david doyle chief geodetic surveyor national geodetic survey [email protected], (301) 713-3178 the...
TRANSCRIPT
David DoyleChief Geodetic SurveyorNational Geodetic Survey
[email protected], (301) 713-3178
The State Plane Coordinate System
December 8, 2010
NORTHING
EASTING
So What Is A Projection
MAP PROJECTIONS
Lambert ConformalConic
TransverseMercator
Developed from a request in 1933 from the North Carolina Department of Transportation
Zones designed by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (Oscar Adams and Charles Claire)
Two basic map projections used:
Lambert Conformal Conic – States or parts of states that have a more East-West orientation
Transverse Mercator – States or parts of states that have a more North-South orientation
Zone boundaries along International, State and county boundaries
Zones typically 154 miles wide – this limits the maximum geodetic to grid distance distortion to 1:10,000
All coordinate values in U.S. Survey Feet
Conversions to/from latitude & longitude originally calculated using tables (S.P. 267 Plane Coordinate Projections Tables – Pennsylvania)
1968 - State Plane Coordinates by Automatic Data Processing (USC&GS 62-4)
STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMNAD 27
STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMNAD 83
(SPCs are NOT defined relative to WGS 84/ITRF)
Geometric parameters of original SPC zones left unchanged unless requested by “the State”
All states get new false northing and false easting defined in meters.
All values in meters – conversions to feet defined by individual state legislation or Federal Register Notice:
1 m = 3.2808333333 U.S. Survey Feet 1 m = 3.2808398950 International Feet
NAD 83 STATE PLANE ZONES
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/UnderstandingSPC.pdf
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/publication235.pdf
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FundSPCSys.pdf
SPCS PUBLICATIONS
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/publication62-4.pdf
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/ManualNOSNGS5.pdf
http:// http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/djvu/PP/PP_1395.pdf
SPCS PUBLICATIONS
GPPCGP and SPCS83National Geodetic Survey
No Datum Transformation (e.g. NAD 27 – NAD 83)Values in meters only for NAD 83http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/TOOLS/program_descriptions.html#SPCZ
CORPSCONU.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Both horizontal and vertical datum transformationsValues in meters, U.S. Survey Foot or International Foot
http://crunch.tec.army.mil/software/corpscon/corpscon.html
FEDERAL CONVERSION UTILITIES
NATIONAL SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM(NSRS)
Consistent National Coordinate System
• Latitude • Longitude
• Height • Scale
• Gravity• Orientation
and how these values change with time
• National Shoreline- Consistent, accurate, and up-to-date
• National and Cooperative CORS- A network of GPS Continuously Operating Reference Stations
• Networks of geodetic control points- Permanently marked passive survey monuments
• Tools-Models of geophysical effects on spatial measurements-e.g., NADCON, INVERSE, SPCS83, UTMS, FORWARD
NSRS COMPONENTS
• Tools-Models of geophysical effects on spatial measurements-e.g., NADCON, INVERSE, SPCS83, UTMS, FORWARD
METADATA??Horizontal Datum??
Plane Coordinate Zone ??
Units of Measure ??
How Accurate ??
HORIZONTALGEODETIC DATUMS
HORIZONTAL 2 D (Latitude and Longitude) (e.g. NAD 27, NAD 83 (1986))
GEOMETRIC 3 D (Latitude, Longitude and Ellipsoid Height)
Fixed and Stable - Coordinates seldom change (e.g. NAD 83 (1996), NAD 83 (2007), NAD 83 (CORS96))
also
4 D (Latitude, Longitude, Ellipsoid Height, Velocities) Coordinates change with time
(e.g. ITRF00, ITRF08)
HORIZONTAL DATUMS
8 Constants 3 – specify the location of the origin of the
coordinate system.
3– specify the orientation of the coordinate system.
