dawn in the new millennium of oceanography: the ocean...
TRANSCRIPT
Dawn in the newmillennium of oceanography: The Ocean
Observatories Initiative
OOI will provide scientistsan enduring in situ
infrastructure to study episodic events in extreme
ocean environments.
Oceans are complex and central to the Earth system
Oceans are complex and central to the Earth system
Oceans ecosystems are still being discoveredHighest Temperature Organism on Earth from Finn
2030
2060
2090
Polar Amplification of Global Warming20051979
Example: ARCTIC CHANGESExample: ARCTIC CHANGES
1980 2000YEAR
Ourchildren
Ourgrand
children
Us
Oceans are changing
Humans are changing the oceans and Humans are changing the oceans and this will impact feedback on humanity in unknown ways.this will impact feedback on humanity in unknown ways.
ALTERED NUTRIENTALTERED NUTRIENTCYCLES AND CYCLES AND
EUTROPHICATIONEUTROPHICATION ALTERED CHEMISTRYALTERED CHEMISTRYDEEP IN OCEANDEEP IN OCEANHuman fossil fuelHuman fossil fuel
Has penetrated over 1000 m Has penetrated over 1000 m in the oceanin the ocean
Myers and Worm
OVERFISHINGOVERFISHING
ATMOSPHERE/CLIMATE
Sabine 2002
IPC TAR
Kirkpatrick and Crowley
Fossil Fuel CO2
pCFC-12
The oceans are chronically underThe oceans are chronically under--sampledsampled
Oceans are spatially complex and hard to sample: Single moorings and ships have limitations
Plant variability at multiple scales around Tasmania from CZCS image(varies on timescale of a day)
GSFC, NASA
NATURAL VARIABILITY: Where do you put a mooring?NATURAL VARIABILITY: Where do you put a mooring?Where do you drive the ship? When should I be out there?Where do you drive the ship? When should I be out there?
Thanks to Mossian and Wilkins
Thanks to Dickey
1E10 bioluminscent photons/s
Longitude(~2km)
Latitude(~5km)
Dep
th (m
)
0
15
Ship Sampling for Bioluminescent Photons
3E10 bioluminscent photons/s
Oceans are complex and hard to sample: Small scale variability
Dep
th (m
)
Longitude(~500m)
Latitude(~300m)
Robot Sampling for Bioluminescent Photons
Thanks to Moline
Oceans are complex and hard to sample: We only have a surface synoptic view
The Surface Biological Provinces in the Worlds OceansOOI ushers in the era of sub-surface remote sensing
Thanks to Oliver and Irwin
http://ocean.ceq.gov/about/sup_jsost_prioritiesplan.html
• Theme 1: Stewardship of Natural and Cultural Resources
• Theme 2: Increasing Resilience to Natural Hazards
• Theme 3: Enabling Marine Operations
• Theme 4: The Ocean’s Role in Climate Change
• Theme 5: Improving Ecosystem Health
• Theme 6: Enhancing Human Health
“A Framework for Research Investments in Ocean Science for the coming Decade”
Three Central Elements:1) Ocean Observing System2) Forecast Models for Key Ocean and
Ocean-Influenced Processes 3) Scientific Support for Ecosystem Based
Management
“Deploying an ocean-observation system will revolutionize the access to and view of the ocean and increase the pace, efficiency, and scope of ocean research.”
Moorings, tripodcable nodes
AUVsAUVs
GlidersGliders
Satellites
Models
Ocean Observatories Initiative spans the time & space scales
Ocean Observatories Initiative spans the time & space scales
The high priority science and infrastructure design has been iteThe high priority science and infrastructure design has been iterated in 14 national rated in 14 national science reports, and since the year 1998 five large internationascience reports, and since the year 1998 five large international meetings. l meetings.
Community Requests for Assistance resulted in Community Requests for Assistance resulted in 48 proposals (549 investigators; 137 research, academic, government institutions; 35 states). Over 80 Community
volunteers serving on advisory committees.
The community has developed over a decade The community has developed over a decade a conceptual design based on the high priority sciencea conceptual design based on the high priority science
The community has conducted a series of iterative system designs
Hanson, Widder, Quigg, Delong, Johnson, Firedrichs, Chavez, Malkei
Single cell imagingSingle cell imagingMacro & MicroMacro & Micro
nutrientsnutrients
Acoustics, video,Acoustics, video,bioluminscencebioluminscence
physicsphysicsAirAir--sea exchangesea exchange Gene profiles, mRNAGene profiles, mRNA
HolographyHolography
We are now able to measure things as never before asocean sensor technology is in a revolution
OOI will provide a sustained high bandwidth and high power presence in several extreme and critical ocean biomes. The network will allow for the new generation of instruments are coming online
High powered fixed assets are combined with fleets of spatially resolving autonomous networks
At this time estimates of dynamic fluxes have not be made, although it is known that ocean systems are highly variable and are undergoing change.
The OOI will provide long timeThe OOI will provide long time--series of measurements using series of measurements using
new generation sensors to new generation sensors to quantify the range of secular quantify the range of secular
changes in coastal ocean changes in coastal ocean processes in extreme ocean processes in extreme ocean
environments. environments.
