day one review collect location data navigate to waypoints collect waypoints & attribute data...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
220 views
TRANSCRIPT
Day One Review• Collect location data• Navigate to waypoints• Collect waypoints & attribute
data• Objects in life are features on a
map• Features have location and
attributes• GPS provides location• GIS links features & attributes
with location
Day Two Outline• Dig into GIS• Working with collected data• Data types• Available data sets• Create county map• Symbology• Layout• GPS/GIS In the classroom
Introducing GIS• What is a GIS?• GIS functions• Organizing spatial data• Components of geographic data• Storing geographic data• Using spatial relationships
Components of a GIS• An integration of five basic components
People
Hardware
Software
Procedures
Data
What can you do with a GIS?• Visualize information• Work spatially• Show relationships• Solve problems• Present results
What is spatial data?
Behaviors
Drawing
Querying
Analyzing
Connectivity
Relationships
Geometry
Attributes
Organizing spatial data in layers• A GIS works with thematic layers of spatial data
• Answer questions by comparing different layers of data
A geographic feature is any real-world object on a map, such as a single building. A layer is the visual representation of a set of geographic features. Layers must contain spatial data. Spatial data indicates the geographic location and shape of the feature.
In the example, buildings, school districts, streets, zip codes, cities, and counties are layers that are combined, or “layered,” using GIS to create reality.
Buildings
School Districts
Streets
Zip Codes
Cities
Counties
Linking features and attributes • Each feature has a record in the table
• Unique identifier links feature and attributes
GIS functions
Capture
Store
Query
Analyze
Display
Output
GIS functions: Capturing data
GISData
Paper Maps
Coordinates
GPS
Digital Data
GIS functions: Storing data• Two common data structures: Vector and Raster• Vector
• Discrete representations of reality• Raster formats
• Use square cells to model reality
GIS functions: Query• Identifying specific features
• Identifying features based on conditions
Florida counties with a population greater than 300,000
GIS functions: Analysis
• Proximity
• Overlay
GIS functions: Display
Reports
GraphsMaps
GIS functions: Output
Components of geographic data
Using spatial relationships• The relative position of features determines relationships
I-80 connects San Francisco and New York
San Francisco is contained in California
New York is adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean
I-80 has length and direction
Introducing ArcGIS Desktop• Overview of ArcGIS• ArcGIS desktop applications• ArcGIS extensions
ArcGIS products• Scalable desktop applications
• ArcView• ArcEditor• ArcInfo• ArcGIS extensions
• All support data creation, management, analysis, and storage• All can work with the same data• All share a common operational interface
ArcInfo
ArcEditor
ArcView
ArcGIS desktop applications• All ArcGIS products share common applications • Focus on data, maps, and tools• ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcToolbox
ArcCatalog• A window into your database• Browse your data• Manage your data• Create and view data
documentation (metadata)
ArcMap• Primary display application• Perform map-based tasks
• Displaying• Editing• Querying• Analyzing• Charting• Reporting
ArcToolbox• Geographic processing functions
• Data management, analysis, and conversion
• Tools vary between ArcGIS licenses
ArcGIS extensions• Applications that plug into the new applications
• Spatial Analyst• 3D Analyst• Geostatistical Analyst
• 3rd Party Extensions• XTools• HawthsTools
• Scripts and Help• www.esri.com
Spatial data formats • ArcGIS can work with spatial data in multiple formats• KML
Getting help • Contents tab• Index tab • Search tab• Other help
• What's this?• Tool tips
Exploring ArcMap• The ArcMap interface and tools• Data View and Layout View• Layers, data frames, and map elements• Layer properties for symbols and labels
The ArcMap interface
Tools toolbarTear-off and dockable
Title barMenu bar
Standard toolbar
Table of ContentsDockable
Context menu
Draw toolbarStatus bar
Data View or Layout View?• Data view for display, queries, editing and analysis• Layout view for creating map layouts
Layers, data frames, and maps• Layer
• Represent symbolized spatial data
• Data frame• Organizes layers
• Map• Contains data frames,
layers, and map elements
Layers• Reference spatial data sources• Set symbols, labels and other properties• Manipulate through context menu
Data frames• Data frames are containers for
layers• Maps can have many data frames
• Index and inset maps• Arrange in layout view
