in economics

defense of thesisregional college

sign-language interpreter

electronic data processingreal estate broker

eksamen

eksamenskaraktereldreomsorgekktrofagembetsstudier

emne

engelsk

ei'goterapiernreringsbsiologetten

dartetterutdanning

fagfagbrevfagkererfagomrddetfagskolefelles allmenne fagfeltkursfisioterapeutfiskerifagfiskerikandidatffernundervitningflygeskokfftdelsnummerffidt (fiidd)folkehelsevitenskap

folkehogskokforberedende proveforetaksfikonomforkursformgivingsfagformingforskningfoskokketzrfotterapeutfremmedspralige

blkefysioterapeutuidanningfysioterapi

examinationgrades from national examination

geriatric nursingelectrical trades

professional oriented degreestopic

Englishoccupational therapy

nutritionistone

one yearnoncredit short courses

subject, tradevocational certificate

specialized subject teacherfaculty

school, collegecommon core subjects

field coursephysiotherapist

fishing trade subjectsfishery science candidate

distance educationflying school

personal identification numberborn

public healthfolk high school

preparatory examinationenterprise economics

preliminary course, preparatory coursearts, crafts, and design studies

arts and craftsresearch

preschool teacherfoot therapist

foreign languagecompleted

countyphysical therapy education

physical therapy

giennomsnittgodtgradgreidd

214

averagegood

degreepassed

155

Glossary

grunnfaggrunnkursgrunnskokgrunnutdanning

Hxrenhalvdrshalvsemesteremnehandelhandels- og kontotfag

hdndverks- og industrifag

helsefaghelse- og miljofagheist- og sosial faghelsesekretarhjelpepleierhjelpepleierutdanning for voksne

foundation subjectsfoundation course

basic schoolbasic education

Norwegian armyhalf year

half-semester coursecommerce, tradecommercial andclerical subjects

technical andindustrial subjects

health care subjectshealth and environment studies

health and social studieshealth secretaryauxiliary nurseauxiliary nurse

course for adultscollege

college candidatecollege center

part-time special studentsautumn semestercooking, waiting,

and food processing tradesmain subject

thesis

hogskolehogskokkandidathogskoksenterethospitanterhosksemester

hotel!- og tueringsmiddelfag

hovedfaghovedoppgavehoar higherhudpleier skin care consultanthusflids- og estetiske fag crafts and aesthetic subjectshusholdningsfag home economics subjectshusokonom accommodation management/manager

idrettsfagikke

ikke godtikke tilfredsstilkndeindustrifaginformasjonsvitenskapinformatikkingenioringeniorhogskokinnfoting

jordmorjuridisk

karakterkateketkjemi- og prosessfag

kombiertkommunal

156

physical education subjectsnot

failurefailure

industrial subjectsinformation science

informatics, computer scienceengineer

engineering collegeintroduction

midwifelaw

mark, gradecatechist

chemical andprocessing trades

combinedlocal

kommunal- og sosialhogskok local governmentadministration and social work college

kommunalkandidat local governmentadministration candidate

kostokonom

krigsskokkroplAsovingkunnskapkunstakademikunsOgkandidatkunstkandidatkurskursbeviskursvirksomhet

larerleenrhogskolekerlingskoklandbruklandbruksfag- og natutfag

institutional cateringmanagement/manager

army academyphysical education

knowledgeart academy

art candidateart candidate

coursecourse certificate

extension department

teachercollege of education, teachers' college

apprentices' schoolagriculture

agricultural andrural subjects

leadershipmedical secretary

instructorbarely passing

speech therapyRoyal Norwegian Air Force

Air Force Academy

kdelsekgesekrekerkktorlite godtlogopaiLuftforsvaretLuftkrigsskolen

minedmarkedskandidatmaskinskrivningmdteligmediermeget godtmeget tilfnthstilkndemekaniske fag engineeringmellomfagMensendiecksykegymnast

Mensendieckutdanning

Merknader

muntligmusikkonservatoriumnaringsmiddeltekniske

naturbruk agriculture,naturfagnaturvitenskapeligenavnnoenlunde tilfredsstilknde

2.1,5

monthmarket candidate

typingbarely passing

mediavery goodvery good

and mechanical tradesintermediate subjects

Mensendieckphysical therapist

Mensendieckphysical therapy education

conjenvironment

oralmusic conservatory

food technology

fishing, and forestry studiesnatural science

natural sciencesname

passable

noksd godsnordiskNorgenorsknynorsk

odontologiskeoffentkgog greiddog besattOkonomiskomrdderoppgaveortopediingenior

pdbyggingsstudiumpellygningskurspedagogikkpedagogisk hogskok

personnummerpleie- og omsorgsfagpraksisforskrifterpraktiskpreformprover

radiografrralfagrthelivsadministrasjonIrseptarrevisorrikskringkasting

passablenordic

NorwayNorwegian

new Norwegian

dentistrypublic

and passedand passedeconomics

divisionsproject

orthopedic engineer

supplementary studysupplementary course

pedagogy, educationcollege of education,

teachers' collegepersonal number (ID)

