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WENDY

~ REPORT

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ARGYLE AND CL ELAND BOND STORES,

ARGYLE STREET, THE ROCKS.

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1. INTRODUCTION

This investigation is intended to address the historical development of the site and its individual elements. This information will be used in forming the statement of significance, in examining the building for evidence of the various stages of development and as a basis for the conservation policies.

A considerable body of work already exists in relation to this site. In particular, Fox and Associates, "Argyle Bonded and Free stores - 18 - 22 Argyle street, Sydney: Historical Report for the Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority" (1976); the "Argyle Centre Report, Volumes I, II and III" (1985) and the Sydney Cove Authority building data sheets. Additional research was only carried out where it was felt the foregoing were incomplete and where there was insufficient available evidence. Generally, this report collates the existing and new information to provide a summary statement of the historica~ development and significance of the Bond Stores site. We would like to acknowledge the help and advice offered by Ms Noni Boyd (SeA) and Mr Lester Tropman (Lester Tropman and Associates).

-two. The information in this report is presented in three sections. The first provides a general picture of the site development in six phases. The following section presents the evidence for the development of each major component of the site. This is in the form of a chronology. These may be added to when information is gained from the building, or additional archival sources. ~~~r~~ st..at.emen.:t-e.f-s-:i:!§fFl.a-f-:i:e-&Flee-i-s-pilSe·s<eR'becll-wh±ch-a'ddre'S'S'e-S-the hj".~_totiG.a.l~s.i.gnri.E-:i:[email protected]"""'t.Re-S.fu.,.~e--."'?

The relatively sparse archival information which is available for these buildings makes it clear that the information retained within them, in the building fabric and fixtures, will provide the clearest and most detailed evidence for the development of the stores.

e)c<--~ (lbJ"s ~/ Additional research is still in progress to attempt to S locate more information for the historical development of - ~ the stores.

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2. THE SITE DEVELOPMENT

PHASE I: 1788 - 1828 FIRST SETTLEMENT AND FIRST GRANTS

The first European development of the study area was associated with the extension of the colony's Hospital. An extension of this structure was made which took it to the area of the current intersection of George and Argy1e Streets. Herb and vegetable gardens were planted on the slope behind this new building. The gardens covered the later bond store site.

The first building constructed on the site of the current bond stores was a house commenced by Captain John Piper in 1826. This is now incorporated within the east wing of the current stores. However, Piper was suspended from his office by Governor Darling and relocated himself and his family to Bathurst. He did gain title to the allotment and its half finished house in 1828 but immediately sold it, in unfinished state, to Mary Reiby.

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PHASE 11: 1828 - 1839 THE CUSTOM HOUSE

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Shortly after ga1n1ng the allotment and the partially completed building, Reiby advertised it for auction. The bricks, timber and stone used in the building were to be sold as separate items. It was noted that the land was likely to increase in price due to the intention of creating a direct link from the harbour to Darling Harbour by this property (the Argyle Cut, not actually carried out until some years later) and the presence of necessary drains and sewers also about to be undertaken (and also actually not until completed until the 1850s-1860s).

The site was bought, on November 4, 1828, by Frederick Unwin. Unwin proceeded to complete the building on the site. He advertised for building materials for this work. It is presumed that construction work was finalised in c. 1829. The Fox study of the site claims that, at this time, the original building plan was doubled and a new facade made to Argyle Street although there is no contemporary evidence for this claim. The statement has been made on the strength of observations made with respect to the building fabric. .

During this period, the Government had been attempting to find or create more economical and convenient space for a Customs House, the existing arrangements being both expensive and inefficient. The temporary solution to this problem was in leasing a portion of Unwin's building. This occurred in 1830.

By 1831 Unwin was in financial difficulties and mortgaged his property. He was finally forced to liquidate the property. This included the building and all the surrounding ground. The property was sold for 6,200 pounds' in October 1831. The new owner was Samuel Terry. There is no evidence to suggest that Terry carried out any work on the building during his ownership.

