MI Second Semester Final Exam (Unit 1-4) Study Guide—MC Exam on Wed 6.15.16 (60 MC) & SA on Thurs 6.16.16 (4 SA)—10% Grade

Unit 1—8 MC What is a MI? What are the main categories of interventions that function to maintain human health? (1 MC) What is the goal of PCR? What are the steps involved in PCR? (1 MC) Calculate TD, FD, serial dilutions, dilutions, and the concentrations of diluent samples and stock solutions? (1 MC, SA) How are gram-positive bacteria different from gram-negative bacteria? (1 MC) What is a zone of inhibition test? What does the test show? How can you tell if a bacterium is antibiotic resistant? (1 MC) Diagnose a patient with the appropriate type of hearing loss and suggest a medication intervention. (1 MC) What is attack rate? How is it calculated? What conclusions can be made given attack rates? (1 MC) What is recombinant DNA technology? How does this relate to plasmids, ligase, restriction enzymes, vectors, bacterial cells, and

genetic engineering? (1 MC)

Unit 2—6 MC What is a karyotype? What can be learned by examining a karyotype? What kind of genetic disorder is shown?(1 MC) What is a pedigree? How do you read and create a pedigree? Why are they used? What kind of genetic disorder is shown?( (1 MC) Why are Punnett Squares useful? How do you read them and determine genotypic probabilities? (1 MC) How is gel electrophoresis performed? Which bands are longer? Where are bands located? How much DNA is present? How do you

read a gel to learn genotype and phenotype? Why are DNA standards used in gel electrophoresis? (1 MC, SA) What is gene cloning? Therapeutic? Reproductive? How is each cloning process performed? What are examples of each process?

When is each processed used? (1 MC) What is a vector? What are the six vectors used in gene therapy? When is each one used? (1 MC)

Unit 3—17 MC How do bone scans, CT scans, MRIs, and X rays work? Differentiate the four types of diagnostic imaging (1 MC) How can cancerous cells be microscopically differentiated from normal cells? (1 MC) What do the results of a microarray indicate? How are the gene expression ratios interpreted? (1 MC) How are the Log2 values interpreted? How do the Log2 values relate to the gene expression ratios from the microarray? (1 MC) Categorize items as an environmental risk? Behavior risk? Biological risk? And genetic risk? Which risks are modifiable? (1 MC) What is melanoma? basal cell carcinoma? squamous cell carcinoma? How does each form? How can it be diagnosed? (1 MC) Determine the IV, DV, constants, and control group within an experiment. Analyze the experimental results. (1 MC) How can sporadic, hereditary, and genetic cancers be differentiated? What are examples of each type of cancer? (1 MC) How is marker analysis performed? What do the results indicate? How is the Rf and RFLP length determined? What are short tandem

repeats? How do they relate to marker analysis and gel electrophoresis? (1 MC, SA) Which type of cancer do HPV, EBV, HBV, and HCV cause? How can each viral infection be treated and prevented? (1 MC) How are radiation therapy and chemotherapy similar? Different? When is each method used? (1 MC) What is biofeedback therapy? When is biofeedback therapy used? Analyze graphs/tables to draw appropriate conclusions. (1 MC) How does the role of a physical therapist differ from an occupational therapist? Is the patient’s PT and OT goal appropriate? (1 MC) What is pharmacogenetics? How does this relate to SNPs and haplotypes? (1 MC) Differentiate clinical trials methodologies. Which methodology is described? Which phase is the trial in? What is nanotechnology? What are examples & benefits of nanotechnology? How can cancer be treated with nanotechnology? (1 MC)

Unit 4—24 MC How does insulin relate to blood glucose levels? How does insulin relate to diabetes? (1 MC) What are bacterial plasmids? What are recombinant DNA plasmids? How can these be used produce proteins such as insulin? (1 MC) What are the steps involved in bacterial chemical transformation? (1 MC) Analyze the results of a transformation experiment. (1 MC) Calculate transformation efficiency. (1 MC) What is primary protein structure? Secondary? Tertiary? Quaternary? (1 MC) What is HIC? How is HIC performed? How does this relate to protein structure and protein purification? (1 MC) What is SDS-PAGE? How is it performed? Why is it used? (1 MC) How does protein electrophoresis differ from DNA electrophoresis? (1 MC) How can End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) be diagnosed? What are complications of ESRD? (1 MC) What is dialysis? Differentiate between the procedure, benefits, and complications of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis? (1 MC) What is the anatomy of the urinary system? What is the anatomy of a nephron? (1 MC) Determine who should get an organ based on the scenario presented. What are the rules enforced by NOTA and OPTN? (1 MC) What are the blood types? Which antigens does each person have? Which antibodies? What is the corresponding genotype? (1 MC) Analyze the pedigree/Punnett square provided to determine a person’s blood type and genotype? (1 MC) Determine a patient’s HLA match. What is a child’s HLA haplotype given the parent’s HLA haplotype? (1 MC) How is PRA calculated? Can a person with a high PRA get a transplant? Why or why not? (1 MC) Differentiate between kidney and heart transplantation. (1 MC)