2 – specify the dimensions of the reference ellipsoid
THE ELLIPSOIDA MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE EARTH
a = Semi major axis b = Semi minor axis f = a-b = Flattening a
b
a
N
S
UNITED STATESELLIPSOID DEFINITIONS
CLARKE 1866 a = 6,378,206.4 m 1/f = 294.97869821
1879 - 1986
GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980 - (GRS 80) a = 6,378,137 m 1/f = 298.257222101
1986 - Present
WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984 - (WGS 84) a = 6,378,137 m 1/f = 298.257223563
1987 - Present
BESSEL 1841 a = 6,377,397.155 m 1/f = 299.1528128
1848 - 1879
ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP
H = Orthometric Height (NAVD 88)
H = h – (N)
h = Ellipsoidal Height [NAD 83 (1996) or NAD 83(2007)/NAD 83 (CORS96)]
N = Geoid Height (GEOID 09)
H h
EllipsoidGRS80
N
Geoid
GEOID09
National Geodetic Survey, Retrieval Date = NOVEMBER 5, 2010 KW0527 *********************************************************************** KW0527 CBN - This is a Cooperative Base Network Control Station. KW0527 DESIGNATION - STRAUSS KW0527 PID - KW0527 KW0527 STATE/COUNTY- PA/BERKS KW0527 USGS QUAD - STRAUSSTOWN (1974) KW0527 KW0527 *CURRENT SURVEY CONTROL KW0527 ___________________________________________________________________ KW0527* NAD 83(2007)- 40 29 55.74517(N) 076 11 29.92386(W) ADJUSTED KW0527* NAVD 88 - 195.756 (meters) 642.24 (feet) ADJUSTED KW0527 ___________________________________________________________________ KW0527 EPOCH DATE - 2002.00 KW0527 X - 1,159,255.008 (meters) COMP KW0527 Y - -4,716,671.900 (meters) COMP KW0527 Z - 4,120,364.800 (meters) COMP KW0527 LAPLACE CORR- -2.65 (seconds) DEFLEC09 KW0527 ELLIP HEIGHT- 161.232 (meters) (02/10/07) ADJUSTED KW0527 GEOID HEIGHT- -34.54 (meters) GEOID09 KW0527 DYNAMIC HT - 195.655 (meters) 641.91 (feet) COMP KW0527 KW0527 ------- Accuracy Estimates (at 95% Confidence Level in cm) -------- KW0527 Type PID Designation North East Ellip KW0527 ------------------------------------------------------------------- KW0527 NETWORK KW0527 STRAUSS 0.51 0.39 1.25 KW0527 ------------------------------------------------------------------- KW0527 MODELED GRAV- 980,104.4 (mgal) NAVD 88 KW0527 KW0527 VERT ORDER - SECOND CLASS 0 KW0527 KW0527.The horizontal coordinates were established by GPS observations KW0527.and adjusted by the National Geodetic Survey in February 2007. KW0527 KW0527.The datum tag of NAD 83(2007) is equivalent to NAD 83(NSRS2007). KW0527.See National Readjustment for more information. KW0527.The horizontal coordinates are valid at the epoch date displayed above. KW0527.The epoch date for horizontal control is a decimal equivalence KW0527.of Year/Month/Day.