Locations of existing databases used to estimate global coastal annual air-sea CO2 flux (Cai et al. (2006); Borges (2005).
What is the role of the oceans in global carbon cycle?What is the role of the oceans in global carbon cycle?
High priority as ocean carbon sequestration is episodic and High priority as ocean carbon sequestration is episodic and shows seasonal and intershows seasonal and inter--annual variabilityannual variability
InterInter--annual variability at the in open oceanannual variability at the in open ocean
Seasonal variability in the coastal oceanSeasonal variability in the coastal ocean
Thanks to Boehme and Thanks to Boehme and DeGrandpreDeGrandpre
Thanks to Karl, Thanks to Karl, BidigareBidigare, and Lukas, and Lukas
Public release on 12/3/2007Climos Inc., Ecosecurities, and DetNorske Veritas outline procedures for large scale fertilization of the
oceans.
Total CO2 flux
AnthropogenicCO2 inventory
Need to observe not only the fluxes and inventory changes, but the physical and biological processes that determine and modulate them
(Emanuel & Edson )
The OOI will provide the capability to collect data during
extreme weather events on decadal time scales.
EXTREME EVENTS IN THE ATMOSPHEREEXTREME EVENTS IN THE ATMOSPHEREWhat is the role of vertical mixing in the ocean interior for deWhat is the role of vertical mixing in the ocean interior for determining the termining the
global distribution of heat and nutrients in the ocean?global distribution of heat and nutrients in the ocean?H
eat
Wind Speed
EXTREME EVENTS IN THE SEAFLOOR: EXTREME EVENTS IN THE SEAFLOOR: EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
What are the forces acting on plates and plate boundaries that result in local and regional plate deformation?
Change in earthquake distribution after Cape Mendocino earthquakes, July 1992. OOI will provide critical seafloor seismic information.
How are many of the major ecosystems in the ocean crust modulated by Earthquakes?
NOW
OOI will provide the scientists theOOI will provide the scientists thefirst sustained presence in the deep seafirst sustained presence in the deep sea
How do tectonic, oceanographic processes modulate the flux of carbon into and out of the submarine gas hydrate reservoirs?OOI will provide the scientists the first sustained OOI will provide the scientists the first sustained
presence in hydrate fieldspresence in hydrate fields
OOI will provide the scientists a OOI will provide the scientists a sustained realsustained real--time presence in the time presence in the
deep seadeep sea
Wind Forcing andLarge-Scale Circulation
Sea-surface temperatureCoastal Upwelling Fuels Primary Production
Courtesy of T. Strub (OSU)
chlorophyll temperature
125 124.8 124.6 124.4 124.243.9
44.1
44.3
44.5
44.7
Longitude (°W)
Latit
ude
(°N
)
50
Heceta Bank
Stonewall Bank
HH-Line
NH-Line
0% 1-25% 26-50% 51-75%76-100%
SH-Line
70100200300400
Newport
100
500
B
Florence
A
124
Crab Mortality Classes
Percentage of Pots0 50 100
Thanks to Grantham and Barth
The low dissolved oxygen resulted in mass mortalities of
fish and shell fish.
The causes and frequency of these extreme events are
unknown.
The OOI will provide The OOI will provide sustained spatial timesustained spatial time--series observations from series observations from the local to the the local to the mesoscalemesoscaleto understand to understand interannualinterannual
variability of hypoxia on the variability of hypoxia on the east and west coasts. east and west coasts.
What physical processes that drive large scale shifts in What physical processes that drive large scale shifts in the chemistry and biology in the oceans?the chemistry and biology in the oceans?
PNW Assets with
Endurance Array
Shelfbreak• plankton gradients• mud bottom• cross-shelf flux• sourcewater
A distributed network of fixed and mobile assets to A distributed network of fixed and mobile assets to spatial time series of a marine ecosystemspatial time series of a marine ecosystem
Climate forcing of zooplankton(processes not understood due to lack of sustained observations)
NAO with center of action south of Greenland
Concentration of calanus finmarchicus, the dominant zooplankton species of N.Atlantic
Correlation of calanus and NAO
NAO = North Atlantic Oscillation
In Contrast: Climate, weather, and human structuring of In Contrast: Climate, weather, and human structuring of coastal coastal foodwebsfoodwebs..
Hurricane and Hurricane and Tropical Storm Tropical Storm
TracksTracks
– Shelf-break and coastal zone are the most
important marine habitats in the Mid-Atlantic Bight
– Shelf-break has highest diversity of marine
mammals in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic EEZ
Natural Resources Defense Council, 2001
What physical processes that structure the ecosystems in What physical processes that structure the ecosystems in the coastal oceans?the coastal oceans?
Intergated OceanObserving System
(IOOS)
MaCOORA
OOI Pioneer Array
THANK YOUTHANK YOUOOI will provide scientistsan enduring in situ
presence to study episodicevents in extreme ocean environments.
OOI Science Areas
1. Ocean-Atmosphere Exchange2. Climate Variability, Ocean Circulation, and Ecosystems3. Turbulent Mixing and Biophysical Interactions4. Costal Ocean Dynamics and Ecosystems5. Fluid-Rock Interaction and the Subseafloor Biosphere6. Plate-scale and Ocean Geodynamics