How are anesthesiologists, oncologists, perioperative nurses, and surgeons involved in transplants? (1 MC) Why are immunosuppressive medications prescribed? Why are they needed? Which one should be prescribed? How does blood flow through the heart? (1 MC) How can you tell a person has congestive heart failure? Differentiate between interventions used for congestive heart failure? (1 MC) Which organs/tissues can be donated from a living donor? Deceased donor? (1 MC) What is tissue engineering? What is xenotransplantation? Differentiate between these interventions. (1 MC)

College Readiness Standards (5 CRS, Plasmid Experiment Interpretation)Short Answer – Taken on Thursday June 16 th Given the information provided in a serial dilution word problem, calculate TD, FD, and the concentrations of diluent samples and

stock solutions. How do you read a gel to learn genotype and phenotype? Which bands are longer? Where are bands located? How long is the band? Explain what marker analysis results indicate. Calculate Rf values. Determine RFLP length. Analyze marker analysis results. Which

clinical trial do you think the patients should consider. Why? Based on the blood typing, HLA typing, PRA, and crossmatch results provided. Should the candidate get an organ transplant? Why or

why not? Who is the best donor for the person? Explain your reasoning.

FINAL IS 10% OF YOUR SEMESTER GRADE (55 CONTENT MC—1.25 PTS EACH (68.75 PTS), 5 CRS MC —1 PT EACH (5 PTS), FOUR SHORT ANSWER— 26.25 PTS)

Name: ___ANSWER KEY___ Date: ____________________Period: ______

Unit 4 Final Review Guide: 6.25 points Extra Credit on Test—Due Friday 6.10.161. How does insulin relate to blood glucose levels? How does insulin relate to diabetes?

Insulin decreases blood glucose levels. Diabetics have hyperglycemia (high blood glucose). T1D do not make enough insulin (autoimmune disorder). T2D do not respond to the insulin that they make – insulin receptor is insensitive/resistant.

Glucagon increases blood glucose.

2. How is target DNA isolated? DNA is isolated from your target organism. You take a cell sample/biopsy, then you extract the DNA. Once you extract

the DNA you need to amply the target gene region using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) using primers.

3. How are recombinant DNA plasmids formed? 1) Get target DNA and plasmid (circular extra DNA found in bacteria) 2) Cut both with the same restriction enzyme – forms sticky ends3) Use DNA ligase to bond the DNA strands together – recombinant

DNA plasmid

4. What are the steps involved in bacterial chemical transformation? 1. Calcium Chloride Treatment2. Heat Shock3. Incubation on Ice4. Incubation with Nutrient Broth

The calcium chloride and heat shock make the cells competent (ready to take up the plasmid DNA)

Putting it on ice closes the membrane to keep the plasmid inside Incubation allows time for plasmid replication (ori – origin of replication – replicate the plasmid) to allow it to

have antibiotic resistance or produce GFP and glow green.

5. What is HIC? How is HIC performed? How does this relate to protein structure and protein purification? HIC is hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Protein fraction (sample) is run through a column and solutions of

various salt concentrations are poured and remove proteins from the column depending on the hydrophobicity of the protein.

The binding solution (high salt) is first and will remove all the hydrophilic proteins from the column – to be collected.

The wash solution (medium salt) is second and will remove the mild/medium hydrophobic proteins from the column – to be collected

The elute solution (low/no salt) is last and will remove whatever proteins are still bound the column – which happens to be the very hydrophobic proteins.

Remember hydrophobic amino acids hide on the inside of the proteins and the salt concentration affected the position of the amino acids and its ability to bind to the column.

6. How is transformation efficiency calculated? Transformation Efficiency = Number of transformed colonies / Amount of plasmid added to the agar plate (in ug)

To calculate the amount of plasmid you have to do a little bit of math - see belowAmount = Fraction of DNA used (volume spread / total volume on tube) x amount of plasmid spread x plasmid concentration

7. Using the technique of column chromatography or HIC, how could you isolate a mildly hydrophobic protein? The wash solution (medium salt) is second and will remove the mild/medium hydrophobic proteins from the column

8. How does protein electrophoresis differ from DNA electrophoresis? DNA Electrophoresis : Uses agarose gel, Requires PCR of DNA first, Gel is loaded horizontally, negatively charged DNA moves

across the gel towards the positive end (red color)

Protein Electrophoresis: Uses polyacrylamide gel, Requires SDS application to protein first to make the protein linear and coat the proteins in a negative charge, Gel is loaded vertically, Protein moves down the gel toward the positive end

9. What is End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)? How is it diagnosed? How is it treated? Kidneys function at a level below 10%. Diagnosed with low glomerular filtration rate or a very high level of urea or

creatinine in the blood. Treat with dialysis or transplant.