In 1838 the land north of the stores site, later the site of Cleland Bond, was granted to William Carr and George Rogers.

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PHASE Ill: 1839 - 1876 THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNWIN'S BONDED STORES AND THE COURTYARD WINGS

By 1839 Unwin again became associated with the site He purchased the land and buildings he had sold, seven years earlier, from the trustees of Terry's estate. Construction work commenced on "Unwin's Bonded Stores". These included an addition to the northern side of the Custom House and other buildings to the north, south and west of it. A courtyard was formed in the middle. This courtyard was to become a focus for commercial activity; it was the site of auctions of a variety of goods that cleared the stores and provided proceeds used to pay rent and other charges.

The building time involved in the full construction programme is unclear. By 1840 Unwin had leased the two northernmost of his stores to Henry Fisher. These were said to adjoin the Custom House. The latter, at that time, was entered by steps from "New George Street", now Playfair Street. It is possible that the construction of the site was finished in stages, finally being completed in 1841.

In 1842 the original Piper grant, which included the study area, was subdivided. Unwin mortgaged the Custom House and bond stores and sold his subdivided allotments thereby providing him with the means to discharge his earlier mortgages.

In 1845 the tenants of the site, plus their properties, were listed by the City Council for rates assessment. It is clear from this evidence that additional, now undocumented, construction had occurred, probably the construction of an additional floor on the east wing.

The residents were listed as, at No. 112, H.M. Government in House, Stores and Wine Cellar. These were said to be in bad condition.

At No. 113, probably three rooms to the left of the entry to the courtyard, Samuel Thompson occupied a house.

At No. 114, probably the south-western building, Ben Boyd and Co. occupied four floors of new stores.

At Nos. 115, 116 and 117, probably the buildings on the western side of the courtyard, Henry Fisher occupied four floors of new stores.

At 118, probably the courtyard, Henry Fisher stores.

central northern building on the also occupied four floors of new

At 119, probably the northern extension to the Custom


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House, Henry Fisher occupied four floors in bad repair.

At 120, probably the original part of the John Piper house, Henry Fisher had two floors, also in bad repair and at No. 121, probably the small building on the right of the courtyard entrance, Alexander Berry had an office and wine cellar with basement floor.

In the same year, 1845, a new Custom House commenced operation at Semi-Circular Quay but it was not until 1850 that the premises adjoining the Bond Stores were vacated. The other 1esees of the various apartments, at that time, were Alexander Berry, the Australian Trust Company, Henry Fisher and John Bailey.

Frederick Unwin died in 1852. His property was held in trust. In 1853 William Brown purchased the stores and then sold them, three months later in 1854, to Robert and Edwin Tooth, brewers. The brothers placed one third of the property in trust to Thomas Sutcliffe Mort. By this time the only occupants listed in rates assessments were Henry Fisher and Alexander Berry. Berry appears to have left the stores in c. 1855 but Fisher remained in occupation to c. 1858. In this year R., E. and F. Tooth occupied the west, east and north wings of the stores and Saunders and Co. shared the east wing.

During the 1850s the A+gyle Cut was completed and the Princes Street Bridge erected over it in 1867/68. The new road level created by the excavation for the cut and the new road level led to alterations in the basements of the stores. Windows were bricked up and the courtyard was raised. At that time 8 large stores were said to occupy the site and the old Custom House.

By 1861 the site was alternatively known as "R.E. and F. Tooth and Co. Bonded and Free Warehouse" or "Argyle Bonded Stores". By 1863 Isaac Ellis Ives rented space at the stores. In this same year the rate books note that the use of the building was stores, office and included a dwelling for the store manager. In 1865 James Mitchell purchased the property.

In 1876 Isaac Ellis Ives purchased the stores from James Mitchell. During 1874 Patrick Freehi1l erected stables on the land north of the stores site. These were demolished in 1877.

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PHASE IV: 1876 - 1903 ISAAC IVES BOND STORES; EXTENSIONS AND ALTERATIONS.

