day0 02 energy efficiency
DESCRIPTION
Energy EfficiencyTRANSCRIPT
March 2015
Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul: A BBF Initiative
Tutorial Contributors Konstantinos Samdanis – NEC Manuel Paul – Deutsche Telekom Dave Sinicrope – Ericsson Rao Cherukuri – Juniper Networks Kevin Foster – British Telecommunications plc
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Outline Motivation Environmental and Cost Considerations Regulation Policies
Energy Efficient Principles and Concepts
Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul Network Planning Nodal Requirements Network Management
EE Framework: Industry & Standards Progress Summary
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The Broadband Forum is the central organization driving global broadband wireline solutions and empowering converged packet networks worldwide
Focused on engineering smooth evolution of broadband networks and mitigating new technology risks
Our work- – defines best practices for global networks – enables service and content delivery – engineers critical device & service management tools, and – is key to redefining broadband
Motivation
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Energy Efficiency: An Industry Vision
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Reduce CO2e intensity of our worldwide business by 80%, from 1997 levels, by Dec 2020.
40% fewer CO2 emissions by 2020.
Strives to save energy and reduce CO2 emissions at its communications facilities.
Reducing our carbon intensity by 50% by 2020.
Reduce the electricity consumption relative to data growth on our network by 17% as compared 2010.
Reduce our energy consumption in networks by 30%
Launched its first line of environmentally friendly products “Telecom Italia Green”
• “Green Action” plan • voluntarily agreed to reduce
energy use per unit of telecoms traffic by 20% by 2012 compared to 2008
Reduce GHG emissions by 159 kilotonnes (50% of 2003 GHG emissions) by the end of 2020.
• Halve CO2 in mature markets by 2020.
• Reduce CO2 per network node by 20% by 2015 in emerging markets.
Between 2006 and 2020 • Committed to reduce CO2
emissions by 20% • Reduce energy consumption
by 15%
Environmental Responsibiliy
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Global Warming
Global Temperature Rise
Sustainability: Development that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland Report, 1987)
CO2 Increase
Environmental Policies
Kyoto protocol in 1997 introduced a strong objective to take action against global warming.
Conference of the Parties (COP) 17 in 2011 measures taken not sufficient to avoid global warming beyond 2oC (a limit established in G8 2009 to avoid unpredictable environmental damage) and more urgent action is needed.
SBI Bulleting: ICT currently accounts for 5.7% of the world’s electricity consumption and 1.8% of CO2 emissions
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Reference: SBI Bulletin: Energy Efficiency Technologies in information and Communication Industry 2005-2015.
Global Telecom CO2 Footprint
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Regulatory Initiatives & Government Acts
EC Code-of-Conduct (1999) policies and recommendations reducing CO2
create mandates towards SDOs (e.g. M462) define upper bound energy limits for equipment
OECD Towards Green ICT strategies government acts and industry initiatives that help introduce
ICTs with reduced CO2 impact.
EC ICT4EE (2010) address green ICT bring together industries from EU, Japan, US*
10 * DigitalEurope, GeSI, Japanese Business Council EU, Tech. America Europe
Increasing Traffic
Increasing Adoption of Telecom Services Internet users reached ~ 40% of the world’s population Mobile broadband: the most dynamic market with 2.1 billion
subscribers globally
Increasing Data Volumes
Flat rate charging plans New devices / services
Always on connectivity Data hungry applications Mass device support
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Increased Networking CAPEX/OPEX Increasing Energy Costs Infrastructure enhancement – LTE estimations for 2020
Telcos‘ devices > 3 times broadband access > 9 times
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Compound Annual Growth Rate EU Telcos’ Energy OPEX Costs *
* Source: R. Bolla, et. al., “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures”, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.13, No. 2, 2011
Energy Efficient Principles and Concepts
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Saving Energy: How and Where How to provide energy efficiency?
Match offered capacity to demand
Where in telecom systems? Access (70%): (i) High number of devices
(ii) High variation of Capacity-Demand Transport/Core (30%): High device expenditure
14 Source: R. Bolla, et. al., “Energy Efficiency in the Future Internet: A Survey of Existing Approaches and Trends in Energy-Aware Fixed Network Infrastructures”, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, Vol.13, No. 2, 2011
Power Consumption Vs Operational Mode “Sleeping”: most effective means to save energy Multiple sleeping and “off” states may exist Transition energy overhead
Each transition typically increased energy consumption temporarily Benefit only if saved energy larger than transition energy overhead
Duration of transition (may not be interruptible) A transition requires a certain amount of time to complete
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Green Meter Research Study Possible to reduce the net energy consumption in telecom networks by up to 90% via combination of technologies, architectures, components, algorithms and protocols by 2020.
