data of nox, sox, co and co2 emission in different energy sector in bangladesh
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
INTRODUCTION
Air is indispensable for the survival of all living organisms on earth, including human beings.
It is even more important than water - without water a person can survive for days, but
without air no more than a couple of minutes. Air pollution is one of a variety of manmade
environmental disasters that are currently taking place all over the world. Air pollution may
be defined as an atmospheric condition in which various substances are present at
concentrations high enough above their normal ambient levels to produce a measurable effect
on people, animals, vegetation, or materials. ‘Substances’ refers to any natural or manmade
chemical elements or compounds capable of being airborne. These may exist in the
atmosphere as gases, liquid drops, or solid particles. It includes any substance whether
noxious or benign; however, the term ‘measurable effect’ generally restricts attention to
those substances that cause undesirable effects.
Recently, air pollution has received priority among environmental issues in Asia, as well as
in other parts of the world. Exposure to air pollution is the main environmental threat to
human health in many towns and cities. Particulate emission is mainly responsible for
increased death rate and respiratory problems for the urban population. This problem is acute
in Dhaka being the capital of the country and also the hub of commercial activity. The other
urban areas i.e. Chittagong, Khulna, Bogra and Rajshahi have much lesser health problem
related to urban air pollution. The ambient atmospheric conditions have progressively
deteriorated due to the unprecedented growth in numbers of motor vehicles, and continuous
housing and industrial development.
Bangladesh is one of the least developed agrarian nations in the world. However, since it’s
birth in 1971, there has been some growth in the industrial sector. Industries are mainly
concentrated in major urban areas like Dhaka (the capital), the seaport cities like Chittagong
and Khulna, the inland port city Narayanganj, and other divisional towns. Naturally, the air
pollution problem is more acute in these areas. Apart from unplanned industrial development
in these areas, the severity of the pollution is increased mainly due to exhausts from two-
stroke engine and diesel-run vehicles.
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
STATE OF AIR POLLUTION
A continuous monitoring scheme is essential to evaluate air quality and for the development
of any plan for mitigation of health risks caused by polluted air. The six “criteria pollutants”,
particulate matter (PM 10, PM 2.5), CO, SO2, NOx and ozone have to be monitored more or
less continuously at a reasonably large number of locations. Other pollutants (e.g., ammonia,
hydrocarbons, lead, carbon dioxide, etc.) should also be measured, where their levels are
considered to be significant. Again, the salient problems in the cities of Bangladesh are not
like those in other developed countries. The, developed countries are able to manage these
problems, but in Bangladesh cost is a major criteria. There is also a general lack of expertise
to evaluate, the problems, or prepare cost-effective solutions, and therefore, the air quality is
not yet managed effectively. Monitoring of ambient air quality in Bangladesh is a very recent
phenomenon, initiated on a very limited basis by DOE using high volume samplers, with the
help of development partners. However, the acuteness of the problems caused by air
pollution, and awareness campaigns organized by different mass media, have made the
government aware of the necessity of monitoring ambient air quality. Accordingly, the
Department of Environment has set up four monitoring stations at four divisional towns,
namely, Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, and Bogra. Monitoring has been done mostly in Dhaka
at various places, and samples collected analyzed for the three pollutants SPM, SO2, and
NOx. Very limited monitoring has also been done at Chittagong for these three parameters.
The Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and
Technology (BUET) has been conducting ambient air quality surveys since 1995. The most
recent one, conducted by the Department of Civil Engineering over a prolonged period in
1998, includes the measurement of SOx and NOx at 14 different locations of Dhaka city at
different times of the day.
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Recently, BAEC reported results from a study on the nature and extent of air pollution in
urban and rural areas of Bangladesh during 1993-1998. This study was based on the
realization that from the point of view of health effects, the particle size of Airborne
Particulate Matter (APM) is important, as well as its suspension time in air, and hence extent
of long distance transportation. In 1993, as part of an internationally coordinated research
program by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), BAEC started work on the
analysis of the size fractionated APM. Size fractioned samples were collected from both rural
and urban areas of Bangladesh over a period of three years. The average mass load in the air
during the low rainfall period (LRF) for both fine and course fractions during 1997-98 have
been published. It was found that the mass loads of both the APM of particulate mass PM 10
and PM 2.5 were higher that USEPA and WHO standards.