After Ives' purchase, major alterations were carried out in the old stores. The southern wing (see attached plan, Elements J, K, L and possibly M) was demolished and a new three storey building (Element N) was constructed in its place fronting Argyle Street. Ives initials were cut into the archway of the entrance. This probably occurred in c. 1878. Some renovations may have been carried out at the same time to the eastern and western walls of the old Custom House building.

Between 1868 and 1879 a galvanised iron shed had been added to the original northern wing, thereby reducing the size of the inner courtyard. In c. 1880 the old store and shed were demolished and a new building erected in their place (Element 0). Ives' initials and the date 1881 were carved into the keystone. During the 1890s Ives, at one time serving as the mayor of Sydney, mortgaged the property a number of times. Until 1900 Ives was the only listed tenant. At that time W. Fowler of Sydney Bonded Storage Co. rented part of the Argyle Stores complex.

During the first years of the new century much of the land in the Rocks was resumed by the Government. In 1903 the stores were resumed from Ives.

During this time the land to remained vacant except for the foot wide road way in 1877.

the north of declaration of

the stores a twelve

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PHASE V: 1903 - c. 1965 CROWN OWNERSHIP AND FINAL BOND STORE USE; CLELAND BOND.

After the resumption of the property by the Crown, Ives still remained on as a tenant until 1905. At that time Dingle and Co. Ltd Bonded and Free Store became the tenant. In 1912 Dingle and Co. applied for a lease of the vacant land to the north of the stores. In 1914 a new warehouse was built there for them. This subsequently became known as the Cleland Bond. In 1933 Dingle and Co. went into liquidation.

Thomas McMahon took over the lease exclusive lesee until the function of to change in the 1960s.

and remained as an the building began

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PHASE VI: C. 1965 - 1990 ADAPTATION, S.C.A. OWNERSHIP AND RENOVATION

In 1967 the Argyle Tavern was established in the southern wing (Element N) and sections qf the south and east wings were sub-let and converted for use as professional offices in 1968 and 1969. In 1969 a co-ordinated programme for the courtyard and north wing was established to create the Argyle Arts Centre. The bitumen in the courtyard, laid in 1962, was removed to expose the underlying cobbles. Some alterations appear to have been made to the south -eastern facade by opening the first floor window fenestrations.

In 1970 the newly formed Sydney Cove Redevelopment Authority formally assumed ownership of most of the properties in the Rocks 't'1hich had previously been vested in the Minister for Public Works. This included the Argyle Stores. The McMahon family retained a lease over the basement\ of the east and north wing and sections of the southern and west wing and used these spaces as a Bonded and Free Store. This lease terminated in 1976 and the Authority consolidated its ownership.

In 1971 SCRA advertised for interested parties to register with a view to their being invited to submit proposals for the restoration of Cleland's Bond building and the adjoining row of terraces, subsequently named Argyle Terrace. The firm of Fisher, Jackson and Hudson '\.ias ..-.tKfU'1.:t~I2S retained for the programme. The tender of Peter ~~m~Fe-ana -Co. Pty Ltd was accepted for the construction work for a sum of $193,579. Work commenced in December 1971 and was completed in February 1973. The final contract sum was $266,946.80.

The work involved removing existing partitions and various fixtures and fittings, for example a hoist in Cleland Bond, and all the services and providing new internal arrangements, stairs, toilets etc. The terrace houses were extensively remodelled.

Between this programme and the next major remodelling, which began in 1978, a variety of smaller programmes were put into effect to upgrade the existing facilities. In 1975 the courtyard toilet block was upgraded. In 1976 a fire stair was constructed on the Playfair Street side of the building and a rubbish holding area created.

I In 1977 it was decided to continue the work of upgrading the centre with attention to electrical reticulation, repairs to roofing and drainage, provision of extra toilets and upgrading of tenancies. Total funds of

I . $140,000 were made available and a commission offered to Mr ~~ Lane to replan the organisation of the north

,~~~~ wi~g of the Argyle Bond and Cleland Bond and part of the I )~~ first floors of both buildings. Mr Lane was also asked to

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prepare working drawings and specifications for each renovation, to call for tenders and to supervise the work.