nursing and care assistant coursepractical training regulations

practicalexamination formexamination, test

saerdekstilfredsstillendesars godssaksbehandlingsamfunnsvitenskapsemesteremnesivilarkitektsivilingeniorsivilmarkedsforrrsivilokonomsfrfartsfagSjoforsvaretSjokrigsskolensjukepleiarskokskriftligsosialhogskoksosial- og helsefag socialsosionom

radiographerscience

tourism administrationprescription

auditor/accountantbroadcasting

excellentexcellent

case worksocial science

semester coursearchitect

civilian engineer, engineermarketing

business economistmaritime subjects

Royal Norwegian Navynaval academy

nurseschool

writtensocial work college

studies and health subjectssocial worker

spesialiceringskursspesiallairrspesialpedagogikksprdkstabsskokstandpunktkarakterstatensstatligestatsautorisertstorfagstudierrtningstudierrtningsfagstadiumsvennebrev

svenneprove

sykepleiersykepleierhogskoksykepleievitenskap

tannpleiertannteknikerteknikerteknisk fagskoktekniske byggfag

tilfrrdrstilkndetimertotolktrrarbeidsfagturnustjeneste

uketimerundervisningungdomsskokutdanning

valgfagvalgfrittvekttallvernepleiervernepkierhogskokvideregdende kursvideregdende skokvidereutdanningvitnemdlvdrsemester

yrkesskoleyrkeskeirr

216

Glossary

specialization coursespecial education teacher

special educationlanguage

staff schoolgrade in the school

nationalnational

authorizedmajor subjectarea of study

area of study subjectsstudy

journeyman's certificate,or trade skills certificate

journeyman's examination,or trade skills examination

nursenursing collegenursing science

dental hygienistdental assistant

techniciantechnical school

service and technicalbuilding trades

satisfactoryhours

twosign-language interpreter

carpentryinternship

hours per weekteaching

lower secondary schooleducation

optional subjectsoptional

creditsocial educator

social educator collegeadvance course

upper secondary schoolfurther education

certificatespring semester

trade schoolvocational subject teacher

157

Useful References

Heise- og Sosialarbeiderutdanningene i Norge. Oslo:Radet for Hogskoleutdanning i Heise- ogSosial fag, n.d.

Ingeniorutdanning i Norge. Oslo: Ingeniorutdan-ningsradet, 1992.

Sjogren, Clifford E, and Lornie G. Kerr. Norway: AGuide to Admission and Academic Placement of Nor-wegian Students in North American Colleges andUniversities. New York: College Entrance Ex-amination Board, 1985.

The Upper Secondary School. Oslo: Radet for Vid-eregAende Opplxring. 1991.

217158

Indexacademic calendar, 5, 26, 87academies of fine arts, 82-83adjunkt, 62, 65, 70, 71, 72, 73administrasjon f o r h e l s e - o g s a s i a k e k t o n n , 1 1 1

admission. See specific programsadvanced course, 9, 11, 121-122, 123, 124. See also specific

programsadvokat, 99Agricultural University of Norway, 1, 27, 29, 36, 38, 56, 77,

114agriculture: secondary, 8, 18, 19, 123; tertiary, 36, 37, 56,

114, 126, 127allied health sciences, 86-89; institutions, 88allmetme fag, 6, 8, 9-10, 11, 12, 22, 116allmennlanr, 45, 49, 50, 65, 66-67, 68, 130Ansgarskolen, Det norske misjonsforbund, 108-109apprenticeship, 6, 21, 22, 23, 24, 73, 124architecture, 29, 37, 57, 127Arkitekthogskolen i Oslo, 29, 57Army, 101art and design, 13, 82, 130, 133-134audiography, 49, 86-87, 136Auditor, Registered, 85, 128

Bachelor of: Business Administration, 59, 60; InternationalBusiness, 55; Management, 58

ballet and dance, 13, 14, 66, 67, 68, 69-70, 83-84, 122, 134Bankakademiet, 65Baptistenes teologiske seminar, 109barnepleier, 20barneskok, 3barnevernspedagog, 105, 144Barrat Dues musikkinstitutt, 66, 85bedriftsokonom, 63bedriftsokonomecamen, 57, 58, 62, 64, 127Bergen arkitektskole, 57bibliotekar, 99, 142BI hoyskolene, 64bioengineering, 49, 50, 80, 86, 87, 88, 136Bislet College, 50, 87, 88, 89Bislet hogskolesenter, 50, 87, 88, 89Bodo College, 50, 59Bodo Graduate School of Business, 50, 59, 61business and economics, 50, 52, 57-65, 66, 68, 96, 111, 115,