The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) and the Bangladesh Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), in association with the DOE, recently conducted
research studies primarily aimed at measuring the concentration of lead in the ambient air.
The Dhaka Shishu (Children’s) Hospital also conducted research in association with the
BAEC on the level of lead in the blood of children of Dhaka city, and also studied the
possible impact of leaded gasoline on them. The Bangladesh Road Transport Authority
(BRTA) is also setting up a vehicle emission monitoring station at Mirpur, Dhaka. The
survey conducted by the scientists of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC) prior
to introduction of unleaded gasoline showed that the air that city dwellers breathe on the
roads contains lead in concentrations almost ten times above the government safety standard
set by the DOE. The BAEC study found alarmingly high quantity of lead in the air of Dhaka
city which was 463 nanograms per cubic meter - the highest in the world.
However, during July 1999 the GOB executed the decision to provide only unleaded gasoline
in the country. According to recent measurements between late 1999 and 2000 by BAEC and
Eastern Refinery Ltd (ERL), the gasoline dispensed at pumps in Bangladesh is now
confirmedly free of lead (Shah et. al., 1999). However, measurements on lead levels in
ambient air after introduction of unleaded gasoline are still not available.
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Table 1: Average Suspended Airborne Particulate Matter (µg/m3) during the Collection
Periods in Urban Areas of Bangladesh
EMISSION OF CARBON COMPOUNDS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES:
Total CO2 emissions represent the mass of CO2 produced during the combustion of solid,
liquid, and gaseous fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. These estimates
do not include bunker fuels used in international transportation due to the difficulty of
apportioning these fuels among the countries benefiting from that transport. Carbon dioxide
emissions are often calculated and reported in terms of their content of elemental carbon. For
these data, their values were converted to the actual mass of CO2 by multiplying the carbon
mass by 3.664 (the ratio of the mass of CO2 to that of carbon).
The primary difference between Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC,
reported here) and International Energy Agency (IEA) CO2 emission estimates (also
available from Earth Trends) is that the CDIAC data include emissions from sources other
than fossil fuel combustion, primarily cement manufacture.
CO2 emissions from solid fuels represent the mass of carbon dioxide emitted primarily, but
not exclusively, from burning coal Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuels are primarily,
but not exclusively, from burning of petroleum products. These estimates do not include
bunker fuels used in international transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning these
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
fuels among the countries benefiting from that transport. Carbon dioxide emissions from
gaseous fuels are primarily, but not exclusively, from burning of natural gas
Carbon dioxide emissions from gas flaring result from the burning of gas released in the
process of petroleum extraction. CO2 emissions from cement manufacturing are produced as
cement is claimed to produce calcium oxide. Approximately 0.5 metric tons of carbon is
released for each metric ton of cement production. Per capita CO2 emissions figures are
obtained by dividing total emissions of carbon dioxide by the population for a particular
country and year. Total CO2 emissions represent the mass of CO2 produced during the
combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture of
cement. These estimates do not include bunker fuels used in international transportation due
to the difficulty of apportioning these fuels among the countries benefiting from that
transport. CO2 emissions per unit of GDP were calculated by WRI using CO2 emissions data
compiled by CDIAC and GDP data provided by the World Bank. Total CO2 emissions
represent the mass of CO2 produced during the combustion of solid, liquid, and gaseous
fuels, from gas flaring and the manufacture of cement. These estimates do not include bunker
fuels used in international transportation due to the difficulty of apportioning these fuels
among the countries benefiting from that transport. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures
the total output of goods and services for final use occurring within the domestic territory of
a given country, regardless of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims. To obtain
comparable series of constant price data, the World Bank rescales GDP and value added by
industrial origin to a common reference year, currently 1995.
CO2 Emissions by Sector:
Carbon dioxide emissions from public electricity, heat production, and auto producers
include the sum of emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel types used for public
electricity generation, public combined heat and power generation, and public heat plants.