KW0527.The orthometric height was determined by differential leveling and KW0527.adjusted in June 1991. KW0527 KW0527.The X, Y, and Z were computed from the position and the ellipsoidal ht. KW0527 KW0527.The Laplace correction was computed from DEFLEC09 derived deflections. KW0527 KW0527.The ellipsoidal height was determined by GPS observations KW0527.and is referenced to NAD 83. KW0527 KW0527.The geoid height was determined by GEOID09. KW0527 KW0527; North East Units Scale Factor Converg. KW0527;SPC PA S - 130,575.318 732,088.384 MT 0.99995985 +1 00 39.8 KW0527;SPC PA S - 428,395.86 2,401,859.97 sFT 0.99995985 +1 00 39.8 KW0527;UTM 18 - 4,483,805.533 399,024.353 MT 0.99972550 -0 46 26.3 KW0527 KW0527! - Elev Factor x Scale Factor = Combined Factor KW0527!SPC PA S - 0.99997471 x 0.99995985 = 0.99993456 KW0527!UTM 18 - 0.99997471 x 0.99972550 = 0.99970022 KW0527 KW0527: Primary Azimuth Mark Grid Az KW0527:SPC PA S - STRAUSS AZ MK 075 40 15.0 KW0527:UTM 18 - STRAUSS AZ MK 077 27 21.1 KW0527 KW0527|---------------------------------------------------------------------| KW0527| PID Reference Object Distance Geod. Az | KW0527| dddmmss.s | KW0527| KW0529 STRAUSS AZ MK 0764054.8 | KW0527| KW0528 STRAUSS RM 1 21.824 METERS 08830 | KW0527| KW3019 STRAUSSTOWN MUNICIPAL TANK APPROX. 1.2 KM 1393323.8 | KW0527| KW0526 STRAUSS RM 2 21.520 METERS 23922 | KW0527|---------------------------------------------------------------------|
CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATIONS (CORS)
1500+ Installed and operated by more than 200
Federal-State-Local gov and private partners
NOAA/National Geodetic Survey
NOAA/OAR Global Systems Division
U.S. Coast Guard - DGPS/NDGPS
Corps of Engineers - DGPS
FAA - WAAS/LAAS
State DOTs
County and City
Academia
Private Companies
CONTINUOUSLY OPERATING REFERENCE STATIONS (CORS)
NGS PROVIDES
Horizontal and Vertical NSRS Connections
NAD 83 and ITRF00 Coordinates
Network Data Collection - Hourly & Daily
Daily 3D Network Integrity Adjustment
Public Data Distribution - Internet 16 Year On-Line Data Holding
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
= NAD 83(NSRS 2007)
HARRISBURG (GTS1), PENNSYLVANIA ____________________________________________________________________________ | || Antenna Reference Point(ARP): HARRISBURG CORS ARP || ------------------------------------------------- || PID = DF5874 || || || ITRF00 POSITION (EPOCH 1997.0) || Computed in Jun., 2003 using 14 days of data. || X = 1110966.251 m latitude = 40 15 07.81645 N || Y = -4746445.044 m longitude = 076 49 34.84696 W || Z = 4099452.309 m ellipsoid height = 88.059 m || || ITRF00 VELOCITY || Predicted with HTDP_2.7 May 2003. || VX = -0.0167 m/yr northward = 0.0035 m/yr || VY = -0.0018 m/yr eastward = -0.0167 m/yr || VZ = 0.0028 m/yr upward = 0.0002 m/yr || || || NAD_83 POSITION (EPOCH 2002.0) || Transformed from ITRF00 (epoch 1997.0) position in Jun., 2003. || X = 1110966.793 m latitude = 40 15 07.78742 N || Y = -4746446.496 m longitude = 076 49 34.83862 W || Z = 4099452.437 m ellipsoid height = 89.315 m || || NAD_83 VELOCITY || Transformed from ITRF00 velocity in Jun., 2003. || VX = 0.0000 m/yr northward = 0.0000 m/yr || VY = 0.0000 m/yr eastward = 0.0000 m/yr || VZ = 0.0000 m/yr upward = 0.0000 m/yr ||____________________________________________________________________________|
ITRF00 – NAD 83(CORS96)
DHoriz = 0.917mDEHt = 1.256m
What is OPUS?
• On-Line Positioning User Service
• Processes GPS data• Global availability (masked)• 3 goals:
– Simplicity– Consistency– Reliability
You’ve got mail!
OPUS solution
OPUS – DB
SimpleShared Data
NGS Archived
OPUS
OPUS-Projects$$ Receivers
2-4 Hours of dataMultiple ReceiversNetwork Solution
Results shared or not
OPUS-RS$$ Receivers
15 Minutes of dataResults not shared
OPUS-DB$$ Receivers
4 Hours of dataResults shared
OPUS-S$$ Receivers
2 Hours of dataResults not shared
LOCUS(Leveling Online Computing User Service)
Digital Bar-Code LevelingIntegration with OPUS?Results shared or not?