Initial works were completed by late 1977 and approval was given for further stages of work including, stage IIa, two ramps to Cleland Bond and Aboriginal Arts as well as a small amount of flooring to public space and removal of walls to the central stair. stage lIb included the remainder of the works to the ground floor north wing and shops and flooring to the ground floor public area. The work was completed by April 1978. It included new flooring, services and toilets.

A further stage of work occurred between 1978 and 1980. This was carried out in the Argyle and Cleland Bond stores. It included replacing all the stone sills along the Playfair street facade and replacing the roof. New signage was introduced to the stores at this time.

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3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS

JOHN PIPER'S HOUSE, LATER UNWIN'S BUILDING AND THE CUSTOM HOUSE (Elements A, B, C) 1826 - 1990

Chronology

1826 First mention of construction in progress of Piper's house, judged to be "elegant and capacious" from the plans.

1828 Land and partially completed house auction, the building materials of separate items.

put the

up for house as

The new owner, Frederick Unwin, commenced work on completing the existing structure. Advertisements appeared for building materials such as shingles and floor boards. The roof of the structure, however, was slated, a first for the colony. Possible changes to building plan and design; doubling of space, simplification of interiors and facade to Argyle Street.

1829 Approximate. Building works completed.

1830 Customs Department leased a portion of Unwin's building for offices.

Unwin mortgages property.

1831 Property liquidated, including house and grounds, and sold at auction for 6,200 pounds.

1840 By this time entrance from the eastern facade via a flight of steps flanked by iron railings.

1842 Building mortgaged.

1845

1850

1878

Original part of house, Section A, probably leased by Henry Fisher. The building, said to be in bad repair. Sections Band C, the Custom House, comprised House, Stores and Wine cellar also said to be in bad repair.

Customs House vacates site for new premises at Semi-circular Quay.

Approximate. Possible remodelling of east wall of Element B and west wall of Element A and application of imitation stone render. Possibly part of renovation programe carried out by Isaac Ives at same time as construction of Element N, first south wing. Dove's Plan of the site shows a single storey

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attached building on the western facade of Element A. Its use is unknown. This appears to have been replaced by 1889. A verandah and stairs to the basement appear to have taken its place.

1960s Establishment of first floor windows wall of Element c.

1978/80 Remodelling and renovation of windows along P1ayfair street facade. Included stone sills with sandstone sills.

in southern

and doors replacing

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UNWIN'S BOND STORE (NORTHERN EXTENSION TO THE CUSTOM HOUSE) (Element D) 1839 - 1990

Chronology

1839 Work commenced on Unwins Bond Stores, an extension to the northern side of the Custom House. 7

1840 Work completed on new building.

Leased to Henry Fisher.

1842 Building mortgaged.

1845 Said to be leased by Henry Fisher. Four floors in bad repair.

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UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element E)

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1839 - 1880. Replaced by Element 0

Chronology

c. 1839 Constructed by Frederick Unwin as part of Bond Store complex

1840 Possibly leased to Henry Fisher.

1845 Leased by Henry Fisher. Said to be four floors, new.

1880 By this date a galvanised iron shed had been added to the southern facade of the building, probably constructed between 1868 and 1879. Demolished in approximately this year and replaced by Element O.

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UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element F) 1839 - 1990

Chronology

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1839 Constructed as part of Frederick Unwin's Bond Store complex

1845 Four floors, new stores, leased by Henry Fisher.


UNWIN'S BOND STORE (Element G) 1839 - 1990

Chronology

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1839 Constructed as part of Frederick Unwin's Bond Store complex



UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element H) 1839 - 1990

Chronology

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1839 Constructed as part of Frederick Unwin's Bond Stores complex



UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element I) 1839 - 1990

Chronology

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1845 Leased by Ben Boyd and Co. Four floors of new stores.


UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element J)

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1838 - c. 1878. Replaced by Element N, South Wing.

Chronology


1845 One room leased by Samuel Thompson.

1878 Approximate. Demolished to make storey structure constructed by N)

way for new three Isaac Ives (Element


UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element K)

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1839 - c. 1878. Replaced by Element N, South Wing

Chronology





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UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element L)

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1839 - c. 1878. Replaced by Element N, South Wing.

Chronology





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UNWIN'S BOND STORES (Element M)

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1839 - c. 1878. Replaced by Element N, South Wing

Chronology


1845 Leased by Alexander Berry as an office with wine cellar and basement floor.

1878 Approximate. Appears to have been demolished by Ives and a new structure created as part of the new southern wing (Element N).


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IVES' BOND STORES, SOUTHERN WING (Element N) 1878 - 1990

1878 Approximate. Constructed by Isaac Ives.

1967 Argyle Tavern established.

1968 Sections of the building sub-let and renovated for professional offices.


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IVES' BOND STORES, NORTHERN WING (Element 0) c. 1881 - 1990

1881 Demolished former building and shed (Element E) and new store erected in their place.

1971/2 Renovation for Arts Centre.

New openings created in north wall by demolisher at commencement of renovation programme.

All superfluous plumbing, drainage and other services removed.

New opening to Centre from Cleland Bond provided with self closing fire door.

1976/77/78 Rubbish room constructed.

Fire escape built.

New sewer and stormwater lines.

Lighting in central stair upgraded.

Remodelling of shops 4 - 10

Construction of two ramps Aboriginal Arts.

Walls to central stair removed.

to Cleland Bond and

Flooring to ground floor public area.

1978 Alterations to shops of ground floor including laying timber floor over newly scabbled stone floor in Tenancy 3, alterations to walls and finishes in Mary Reiby parlour, upgrading services.

The floors of the Stage I area were levelled and services placed under. Masonite was then laid and timber floors. The timber floors were of tongue and grooved seasoned hardwood preferably blackbutt. All boards were double nailed and punched and laid with a 3 - 5mm gap which was filled with dark mastic. The floor was rough sanded and horse shoe nails were fixed in public areas with heads exposed to simulate existing nails in existing main floors. The floors were waxed.

All surfaces were cleaned exposed.

and the stone walls

Hardwood skirting boards were provided to all masonry


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walls.

Individual alterations were made to tenancies eg glazing and new posts in 3 etc.

1(w!au 1978-80 Part of existing tlmer ramp from Argyle to Cleland

Bond demolished to make way for new wall.

Brick wall enamel shop demolished.

that infilled a previous opening between and adjacent passage to Aboriginal Arts

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CLELAND BOND STORE (Element P) 1914 - 1990

Chronology

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1838 Site granted to William Carr and George Rogers.

1874 Patrick Freehill erected stables on site.

1877 Stables demolished and ~ 12' wide road dedicated for public thoroughfare along the northern boundary.

1913 Vacant land north of the stores, 35 x 80 feet, prepared for lease to Dingle and Co.

1914 New warehouse built for Dingle and Co.

1933 Dingle and Co. go into liquidation. Thomas McMahon takes over lease.

1954 By this time known as Cleland Bond.

1971/2 New openings created in north wall and floors by demolisher at commencement of renovation. Existing burglar bars and frames removed from toilets and reveals made good. Bars re-used.

All existing partitions, sanitary fittings etc removed. A hoist in N.E. corner removed together with associated partitions and gates. The hole was infilled. Roof over Motor Room level opened up and the floor over partly demolished and modified to form a flat roof to take the cooling tower. All wooden posts and beams were left in place. Flooring was provided at all floor levels over the well with re-used joints to match the existing and flooring (re-used if possible) to match the existing. The existing access at Motor Room level was retained. A new external door was provided.

All superfluous plumbing, drainage and other services removed.