Public utilities are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the
public. Carbon dioxide emissions from unallocated auto producers include the sum of
emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel types used for generation of electricity and/or
heat by auto producers. Auto producers generate electricity and/or heat wholly or partly for
their own use to support their primary activity. Most of these emissions are attributed to the
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
sector that the auto producer falls within, but some autorproduction cannot be attributed to
the end user and is represented here. Carbon dioxide emissions from other energy industries
include the sum of emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel types used by energy
industries. This includes fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid
fuels, coal mining, oil and gas exploration, and other energy-producing industries. Carbon
dioxide emissions from manufacturing industries and construction include emissions from
combustion of fossil fuels in all industries and construction.
Carbon Dioxide emissions from all transportation include emissions from combustion of
fossil fuels for road, rail, air, and other forms of transportation, and agricultural vehicles
while they are on highways. The emissions include all sectors of the economy, but do not
include international aviation or ship emissions, which are accounted for under bunker fuels.
Emissions associated with international transport of people and goods are accounted for in
the global total emissions and under bunker fuels. Carbon dioxide emissions from residential
sources include emissions from combustion of all fossil fuel types in households. Carbon
dioxide emissions from "other" sectors include the sum of emissions from combustion of all
fossil fuel types used by Includes the commercial, agricultural, and public service sectors, as
well as international bunkers.
Figure 1: Comparison of CO2 emission in different countries in world including Bangladesh.
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Figure 2: Per capita and total CO2 emission in Bangladesh in 1998
Figure 3: CO2 emission by sector, 1999.
In the energy sector, the two largest GHG emitting sources are electricity generation and non
energy use (urea fertilizer production). These emit approximately 50% of all the GHGs. The
other significant GHG emitting sources are traditional biomass burned for energy (non-CO2
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Figure 4: CO2 emission by sector, Bangladesh.
emission - CH4 and N2O), diesel for transport, kerosene for rural lighting, and coal for
manufacturing bricks. In 1990, total emissions from Bangladesh including those from land
use and forestry were 72,000 Kt of CO2 equivalent, of which 21,186 Kt was from the energy
sector, 1,491 Kt from the industrial processes sector, 28,667 Kt from the agriculture sector,
19,738 Kt from the forestry and land use change sector, and 918 Kt from the waste sector.
Thus the energy sector’s contribution was approximately 30%. Tables 3 and 4 present CO2
emissions by source for the base year (1990) and Figures 5 and 6 present the 1990 GHG
inventory. The first number gives the GHG emissions due to fuel use by the different sub-
sectors of the demand side. The second number gives the total GHG emissions resulting from
the different fuels.
Figure 5: CO2 Emission from Energy Sources in 1990
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Many factors will play a role in determining future GHGs emission of which the supply of
natural gas is an important one. But the fact that the emissions from coal and oil will also
increase implies that the supply of natural gas is limited due to lack of infrastructure and
cannot be used to meet the demands. Increase demand for oil is due to the increase demand
of transport sector, and captive generation for uninterrupted power supply for industrial units.
The reason for the significant growth of demand for biomass fuels, despite the increase in
rural population, is that there will be a perceptible shift in cooking fuel preference from
biomass to commercial fuels like LPG, coal and kerosene.
The 2020 emissions inventory is shown in Figure 6 and 7 reflecting the following noteworthy
features:
Emission from Biomass has become an insignificant category in relative terms.
Energy and Transformation Industries is the single largest category.
Industry sector has become the largest category among the demand sub sectors.
Residential sector has dramatically shrunk in size.
Transport sector has gained importance.
Figure 6: Energy Demand Sector GHG Inventory in CO2 Equivalent in 2020
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Figure 7: GHG Emissions from Different Types of Fuels in 2020
Figure 8: CO2 Emission from Forestry and Land Use Sector, 1990 to 2013
Carbon monoxide, or CO, is a precursor gas of ground-level ozone, which can trigger serious
respiratory problems. When CO enters the bloodstream, it reduces the delivery of oxygen to
the body's organs and tissues. Exposure to elevated CO levels can cause impairment of visual
perception, manual dexterity, learning ability and performance of complex tasks. CO is
formed when carbon in fuel is not burned completely, and is a component of motor vehicle
exhaust. Other sources of CO emissions include industrial processes (such as metals
processing and chemical manufacturing), residential wood burning, stoves, and natural
sources such as forest fires.