127-130; grading, 63, 64; programs, 57-61. See alsomarketing credentials and other specific credentials

business college, 28Business College of Northern Norway, 50-51, 59, 117

candidat i ttologien, 108candidatuslcandidata (professionally oriented): agricultura,

37, 40, 56, 126;juris, 37, 40, 98, 99, 142; medicinae, 37,40, 90, 137; medicinae veterinariae, 37, 40, 96-97, 140;musicae, 37, 40, 84-85, 135; odontologiae, 37, 40, 90, 137;oeconomtae, 35, 37, 40, 60, 62, 129; paedagogiae, 37, 40,65, 70, 131; paedagogiae specials's, 37, 40, 71, 131-132;pharmaciae, 37, 40, 95, 139; psychologiae, 37, 40,102-103, 144; sanitatus, 41, 94; socio/ogiae, 37, 40, 103,145; socionomiat, 44, 103, 145; syktpkiennietukap, 94,139; theologiae, 37, 40, 106, 107-108, 145. See alsoidreaskandidat, sivilarkikkt, sivilingenior, sivikkonom,and specific institutions and programs

candidatuslcandidata (arts and sciences): philologiae, 35, 40,106-107, 125; nalium, 35; mum politicarum, 35, 40, 48,60, 62, 94, 103, 125, 138, 139; scientiarum, 35, 40, 72,73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 89, 95, 125. See also specificinstitutions and programs

candidatuslcandidata magisterii, 31, 32-34, 35, 37, 40, 45, 46,48, 60, 62, 76, 77, 84, 85, 94, 95, 96, 99, 102, 104, 108,116, 125. See also specific institutions and programs

candidatuslcandidata magistetii (regional), 27, 29, 30, 45, 46,48, 53, 76, 77, 81, 89, 91, 95, 98, 106, 116, 125. See alsocandidatuslcandidata magician

candidatus merraturae, 117candidatus technicae, 52, 133child welfare education, 103-104College of Education, 37, 50, 51, 65-71, 72, 73; list of, 68-69College of Nursing, 92-93colleges, private sector. See private educationcolleges, public sector, 28, 29, 45-57, 83-84, 95, 97-98,

116-117; grading, 46; professional qualifications, 49.See also specific institutions and programs

Commodity Trading College, 67Community of European Management Schools, 61compulsory education, 3, 5correspondence education, 78, 79, 81, 99, 111-112credit units, 32, 116. See also institutional profilescurriculum. See specific programs and levels of education

dansediplom, 84datahtigskokkandidat, 49, 81, 132degrees, advanced university, 33-35, 40, 48, 76-77. See also

institutional profiles and specific programsdegrees, college, 48, 116degrees, professionally oriented, 35, 37, 40, 56, 72, 76-77.

See also institutional profiles and specific programsDen norske balletthoyskole, 66, 83, 84dental assistant, 20, 89-90, 136dental hygiene, 89, 136, 137dentistry, 20, 37, 90, 115, 137designkandidat, 49, 82, 134Det norske universitetsrad, 28Det praktisk-teologiske seminar, 107, 108Det teologiske fakultet, 106-107Det teologiske menighetsfakultet, 29, 106, 107-108Diakonhjemmets teologisk-administrative hogskole, 109diplom, 32diplombibliotekar i inforrnasjonskunnskap og EDB, 99, 142diplomeksamen, 84, 85, 135diplomkandidat, 81, 132diplommarkedsfortprogram, 64diplommarkedsokonom, 58, 62, 128dip/omokonom, 58, 59, 62, 63-64, 128diplomokonom reiseliv, 64Diploma in Health Economics, 43, 96, 140Diploma in Social Anthropology, 41Diploma of Public Administration Candidate, 104dissertation, 36distance education, 64, 78, 79, 81,96distrikishtskok, 27, 28, 46, 56, 57, 58, 103, 104, 105, 106;

college programs, 50-52, 54-55; list of, 53-55. See alsospecific fields of study

doctor, 36, 40, 126. See also specific programs andinstitutional profiles

218 159

Index

doctor ("new" type): anium, 39, 107, 108, 126; ingenior, 39,73, 76, 126; juris, 39, 99, 126; kgis., 39, 126; medicine,39, 90, 126; odontologiae, 39, 90,126; oeconomiae andABU program, 39, 61; psychologiae, 39, 103, 126; returnpoliticarum, 39, 126; sdentiarum, 56, 70, 73, 76, 95, 97,102, 126, 140; theologize, 39, 107, 126

doctor ("traditional" type): agricolae, 36, 46,126; medicineveterinariae, 36, 97; philasophiae, 36, 76, 99; reoinicae,78, 126