FLAVORS OF OPUS
WHAT YOU NEED TO USE THE STATE PLANE COORDINATE SYSTEMS
N & E State Plane Coordinates for Control Points
AZIMUTHS - True, Geodetic, or Grid - Conversion from Astronomic to Geodetic (LaPlace Correction) - Conversion from Geodetic to Grid (Mapping Angle)
DISTANCES - Reduction from Horizontal to Ellipsoid “Sea-Level Reduction Factor” - Correction for Grid Scale Factor - Combined Factor
THREE DISTANCES:
• “GROUND” DISTANCE = NORMAL TO GRAVITY BETWEEN TWO POINTS
• “GEODETIC” DISTANCE = ALONG THE ELLIPSOID
• “GRID” DISTANCE = ALONG THE MAP PROJECTION SURFACE ------------------------------------------------------------------
• PROJECTED COORDINATES ARE ALWAYS DISTORTED
DEFINITIONS• GRID SCALE Factor
– Multiplier to change geodetic distances based on the Earth model (ellipsoid) to the grid plane.
• ELEVATION Factor (a.k.a. Sea Level Reduction or Ellipsoid Reduction Factor)– Multiplier to change horizontal ground distances to
geodetic (ellipsoid) distances
• GRID-ELEVATION or COMBINED Factor– Gird Scale Factor times the Elevation Factor
• This factor changes horizontal ground distances to grid distances
Normal to ellipsoid
AZIMUTH RELATIONSHIP “True” Azimuth – Derived from astronomic observations (e.g.
Solar/Polaris) –this can usually be considered the same as a geodetic azimuth.
Geodetic Azimuth – Derived from the inverse between two points of known latitude and longitude, or from a LaPlace corrected astronomic azimuth or a grid azimuth with the mapping angle () applied
Grid Azimuth – Derived from the inverse between two points defined in northing & easting, or from a geodetic azimuth - the mapping angle ()
(e.g. State Plane, UTM, local grid coordinates)
ELLIPSOID - GEOID RELATIONSHIP
EllipsoidGRS80
Geoid
LaPlace Correction+/- 0 ~ 25” Lower 48 states
NGS Tool – DEFLEC09
LAMBERT CONFORMAL CONICWITH 2 STANDARD PARALLELS
Approximately 154 miles
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
STANDARD PARALLELS
N
S
λO
CONVERGENCE ANGLE(Mapping Angle)
CENTRAL MERIDIANλO
Convergence angles () always positive (+) East
Convergence angles () always negative (-) West
The Convention of the Sign of the Convergence Angle is Always From Grid To Geodetic
TRANSVERSE MERCATOR
CENTRAL MERIDIAN
SC
AL
E E
XA
CT
SC
AL
E E
XA
CT
SCALE < 1 SCALE > 1SCALE > 1
λO
Pennsylvania State Plane Coordinate System – NAD 83
False Northing and Easting Changedand defined in meters
Conversion to Feet left up to individual states
U.S. Survey or International Feet
Geometric Parameters remain the sameAs NAD 27
Zone BoundariesCentral Meridian
North/South Standard ParallelsLatitude/Longitude of Origin
CE
NT
RA
L
ME
RID
IAN
NORTH STANDARD PARALLEL
SOUTH STANDARD PARALLEL
GRID Dist <
GEODETIC Dis
t
1 < GRID SCA
LE FACTOR
GRID Dist >
GEODETIC Dis
t
GRID SCALE F
ACTOR > 1
GRID Dist >
GEODETIC Dis
t
GRID SCALE F
ACTOR > 1
GRID CONVERGENCE
ANGLE +
GRID CONVERGENCE
ANGLE -
ORIGIN 39o 20’ 00” 77o 45’ 00”
N = 0 m E = 600,000 m
COORDINATE CHANGES(STATE PLANE)
STATION: STRAUSS (pid KW0527)
PENNSYLVANIA SOUTH ZONE (NAD 27/NAD 83)
Northing Easting Converg Angle Scale Factor
428,352.11 ft. 2,433,279.72 ft. +1o 00’ 39.0” 0.99995985 130,575.318 m. 732,088.384 m. +1o 00’ 39.8” 0.99995985
(428,395.86 ft)* (2,401,859.97 ft)* (428,396.71 ft)# (2,401,864.78 ft)# (0.15) (4.81)
* Converted using U.S. Survey Foot, 1 M = 3.2808333333 Ft. # Converted using International Foot, 1 M = 3.2808398950 Ft.
