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State Univon Ag Resn Center

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Page 1 of 24

REPORT ON RESEARCH ON STERIC P, STERIC K, AND STERIC S P RODUCTS FROM NAP, PASCO ,

WASHINGTON ON RUSSET P OTATOES , 2005 ATHAREC, H ERMISTON , OR.

ABSTRACT

In this initial trial using a new line of P, K, and S products from Northwest Agricultural

Products of Pasco, WA it was found that, except for the phosphate product Steric P that

statistically increased the yield of 4 to 12 ounce potatoes, equal yields and quality of Russet

Ranger potatoes could be achieved with 1/3rd

, 1/4th

, and 1/4th

of the P, K, and Srespectively as compared to the conventional quantities applied with 10-34-9, 0-0-14 (KCl)

and Thiosul .

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plot Location and Soil

Field plots were established on the Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension

Center in early spring of 2005 under center pivot irrigation. The soil was an Adkins fine

sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed mesic Xerollic Camborthid), pH 7.0, O.M. 0.7%, P-28ppm, K-335 ppm, S-35 ppm.

Treatments

Russet Ranger potatoes were planted on May 3, 2005, 4-35 rows/plot, 8-9 in-row.

Admire was applied in the planting band at 16 oz/a, along with the scheduled experimental

treatments using XR8008 spray nozzles, applying 53 gpa water-carrier (Table 1). Matrix

herbicide was applied at 1 oz/acre, and incorporated with overhead irrigation.

The P, K, and S came either from the NAP Steric product or from the standard

commercial fertilizer products 10-34-0 (P), 0-0-14 (K-KCl), or Thiosul (S). In each nutrient

trial only the Steric product and the conventional fertilizer containing that nutrient were

different. For instance, in the P trial both the K and S came from the conventional sources

whereas the P source was different. The same pattern is followed in the K and S trials.

The amount of P, K, and S from the NAP Steric products was 1/3 rd . 1/4 th, and 1/4 th

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Page 2 of 24

respectively compared to the amounts applied with the conventional fertilizer sources both

in the initial planter band and during the season.

Additional nitrogen was applied through the center pivot irrigation system (Table 2).

Each plot received the same amount of nitrogen both in the planter band and in-season.

In-season treatments (Tables 3-4) were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer usingXR8006 spray nozzles spaced at 20", at 30 psi, and 1.5 mph ground speed, resulting in

100 gpa carrier. Normal commercial production practices were followed. The experimental

design was a randomized complete block with four replications.

Table 1. At planting fertilizer 1 treatments, HAREC, 2005.

Source N P K S

P lb/acreSteric-P 60 10 - 1010-34-0 60 30 - 10

K

Steric-K 60 30 25 10KCl 60 30 100 10

S

Steric-P 60 30 - 2.5Thiosol 60 30 - 10

1 All with B at 1 lb/acre.

Table 2. In-season nitrogen applications, HAREC,2005 Date Rate

Jun 16 40 lb-N/aJun 24 40 lb-N/a

Jun 30 30 lb-N/aJul 6 30 lb-N/aJul 13 30 lb-N/aJul 20 15 lb-N/a

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Page 3 of 24

Table 3. In-season potato fertilizer applications,HAREC, 2005.

Nutrient Number

Source P K S Applications

P lb/acreSteric-P 10 - - 510-34-0 30 - - 5

K

Steric-K - 15 - 3KCl - 60 - 3

S

Steric-S - - 2.5 3Thiosol - - 10 3

Table 4. Potato in-season application dates,2005. P K S

6-21 6-21 6-217-5 6-28 6-287-19 7-5 7-58-28-16

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Page 4 of 24

SOIL AND TISSUE SAMPLING

For the P source comparison trial, soil was sampled in 2 increments to a depth of

12 and analyzed for extractable P at planting and following harvest. Plant petioles were

sampled for PO 4 every other day, beginning before treatment application (8 samples) for

the 1st

, 3rd

, and 5th

application times (Table 4).The K and S source comparison trials were sampled similarly, except that all

samples were analyzed for K and S, respectively, and petioles were sampled only at the

second of the three application times.

Petiole samples, combined for the four replications of each treatment, were taken

weekly to monitor plant nutritional status (figs. 1-12).

Harvest

The interior 2 rows of all trial plots were harvested for yield data on Oct 5, 2005.

