Dave Cavalcanti, Wireless Communications Research, Intel Labs

IEEE IoT Summit on “Connectivity and Communications”

January 14-15 2018

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Outline

Industrial IOT Verticals & Trends

Industrial Applications and Requirements

Industrial wireless sensor networks

Wireless options for Time Critical Applications

Research Challenges

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Industrial IOT Segments

Manufacturing UtilitiesOil & Gas Metal and Mining

Retail HospitalTransport

Agriculture

Many multi $Billion market predictions, for instance: IIoT Market US$195Billion by 2020, CAGR7.8%- Markets and Markets Report

IoT Verticals with most spending

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Industrial Control Networks – State of the Art

Source: Paul Didier (Cisco) TSNA’15

• Vertically integrated stacks, mostly over wired media (Ethernet, CAN, and many other proprietary field buses)

• Reliability and determinism are major requirements

• Automation Pyramid: clear separation between levels, diversity of data, interfaces, and protocols

Source: Industrial Cloud-Based Cyber-Physical Systems, Springer 2014

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Trends: Transition from a rigid automation pyramid to a flexible architecture for data and control

Source: Georg Kopetz, TTTech, TSNA 2016

Today’s Industrial Networks Flexible Network Architecture

• Convergence of data and control (IT/OT)

• Migration of intelligence across the network (multi-function/software-defined devices, virtualization/cloud-based systems)

• Reliability and determinism are major requirements

• Vertically integrated network stacks, mostly over wired media

* TSN: Time Sensitive Networking

*

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Wiring Challenges in Industrial Systems

Many applications rely on expensive, maintenance intensive slip rings to connect moving parts

• Wires are subject to a wide range of conditions that shorten its life

• Repeated movement results in wires kinking and breaking

• Locating/repairing and deploying cables may require stopping a process

Source: Bosch

The wiring harness is the 3rd highest cost component in a car and 50% of the cost of labor. It is also the 3rd heaviest component(behind the chassis and engine).

Source: Automotive Ethernet, Ixia White Paper 2014

Wireless Opportunities

Flexibility/re-configurability

Reduce costs/down-time

Increase data acquisition through easy deployment

Essential for mobility

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Industrial Applications and Classes of Service

Monitoring & Diagnostics Services

Closed-loop Control Systems

Autonomous & Human-Guided

Systems

• Predictive maintenance (analytics)

• Diagnostics and tele-maintenance

• Asset tracking and monitoring

• Control of manufacturing process (PLCs, Sensors, Actuators)

• Re-configurable manufacturing cellsA

pp

lica

tio

ns • Autonomous robots/drones

• Remote controlled robots/vehicles/drones

Connected Workers & HMI

• Worker’s safety (body and environment monitoring)

• Portables/Wearables• Augmented Reality

Cla

ss o

f S

erv

ice Delay-Tolerant Time Sensitive NetworkingReal-Time

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Connectivity Requirements (Summary)

Monitoring & Diagnostics

Connected Workers & HMI

Closed-loop Control Systems

Autonomous & Human-Guided Systems

E2E Latency 1s 10 – 50 ms 10 µs – 10ms 1 – 10 ms

Jitter - 1 - 10 ms <1 µs 1 – 10 ms

Reliability 99.9% 99.9% 99.999% to 99.999999%

99.999%

Data rate (per device)

<Kbps Kbps – Mbps Kbps(30 – 300 bytes pkt)

Mbps – Gbps

Range/Environment < 1 Km (Indoor/Outdoor)

50 – 100 m(Indoor/Outdoor)

<100 m (Indoor)

100m – 1Km (Indoor/Outdoor)

Energy efficiency 2 – 10 Years 1 day - -

Mobility - Low - Low

Sources: Bosch, Siemens & Nokia (3GPP), Industrial Communication Protocols,” Springer Handbook of Automation, Bernd et. al IEEE C. Mag 2016

Delay-Tolerant TSNReal-Time

Low Power TSCH* Wireless Sensor Network

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6LoWPAN/RPL/IPv6

IEEE 802.15.4e/TSCH

Contiki OS

Smart Sensing Application

Challenges:• Minimize power of worst case WSN node• Scheduling/routing/topology optimizations• Self-configuration and scalability to meet different application

requirements

Use cases: Asset tracking, smart manufacturing data acquisition (sensing)