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Energy Consumption in Different Sector and Emission from it:
Bangladesh depends heavily upon traditional biomass fuels, but the proportion of natural gas
in commercial fuels mix is increasing rapidly primarily because of gas being a indigenous
source. Commercial energy consumption by different sectors has increased rapidly after
1984-85, and an increasing trend has been observed for all sectors except for the commercial
and service sectors. Significant increase has been observed in transport and residential
sectors, which go above the consumption level of industrial sector in 1992- 93. Commercial
energy of the country comes from both indigenous and imported sources. Natural gas,
hydropower and a little amount of petroleum product comes from indigenous source and the
country import a significant amount of petroleum product. Over time, the share of oil in total
energy mix has declined and conversely the use of natural gas has increased. In 1980-81, the
share of oil in the total energy was about 56%, which reduced to 36% in 1994-95 and on the
other hand share of natural gas has increased from 32% to 54% over the same period.
Figure 9: Consumption of Commercial Fuels by Sectors in 1998-99
Commercial energy consumption in Bangladesh is growing at a rapid rate (>5% per year).
With population growth and economic development, energy consumption will increase
further. The energy sector is a high priority area for the government because industrial
production and commercial activity are being severely hampered due to the chronic shortage
of electricity. The highest priority is on power generation, and the shortfall is being met
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
through the participation of Independent Power Producers (IPP). In the natural gas sector, the
government is trying to increase supply by leasing out exploration and development of gas
blocks through Independent Oil Companies (IOC). Other energy sector priorities are rural
electrification, which is undoubtedly a moral obligation of the government, and the
introduction of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) as a transport fuel, which arises out of the
need to reduce the reliance on foreign oil.
EMISSION OF SULPHUR COMPOUNDS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES:
In Bangladesh, major Sulfur Dioxides emitting sources are tailpipe emissions of vehicles,
brick kilns where coal are extensively burnt, paper and pulp industries, oil refineries, sulfuric
acid production plants. In our country we don’t have any specific study to identify the
sources of Sulfur Dioxides.
Emission Factors of Sulphur Dioxide:
Table 2: Percent share of different fuel consumed in Bangladesh
Year Consumption in Mtoe
Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Electricity
1984-85* 3.02652 2.25 44.13 45.46 8.16
1985-86* 3.4524 2.99 40.58 48.18 8.25
1986-87 3.67668 4.39 40.03 47.43 8.16
1987-88 3.40704
1988-89 4.37472 0.86 41.65 48.27 9.22
1989-90 4.8006 8.14 37.38 46.09 8.40
1990-91 4.282 2.92 36.81 50.49 9.79
1991-92 4.502 2.60 35.54 50.36 11.51
1992-93 4.919 0.89 35.39 53.65 10.06
1993-94 5.31859 0.77 33.94 55.35 9.94
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
1994-95 6.09197 0 35.97 54.24 9.79
Source: Statistical Yearbook ’87,BSS
Stationary sources:
Table 3: Sector wise energy consumption (in Mtoe)
Year Domestic Industrial Commercial TransportOther energy
use
Non-energy
useTotal
1996-97 1.09116 1.03572 0.14112 1.2222 0.4788 1.95048 6.019499Source: Monthly Statistical Bulletin-April 1999, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
Mobile Sources:
Vehicle Category
Number of
Vehicles ('000)
Average hours/ Day
Vehicle hours
Traveled
Energy Consumption-
n (Liters of fuel)
Fuel Consumption
(Ton)
Energy Consumption
(Mtoe)
Motor Cycle (2 & 4 Stroke)
179611 0.7 125728 295091 218 225
Gasoline Cars & light trucks (Average of all engine capacity)
135169 1 135169 1288748 954 984
Heavy Trucks (predominantly diesel)
72128 0.5 36064 1101166 958 955
Mini-Buses (Diesel)
26732 8 213857 8265832 7191 7171
Motorized Three Wheelers (Auto Rickshaw)
92381 3 277144 970057 718 740
Table 4: Energy Consumption-Mobile Sources(per day) Estimates/Projection on the basis of BBS-97, DUTP Report