Doctor of Philosophy (Danish), 51drama, 14, 17, 86, 123, 124, 135,

education, teacher training, 65-71, 130-132. See also

specific levels and types of teacherseducation, handicapped, 69, 71, 102, 106, 131eiendomsmegkr; 57, 62, 64, 127eksamen i hovedfag 35, 67, 98, 125, 131elchromsorg, 91, 92, 93, 138embetseksamen i sykepkievitenskap med pedagogikk, 94embetsstudid; 35, 37engineering, 27, 28, 52, 71-82, 87, 101, 132-133; grading,

72; institutions, 76, 78, 80; structure of, 73English, compulsory study of, 2, 12English programs, 22, 61, 96, 113, 114, 115ERASMUS, 41, 113ergoterapeut, 89, 136ernaringshsiolog, 94-95, 139European Engineering, 76-77Eurytmiskolen i Moss, 86examen anium, 5, 6examen oeconomiae, 35, 42, 60,129examen philosophicum, 32, 33, 94, 124examination, secondary, 6, 7; apprenticeship, 21-22;

university, 27, 33-34, 35

faculties, university, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 43. See also

institutional profilesfagbrev, 10, 18, 21, 124fageksamen ijournalistkk, 98, 142faglarer, 66, 67, 68, 69-70, 72, 84, 98, 102, 124, 130financial aid, 26, 112, 113-114finansanabliker studies, 63, 130Finnmark distriktshogskole, 105, 109fisheries education, 43, 81, 115. See also maritime educationfishing trade, 8, 10, 50, 122fiskenkandidat, 43-44, 81Fjellhaug skoler, 109folkehogskok, 6, 112, 115folkeuniversitet, 112foretaksokonom, 57, 62, 127food technology, 28, 49, 95, 139forkurs, 76, 78, 79, 81, 95, 111, 132, 139fOrskoklartr, 65,130foundation course, 6, 8 -9,11, 13, 23. See also specific fields

of studyhsioljemikerlinjen, 87

grading, 3, 6, 7; tertiary, 32,46, 56, 63, 64, 72, 90, 97, 99,102, 107, 116. Ste also specific levels of education andprograms

grunnskok, 3, 4, 6, 11, 73

160

grunnfag, 32, 33, 37, 45, 82, 106, 109, 110. See also specificprograms

grunnutcfanning, 45halusemesteremne, 32, 34, 37handelsfikonom, 60, 62, 64,129Handelshoyskolen BI, 29, 36, 38, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65,

66Handelshoyskolen Oslo, 60, 63, 64handels- og kontorfag, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 66, 116, 122hdndverks- og industrifag, 8, 10, 12-13, 15, 16, 17, 122Harms Knksskok 1., 2. avdeling, 101, 143health care administration, 91helsefaghogskole, Haukeland, 88, 89, 92helsefaghogskole, Tromso, 88, 89, 93helsefaghogskole, Trondheim, 86-87, 88, 105heWorebyggende ogforrbyggende arbeid, 91, 138hOgskokkandidat, 45, 46, 47, 50-53, 54, 58, 62, 82, 111, 125,

127, 141Hogskokkandidat i politi, 102, 144Hogskokkandidat i hotelladministrasjon, 97, 141Hfigskokkandidat ijournalistikk, 98Hfigkokkandidat i reiselivsadaministrasjon, 97, 141Hogskokkandidat in service management, 97, 141Hogskolen, 50, 52, 54, 59, 78, 105hogskoler, 28hogskolesenter, 28, 46, 48, 89Hogskolesenteret i Nordland, 48, 50-51, 59, 60, 62, 98, 105,

117Hogskolesenteret i Rogaland, 51-52, 72, 74, 77-78, 79, 80,

117Hogskolesenteret i Vestfold, 52-53hotel training, 97hovalfag, 35, 48, 67, 68, 69, 102, 103, 108, 116-117hovedfagsekamen i spesialpedagogikk, 71hovedsfagskandidat, 67,68, 69, 98, 125, 131hoar nvisorstudium, 58-59, 62, 128hoskokkandidat, 57husflids- og atetiske fag, 8, 13-14, 122husholdningsfag, 8, 17-18, 123husokonom, 98, 141

idtrasfag, 8, 18, 123idnaskandidat, 37, 40, 102, 144IHM Business School, 65Indremisjonsselskapets bibelskole i Oslo, 86, 109ingenior, 45, 71-72, 73, 76, 80, 81, 82, 133ingeniorhfigskokne, 27, 28, 52, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78-79, 80, 81,