TSCH WSN node stack

*TSCH (Time Synchronized Channel Hopping)

Requirements:• All nodes operate as sensors and may operate as relays• Nodes wake up and report periodically (every 15 min)• Anomaly/events need to be reported to cloud within 1 min• Extended system lifetime (e.g. 3-6 months on coin cell

battery)

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TSCH (Time Synchronized Channel Hopping) Specified in IEEE 802.15.4e, resource negotiation protocol specified as higher layer (6TiSCH, IETF group)

Time synchronized: all nodes synchronized with network coordinator (synch. is propagated through beacons)

Slotted, multi-channel communications: time/frequency slots assigned to one or more nodes for TX and/or RX

Slotframe is a recurring pattern of slot assignments with a specified length and priority relative to other slotframes

Slot assignment schedule is implementation specific (maybe centralized, distributed, or hybrid)

802.15.4 radio limitations: mobility

support, capacity, reliability and

latency

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Wireless Connectivity Options for Time Critical applicationsNext Gen Wi-Fi/802.11ax

5G NR (new radio) Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications

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Evolution of major 802.11/Wi-Fi releases

802.11ad (385Mbps~6.7Gbps)

802.11n(6.5~600Mbps)

802.11ac(6.5Mbps~6.9Gbps)

802.11a/g(6~54Mbps)

802.11b(1~11Mbps)

802.11ax High Efficiency (HE)

PHY rate improvements

Improving both the system and user throughput through improved use of channel resources, better control of channel access (contention) and network management

Some of the new features:• Multi-User OFDMA and MIMO• Trigger-based (scheduled) access

(<6 GHz)

(60 GHz)

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Requirement: Managed Network Architecture

Wi-Fi Networks can be engineered/planed, carefully deployed and fully managed

coverage/site surveys tools can be used

bandwidth reservations and admission control

dedicated/reserved channels

The network and overall control system needs to be highly reliable

Need various levels of redundancy to avoid catastrophic events (device failures, security…)

Example Industrial Network Architecture

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802.11ax capabilities to enable low latency and high reliability

AP uses priority access to schedule of TXOPs at “periodic” intervals for groups of STAs

Trigger based MU access enables more efficient centralized scheduling for DL/UL

AP can use adaptive MCS selection and smart scheduling to ensure transmissions are successful with high reliability within a TXOP.

5G NR Features and Timeline

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Support for low latency & high reliability

Support 1ms end-to-end delay

Support for ultra-reliable transmission, e.g., 10-5 packet error rate via, e.g., via packet duplication from multiple transmission points.

UR

LL

C

time

freq

Tx time interval for eMBB, e.g., 1ms

~71μs

Support for dynamic TDD

Support of dynamical change of DL/UL direction

– More flexible/efficient usage of time/freq resources

– Performance improvement for both network and UE

DL DL UL DL UL UL DL DL DL UL

Can dynamically change DL/UL direction every slot

one slot (e.g., 0.5ms)

time

Source: ABI Research, Jan 2018

Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications

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Research Challenges

Improve reliability of wireless links (equivalent to wiring reliability)

Scaling from msec to μsec range latencies with high reliability

E2E system reliability is very important

Todays industrial time sensitive applications assume a very reliable wired connection

Can the application adapt to variations in the wireless link?

Understand the wireless constraints in real industrial environments

Channel models, deployment scenarios, interference characterization

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Wireless Autonomous & Human-Guided Systems

Existing control solutions restrict mobility and flexibility

Induction loops

Cables (“Leaky coax”)

Next generation systems need more flexibility, mobility, real-time sensing & control

AGVs (Autonomous Guided Vehicles) move 30-Ton, 60-foot long jet wing frames

Source: Siemens

Remote operation of robots in inaccessible locations

Mixed reality to operate robots

Source: DFKI (www.dfki.de/ric)

Control loop speeds

Source: James Coleman (Intel) TSNA’15: Processor and OS Tuning for Event Response and Time Sensitive Systems

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