10. What is the purpose of dialysis? What are the pros and cons of hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplant? To filter the blood and remove waste (urea, uric acid, creatinine). In hemodialysis, an external machine is used to filter a patient’s blood. The patient is hooked up to an intravenous line

that removes their blood a small volume at a time, filters it, and places it back into the body. Complication: decrease in BP, restricted fluid and salt intake, nausea, fatigue. Positive: Filtered blood, Reduced edema (swelling). Negative: Strict diet, Strict regimen, 3x daily

In peritoneal dialysis, the fatty membrane covering the intestines, the peritoneum, is used to filter the blood and collect wastes. Complication: infection of catheter. Positive: -Flexible diet and schedule. Negative: Infection, catheter must be implanted, 3x per week

In kidney transplant, a kidney is transferred from donor (living or deceased) to recipient. Complication: organ rejection and infection. Positive: No strict diet and schedule, have for lifetime. Negative: Rejection, Infection, Surgery, Failure, Immunosuppression Medication

Jane Doe is in the hospital after a car crash. She needs blood and a kidney transplant. Jane’s brother Tom, sister Mary, mother Harriett, and Grandpa Ed (her mom’s father) are local and are willing to be tested. Jane’s other sister Sue is away at college, but she has Type O blood. Jane’s father, John and Grandmother Mona (her mom’s mother) have passed away.

11. Determine the blood type and genotype of the following people.

12. Create a Punnett square for Mona, Harriett and

Ed.

13. Draw a pedigree for the family.

14. Who is the best organ donor for Jane? __Ed__ Explain your answer Ed has a 4/6 HLA, O- blood, and negative crossmatch____.

Blood Sample

Agglutination Anti-A Antibody (+/-)

Agglutination Anti-B Antibody (+/-)

Agglutination Anti-Rh Antibody (+/-)

Blood Typeinclude genotypes

Jane + - + A – IAi +/-Mary + + + AB– IAIB +/-Tom - + - B– IBi -/-Harriett + - - A– IAi -/-Ed - - - O – ii -/-

Only Ed and Mary have negative crossmatch results and could potentially donate. However Mary has AB- blood and can’t donate to Jane with A- blood. The best donor is Ed.

15. Jose, a 41-year-old foster parent and volunteer fire fighter, has been on the waiting list for three years. Jose lives 2 hours away from the donor kidney. Tao, a 33-year-old single business woman, has been on the waiting list for four years. Tao lives 3 hours away from the donor kidney. An OPO has identified a kidney matching both Jose and Tao. Who gets the kidney? Why? When allocating organ the most important criteria are compatibility, geography, time on list, and then age. They are both

compatible and live in the same region, however Tao has been waiting on the list for four years (as compared to Jose) so she gets the kidney.

16. What does PRA and Crossmatch affect a patient’s transplant standing? Panel Reactive Antibody indicates how many antibodies a patient produce (how sensitive they are). You want the lowest

number PRA possible – it is measured ___/60 with agglutination counting as a positive test. PRA is often given as a percentage, having a PRA over 60% suggest the patient should get desensitization before transplantation to avoid rejection. Patients can only receive organs when they have a negative crossmatch test – positive test indicates agglutination and that would cause immediate rejection/death.

17. Create a Venn Diagram comparing heart and kidney transplants. Both: performed on people in organ failure – kidney for ESRD and heart for congestive heart failure.

Different: Only kidney transplants can be performed laparoscopically, they are less invasive, and can be done from living donors, the organs last longer between transplant

18. Overall, how does blood flow in the body? Arteries carry blood away from the heart – aorta carries

oxygen-rich blood to the body. Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Superior vena cava and IVF carry blood toward the heart – veins carry blood toward the heart.

19. Which organs/tissue can be transplanted? Which organs/tissues can regenerate? Regeneration – skin and liver Organ donation: kidneys, liver, pancreas, heart, intestines, lungs, skin Living organ donation: kidney and partial liver. Living tissue: bone marrow Tissue donation: bone, bone marrow, valves, and cornea

20. What is xenotransplantation? What is one big con of xenotransplantation? Why? Xenotransplantation – moving organs/tissues from one species to another. Con = rejection because it's a different

specifies and its recognized as foreign more easily. Also possibility of spreading diseases between species.

21. What is tissue engineering? What is required to make an ear? • Tissue engineering is the growing of tissues in a lab, usually from a person’s own stem cells• Requires a scaffold for the stems cells to attach to and grow