88, 101, IllInstitutt for spesialpedagogikk, 41, 70, 71, 87, 88Institutt for sykepleievitenskap, 91,94International Baccalaureate, 22interpreter's education for the hearing impaired, 87, 136

jordmor, 91, 92, 93, 138journalism, 27, 28, 98, 142juridisk embetsekamen, 98

kandidat i folkehelsevitenskap, 38, 43, 96, 140kandidat i sykepkievitenskap, 43, 94, 139kandidat eksamen, 84, 85, 135ljOkken-og nstaurandaklse, 97, 141kommunalkandideu, 49, 145

21S

kommunal- ogsosialhOgskokne, 27, 104, 105kostokonom, 98, 142Kristiansand kommunal musikkskole, 86kuns(agkandidat, 49, 82, 134Kunstakademiet i Trondheim, 83

kerlingskok, 21

larer, 65, 71kererhogskok. See College of Education

landbruks- og naturfag, 8, 18, 123language of instruction, 2, 22,36law, 37, 98- 99,142ledelse for Iselse- ogsosialsektoren, 111

l e d e l s e o g a d m i n i s t r u s j o n f or h e i s t - o g s o s i a l s e k t o r e n , I 1 1

legislation, 5-6, 21, 26, 27, 28, 65, 66kktor, 65, 67, 69, 71, 98library science, 28, 49, 99, 142licentiate, 36, 126licentiate odontokgiae, 41,90lower secondary school, 3Luftkrigsskolen, 99-101Luftkrigsskokn, I., 2. avdeling, 100, 143Luthersk bibel- og menighetsseminar, 109

ma,gister anium, 35, 40, 42, 44, 125Maharishi International University, 38maritime education, 12, 18, 81, 123-124maritime engineering, 28, 76, 78, 80, 81marketing credentials: diplomeksponwkonom, 58, 128;

diplommarkedsolonom, 59, 128; markeekkandidat, 57-58,127; sivilmarkedsforer, 60, 62, 64, 111, 128

master's degrees, 36, 38, 40, 115, 126. See also institutionalprofiles

Master of Arts in Society, Science and Technology, 38, 42,126

Master of Business Administration, 38, 61, 63, 64, 129Master of International Business, 38, 60-61, 126, 129Master of Management, 59, 128Master of Philosophy in: Fish Resources and Fishery

Management, 38; History, 38, 41; Histopathology, 38,41, 137; Medicine of Developing Countries, 38, 41,91, 137; Public Administration, 41; SocialAnthropology, 41; Special Education, 38, 42

Master of Public Health, 38, 43, 96, 140Master of Science, 38, 61, 6i, 90, 97, 129Master of Science in Business, 51, 59; Dentistry, 38, 41,

42, 90, 131; Environmental Engineering, 41; HealthPromotion, 38, 41, 96, 140; HydropowerDevelopment, 38, 45; Management of NaturalResources and Sustainable Agriculture, 38, 56; MarineTechnology, 45, 60, 64; Marketing, 60, 62, 64;Petroleum Exploration, 38, 45; Preventive Health, 96;Solid Earth Physics, 41; Technology Management, 45

Master of Theology, 108Masterstudium i internasjonal hotel!- og reiselivsadministrasjon,

97, 141mathematics and natural sciences, 35mathematics, secondary, 9-10matriculation, 7-8medical laboratory technology. See bioengineering

medicine, 8, 37, 90-91, 126, 137

Index

mellomfag, 32, 33-34, 37, 45, 109, 110. See also specificprograms

Menighetsbibelskolen, 109menigietssekrztar, 110Mensendieck physical therapy, 50, 86, 87, 88, 89, 136mesarbrev, 22military education, 100-101, 143-144Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs, 3, 5,

26, 27, 28, 36, 65Misjonshogskolen, 106, 108More og Romsdal fiskeriteknisk hogskole, 81music, secondary, 13-14, 123; teacher training, 66, 68,130;

tertiary, 28, 37, 84-86, 109, 115, 135musikkonservatoriene, 85-86Musikkonservatoriet i: Oslo, 86; Tromso, 86

naringsmiddelteknisie hogskok, 28neeringsmiddelteknolog, 95Narvik ingeniorhogskole, 72, 77, 78, 80Nasjonalt Koordienerende Utvalg, 27, 28, 85, 117National College for Teachers of Commercial Subjects, 68,