16 Reference: GreenTouch Green Meter Announcement, May 2013 http://www.greentouch.org/index.php?page=green-meter-research
Summary of Green Meter Study
Net energy reductions that can be achieved in mobile access, wireless access and core networks
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAyQ-kxPw9o
Reference: GreenTouch Green Meter Announcement, May 2013 http://www.greentouch.org/index.php?page=green-meter-research
RAN Use Cases
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1. Schedule driven strategies, eNBs powered-off/on based-on predetermined operating schedule.
2. Carrier frequency restricted:
3. Overlaid networks: capacity-boosting cells are powered-of 4. Capacity limited specified eNBs compensate on behalf of powered-off neighbor eNBs
Holistic Networking Perspective Energy Efficient Network Planning Node/interface consolidation
Nodal Requirements Energy Efficient Network Equipment
Slowing down processing/communication Regulating packet transmission/processing
Network Based Energy Conservation Cyclic-periodic operation between on/off Powering-off under-utilized equipment
Energy Saving Management Monitoring – Controlling 20
Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul
- BBF TR-293
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- BBF TR-293 Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul
Specification for EE Mobile Backhaul Provide conceptual background for the deployment Considering the external transport specific behavior Without an intent to define internal system design or system
architecture Energy savings in RAN equipment motivates this effort, be reflected in mobile backhaul defining energy requirements for RAN is out of scope
Energy savings without compromising SLAs
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Scope and Contribution of the BBF Initiative
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Holistic
Radio Core
MSC
HSS
P/S-Gw
MME
BBF TR-221 Mobile Backhaul Architecture
Align RAN and Core Network Energy
Planning
Management Equipment
Network-based
Energy Efficient Network Planning Place resources/dimension topology: Off-line activity
BBF Architecture & Network Virtualization Fewer “boxes”: Unifies 2G/UMTS/HSDPA/LTE Support different RAN generations on a common, IP/packet-based
infrastructure Separation of transport from higher layer protocols / services Enables infrastructure sharing & wholesale
24 Reference Architecture BBF TR-221
Energy Proportional Network Equipment
Scale energy with traffic via: Dynamic power scaling, e.g. in (switch, router) CPUs Dynamic link scaling, i.e. increase/decrease links’ bandwidth
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power data
IEEE Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE)
Mechanism Description EEE defines a Low Idle link state when no data packets are
sent and a protocol that enables Ethernet PHYs in low idle to maintain up-to-date operational parameters.
EEE defines a way of signaling once the physical link is about to be used allowing fast link activation.
26 Ts = 182 ms and Tw = 16.50 ms (10GBase-T)
IEEE Energy Efficient Ethernet (EEE) EEE Mobile Backhaul applicability Relevant to Mobile Backhaul, common for LTE base stations in
access and aggregation networks Applicable for base stations capable of entering an energy saving
state External Behaviour Increases delay: links require a short time to recover Packet coalescing: may further increase delay and potentially packet
loss due to buffer overflow Effectiveness of EEE depends on link utilization and distribution of packet inter-arrival times 27
IEEE Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Mechanism Description Delivers power along with data saving
~0.6-2.1W/port IEEE 802.3af-2003 PoE:15.4 W IEEE 802.3at-2009 PoE: 25.5 W
Empowers remote devices reduces cable installation / eliminates AC outlets
Provides energy control of attached devices power-on/off on-demand
Note: PoE may be combined with EEE for further energy savings.
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IEEE Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Mobile Backhaul applicability Relevant to Mobile Backhaul for small cells Empower equipment without a power supply Applicable to equipment that can run within the range of PoE
power supply
External Behaviour Energy management: scheduled or event based power-on/off
control of particular ports Power-on/off control may result in alarms that need
coordination with the radio equipment 29
ONU Power Management in ITU-T PON
Mechanism Description Three means of power management: Doze mode: an ONU transmitter power-off for substantial time periods
provided that the receiver remains continuously on. Cyclic sleep mode where both ONU transmitter and receiver are powered
off, in a sequence of a sleep and active period Watchful sleep mode combines Doze and Cyclic sleep modes, use Doze
mode on ONU side and Cyclic sleep mode on OLT side. Reduced to Doze or Cyclic sleep via parameter configuration
Mobile Backhaul Applicability ITU PON offers high bandwidth, reliable backhaul applied for
aggregation and last mile access
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ITU-T G.987.3 / G.984.3
ONU Power Management in ITU-T PON External Behaviour There is a tight relation between power reduction in ITU PON
system and degradation of service power reduction may lead to additional delay or packet loss. limited processing of downstream management traffic occurs in low power states
The ONU power management states Listen state: ONU receiver is on; the transmitter is off. Before exiting, ONU
ensures that is fully powered up and synchronized. Asleep state: ONU shuts down both its receiver and transmitter Watch state: ONU transmitter is off. ONU periodically turns on the receiver to
check of downstream signal for remote wakeup. DozeAware / SleepAware / WSleepAware: Both ONU receiver and transmitter
remain on.