Michigan Compiled Laws, Public Act 9 of 1964, Sections 54.231- .239,
STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION
STRAUSS (pid KW0527) N = 428,395.86 U.S. Survey Feet E = 2,401,859.97 U.S. Survey Feet Orthometric Height (H) = 642.24 Feet Geoid Height (N) = - 113.32 Feet Laplace Correction = - 2.6” Grid Scale Factor (k) = 0.99995985 Meridian Convergence () = + 1o 00’ 39.8”
Observed Astro Azimuth (A) = 253o 26’ 14.9”
Horizontal Distance (D) = 3,314.91 Feet
STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION
N1 = N + (Sg x cos g)
E1 = E + (Sg x sin g)
Where: N = Starting Northing Coordinate E = Starting Easting Coordinates
Sg = Grid Distance
g = Grid Azimuth
REDUCTION TO THE ELLIPSOID
h
N
H
R Earth Radius 6,372,200 m
20,906,000 ft.
S
D
S = D * ___R__ R + h
Where: h = H + [N]
S = D * R + H + (N)
___R___
REDUCTION TO THE ELLIPSOID(The correct method)
WHERE
_____________N
1 – e’2 cos2cos2 R =
_____________a
(1 – e’2 cos2)1/2
N =
e’2 = (a2 – b2) / b2
N = Radius of Curvature in Azimutha = Ellipsoid semi-major axisb = Ellipsoid semi-minor axisAzimuth of the lineLatitude of the Station
REDUCTION TO ELLIPSOIDEllipsoid Ht /Orthometric Ht
Sgeodetic = D x [R / (R + h)] D = 3,314.91 ft (Measured Horizontal Distance) R = 20,906,000 ft (Mean Radius of the Earth) h = H + N (H = 642 ft, N = - 113 ft) = 529 ft (Ellipsoid Height)
S = 3,314.91 [20,906,000 / 20,906,000 + 529] S = 3,314.91 x 0.99997470 S = 3,314.83 ft
Sgeodetic = 3,314.91 [20,906,000 / 20,906,000 + 642] Sgeodetic = 3,314.91 x 0.99996929 Sgeodetic = 3,314.81 ft
Diff = 0.02 ft or ~ 1:166,000
REDUCTION TO ELLIPSOIDMean Radius vs. Computed Earth Radius
Sgeodetic = D x [R / (R + h)] D = 3,314.91 ft (Measured Horizontal Distance) R = 20,906,000 ft (Mean Radius of the Earth) R = 20,936,382 ft (Computed Radius of the Earth) h = 529
Sgeodetic = 3,314.91 [20,906,000 / 20,906,000 + 529] Sgeodetic = 3,314.91 x 0.99997470 Sgeodetic = 3,314.83 ft
Sgeodetic = 3,314.91 [20,936,382 / 20,936,282 + 529] Sgeodetic = 3,314.91 x 0.99997473 Sgeodetic = 3,314.83 ft
Diff = 0.00 ft
GRID SCALE FACTOR (k) OF A POINTGRID CONVERGENCE ANGLE () OF A POINT
Easiest to obtain by using
NGS SPCs tool kit utility or
CORPSCON
GRID SCALE FACTOR (k) OF A LINE
k 12 = (k1 + 4km + k2) / 6
(m = mean of k1 & k2)
Typically the Average Value Works Fine
k 12 = (k1 + k2) / 2
REDUCTION TO GRID
Sgrid = Sgeodetic * k (Grid Scale Factor)
Sgrid = 3,314.83 x 0.99995985
Sgrid = 3,314.70 meters
COMBINED FACTOR (CF)
CF = Ellipsoidal Reduction x Grid Scale Factor (k)
= 0. 0.99997470 x 0.99995985
= 0.99993455
CF x D = Sgrid
0.99993455 x 3,314.91 = 3,314.69 ft
GRID AZIMUTH COMPUTATION
grid = Astro + Laplace Correction – Convergence Angle (
= 253o 26’ 14.9” (Observed Astro Azimuth) - 2.6” (Laplace Correction) = 253o 26’ 12.3” (Geodetic Azimuth) - 1 00 39.8 (Convergence Angle) = 252o 25’ 32.5” (Grid Azimuth)
The convention of the sign of the convergence angle is always from Grid to Geodetic
STATE PLANE COORDINATE COMPUTATION
N1 = N + (Sgrid x cos grid) E1 = E + (Sgrid x sin grid)
N1 = 428,395.86 + (3,314.70 x Cos 252o 25’ 32.5”) = 428,395.86 + (3,314.70 x -0.301942400) = 428,395.86 + (-1,000.85) = 427,395.01 U.S. Survey Feet
E1 = 2,401,859.97 + (3,314.70 x Sin 252o 25’ 32.5”) = 2,401,859.97 + (3,314.70 x -0.953326170) = 2,401,859.97 + (-3,159.99) = 2,398,699.98 U.S. Survey Feet
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATESSURFACE LEVEL COORDINATESPROJECT DATUM COORDINATESLOW DISTORTION PROJECTIONS
“I WANT STATE PLANE COORDINATES RAISED TO GROUND LEVEL”
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES ARE
NOT STATE PLANE COORDINATES!!!!!