71National College for Teachers of Vocational Subjects, 67,

69, 71, 72National Coordinating Commision, 27, 28, 85, 117NKI College of Engineering, 78, 79, 80, 81NKI datahogskolen, 67, 81NKI fjemundervisningen, 67, 111NKI ingeniorhogskolen, 78-79, 80, 81, II 1NKS Foundation for Distance Education, 111NKU. See National Coordinating Commissionnonuniversity tertiary education, 27Nordic Association of University Administrators, 113Nordic Council, 113Nordic Council of Ministers, 113Nordic School of Nutritional and Textile Sciences, 41Nordisk husholdshogskole, 94Nordland College, 48, 50, 59, 60, 62Nordnorsk balletthogskole, 83NORDPLUS, 41, 113Norges handelshoyskole, 29, 36, 38, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65,

67, 117Norges handelshoyskoles kursvirksomhet, 63Norges hoyskole for inforrnasjonsteknologi, 67Norges idrettshogskole, 29, 66, 70, 102Norges journalisthogskole, 27, 98Norges kommunal-og sosialhogskole,103, 104, 105Norges landbrukshogskole, 27, 29, 36, 38, 56Norges musikkhogskole, 14, 27, 29, 66, 70, 84, 85Norges sykepleierhoyskole, 91Norges tekniske hogskole, 44, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77Norges veterinxrhogskole, 27, 29, 96Norsk diakonihoyskole, 110Norsk hotellhoyskole, 97Norsk lwralcademi for kristendomskunnskap og

pedagogikk, 110Norsk riksringkasting, 77-78Norwegian Association of Adult Education, 111-112Norwegian College of: Ballet, 68; Fishery Science, 43, 60;

journalism, 27; Veterinary Medicine, 1, 27, 29, 114Norwegian Council of Universities, 27, 28Norwegian Institute for Special Education, 71, 73, 87

229161

Index

Norwegian Institute of Technology, 44-45, 57, 72, 74, 75,76, 77

Norwegian School of Economics and BusinessAdministration, 38, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65

Norwegian School of Library and Information Science, 27,99

Norwegian School of Management, 29, 36, 38, 57, 61, 63-65Norwegian School of Marketing, 63, 64Norwegian State Academy of Music, 14, 27, 29, 68, 72, 84Norwegian State College of Food Technology, 95Norwegian State College of Journalism, 27Norwegian State College of Local Government

Administration and Social Work, 27, 104, 105Norwegian University of Physical Education and Sport, 29,

66, 70, 102nursery assistant, 20nursing, 20, 27, 28, 49, 91-94, 138-139nursing colleges, 92nutrition, 94-95, 139

occupational health, 91occupational therapy, 50, 86, 87, 88, 136ofkonomi og ledelse, 111Okonomisk College, 28, 46, 53, 54-55orthotics and prosthetics, 49, 50, 88, 89, 136ortopediingenior, 89Oslo College, 50Oslo College of Business and Economics, 53, 54-55Oslo College of Education, 50Oslo og Akershus vernepleierhpgskole, 105Oslo School of Architecture, 29, 57Osdandets musikkonservatorium, 68

pelbygningkurs, 9, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20pdbyggingstudium, 46, 48, 58, 82pedagogical colleges. See College of Educationpedagogiske hogskolene, 27, 28, 67pedagogiske utdanning, 60pharmacy, 20, 28, 95, 97, 139physical education and sport, 37, 66, 70, 102, 144physical education, secondary, 8, 18, 123; teacher training,

66, 67, 70physical therapy, 28, 49, 50, 86, 87-89, 136physiochemistry. See medical laboratory technology,physics, secondary, 10police education, 101-102, 144Polithogskolen, 101-102Praitisk-pedagogisk eksamen, 56, 70, 85, 132. See also specific

programs and institutional profilespreschool education, 1-2, 3; teacher training, 28, 65-66, 67,

85, 130PRIDE, 63, 129primary education, 3, 121; teacher training, 65, 67, 70, 85private education, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 63-65, 68-69, 82, 84,

85-86, 109,111professional qualifications, 28, 35, 37, 40programingenilr, 77-78, 132prosthetics and orthotics, 50, 86, 89, 136psychology, 37, 102-103, 144psykiatrisk sykepkier, 91,92, 93,138public health, %, 140

162

radiography, 49, 50, 86, 88, 89, 136reform, 1994, 5-6, 9, 21, 28, 48Regional Business Colleges, 64regional colleges, 28, 29, 30, 46, 48, 53, 55, 59, 98regionak hogskoler See regional collegesreseptar, 49, 95-%, 139reseplarhOgskok, 28revisoreksamen, 58, 128Rogaland College, 51, 78Rogaland markedshoyskole, 67Rogaland vernepleierhpgskole, 105Rudolf Steiner College, 70