EMISSION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES:
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
The main emitting sources of Nitrogen Oxides are Energy Use, Industrial Process, and Agriculture (Source: ALGAS Report). The breakdown of these sources is given below:
i) All Energy Use Energy and Transformation Industries Industry
Transport
Commercial Institutional
Residential
Traditional Biomass Burned for Energy
(ii) Industrial Process Metal (Iron & Steel)
(iii) Agriculture Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
Table 5: NOx Emitted from different source in 1990Source and Sink N2O (Gg) NOx (Gg)
Total (net) National Emissions 4.51 203
1. All Energy(Fuel combustion +Fugitive) 4.4 200
Fuel Combustion
1. Energy and Transformation Industries 40
2. Industry 0.44 16
3. Transport 1.5
4. Commercial Institutional 0.01 0.2
5. Agriculture
6. Residential 1.75 63
7. Others
8. Traditional Biomass Burned for Energy 2.20 79
2. Industrial Process
A. Cement Production
B. Others
1. Ammonia Production
2. Metal (Iron & Steel) 0.01
3. Agriculture 0.11 3.84
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 0.11 3.84
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Source: ALGAS Report,Table1-2,Page 7
Table 6: NOx Emitted from Energy Sector in Gg in 1996
GHGs Source N2O NOx
Energy and Transformation Industries
Petroleum Refining 0.8
Electricity Generation
Gas-Steam Turbine 13.4
Gas Turbine 21.6
Gas-Combined Cycle 1.3
Oil 3.4
Total 40.5
Industry
Iron and Steel+
Pulp and Paper
Fertilizer+
Cement+
Brickmaking 0.03* 1.5*
Others 0.01* 0.3*
Total 0.04* 1.8*
Transportation
Cars +2-wheelers+3-wheelers 1.5
Total 1.5
Small Combustion
Residential 63.0*
Commercial 0.01* 0.2*
Small/Cottage 0.40* 14.3*
Agriculture
Other 0.5
Fugitive Emissions
Oil
Grand Total 2.20 120
Table 7: Emission Factors of Nitrogen Oxide
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Vehicle Category
NOx
Average ppm
Average gm/l
Average gm/Minute
Average gm/km
Average gm/pass-km or Ton-km
Motor Cycle (2&4 Stroke) 4.36 2.42 0.0947 0.11 0.0846
Gasoline Cars & light trucks (Average of all engine capacity)
18.72 10.39 1.6515 1.4848 0.6749
Heavy Trucks (predominantly diesel)
57 31.648 16.1053 22.6056 2.8257
Mini-Buses (Diesel) 34 18.88 5.9691 7.55 0.236
Buses (Diesel) 44.24 24.56 12.5 20.469 0.2408
Motorized Three Wheelers (Auto Rickshaw)
4.32 2.3986 0.1399 0.1333 0.0606
Source: Environmental Impact of Improved Bus Services in Dhaka city, M. Sc Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, BUET, 1998
Table 8: NOx Emission from Biomass Burning in 1990 in Gg
Source N2O NOx
Industry
Brick Making 0.03 1.5
Other 0.01 0.3
Total 0.04 1.8
Small Combustion
Residential 1.75 63.0
Commercial 0.01 0.2
Small/Cottage 0.4 14.3
Total 2.20 79.3
EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION
Impacts on Human Health
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
According to the World Health Organization, health is a “state of complete physical, mental,
and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. The air we breathe
not only has life supporting properties, but also life-damaging properties, particularly when
the balance among the air components is disturbed, or otherwise becomes polluted. All the
impurities in inhaled air do not necessarily cause harm. The prime factors affecting human
health are the nature of a pollutant, concentration of pollutants, duration of exposure, and the
state of health and age group of recipients.
Impacts on Livestock
An interest in the effects of air pollution on animals has generally developed as a corollary to
concern about human health. Livestock get poisoned through a two-step process; firstly there
is an accumulation of airborne contaminants in the vegetation and
Impacts on Human Health
The air we breathe not only has life supporting properties, but also life-damaging properties,
particularly when the balance among the air components is disturbed, or otherwise becomes
polluted. All the impurities in inhaled air do not necessarily cause harm. The prime factors
affecting human health are the nature of a pollutant, concentration of pollutants, duration of
exposure, and the state of health and age group of recipients.