Potatoes were graded and sorted for size according to USDA grade standards, weighed,

and specific gravity of USDA No. 1 potatoes, 4-12 oz., determined. Ten tubers/plot were

cut and inspected for internal defects. Data were analyzed using the SAS General Linear

Models procedure, with mean separation by Duncan's multiple range test at P=0.05.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Phosphorus source study

Average soil P was greater with 10-34-0 than with Steric-P (Table 5), and increased

from the at-planting sample time to post-harvest, but source and sample time interacted

(Table 6). As might be expected, there was no difference associated with P source at

planting, but soil P was greater with 10-34-0 than with Steric-P at harvest, due to the total

amount of P applied during the season with the 10-34-0 as compared to the Steric-P (150

vs. 50 lb/a, respectively). Soil P decreased with depth, but sample time and depth

interacted (Table 7). Again, the effect was due to the greater amount of P applied with the

10-34-0 as compared to the Steric-P.Potato petiole PO 4-P concentration was higher with 10-34-0 than with Steric-P

(Table 8), increased from before treatment application, and then decreased over time.

Petiole PO 4-P did not change with application number with Steric-P, but increased with

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Page 5 of 24

application of 10-34-0 (Table 9). Again, the interaction was due to the higher application

rate with 10-34-0 than with Steric-P.

Potassium source study

Soil K was not affected by source (Table 10), and was similar in the pre-plant and

post-harvest samples. The interaction between sample time and sample depth (Table 11)was not related to treatment.

Petiole K was slightly higher with KCl than with Steric-K (Table 12), attributable to

the higher rate of K fertilization with KCl (280 vs. 70 lb/a). Although statistically significant,

the differences in petiole K concentrations over sample time were small and not

physiologically important.

Sulphur source study

Soil S concentration did not differ between sources, but increased from pre-plant to

post-harvest, due to in-season S applications (Table 13). The Sample Time X Depth

interaction (Table 14) most likely was due to increased in-season S applications, and

irrigation application, which leached mobile S to a slightly deeper location.

Petiole S concentration also exhibited an application rate effect (Table 15). Petiole

concentration of S was below the sufficiency level (0.20%) for this sample period with both

sources, but increased rapidly above the sufficient level following treatment application (Fig

12) and remained adequate for the rest of the season.

YieldThe different fertilizer sources did not affect yield in any size or grade, except in the

P source trial (Table 17, Page 18). Yield of 4-12 oz USDA No. 1 tubers was significantly

higher with Steric-P than with 10-34-0. This is quite remarkable, since three times as much

P was applied with 10-34-0 than with Steric-P (180 vs. 60 lbs-P/a). In the K source trial,

yields were equal with Steric-K and KCl, again at a much reduced application rate for

Steric-K (70 lbs-K/a vs. 280 lb-K/a for KCl). However, soil sampled to a 1 depth prior to

plot preparation contained 335 ppm K, so it is possible that the season K requirement wasmet with the lower K application rate. A similar response was observed in the S source

trial; equal yields with S application rates of 40 vs. 10 lbs/a for Steric-S and Thiosul,

respectively. Again, the soil test prior to trial establishment reported 35 ppm S, which

should be adequate for good yields without additional S application. Specific gravity was

not affected by any source.

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Page 6 of 24

Conclusions

There appear to be advantages attributable to these products. However, this was a

single trial (with each product), with one variety, and for only a single season. Additional

trials, with different varieties and production environments, should be conducted to verify

these results.

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Page 7 of 24

Table 5. Effect of phosphorus fertilizer, sample time and sample depth on soil mineralcharacteristics, HAREC, 2005

P K S Source (S)

Steric-P 21.9 315 16.510-34-0 27.4 317 17.5

**** NS NSSample Time (T) Pre 18.6 333 9.0Post 30.6 300 25.0

**** *** ****Depth (D)

0-2 34.2a 311 9.1 c2-4 28.5 b 314 14.2 bc4-6 25.9 bc 342 17.7ab

6-8 24.6 c 324 22.3a8-10 19.1 d 310 21.8a

10-12 15.6 e 297 17.0ab**** NS ***

Interactions SxT **** NS NSSxD NS NS NSTxD ** **** ****SxTxD NS NS NS

NS, ****, ***, ** Treatment effect not significant or significant at P # 0.0001, P # 0.001, or P # 0.01,respectively.

Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 8 of 24

Table 6. Soil P as affected by interaction betweenphosphorus source and sample time, HAREC,2005.

Sample Time Pre Post

Source PSteric-P 17.8 25.910-34-0 19.5 35.3

NS ** NS, ** Treatment effect not significant or significantat P # 0.01, respectively.

Table 7. Effect of interaction between samplingdepth and sample time on soil mineralcharacteristics, phosphorus source trial, HAREC,2005

P K S Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

Depth 0-2 24.7a 43.7a 374a 249 b 10.0a 8.1 d2-4 24.1ab 32.8 b 364a 263 b 10.1a 18.3cd4-6 22.0 b 29.7 b 355a 329a 8.2 b 27.2abc6-8 17.0 c 32.2 b 336ab 311a 7.4 b 37.1a8-10 13.1 d 25.1 bc 309 b 311a 8.1 b 35.5ab

10-12 10.9 d 20.3 c 256 c 338a 10.2a 23.8 bc**** **** **** **** **** ****

****Treatment effect significant at P # 0.0001.

Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 9 of 24

Table 8. Effect of phosphorus source, applicationtiming and sample day on potato petiole mineralconcentrations, HAREC, 2005

PO 4-P K S

Source (S) (%)Steric-P 0.196 9.35 0.12910-34-0 0.280 9.41 0.113

**** NS **** Application No. (A)

1 0.234 b 11.08a 0.111 c3 0.222 c 9.49 b 0.132a5 0.257a 7.58 c 0.120 b

**** **** ****Sample Day (D) -1 0.226 cd 9.50a 0.111 c

+1 0.265a 9.60a 0.125ab+3 0.245 b 9.61a 0.123ab+5 0.240 bc 9.43a 0.115 bc+7 0.257ab 9.52a 0.119abc+9 0.243 bc 9.29a 0.128a

+11 0.215 d 8.84 b 0.122ab+13 0.211 d 9.27a 0.125ab

**** **** **Interactions SxA **** NS ***SxD NS NS NS

AxD **** *** *SxAxD NS NS NS NS, ****, ***, **, * Treatment effect not significant or significant at P # 0.0001, P # 0.001, P # 0.01, or P # 0.05, respectively.

Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 10 of 24

Table 9. Petiole P and S concentrations asaffected by interaction between phosphorussource and application time HAREC, 2005.

Source

Steric-P 10-34-0 Steric-P 10-34-0 Application PO 4-P (%) S (%)

1 0.218 0.251 b 0.113 0.109 b3 0.183 0.261 b 0.139 0.124a5 0.187 0.327a 0.134 0.106 b

NS **** NS **** NS, **** Treatment effect not significant or significantat P # 0.0001, respectively. Means followed by

different letters are significantly different at P=0.05(DMRT).

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Page 11 of 24

Table 10. Effect of potassium source, sample timeand sample depth on soil mineral characteristics,HAREC, 2005

P K S Source (S) Steric-K 23.1 327 19.3KCl 24.7 338 17.1

NS NS NSSample Time (T) Pre 20.8 350 9.1Post 27.0 315 27.3

**** NS ****Depth (D)

0-2 25.9a 352a 10.2 d2-4 26.7a 330ab 15.6 cd4-6 25.8a 337a 20.4 bc6-8 26.7a 338a 27.3a8-10 21.0 b 328ab 21.7ab

10-12 17.1 c 310 b 14.0 d**** * ****

Interactions SxT NS NS NSSxD NS NS NSTxD **** **** ****SxTxD NS NS NS

NS, ****, * Treatment effect not significant or significant at P # 0.0001 or P # 0.05, respectively.Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 12 of 24

Table 11. Effect of interaction between sampledepth and sample time on soil mineralcharacteristics, potassium source trial, HAREC,2005.

P K S Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

Depth 0-2 26.7a 25.2 b 405a 300 9.9a 10.7 c2-4 28.2a 25.2 b 378ab 282 10.7a 20.5 c4-6 23.2 b 28.4 b 356 bc 319 8.2 b 32.6 b6-8 18.2 c 35.4a 349 bc 327 8.3b 47.0a8-10 16.2 c 25.9 b 325 c 332 8.3 b 35.1 b10-12 12.3 d 21.9 b 289 d 331 9.8a 18.3 c

**** ** **** NS *** **** NS, ****, ***, ** Treatment effect not significant or significant at P # 0.0001, P # 0.001, or P # 0.01,respectively. Means followed by different lettersare significantly different at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 13 of 24

Table 12. Effect of potassium source and sampleday on potato petiole mineral concentrations,HAREC, 2005.