Simi, 1, 2Simi allaskuvla, 70Simi College, 70secondary education, upper, 5-25, 73, 116; foundation

courses, 8-10, 11-13, 18-20, 90; grading, 8semester course, 32, 34Senter f o r fjernundervisning, 81, 1 1 1sivilarkitekt, 37, 40, 57, 127sivilingenior, 37,40, 46,48, 52, 56, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 127,

133

sivikkonom, 37, 40, 46, 48, 51, 59-60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 72,128

sloffarisfag, 8, 18, 81, 123-124Sjpkrigsskolen, 101SjOkrigsskokre l., 2 avdeling, 101, 143sjukepleiar, 91, 138social and health studies, secondary, 8, 18-19, 20social education, 49, 92, 93, 106, 145social sciences, 38, 51, 52social work, 28, 46, 49, 88, 91, 103-106, 109, 116, 145sociology, 37, 103sosialhpgskolen: Stavanger, 104, 105, 106; Trondheim, 105sosial- og helseag, 8, 18, 19, 20, 86-89, 124special education teachers, 72, 73,131specialized subjects teachers, 68, 69, 71-72, 73, 130specialization courses, 18spesialist, 90, 137spesiallarer, 49, 70Stabekk hogskole, 70, 97-98Stabeskolen 1., 2. avdeling, 101-102, 143Statens balletthogskole, 66, 83-84Statens bibliotek- og informasjonshogskole, 27, 99Statens handverks- og kunstindustriskole, 82Statens hpgskole forkunsthandverk og design, 82Statens kunstakademi, 82-83Statens 1=rerh0gskole i handels- og kontorfag, 71Statens nmringsmiddeltekniske hpgskole, 95Statens operahpgskole, 68, 70, 84, 85Statens reseptarhpgskole, 95-%Statens sikkerhetshpgskole, 78, 80, 81-82Statens spesiallwrerhpgskole, 71, 73, 87Statens teaterhogskole, 66, 68, 86Statens yrkespedagogiske hogskole, 67, 69stadtge helseagh,gskokr, 86-87, 88, 89Stavanger College, 51storfag, 32, 34, 37studieplan, 116supplemental studies, 46, 48supplementary course, 9, 11, 18, 19, 20

2 2 1

svennebmv, 21-22, 124sykepkkadministrajon, 91, 138sykepkier, 45, 49, 91, 138sykepkiethfigkok, 28, 91, 92-93

tannkgrsekretaerskokn, 20, 90, 136tannpkier, 89-90, 137tannpkienksamen, 41tanntekniker, 20teacher training, 28, 37, 56, 60, 62, 67-73; 130-132teaching ranks, 71technical and industrial subjects, 8, 10, 12-13, 15, 16, 17,

122, 124tekniker, 20, 22teknisk fagskok, 22, 25, 73, 76, 124teologisk embetsekamen, 107, 108theater, 86, 135theology, 29, 37, 106-108, 109, 110, 145titles, 116. See also specific programstolk, 49, 87, 88, 136tourism administration, 97, 141transcripts, 85, 116,117transfer, 28-29, 85, 87, 98, 101, 111, 113transfer credit, 27, 89, 100, 109, 117. See also specific

institutions and programs and placementrecommendations

timer, 102, 144Tromso maritime hogskole, 78, 80, 81Trondheim ingeniorhogskole, 77, 78, 79, 80tuition, 26

university sector, 27, 28, 36; admission 29, 31, 113; degrees,29, 31, 35, 36, 37; examinations, 33-34, 37

Universitetet i Bergen, 28, 33, 60, 74, 77, 79, 89, 90, 94,98-99, 103, 106, 108

Universitetet i Oslo, 20, 28, 31, 33, 35, 36, 48, 60, 69, 72,77, 84, 88, 89-90, 94-95, 96, 98, 99,103, 106, 107, 114

Index

Universitetet i Tromso, 28, 33, 51, 62, 74, 77, 81, 90, 94, 96,98, 99, 103

Universitetet i Trondheim, 28, 33, 34, 48, 72, 77, 84, 90,103, 106, 108

Varehandelens hoyskole, 67vekttall, 32, 44, 116vernepkier, 49, 91, 106,145vernepkierhogskok, 28, 91, 105, 106Vestfold College, 52-53Vestlandets kunstakademi, 83veterinary medicine, 29, 36, 37, 96-97, 107videreutdanning, 45, 46, 48, 50, 104-106videregdende kurs I, II, III, 9, 11, 16, 17, 18, 20, 121-124vidzregdende skok, 3, 5, 11, 73, 116, 121vitnemeg 85, 99, 102, 111, 135, 142vitnemdl for ... etter fullfon studium, 83, 134vitnemdl fra den videngdende skokn, 6, 7, 21, 22, 24, 25, 29,