• Add from Insert menu• Activate data frames to view from
context menu
Maps• Holds layers, data frames, graphics, map elements• Stores information in a map document (.mxd) file
Managing the Table of Contents• Drag layers up or down to change
display order• Smart defaults for layer draw order
• Point, lines on polygons• Layers draw in the Table of
Contents order, from the bottom-up• Rename data frames and layers• Remove layers• Display or Source tabs
Moving around the map• Zoom in or out• Pan the display• Full extents• Back or forward one display• Zoom to a layer
Layer Attributes
Symbolizing rasters
ArcGIS for Certified Crop Advisers © 2004 Foundation for Agronomic Research
Displaying qualitative values• Features
• Categories
GIS - 41
Labeling features • Label features dynamically using attribute values• Layer properties control appearance and position• Convert labels to annotation features
Symbolizing features and rasters• Layer symbology in ArcMap• Displaying qualitative values• Normalizing your data• Graduated and proportional symbols• Showing quantity with dot density • Displaying multiple attributes• Symbology
Layer symbology in ArcMap• Same symbol for all features• Based on attribute values
Displaying qualitative values• Features
• Categories
Changing symbol properties• Symbology tab or Table of Contents
Classifying features and rasters• Classifying quantitative values• Using the classification histogram• Using natural breaks• Using quantile and equal interval • Using standard deviation • Graduated and proportional symbols• Showing quantity with dot density
Displaying quantitative values
Graduated color Dot density
Graduated symbol Proportional symbol
Classifying quantitative values • Classification places attribute values into groups • Four classification methods are available
Natural breaks
Quantile Standard deviation
Equal interval
Using the classification histogram • Manage class breaks• Move class breaks• Define
• Interval• Number of classes• Method
• Right-click the histogram to• Zoom in/out• Insert/Delete breaks• Center the histogram
Using natural breaks• Default method• Identifies breakpoints between values• Shows clusters or concentrations of values
Using quantile and equal interval• Quantile
Each class contains the same number of features• Equal interval
Divides values into equal ranges
Using standard deviation• Shows distribution above and below the mean
Normalizing your data• Divide one attribute by another to determine a ratio
• Population density• Fertilizer use by tillable acres
Graduated and proportional symbols• Graduated - symbol size reflects class• Proportional - symbol size reflects actual data value
Showing quantity with dot density• Determine dot size and value• Good technique for areas of low and high concentrations
Charts as Symbols
Labeling features• Labeling features• Labeling options• Label placement• Label visibility
Labeling features • Label features dynamically using attribute values• Layer properties control appearance and position
Labeling options• Labels
• Displayed on the fly• Stored as a property of the layer
• Annotation• Stored as a feature• Stored separately from the source feature class
• Graphics layer• Geodatabase
Querying data• Identifying• Finding• Measuring• Map tips and hyperlinks• Attribute selection
Identifying• Popup attributes for a specific feature
Finding • Locate a specific feature or attribute
Selecting features by location• Why do you need a selection• Available selection tools• Selection layers• Selection methods• • Working with the selection tools • *Why do you need a selection • *Available selection tools • • Selection methods and layers• • Spatial selection• Attribute selection• Calculating summary statistics
Why do you need a selection?
Attribute selection • Use an SQL statement to select features• Save and reload selection expressions
Available selection tools • Interactive, attributes, location, graphics
Selection layers • Specify from Selection menu
• Layer(s) to select from using interactive selection tool
Selection methods • Specify from Selection menu
Create new selection
Add to the selection
Remove fromthe selection
Select fromselection
Interactive selection options• Options from Selection menu
• Select features partially or completely within the box or graphic(s)
• Select features completely within the box or graphic(s)
• Select features that the box or graphic are completely within
Select by location (spatial query)• Use features in one layer to select features in another
Location selection methods • Select by Location offers many selection methods
• Intersects• Contain• Are contained by• Shares a line segment• Shares a point• Within a distance• Are identical• Others...