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ITU-T G.987.3 / G.984.3
EEE-based Link Aggregation (LAG) Mechanism Description
LAG based-on IEEE 802.1AX (BBF TR-223) allows one or more links to be bundled together to ensure frame ordering, LAG distribution algorithms select a certain
port for subsequent frames that form the same flow Combine EEE with LAG
EEE low idle link state used for each link of the bundle links removed from the bundle may be put into an EEE low idle link state
for energy efficiency At low utilization times IEEE 802.1AX
aggregates load on a subset of member links providing the opportunity for member links to be removed from the bundle
apply low idle state using EEE, improving the energy efficiency of the overall bundle.
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EEE-based Link Aggregation (LAG)
Mobile Backhaul Applicability LAG commonly used in access and aggregation networks to
enhance link capacity removal of active member links of LAG bundle based-on traffic
load, improves energy efficiency decision to remove member links within the LAG bundle can
be based on observed load
External Behaviour IEEE802.1AX LAG removal and addition of links reflects link
rate additivity EEE may increase delay and loss 33
Energy Saving Management
Energy saving management refers to: Measuring , modeling, planning, controlling and optimizing the use
of energy in networked systems Related policies and functions can be managed locally, centrally or
both, according to the energy mechanism Centrally controlled network management can align easier the power
consumption of a large number of managed entities Energy saving functions of a device can be executed locally or de-
centralized based on local observations about the load Monitoring and OAM measures acquire information about
energy provisions and conditions, as well as their effect on the network and service performance 34
Energy Saving Monitoring and Control
Monitoring processes collect information about: Energy consumption of equipment and functions Traffic load conditions and network utilization
Ensure profitable energy savings by identifying off-peak periods Performance at the node and through network management
SLA attributes to ensure that power saving mechanisms do not have an adverse impact the service (BBF TR-221)
Energy control lifecycle: Control and measurement Status Info-Base Optimization
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SG-17
EE Framework: Industry & Standards Progress
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Energy Efficiency: We do not work alone
Ongoing standardization and industry efforts, relevant
to BBF’s use cases and specifications:
ETSI/ATIS/ITU-T: Measurement & Evaluation
IEEE: Energy-Efficiency for High-Speed Ethernet Links
IETF: Energy Aware Routing and Transport
ONF/ETSI: SDN & Network Functions Virtualization.
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Measurement and Evaluation
Measurement and metrics ( ) Measurements for routers, Ethernet switches, DSLAM and
optical equipment (GPON, GEPON, etc.) Metrics EEER and TEER: throughput / energy
Energy efficient evaluation standards Quantify energy cost with respect to performance Specify testing suits for energy strategies
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Energy-Efficient High-Speed Ethernet Links
IEEE 802.3bm, EEE for 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Optical Interfaces
IEEE P802.3bj EEE for 100 Gb/s Backplane and Copper Cable
IEEE P1904.1 Service Interoperability Ethernet Pasive Optical Networks (SIEPON)
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Energy Aware Management & Routing
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IRTF EE Discussions • Active academic community • Goals and topics discussed
include: Network segments, Metrics, Time horizons, User/application layer, Sleep States, and efficiency of existing protocols, Lightweight protocols and filtering
IETF Routing Area
• Framework and Requirements for Energy Aware Control Planes
• Energy Aware Routing Work proposed (e.g. extensions to disseminate power ratio metrics): “Power-Aware Networking”
• Proxy-based Routing
IETF EMAN Working Group • Terminology and Requirements for
Energy Management • Energy Management Framework • Management Information Bases
(MIBs) for Energy-Aware Networks & Devices, Entities, and Battery Management
• Applicability Descriptions
Energy Monitoring/Management EE Routing & Control Planes IRTF: EE Research Discussion
Objective: Operating communication networks with minimal amount of energy while still providing sufficient performance to meet service level objectives
(Step1: Energy Monitoring, Step2: Nodal Support, Step 3: Energy Aware Networking)
Energy Effciency with SDN and NFV Energy Efficient Transport
Packet Forwarding Pipelining, time-based synchronized switching
Broker based routing Centralized energy aware routing
Network Function Virtualization Consolidate equipment
Green Abstraction Layer (GAL) Standardize interfaces to control
the power of objects and network equipment
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Summary
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Summary
BBF TR-293: Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul
Planning: Multi-RAN - Virtualization - Consolidation
Equipment: Energy proportionality
Network: Coordination - Control
Management: Metering and Monitoring
BBF Architectures and Specifications drive
Energy-Efficient, Interoperable Implementations
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The Paradox
Does energy saving save energy? Economic Perspective: D. Khazzoom and
L. Brookes (1980) Energy efficiency paradoxically
leads to increased consumption
Involve consumer by introducing: Social awareness Service models that provide user incentive 44
Thanks! Any Questions?
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For more information, visit us at http://www.broadband-forum.org
Thank you for attending the Energy Efficient Mobile Backhaul Tutorial.
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