A new floor to replace the existing was provided between the new stair and the toilets using existing joists and re-used flooring.

An existing concrete slab at Gloucester Walk was replaced with one of similar size in timber with a timber balustrade. Balcony flooring was renewed in tongue and groove tallowwood.

The existing timber stair was demolished and the floor opened up. New stair constructed from ground to


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third floor in sawn blackbutt. A new external stair was constructed from sawn blackbutt.

Existing roller shutters were removed from the Playfair street entrance and a new entrance formed with doors of heavy Oregon in "traditional craftsmanship" .

The entrances on the north wall were all provided with ledged, framed and braced doors. The existing doors from Gloucester Walk were replaced with new ledged," framed and braced doors.

All brickwork to exterior in matching and re-used bricks in lime mortar. All brickwork to Courtyard toilet blocks in new or re-used commons laid in cement mortar. All sills in brick to match the existing.

An opening 1830mm square was cut ground floor, in Plant Room 2 to louvre for the vent. The opening flashed.

in north wall, take the metal

made good and

The grilles in the first and second floor toilets were removed and cut down to cover the new louvre windows and spandrels beneath.

New doors and windows to toilet block.

Existing sashes in windows in both plant rooms removed and replaced with painted timber louvres fitted to existing frames. All other windows made good. A missing sash supplied to window at the Gloucester street entrance. Louvred round openings in the gables made good. Southern windows to the third floor replaced by double hung windows to match those on the second floor. New windows on the northern side were double hung to match those on the Playfair street side.

The entire ceiling on third floor was lined with timber boarding and insulation with the exception of a portion near Playfair Street which was provided with a fire retarding ceiling.

Duct access was provided in the women's toilet.

The lift shaft was enclosed with stud partition.

New roofing, gutters and downpipes (the latter to match the existing) supplied. The roof was opened up for the boiler flue and main vent in the south-west corner over the duct.

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Interior lightly grit blasted and all internal walls, columns, beams, windows and doors and all previously painted posts were painted, together with all plaster ceilings. The new entrance bridge and internal stair were stained.

The exterior walls facing Gloucester Walk and Playfair street were washed down and wire brushed. All iron grilles were cleaned down, rust was removed and repainted. New painting and external stair was stained.

A concrete slab was provided on top floor directly above south-west plant room.

1978-80 All ground and first floors scabbled and demolished as necessary for new timber floor. This was blackbutt with caulked joints. The whole floor was sanded and horseshoe nails fixed with heads exposed and the floor finished with a liquid wax.

Hardwood skirtings were fixed to all masonry walls.

Timber partition to north wall demolished to expose brick wall.

ground floor

Timber steps from Playfair street demolished to make way for ramp and timber floor at Playfair street entry cut back to allow concrete entry ramp.

New flooring to close over the redundant stairs between Cleland and Argyle stores, east end.

New entrance cut from Cleland to Argyle East Wing


COURTYARD TOILET BLOCK (Element Q) 0.1970 - 1990

Chronology

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1971/2 New doors to the new toilets at both levels.

New windows provided.

1975 Completely upgraded.


NEW ROOM OVER COURTYARD] (Element R) c.1971 - 1990

Chronology

1971/2 ? Constructed

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Half glass doors and casement sashes provided.


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4. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

The Argyle Bonded stores are significant because:

They contain one of the earliest intact commercial structures remaining in Sydney from c. 1826

They demonstrate changing warehouse design and construction from the early nineteenth to early twentieth centuries. They are likely to be unique in Sydney in this aspect.

They demonstrate, through design, space and materials, retail practices which are now changing or have changed; the courtyard is particularly evocative in this respect.

They demonstrate one projects of an historic the earlier historical this they provide conservation practice

of the earliest recycling structure designed to respect significance of a site. In

clear evidence of early and philosophy.

They have historical associations with significant figures in Australian retail and social history including John Piper, Mary Reiby and Samuel Terry.

They provide a focus for past and present activity in The Rocks.

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