Selection by graphics• Draw a graphic to select features• Works with interactive selection methods
Calculating summary statistics • Select
• Features
• Layer • Field
Working with tables• Understanding table anatomy• Tabular data field types
Tables• Descriptive information about features• Each feature class has an associated table• One row for each geographic feature
Understanding table anatomy• Basic table properties
• Records/rows and fields/columns• Column types can store numbers, text, dates• Unique column names
Columns (fields)
Rows(records)
Attributevalues
Tabular data field types • Different field types store different kinds of values• Choose the right field type for the right value• Field types vary according to table format
Name: Jupiter
Moons: 16
Diameter: 142,984 km
Date of Comet Shoemaker-Levy impact: 7/16/1994
Rotation period: 9.8 hr
Text Date Short Long BLOB Float
Jupiter 7/16/1994 16 142984 9.8
Table manipulation • Open table in ArcMap or preview in ArcCatalog
• Sort ascending or descending • Freeze/Unfreeze columns• Statistics
• In ArcMap• Select records• Modify table values
Associating tables • Can store attributes in feature table or separate table• Associate tables with common column key values• Must know table relationships (cardinality)
Feature attribute table
Additional attribute table
Table relationships • How many A objects are related to B objects?• Types of cardinality
• One-to-one, one-to-many or many-to-one, and many-to-many• Must know cardinality before connecting tables
One parcel has one owner
One parcel has many owners
Many parcelshave one owner
Many parcelshave many owners
Joins and relates • Two methods to associate tables in ArcMap• Join appends the attributes from one onto the other based on a
common field• Relates define a relationship between two tables
Connecting tables with joins • Physical connection between two tables• Appends the attributes of two tables• Assumes one-to-one or many-to-one cardinalityPits
Remedial_actions
Joined table
Connecting tables with relates • Define relationship between two tables• Tables remain independent• Additional cardinality choices
• One-to-many, many-to-many
Editing tables using the Field Calculator • Calculate field values for an open table• Simple calculations or advanced functions• In or out of an edit session
Planning a GIS• Defining the desired outcome• Planning analysis processes• Determining data needs
• Identify the objectives
• Create the project database
• Analyze the data
• Present the results
GIS project planning
Identify the objectives• What is the problem to solve? How
is it solved now? Are there alternate ways to solve it using a GIS?
• What are the final products of the project: reports, working maps, presentation-quality maps?
• Who is the intended audience of these products: the public, technicians, planners, officials?
• Will the data be used for other purposes? What are the requirements for these?
Section 9
Section 4
Section 3
Section 28
Section 21
Section 23
0
0
OP130
Relative Property Locations Individual Property Descriptions
Cropland Class A 15.88Cropland Class C 4.42Cropland Class D 3.42Pasture 1.57Roads/W aste 1.49Woodland 2.17
Cropland Class A 168.02Cropland Class B 80.34Cropland Class C 1.41Cropland Class D 0.01Pasture 64.25Roads/W aste 5.76Site 1.91
Cropland Class A 58.31Cropland Class B 14.22Roads/W aste 4.22Site 0.10
Cropland Class A 83.38Cropland Class B 33.58Roads/W aste 3.31
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 03
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 04
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 09
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 21
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 28
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 23
Cropland Class A 55.1Cropland Class B 4.8Cropland Class C 2.9Cropland Class D 3.8Pasture 10.7Roads/W aste 2.1Site 1.7
Cropland Class A 12.34Cropland Class B 4.89Cropland Class C 9.04Roads/W aste 0.39
Acres of Appraisal Properties
81
26 29
161 160
120
77
0
50
100
150
200
Section 28 Section 21 Section 9 Section 3Section 23 Section 9 Section 4
Crittenden Township Appraisal
Legend
Land Use Class
Cropland Class A
Cropland Class B
Cropland Class C
Cropland Class D
Pasture
Roads/Waste
Site
Woodland
.
Create the project database• Assemble the data
• Prepare the data for analysis
Analyze the data• What is the end product?• What data do you need to get
there?• How does it need to be processed?
Present the results• Consider delivery methods and audience
Section 9
Section 4
Section 3
Section 28
Section 21
Section 23
0
0
OP130
Relative Property Locations Individual Property Descriptions
Cropland Class A 15.88Cropland Class C 4.42Cropland Class D 3.42Pasture 1.57Roads/W aste 1.49Woodland 2.17
Cropland Class A 168.02Cropland Class B 80.34Cropland Class C 1.41Cropland Class D 0.01Pasture 64.25Roads/W aste 5.76Site 1.91
Cropland Class A 58.31Cropland Class B 14.22Roads/W aste 4.22Site 0.10
Cropland Class A 83.38Cropland Class B 33.58Roads/W aste 3.31
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 03
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 04
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 09
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 21
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 28
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 23
Cropland Class A 55.1Cropland Class B 4.8Cropland Class C 2.9Cropland Class D 3.8Pasture 10.7Roads/W aste 2.1Site 1.7
Cropland Class A 12.34Cropland Class B 4.89Cropland Class C 9.04Roads/W aste 0.39
Acres of Appraisal Properties
81
26 29
161 160
120
77
0
50
100
150
200
Section 28 Section 21 Section 9 Section 3Section 23 Section 9 Section 4
Crittenden Township Appraisal
Legend
Land Use Class
Cropland Class A
Cropland Class B
Cropland Class C
Cropland Class D
Pasture
Roads/Waste
Site
Woodland
.