Impacts on Vegetation
Air pollution has long been known to have an adverse effect on plants. A number of air
pollutants affect plants, but the commonly encountered ones are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
oxides, and ammonia. Absorption of pollutant gases by plants depends primarily on light
intensity, humidity, moisture supply to roots, and temperature. Therefore, knowing pollutant
concentrations and trans-boundary migration of pollutants alone is not enough for assessing
the impacts. Moreover, mitigation requires an integrated approach that considers seasonal
variability of the weather.
Impacts on Ecosystem
There is also a direct impact from air pollution on aquatic ecosystems through acid rain.
Transportation of air pollutants occurs not only through wind movement, but also by water
flow. Therefore, an integrated regional level assessment is required.
CONCLUSION:
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a developing country in South Asia with a comparatively low natural resource
base, but a high growth rate of population, with almost half below fifteen years of age. Most
of the over 130 million people are among the poorest in the world, and depend mainly on the
natural resource base for their livelihood. But now the resource base is under serious threat,
as most natural resources are either being over-exploited or used sub-optimally. The low
'land-man' ratio in the country is often further threatened by natural hazards, besides
anthropogenic stresses. Thus, for the survival of Bangladesh's dense population, it is essential
to have environmental planning that conserves and sustains the ecosystems that support
them.
Air pollution has emerged as one of the most serious environmental problems in Bangladesh
in recent years. With unplanned urbanization and rapid vehicular growth, air quality in major
cities of Bangladesh is deteriorating fast. But until recently, the government and
environmental groups didn't pay much attention to the declining air quality of Bangladesh.
From the late 1990s, air pollution has become a major concern for the inhabitants of Dhaka,
one of the most densely populated cities of the world. When scientists from Bangladesh
Atomic Energy Commission revealed in 1996 that the level of lead pollution in the air of
Dhaka was the highest in the world, people got panicked and environmental groups began
their outcry against the government for its inaction. The issue was ultimately raised in the
parliament with several MPs calling for immediate action to lower the level of air pollution
in Dhaka. Industries and motorized vehicles are the two major sources of urban air pollution
in Bangladesh. The pollutants that have been as found out so far in the air of the country are
dust particles, Sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, lead and
ammonia.
SOURCES
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Data of NOX, SOX, CO and CO2 emission in different energy sector in Bangladesh
1. Alam, M; Rahman, A. A; Huq, S.; “A Clean Development Mechanism
(CDM) Project Country Scoping Bangladesh”, Bangladesh Centre for
Advanced Studies.
2. Alauddin, M. (1999) Leaded Vs Unleaded Gasoline: Some Technical Issues, The
daily Star, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
3. BBS (1997a) Bangladesh Compendium of Environmental Statistics, Bangladesh
Bureau of Statistics, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
4. BBS (1997b) Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics,
Ministry of Planning, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
5. Chowdhury, K.I. (1999) State of Environment Report, Bangladesh, 1999, Forum of
Environmental Journalist of Bangladesh (FEJB), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
6. DoE (1999) National Action Plan for Bangladesh on Control and Prevention of Air
Pollution and its Likely Transboundary Effects, Baseline Studies, Department of
Environment and Ministry of Environment and Forest.
7. DoE (2000) Personal Communication Gain P. (1998) Bangladesh Environment:
Facing the 21st Century, Society for Environment and Human Development, Dhaka.
8. Hussain, A. (1998) Analyzing Air Samples Collected from the Shewrapara Area of
the City, George Mason University,Virginia, USA.
9. Khaliquzzaman, M., Biswas, S.K., Tarafder, SA and Islam, A. (1999) Nature and
extent of airborne particulate matter pollution in urban and rural areas of Bangladesh
during 1993-1998. Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, December 1999.
10. Khaliquzzaman, M. (2000) Introduction to low smoke lubricants for baby taxis and
other vehicles with two stroke engine in Dhaka: Prospects and Problems, Consultant,
The World Bank, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
11. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2001.
UNFCCC Status of Ratification. Bonn: UNFCCC.
12. Secretariat for the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol . 2002. Status of
Ratification/Accession/Acceptance/Approval of the agreements on the protection of
the stratospheric ozone layer. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Program.
13. Internet:
http://earthtrends.wri.org
http://www.sdnpbd.org/sdi/international_days/wed/2005/bangladesh/index.htm
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