116,121,122,123,124

vstnemdl fra statens naeringsmiddekekniske hfigskok, 95vitnemdl om: adjunktutdanning, 71; allmennlaserutdanning,

66-67, 70, 116; barnevernspaagogeksamen, 104;fagkzrerutdanning, 67, 116; kommunalkandidateksamen,104, 144; sosionomeksamen, 104

vitnemdl om halvdrs- og drsenheter, 70vitnemdl om 3-dng: bioingeniorutdanning, 87;

etgoteraputdanning, 87 ,116;bsioterapeututdanning, 87;ortopediingenioutdanning, 89; radiografutdanning, 89

vitnesbyrd, 108vocational education, 5-6, 122-124vocational teachers, 43, 49, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 109

x-ray therapy, 89

yrkeslamr, 49, 70

222 163

World Education Series (WES) PublicationsFULL COUNTRY STUDIES

Argentina (1993) by Liz Reisberg. 248pp. $30/$45Australia (1983) by Caroline Aldrich-Langen. 276pp.

$81$12

Belgium (1985) by Ann Fletcher. 192pp. $8/$12Colombia (1984) by Stanley Wellington. 144pp. $8/$12Dominican Republic (1987) by Kathleen Sellew.

136pp. $8/$12

Egypt (1988) by Lee Wilcox. 112pp. $15/$20

Federal Republic of Germany (1986) by GeorgeannePorter. 192pp. $15/$20

France (1988) by Mariam Assefa. 252pp. $15/$20Haiti (1985) by Ruth Simmons. 128pp. $81$12Indonesia (August 1993) by Karin Johnson, Gerald

Chamber land, and Wendy Gaylor. 192pp. $40/$60Iraq (1988) by James Frey. 192pp. $15/$20Japan (1989) by Ellen Mashiko. 176pp. $20/$25Malaysia (1986) by Joann Stedman. 184pp. $15/$20The Netherlands (1984) by Peter Schuler. 208pp.

$81$12

New Zealand (1981) by Patrick Kennedy. 96pp. $81$12Peru (1983) by Colleen Gray. 132pp. $8/$12

WORKSHOP REPORTS

The Admission and Placement of Students fromCentral America (1988). Caroline Aldrich-Langen and Kathleen Sellew (eds.) 236pp. $12

The Admission and Placement of Students fromBahrain, Oman, Qatar, United Arab Emirates,and Yemen Arab Republic (1984). J.K. Johnson(ed.). 114pp. $7.95

The Admission and Placement of Students fromthe Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1992).Edward Devlin (ed.) 142pp. $25/$40

The Admission and Placement of Students fromthe Republic of Hungary (1990). Karlene Dickeyand Desmond Bevis (eds.). 128pp. $15

The Admission and Placement of Students fromthe Republic of Poland (1992). Edward Devlin(ed.). 176pp. $30/$45

The Admission and Placement of Students fromYugoslavia (1990). Karlene Dickey and DesmondBevis (eds.). 112pp. $15

164

The Educational System of the United Kingdom:The Admission and Placement of Studentsfrom the United Kingdom and Study AbroadOpportunities (1991). Sylvia Higashi and AlanMargolis (eds.). 240pp. $25/$40

SPECIAL REPORTS

Education on the Island of Cyprus (1990) by MargitSchatzman. 65pp. $10

The Educational System of Australia/An Updateof the 1983 World Education Series Volume(1990) by Caroline Aldrich-Langen. 74pp. $12

Higher Education in Israel (1993) by Ann Fletcher.56pp. $15/$25

The Educational System of the Former GermanDemocratic Republic (1991) by Karen Lukas.8Opp. $15/$20

Postsecondary Institutions of the People's Republicof China: A Comprehensive Guide toInstitutions of Higher Education (1992) byWilliam Paver and Yiping Wan. 625pp. $35/$50

Understanding the Admissions Process in U.S.Higher Education (1993) by Caroline Aldrich-Langen. 36pp. $15/$25

The Soviet System of Education (1992) by ErikaPopovych and Brian Levin-Stankevich. 144pp.$25/$40

Swiss Higher Schools of Engineering and SwissHigher Schools of Economics and BusinessAdministration (1991) by Karlene Dickey andKaren Lukas. 68pp. $15/$20

WORKING PAPERS

Guide to Placement Recommendations (1992) bythe National Council on the Evaluation of ForeignEducational Credentials. 12pp. $6

The Kuwait System of Education (September 1993)by Ismail Safwat. 36pp. $15/$25

For information on out-of-print WES publications andother international resources published by AACRAO orNAFSA, contact the publications desk of eitherassociation. Call AACRAO at (202) 293-9161 for details.

223

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