Presenting Data and Maps• Exploring layouts• Adding reports• Building graphs• Adding the finishing touch
Section 9
Section 4
Section 3
Section 28
Section 21
Section 23
0
0
OP130
Relative Property Locations Individual Property Descriptions
Cropland Class A 15.88Cropland Class C 4.42Cropland Class D 3.42Pasture 1.57Roads/Waste 1.49Woodland 2.17
Cropland Class A 168.02Cropland Class B 80.34Cropland Class C 1.41Cropland Class D 0.01Pasture 64.25Roads/Waste 5.76Site 1.91
Cropland Class A 58.31Cropland Class B 14.22Roads/Waste 4.22Site 0.10
Cropland Class A 83.38Cropland Class B 33.58Roads/Waste 3.31
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 03
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 04
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 09
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 21
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 28
Land Use Class AcresCrittenden Section 23
Cropland Class A 55.1Cropland Class B 4.8Cropland Class C 2.9Cropland Class D 3.8Pasture 10.7Roads/Waste 2.1Site 1.7
Cropland Class A 12.34Cropland Class B 4.89Cropland Class C 9.04Roads/Waste 0.39
Acres of Appraisal Properties
81
26 29
161 160
120
77
0
50
100
150
200
Section 28 Section 21 Section 9 Section 3Section 23 Section 9 Section 4
Crittenden Township Appraisal
Legend
Land Use Class
Cropland Class A
Cropland Class B
Cropland Class C
Cropland Class D
Pasture
Roads/Waste
Site
Woodland
.
Map and design objectives • Map objectives
• Share information• Highlight relationships• Illustrate analysis results
• Design objectives• Manipulate the graphic
characteristics• Fulfill the intended purpose
Types of maps • General maps
• Locational/Positional• Variety of features and
uses• Thematic maps
• Distribution of an attribute
• Single attribute or relationship
• Different objectives, different cartographic designs
Issues in cartographic design • Colors, shade patterns, and text
• Perception of colors and symbols • Legibility of features and text• Visual contrast and hierarchy
• Visual balance
Creating maps in ArcMap • Design in Layout View
• Data frames organize layers• Map elements are added to a
virtual page• Maps stored as mxd files
• Data location• Layer properties
Layout tools• Zoom and pan the layout page
Setting up the page • Remember the purpose
• Will the map be viewed close up or at a distance?
• What is the best page size?
• Landscape or portrait?• What printer will I be
using and what are my printer size limitations?
Identifying map elements
Title
Map body
Legend
Scale bar Other textNorth arrow
Data frame
Inserting map elements Moving Elements
The Legend Properties window
Adding a north arrow and a scale
Change angle, size, color Choose type, unit increments, color, font
Incorporating a reference system • Display reference positions on maps• Available reference systems:
• Latitude/Longitude, • Feet, • Meters• ABC/123
• Different graticule or grid types on the same map
Inserting textual information • Title and author• Data source, date, projection• Date of map• Disclosures and acknowledgements
Graphs• Summarize tabular information in a graph• A variety of graph formats• Set display properties• Add to a map
Graph creation • Graph Wizard is a graphing and plotting utility
Reports • Organizes and displays tabular data• Group and format data• Save and export• Two reporting tools
• Report Writer• Crystal Reports
Creating and using map templates • Gives all maps in a series
the same look• ArcMap templates• Create your own
Precision Ag Technologies• GPS & Guidance• Application• Software• Telemetry
Yield by Soil Type
Data for GIS
How to Get Soil Tests
• Collect samples with GPS• Lab analysis for each point• Table of data• Create map of sample points & analysis
How to Get Yield Maps
• Install and calibrate equipment• Collect harvest data• Export yield data to text file• Import text file into ArcView
Create Maps from Point Data• Soil tests represent points of known data• Create map by interpolating between points
Known Data
Unknown Data
Soil Test Points
Creating Variable Rate Phosphorus Recs
Phosphorus Removal
Factor
*
Yield Map
Phosphorus Surfacefrom Soil Test Data
Maintenance Map
=
+
Variable Rate Phosphorus
Recommendation
Build Map
(Build Point – Soil Test) * Buffer FactorNumber of Applications
Finding Data Online• Many resources• Many free resources• Google.com• Gisdata.com• Geodata.gov