PO 4-P K S

Source (S) (%)Steric-K 0.178 11.0 0.111KCl 0.183 11.3 0.105

NS *** **Sample Day (D) -1 0.206ab 11.3 b 0.119a+1 0.219a 10.9 bc 0.105 b+3 0.186 bc 11.1 bc 0.118a+5 0.153 de 11.0 bc 0.108 b+7 0.149 e 11.1 bc 0.088 c+9 0.198ab 11.8a 0.121a

+11 0.165 cde 11.2 b 0.111ab+13 0.173 cd 10.8 c 0.095 c

**** **** ****Interactions SxD NS NS NS

NS, ****, ***, ** Effect not significant or significant atP # 0.0001, P # 0.001, or P # 0.01, respectively.Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 14 of 24

Table 13. Effect of sulphur source, sample timeand sample depth on soil mineral characteristics,HAREC, 2005.

P K S

Source (S) Steric-S 22.8 07 21.2Thiosol 23.5 311 20.2

NS NS NSSample Time (T) Pre 19.1 326 9.3Post 27.2 292 32.1

**** **** ****Depth (D)

0-2 25.0a 314 10.2 d2-4 24.4a 311 14.6 cd

4-6 25.9a 324 23.8ab6-8 27.7a 312 30.5a8-10 19.4 b 303 26.2ab

10-12 16.6 b 290 18.9 bc**** NS ****

Interactions SxT NS NS NSSxD NS NS NSTxD **** **** ****SxTxD NS NS NS

NS, **** Treatment effect not significant or significantat P # 0.0001, respectively

Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 15 of 24

Table 14. Effect of interaction between time anddepth of sample on soil mineral characteristics,sulphur source trial, HAREC, 2005.

P K S Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post

Depth 0-2 24.6ab 25.5 bc 357a 272 bc 10.5a 10.0 d2-4 26.2a 22.5 c 363a 259 c 11.0a 18.3 cd4-6 22.5 b 29.4 bc 353a 294 b 8.6 b 38.9ab6-8 17.4 c 38.0a 227ab 296 b 7.4 c 53.7a8-10 13.9 d 24.8 bc 304 b 301ab 8.3 bc 44.0a

10-12 10.2 e 23.0 bc 252 c 328a 9.9a 27.8 bc**** **** **** *** **** ****

****, ***Treatment effect significant at P # 0.0001 or P # 0.001, respectively.

Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 16 of 24

Table 15. Effect of sulphur source and sample dayon potato petiole mineral concentrations, HAREC,2005

PO 4-P K S

Source (S) (%)Steric-S 0.170 10.7 0.108Thiosol 0.181 10.7 0.113

** NS *Sample Day (D)-1 0.223a 11.5a 0.111 bcd+1 0.214a 11.0 b 0.113 bc+3 0.179 bc 10.8 b 0.121ab+5 0.148 d 10.5 c 0.109 cd+7 0.145 d 10.1 d 0.086 e+9 0.185 b 11.0 b 0.125a

+11 0.146 d 10.5 c 0.115abc+13 0.164 c 10.2 d 0.101 d

**** **** ****Interactions SxD * NS NS

NS, ****, **, * Treatment effect not significant or significant at P # 0.0001, P # 0.01, or P # 0.05,respectively.

Means followed by different letters are significantly

different at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 17 of 24

Table 16. Petiole P concentration as affected byinteraction between sulphur source and sampleday, HAREC, 2005.

Source Steric S 10-34

Sample day PO 4-P (%)

-1 0.208a 0.240a+1 0.205a 0.223a+3 0.168 b 0.190 b+5 0.145 b 0.150 c+7 0.145 b 0.145 c+9 0.170 b 0.200 b

+11 0.150 b 0.143 c+13 0.168 b 0.160 c

**** **** ****Effect significant at P # 0.0001.

Means followed by different letters are significantlydifferent at P=0.05 (DMRT).

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Page 18 of 24

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Page 19 of 24

Figure 1. Weekly petiole nitrate concentration, P source trial.

Figure 2. Weekly petiole phosphorus concentration, P source trial.