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATESPROBLEMS
RAPID DISTORTIONS*
PROJECTS DIFFICULT TO TIE TOGETHER*
CONFUSION OF COORDINATE SYSTEMS
LACK OF DOCUMENTATION
* Can be minimized with LDP
GROUND LEVEL COORDINATES“IF YOU DO”
TRUNCATE COORDINATE VALUES SUCH AS:
N = 404,648.89 ft becomes 4,648.89 E = 26,341,246.75 ft becomes 1,246.75
AND
The NSRS has evolved
1 Million Monuments
(Separate Horizontal and
Vertical Systems)
Passive Marks(Limited
Knowledge of Stability)
GPS CORS GNSS CORS
70,000 Passive Marks
(3-Dimensional)
1,500+ GPS CORS
(Time Dependent System Possible; 4-Dimensional)
Problems with NAD 83 and NAVD 88NAD 83 is not as geocentric as it could be (approx 1-2 m).
Data users don’t see this – Yet
NAD 83 is not well defined with positional velocities.
Most users still think of NAD 83 as 2-dimensional (lat/long, N/E)
NAVD 88 is realized by passive control (bench marks) most of which have not been releveled in 40 years.
NAVD 88 does not account for local vertical velocities (subsidence and uplift) Post glacial isostatic readjustmentSubsurface fluid withdrawalSediment loadingSea level rise
.
The National Geodetic Survey 10 year planMission, Vision and Strategy
2008 – 2018http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/INFO/NGS10yearplan.pdf
Official NGS policy as of Jan 9, 2008Modernized agencyAttention to accuracyAttention to time-changesImproved products and servicesIntegration with other fed missions
2018 Targets:NAD 83 and NAVD 88 re-definedCm-accuracy access to all coordinatesCustomer-focused agencyGlobal scientific leadership
Simplified Concept of NAD 83 vs. ITRF00
2.2 meters
NAD 83Origin
ITRF 00Origin
Earth’s
Surface
h83
h00
Identically shaped ellipsoids (GRS-80)a = 6,378,137.000 meters (semi-major axis)1/f = 298.25722210088 (flattening)
Predicted Positional Changes in 2018Vicinity of Silver Spring, MD.
(Computed for HASSLER pid HV9698)
HORIZONTAL = 1.31 m (4.3 ft)ELLIPSOID HEIGHT = - 1.25 m (- 4.1 ft)
Predicted with HTDP
ORTHOMETRIC HEIGHT = - 0.47 m (- 1.5 ft)Predicted with HTDP and USGG2009
2020 GEOMETRIC DATUM OPTIONS
Option 1: Adopt ITRF20xx and compute new coordinates based on the best available
Velocity model(Coordinates du Jour)
Option 2: Adopt a reference frame that agrees with ITRF20xx at some instant of time,
(e.g. Epoch 2020.00)but does not move relative to “stable” North
American tectonic plate similar to NAD 83
GOOD COORDINATION BEGINS WITH GOOD COORDINATES
GEOGRAPHY WITHOUT GEODESY IS A FELONY