0

5000

10000

15000

2000025000

30000

35000

0 6 / 2 0 / 0

5

0 6 / 2 7 / 0

5

0 7 / 0 6 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 1 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 8 / 0

5

0 7 / 2 5 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 1 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 8 / 0

5

N i t r a

t e ,

p p m

Steric P

10-34

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0 6 / 2 0

/ 0 5

0 6 / 2 7

/ 0 5

0 7 / 0 6

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 1

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 8

/ 0 5

0 7 / 2 5

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 1

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 8

/ 0 5

P h o s p

h a

t e ,

%

10-34

Steric P

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Page 20 of 24

Figure 3. Weekly petiole potassium concentration , P source trial.

Figure 4. Weekly petiole sulfur concentration, P source trial.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.010.0

12.0

14.0

0 6 / 2 0 / 0

5

0 6 / 2 7 / 0

5

0 7 / 0 6 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 1 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 8 / 0

5

0 7 / 2 5 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 1 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 8 / 0

5

P o

t a s s

i u m , %

10-34

Steric P

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0 6 / 2 0

/ 0 5

0 6 / 2 7

/ 0 5

0 7 / 0 6

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 1

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 8

/ 0 5

0 7 / 2 5

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 1

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 8

/ 0 5

S u

l f u r ,

%

10-34

Steric P

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Page 21 of 24

Figure 5. Weekly petiole nitrate concentration, K source trial.

Figure 6. Weekly petiole phosphorus concentration, K source trial.

0

5000

10000

15000

2000025000

30000

35000

0 6 / 2 0 / 0

5

0 6 / 2 7 / 0

5

0 7 / 0 6 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 1 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 8 / 0

5

0 7 / 2 5 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 1 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 8 / 0

5

N i t r a

t e , p

p m

KCl

Steric K

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.250.30

0.35

0 6 / 2 0

/ 0 5

0 6 / 2 7

/ 0 5

0 7 / 0 6

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 1

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 8

/ 0 5

0 7 / 2 5

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 1

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 8

/ 0 5

P h o s p

h o r o u s ,

%

KCl

Steric K

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Page 22 of 24

Figure 7. Weekly petiole potassium concentration, K source trial.

Figure 8. Weekly petiole sulfur concentration, K source trial.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.010.0

12.0

14.0

0 6 / 2 0 / 0

5

0 6 / 2 7 / 0

5

0 7 / 0 6 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 1 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 8 / 0

5

0 7 / 2 5 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 1 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 8 / 0

5

P o

t a s s

i u m , %

KCl

Steric K

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0 6 / 2 0

/ 0 5

0 6 / 2 7

/ 0 5

0 7 / 0 6

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 1

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 8

/ 0 5

0 7 / 2 5

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 1

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 8

/ 0 5

S u

l f u r ,

%

KCl

Steric K

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Page 23 of 24

Figure 9. Weekly petiole nitrate concentration, S source trial.

Figure 10. Weekly petiole phosphorus concentration, S source trial.

0

5000

10000

15000

2000025000

30000

35000

0 6 / 2 0 / 0

5

0 6 / 2 7 / 0

5

0 7 / 0 6 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 1 / 0

5

0 7 / 1 8 / 0

5

0 7 / 2 5 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 1 / 0

5

0 8 / 0 8 / 0

5

n i t r a

t e ,

p p m

Thiosol

Steric S

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0 6 / 2 0

/ 0 5

0 6 / 2 7

/ 0 5

0 7 / 0 6

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 1

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 8

/ 0 5

0 7 / 2 5

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 1

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 8

/ 0 5

P h o s p

h o r o u s ,

%

Thiosol

Steric S

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P 24 f 24

Figure 11. Weekly petiole potassium concentration, S source trial.

Figure 12. Weekly petiole sulfur concentration, S source trial.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

0 6 / 2 0

/ 0 5

0 6 / 2 7

/ 0 5

0 7 / 0 6

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 1

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 8

/ 0 5

0 7 / 2 5

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 1

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 8

/ 0 5

P o

t a s s

i u m ,

%

Thiosol

Steric S

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0 6 / 2 0

/ 0 5

0 6 / 2 7

/ 0 5

0 7 / 0 6

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 1

/ 0 5

0 7 / 1 8

/ 0 5

0 7 / 2 5

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 1

/ 0 5

0 8 / 0 8

/ 0 5

S u

l f u r ,

%

Thiosol

Steric S